Relief and geological processes. Internal Relief Processes

> Endogenous and exogenous officials (processes) forming the profile. Endogennі form relєfu

Relief is formed as a result of the interaction of internal (endogenous) and external (exogenous) forces. Endogenous and exogenous processes of relfouration д With a whole endogenous process in the main, the head figures are relieved, and exogenous, the relays are virivny.

The main dzherels of energy for relfouration є:

1. Internal energy of the Earth;

2. Energia Sontsya;

3. The force of gravity;

4. Injection to space.

Dzherelom Energy endogenous processes The heat energy of the Earth is tied to the processes that are seen in the mantle (radioactive drop). For the rakhunok endogenous forces saw a vision earth measles from the mantle of the creations of two types: continental and oceanic.

Endogenous forces or wickedness: the fall of the lithosphere, the establishment of folds and breaks, the earthworm and volcanism. All the hands are imagined in relfі and produce up to the establishment of gir and progynous earth measles.

Rozlomi earth measles Razr_znyayut by: size, form and for an hour of coverage. Large blocks of earth measles, which see vertical and horizontal changes. Such breakdowns often begin to outline the continents.

exogenous processes tied to the ground of sleepy energy. Ale the stench for the fate of the force of gravity. When you see:

1. Vivitryuvannya girskikh breeds;

2. Relocation of the material for the day of the heavy heavy (collapse, zsuvi, osipi on the graves);

3. Transferring the material with water and wind.

vivitryuvannyam to be called the supremacy of the processes of mechanical ruining and chemical changes of the girly kinds.

The overflow of all the processes of ruining and transferring denudation. Denudation of the vede to the surface of the lithosphere. Since there are no endogenous processes on Earth, it’s long since it’s been too small for the surface. I call Qiu on top the head of the denudation.

As a matter of fact, there is a senseless timeless races of denudation, in which for a single hour the processes of virivnuvannya may fade.

Having shown the processes of denudation, deposit: from a warehouse of girsky rocks, geological budov and climate.

Endogennі form relєfu grow on planetary, tectonic and volcanic forms, even more closely related to each other.

Planetary and tectonic formations of the relfu in its own development and development of the amalgamation of processes of formation of earthly measles and tectonic debris. most great in the smallest forms Relfu of the planet є mainland vistupiі ocean depressions. They smell as a result of global processes of tectogenesis and represent the roots of ideas not only in the earth measles, but in the upper mantle. The continents are large sockets with a middle height close to +0.8 km above the sea level, the ocean - even more grandiose depressions with a middle glide - 4.2. Another category of endogenous forms, which is even more abundant spіlny s in front - tse most forms the relief of the planet is a mega-relief, which accelerates Budov and the continental and oceanic expanses. A number of preliminaries in a large number of these forms are viewed as planetary and brought to the foremost category. However, the development of the largest forms of relfu is more closely related to the power of tectonic processes. In a few moments of form, they move from the oceanic region to the continental one, as they are imposed on them. From here to the mainland platforms, platforms, most systems high girі deep depressions, Systems of sharp arcs and glide-water troughs, mid-ocean ridges and glide-water oceans. The process of forming the relfu is tied with the development of tectonic structures of a different order - crumbling belts and stiff platforms.

exogenous processes... All internal processes and processes. The processes of vivification, geological activity of ice, wind, underground waters, swelling, flowing waters, people can be seen before them. The process of vivitryvannya є most complex, and it can be divided into three groups: physical, chemical, biological. the main reasons physical vivacityє kolyvannya temperature, tied with additional and seasonal winters sleepy radioactivity. As a result of a change in temperature (during the day, the hot breed warms up and expands, and at night it grows cold and shrinks), as a result, tremors appear, as it gradually expands. Expanding the troughs, I will freeze in them, so when they are frozen, they will be frozen in the room. Small tricycles grow, the girskaya breed grows on the edge of the shmat, as in the farther it grows even more. cheery vivitryuvannya They are tied with a chemistry warehouse and Budova, as well as climatic minds and a clear water. Water is the most important factor in chemistry, in carbon dioxide, organic speechesі non-organic spoluk... Magmatic and metamorphic rocks are developing intensively in the zone of chemical growth. The speed of improvement and preservation of its products in the meaning of the world is based on the climate and the relief of the surface of the territory. With a hot and healthy climate, the swiftness of the vitality is the most and the glybin of the vitality can be up to 100 meters. In a cold climate, the liquidity of a chemically vivifying vivacity is super-small. biologic vivitryuvannya tied with the life of the roslin and the creature. Drinking in the trinity of the girly generations of the roslin for the friendly minds will grow and step by step expand the trinity. Lichens, moss and іnshі spores of dewlines are the first to settle on the surface of mountain rocks. Smell get ready to settle here high-organized roslin. Processes vivіtryuvannya produce in the residual bag until the establishment of fluffy products. Tsey plump pokryv, scho settling on land, called bark vivitryuvannya. The ground is set on them. Classification of Relief Forms. Form relєfu razrіznyayutsya for different signs. Behind the sizes they see planetary forms of relєfu, mega - macro - meso - and micro form. Planetary formations occupy an area in the size of millions of square kilometers. Before them are: continents, ocean bed, mid-ocean ridges. Megaforms occupy hundreds or tens of thousands of square meters. km. In the main girskі belts, flat girder, іvninya, ugіrіnі and pіdnyattya on the bed of the ocean. Macroforms are near the ridge and the middle depressions in the mountains, the top and bottom of the plains. Yari, beams, humps, sand dunes are introduced to the mesoforms. Before Mikroformy, the relfu should bring the funnels, the channel and the overflow. According to the genesis of the formation of the relfu, they are developed on the geotecture - the most form of the relєfu of the Earth, established in the flow of planetary and cosmic processes. Morphostructures are great forms of the Earth's relief as a result of intermodal endogenous and exogenous forces. Morphostructures are a part of the different forms of relfu established as a result of exogenous (called) processes. continents - tsei gigantskі visochini surrounded by steep grapples. all on earthly cool 6 continents - Eurasia, Africa, Pivnichna America, Pivdenna America, Australia, Antarctica. oceans- the great obsyag of the water mass of the hydrosphere їх 4 - Quiet, Atlantic, Indian, Pivnichny Lodovitiy. Relief of the bottom of the Svitovoy ocean. The main forms of the relief to the ocean are the shelf, the mainland, the ocean bed, the deep-water depression. The shelf is a shallow part of the continent, with slopes from 0 to 200 meters. The mainland was grasped - an area with a length of 200 to 2500 meters. The ocean bed is a vast expanse of depths of 2,500-6,000 meters, its area becoming close to 80% of the area of ​​the Svitovoy Ocean. In the middle of the large oceans, there are mid-ocean ridges, many of them are sub-water volcanoes. Also, in the boundaries of the oceans and continents, mountains and rivers grow. The main forms of relief of the Earth are in the mountains and in the land. Gori - tse great, high-rise cases of earth measles with a fold and solid brillian structure. The mountains are stored from the mountain ridges and the distribution of the middle depressions and valleys. Relief value. Relief has a great role to play in the form of the Earth's callous vigle, with its participation it will re-generate heat and energy on the surface of our planet. As a result of this, the nature of the runoff is rychok, microclimate, growth of soil-growing resources.

1. Hydrosphere: warehouses, promenade circulation of water in nature.hydrosphere- the water shell of the Earth. Vona includes the waters of the Holy Ocean and the waters of the land. Z 1.4 billion km 3 of the outlying waters of the hydrosphere, close to 96.5% of the fall on the Svitovy Ocean, 1.7% - on the ground water, and more than 1.7% on the ice and post-winter (the head rank, the Arctic, Antarctica and Greenland), less than 0.01% - on the surface water and land (rivers, lakes, swamps). The hydrosphere includes in itself all chemically unbound water, I will be right there: solid, kind, gas-like. The reserves of fresh wild waters on the Earth become only 0.6% (small rivers, lakes and partly subterranean water). The quantity of water is insignificant and takes place in the atmosphere and in living organisms. Edin's hydrosphere. Ї, earth measles at the stage of the formation of the earth as a planet. The primary hydrosphere has appeared approximately 4 billion Rockyv that. Vona was seen in the view of gases from above the Earth, water vapor, reaching the stage of condensation, transformed into water. The widening of water on the surface of the planet is connected with the processes of the great and small circulation of water in nature. Holy water circuit- the process of uninterrupted movement of sleepy energy and power that hunts the hydrosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere and living organisms. From the sleepy exchanges, the water vaporizes from the surface of the ocean or the other water body, and at the sight of the bets it goes up the hill, frowning, winding up to transfer it to the significant places of the country. Overburdening in chmars, water reaches the stage of condensation, and in fallowness due to temperature, it flows either into boards, or into snow and falls on the ground, seeping through the ground and the earth's crust, water is often drawn into the ground, the atmospheric vologue is often installed on top of the water. waters. Deyaka is a lot of soil vologues to clam to the dewlines and vaping into the atmosphere, which is partly known to go to the rivers. Richka, to live with water from streams and groundwaters, will bring them to the Svitovy Ocean, and a decline will come. The water is vaporized from the surface, it appears again in the atmosphere and the cycle freezes. Such a roach is driven between the components of nature and all the dylyanks of the earth's surface, without interruption, abundantly rich in rock. The loop of water in the general community of closures. A part of the water, drinking, in the upper balls of the atmosphere will be laid out in the flow of sleepy exchanges on the air and water and in space. Alle tsі insignificant losses constantly zapovnyayutsya for the rakhunok volcanic vyverzhny, as a result of which water rises from above the Earth. Maliy, abo oceanic, circulation - water vapor, which has settled over the surface of the ocean, will condense and fall at the sight of fall again into the ocean. The inner continental circulation is water, which vyparuvalas over the surface of the land, once again vipadayut on land at the sight of atmospheric fall. The whole process of the development of the winter industry in an hour: the waters of the Svitovoe Ocean take 2.5-3 thousand rockets; underground waters - for hundreds, thousands and millions of rock; polar ice dwellers - for 8-15 thousand rockies; closed dry lakes - for 200-300 rubles; flowing - for a stone of rock; rychki - for 12-14 dB; water vapor of the atmosphere - for 8 dB; water in organisms - for a few years. The directors of the light cycle of water and all the spheres of the Earth are interconnected between themselves. Vodi sushi is a part of the water envelope of the Earth. Before them, underground waters, rivals, ice floes, lakes and swamps are brought, which will store 3.5% of the backwater supplies of water. Only 2.5% of them are stocked with water. Warehouse parts The Svitovy Ocean is an uninterrupted water shell of the Earth, united by all oceanic and sea waters, continents and islands, with a volodya salt warehouse. Average Glybin- 3795 m, naybilsha - 11022 m (Mariansky Zholob near the Pacific Ocean). The water of the Svitovoy ocean covers 71% of the earth's area (in winter 61%, in winter 81%). In the oceans there are majestic landlocks - continents and sometimes small - islands (Greenland is the largest, with an area of ​​2.2 million km 2). A group of islands, which are located close one to one, is called an archipelago. Parts of the continents and islands, which enter the ocean, form the island (Arabian is the largest, with an area of ​​about 3 million km 2). Continents and islands dividing the Single Svitovy Ocean into 4 parts: Pacific, Atlantic Indian and Pivnichniy Ice Oceans. Cordons between the oceans in the first half of the year serve the meridian missions Horn (border of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans), Golkovy (border of the Atlantic and Indian Ocean), South on the islands of Tasmania (border of the Indian and Pacific oceans). The cordon with the Atlantic and Pivnichniy Ice Oceans is carried out along the sub-waterways on the first day of the Pivnich Polar Cola. All oceans have seas and inflows. The sea is a part of the ocean, in a large minority of the world it is isolated from the sea by the land and by the movement of the underwater relaunch and how to see the most critical parts of the ocean, by the meteorological regimes The seas go to the outskirts and internal ones. roztasovani on the outskirts of the continents, called the outskirts (Beringov, Karske, Beaufort and in.). Internal are called far into the mainland (Chorne, Seredzemne, Azovske and іn.). The most and the most on the Earth the sea Filipinske in the Pacific Ocean (area - 5.7. Million km 2, best glybin- 10265 m). most seasє: in the Pacific Ocean - Koralovo, Pivdenno-Kitayske, Tasmanovo, Fiji, Beringovo; In the Atlantic - Karibske, Seredzemne; in Indiyiskiy - Araviysk, in Pivnichiy Lodovitiy - Barents, Norvezke, Grenlandske. The bay is a part of the ocean (sea), it extends to the land, but it is more likely to get to the ocean (sea). The most inflow to the Earth є: Bengalska, Mexicanska, Hudsonova, Velyka Australiska, Guineyska. Parts of the Svitovoy ocean are surrounded by channels. Ducts - vuzka water space between continents, islands or between the mainland and an island, between the ocean and the sea. The greatest and greatest є the Drake Channel, which leads to the Kremlin of America from Antarctica. Yogo width - 1120 km, and maximum glybin- 5249 m, dozhina - close to 460 km. The largest along the length of the Mozambitska channel. Dovzhina yogo at 1760 km. A channel to the Kremlin islands of Madagascar to Africa. lead land Rikki are continuous streams of water, which flow through the channels that are broken by them and lost. Richka Mayut Vitik - Misce, De Vona is taking the cob. The place where the rychka falls into the sea, the lake or the rychka is called a hand. The river, which flows into the river, is called a tide. Golovna Richka from usіma tributaries set up the river system. Some of the most popular systems - Amazon, Congo, Mississippi and Missouri, About z Irtish. Delta is the lower valley in the lower reaches of the rivulet, it is stacked by sediments, brought by the rychka, and pierced by the edge of the channels. The drift of water from a sharp ledge is called a waterfall. A catching waterfall on the Earth - Angel (1054 m) in the Orinoko river basin. Vitrata is the essence of water, which passes along the channel in one second. Drive Vitrat in a trivial hour - a month. Rik - to be called a drain. The amount of water, yak carry rivers in the daytime for the river, is called їkh water-bearing. Naybagatovodnisha Amazon. Lakes are water-reliant on water exchange. Razmіshennya in the natural lowering of the earth's surface. Outside the sea, the lake is facing a two-way connection with the ocean. Naybilshe behind the area - Kaspiyske lake-sea (371000 km), Naglibshe - Baikal (1620 m). For the trekking of the ulogovin the development of the lake: tectonic, fixed in the fractures of the earth's measles (Baikal, Tanganyika); volcanoes - in the craters of vimerlich volcanoes (Kronotsk on Kamchatka); karstovi - in karst sinkholes and sinkholes; lodoviks, knitted from the lodovik (lake Kolsky pivostrov); dam, which is found when damming vidatki zsuvami (Sarez on Pamiri); piece (water supply). Lakes can be dry (simple) and dry (often salty). Bogs are overwhelmingly watered by land with a height of growth and a ball of peat not less than 0.3 m. Swamps take 5-10% of dry speech (peat), sieve - water (in a tied mill). Smells grow on the lowlands, cross and top. Zagalna square, Yaku is covered by swamps, becoming close to 2% of the land area. Gospodarske vikoristannya lyudinoyu water resources sushi supervises and positive transformations їх (regulation, purification of waters, bottom of rivers, lakes, clearing dzherel), і negative influxes. To them, the hate of obstruction of the waters, unpleasant changes in the ground, the wooded light during the development of water reservoirs and canals, etc. are considered. Underground water to be found in the comrades of the upper part of the earth measles in the hard and steamy camps. The main thing is to establish itself in the experience of soaking from the surface of the boards, talikh and іchkovy waters. Behind the minds of the lagoon, the groundwater leads to: 1) ground, which is located in the uppermost, ground ball; 2) the ground, which will fall on the first horizon from the surface, the steady water sphere; 3) between layers, where there are two water-bearing layers. Lodovik is an oil of ice, which is important for atmospheric prowess, which is conceived of a viscoplastic stretch before it is heavy and took the form of a stream, a system of streams, a dome (shield) or a floating plate. Ice dwellers establish themselves as a result of the accumulation and the offensive re-creation of solid atmospheric falloffs (snig) with a positive balance. Suchasnі ice dwellers cover an area of ​​16 million km, or close to 11% of the land. They have over 25 million km³ of ice - two thirds of the amount of fresh waters on the planet. In the atmosphere, water is found in three aggregate mills - gas-like (water vapor), solid (speckled board) and solid (crystals of ice and ice). Instead of water in the atmosphere, it is occasionally small - close to 0, 001% of all the mass on our planet. Protect, tse zovsіm is indispensable lanka of the natural circulation of water.

1. Svitovy ocean: relief of the ocean floor, chemistry warehouse and physical power of sea waters, circulation of waters to the ocean, sea ice. The most lanky hydrosphere є Svitovy ocean - the price of all oceans, seas, inflow, channel. The light ocean covers more than 70% of the Earth's surface. In the years of the people, yes, the electricity, in the waters there are a lot of valuable chemical elements. Science is called oceanology. The main warehouses of the Svitovoy Ocean are visible. Ocean- tse great obyag of salt water. In the oceans there are majestic landlocks - continents and sometimes small - islands (Greenland is the largest, with an area of ​​2.2 million km2). A group of islands, which are located close one to one, is called an archipelago. Parts of the continents and islands, which enter the ocean, form the island (Arabian is the largest, with an area of ​​about 3 million km2). Continents and islands dividing the Single Svitovy Ocean into 4 parts: Pacific, Atlantic Indian and Pivnichniy Ice Oceans. Cordons between the oceans in the first half of the year serve the meridian missions of the Horn (between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans), Golkovoye (between the Atlantic and Indian oceans), South on the Tasmanian islands (between the Indian and Pacific oceans). The cordon with the Atlantic and Pivnichniy Ice Oceans is carried out along the sub-waterways on the first day of the Pivnich Polar Cola. All on the earth's 4th ocean: the largest and deepest is the Pacific Ocean, here the most glorious place - the Mariansky zholob (11,022 meters), the Atlantic Ocean (the maximum depth of 8,742 m, the Antilky Islands of the Great Western 7450 m. zholob) bilya of the island of Java i, nareshty, the Pivnichny Ice Ocean (5449 meters of the Greenland Sea) in the Nansen's street. sea- the whole part of the ocean, more and more detached and determined by the peculiarities of temperature, salinity, the nature of the tide and high water. For the voyages of the sea to move to the tectonic (Chervona, Karibske, Seredzemne), it was established as a result of the sinking of the land (the lower of all the coast of the sea). For the rosters of the sea there are: borderlands (Pivnichne, Barentsove, Okhotsk and іnshі). Seredzemne roztashovuyutsya between continents (Seredzemne, Karibske). Internal materials are located in the middle of the continents (Baltiyske, Bile, Chorne, Marmurov). Multiple islands (Yavanske, Sulu, Banda). Є seas, roztashovany in the center of the oceans (Sargasov sea). The most and the most on the Earth the sea Fіlіppіnske in the Pacific Ocean (area - 5.7. Million km2, the most glibine - 10265 m). Most seas є: in the Pacific Ocean - Koralov, Pivdenno-Kitayske, Tasmanovo, Fiji, Beringovo; In the Atlantic - Karibske, Seredzemne; in Indiyiskiy - Araviysk, in Pivnichiy Lodovitiy - Barents, Norvezke, Grenlandske. inflows- parts of the ocean and the sea, where you can see the configurations of the shores, or just get to the ocean (by the sea (Bengalska, Biskaysky, Mexican). ducts- on the basis of vuzki parts of the ocean, which distribute the continents or the islands or the islands. For example, the Bering canal is connected to the Pivnichny Ldovitiy and the Pacific Oceans and to the Northern America and Eurasia, the Gibraltarsku channel to the Middle-Earth Sea with the Atlantic Ocean and to the European continent. The greatest and greatest є the Drake Channel, which leads to the Kremlin of America from Antarctica. The yogo width is 1120 km, and the maximum depth is 5249 m, while the depth is close to 460 km. The largest along the length of the Mozambitska channel. Dovzhina yogo at 1760 km. A channel to the Kremlin islands of Madagascar to Africa. Relief of the bottom of the Svitovoy ocean... The main forms of the oceanic relief are the shelf, the mainland, the ocean bed, the deep-water depression. The shelf is a shallow part of the continent, with slopes from 0 to 200 meters. The mainland was grasped - an area with a length of 200 to 2500 meters. The ocean bed is a vast expanse of depths of 2,500-6,000 meters, and its area is close to 80% of the area of ​​the Svitovoy Ocean. In the middle of the large oceans of the rostashovani houses, there are mid-ocean ridges, many of them are sub-water volcanoes. Physical and chemical power of sea waters. Warehouse for sea water

Sea water is salty, due to the presence of sodium chloride ( kitchen salt). Salinity is the value, as it changes in the volume (the middle industry of the Svitovoy Ocean is 35 ppm%, which means that there is 35 grams of salt in 1 liter of water). The salinity of the water in the Ocean is due to the amount of atmospheric fallout and vaporization. Reduce the salinity of river water and ice water. V sea ​​water There is also a great number of gases: 63% nitrogen, 35% acid, carbon dioxide gas, water and іnshі. Instead of lying down at the temperature of the water. Chim the temperature is lower, tim vishiy vm_st in niy kisnya (Baikal) and navpaki. Likewise, the temperature is low and the strength of the ocean water, the lower the temperature, the higher the strength. The openness of the water and the accumulation of water due to the nature of the tributary, which flows into the ocean or the sea. For vimіryuvannya glibini vikorystovutsya bіliy metal disc - Sekki. The very open sea of ​​Sargasovo (66.5 m). The color of water is due to the nature and size of the houses in them. The Chervona Sea is named for the presence of red charovin water in its waters. The colir of the Zhovtoy sea of ​​amalgamation with the color of the river flows into the Huanghe (aka the zhovtoi rivulet, which flows through the forest vidkladiv). The onset of power is the temperature. Svitovy ocean є a heat accumulator on the Earth. The water is powerfully warmer and warmer, as the ocean is the most important climate-forming factor. The temperature of the ocean water, zagalom, depends on the latitude of the sea. At a hot belt, it’s on the surface to move to the west, and in the world to the west. Also, the temperature fluctuation is accompanied by sea currents. The water temperature on the surface of the ocean can also be found in the climate of the new territories. The highest temperature is determined in the seas with hot kestrels. The water in the ocean is in post-rus... Razr_znyayut 3 types of rukhiv - kolivalny - khvili, progressive - ocean currents, Zmіshanі - increase and increase. The most average temperatures (27-28 ° C) are more favorable for the first half of the year. In tropical areas, through sea currents at the entry of the oceans, the average temperature is 20-24 ° C, at the descent - 15-20 ° C. From the zone, the water temperature in the surface sphere of the ocean drops towards the poles to -1.8 ° C. maximum temperature surface waters Sposter in tropical seas and inflows - in the Red Sea, Perskiy zatots (35 ° C). Lead the Svitovoy ocean curl only in arctic and antarctic latitudes, de winter dovga is cold. Ocean ice can be unruly (tied from land) or floating (ice, drift). At Pivnichny Ice ocean ice drift and trim tsiliy rik... Icebergs, which came out from the icebergs, descend into the ocean from the Arctic islands and the crooked continent of Antarctica, forming a whirlpool of icebergs. The mountains of the mountains, floating in the ocean, reach 2 or more kilometers at a height of 100 m. hvili- Lead in a horizontal straight line. The main reason for this is the winter, as well as the submerged earthquake and volcano. V in the open ocean The height of the hvili is not attainable and is 1 meter, but when you go to the coast, you can get up to 30 meters and go up to 1 km. ocean currents- the progressive arms of the majestic masses of oceanic water, so that the horizontal movement of water in great cities. Outside the temperature, the current is warm and cold and on geographic maps It is known as a worm-name and a blue color. The main reason for this is also a win. During the hikes of the current, one can drift (wicked by the last wintry), the first time, when the ocean wakes up in the course of the continual rise of the water, wicked by the tide, but a great number of atmospheric drops. sea ​​flows It is also an important climate-forming factor. The power of flushes and waves is tied to the power of space objects of Misia and Sonja, as well as the magnitude of the powers of the Earth itself and in the way of being wrapped around its axis. The highest tide is spurred on by the coast of the Indian America in the area of ​​the inflow of the Fund. The height of the tidal hvily here becomes 18 meters. The energy of the firing can be victorious in the capacity of an alternative energy source. In Russia, there is a power station on the Kolsky Piostrov. Over the course of the trip, the current flows on the wind (drifts), drains (during the winter season), Miscellaneous and Sonny) and Compensation (for an hour when the water is consumed). In all cases of direct leakage, the Earth is wrapped around, which explains the direction of the right in the first drink and in the left - in the open (the power of the Coriolis). The main reason surface leaks- viter. It widens the streams of water, flowing through the middle of crumbling waters. The width of the cich streams can be up to a thousand, and the width of the cycle is over a thousand kilometers. Smells bend over, get overwhelmed, flinch, get angry. Those who pass through the middle of the cold waters are warm, the middle of the cold waters are cold. warm flows heading from more low latitudes towards more high, cold - navpaki. In the oceans, there are systems of surface leaks, so that they can lie right through the panuchial winds (winter and early winds, along the last winds) due to the position and configuration of the ocean. Most persistent leakages є Pivnichne Passatne and Pivdenna Passatna leaks. The main mid-warm flows along the sidelines of the continents in tropical latitudes are: Kurosio, Skhidno-Australiska, Golfstrom, Brazil, Madagascar (Mozambic). in the middle latitudes ah for the next winter, the cold weather of the winter for the winter and warm for the winter-Atlantic and the winter-Pacific for the winter.

Freeze the great circuit of cold compensating leaks remote shores continents in tropical latitudes: Kalifornyyske, Peruvian, Bengal, Canarska and Zakhidno-Australiske. At the Pivnichniy Iced Ocean, the flow of the current is directed to the Uzbek coast after the year's arrow (as it marches from the side of the Pivnichniy Pole) - as far as the accelerated Coriolis is concerned. Significance of the Holy Ocean in the life of people. The ocean is a magnificent accumulator of sleepy energy and the transformation of energy into heat. Svitovy ocean - naybagatshe dzherelo products kharchuvannya Stretch out a bag of thousands of people to catch riba and seafood - shrimp, crabs, oysters. Bagato narodiv vikoristovuyut in uzhu not tilki sea ​​bags, Ale і morski roslini, for example sea cabbage, yak to revenge a lot of iodine. The greatest resource for the ocean is water itself. It was installed in the sea water to avenge the whole periodic system D.I. Elementiv Mendeleva. Stocks of cinnamon copalins - naphtha, natural gas, Zalizists and manganese ores. Morskі transported є found cheap. For an hour, the problem of obrudneniya Svitovoy ocean. 1. Aviation of naphtha tankers. 2. Smittya from ships and near port towns. 3. Uncontrolled pitchforks and views of bags of seas and oceans. The main dzherelnya obrudneniya to the ocean serve bybutovі and promislovі stichnі vodi(In the coastal areas there are 60% of the great places), naphtha and naphtha products, radioactive speech. Water obstruction is the reason for the death of sea creatures, crayfish and ribs, water birds and seals. In the fall of the bend of 30 thousand sea jocks, the mass bend of the sea stars on the ear of the 90s in the White Sea. In the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, on the border of the dwellers, there is a sea lumber, which is a delicacy in the Asian lands.

1. atmosphere: gas warehouse, Vertical budova, thermal mode. Povitryani masi, fronts, cyclones and anticyclones. The backbone of the circulation of the atmosphere. Atmosphere: gas warehouse, vertical to Budova, thermal regime. Povitryani masi, fronts, cyclones and anticyclones. The backbone of the circulation of the atmosphere. atmosphere - gas shell (Geosphere), navkolishnє planet Earth. You will be stored from sums of gases (povitrya), water bets and houses (aerosols). On the side of the floor, to avenge (by volume) 78% nitrogen, close to 21% acid and less than 1% of the other gases. The atmosphere of maє sharuvatu, budova. The lower boundary of the atmosphere є the earth's surface, the upper її boundary is mentally held at a height of 2-3 yew. Km above the earth's surface. Depending on the temperature change, they can see the chotiri shari at a height: the troposphere (up to 16 km in the troposphere, turbulence and convection are strongly evolving, the clouds appear, cyclones and anticyclones develop), the stratosphere (up to 50 km), the stratosphere (up to 50 km) in the exosphere - the zone of growth, the last part of the thermosphere, 700 km of growth is spread. Gas in the exosphere is highly developed, and there is a lot of particles in the interplanetary space. In the troposphere and mesosphere, the temperature decreases, and in the stratosphere and thermosphere, navpaki, it rises. The frost temperature in the troposphere decreases in the middle by 6 ° С per 1 km. The atmosphere will take away more warmth from the stylish surface, lower from the middle to the Sontsya. Pass through the atmosphere, sleepy exchanges may not heat up. Heat is transferred to the atmosphere for additional molecular heat conductivity, convection, and the visual heat of the steam during condensation of water vapor in the atmosphere. That is why the temperature in the troposphere decreases with height. If I see the surface, I’ll take more heat, I’ll take it off in the same hour; The temperature of the viscera drops, navpaki, and increases. Such a camp is called a temperature inversion. In the troposphere, the temperature drops in the middle in the middle. When dry weather rises, the temperature drop reaches 1 ° per 100 m. With a rise in the heat, condensation of water vapor is observed, so that heat is generated. Therefore, the temperature decreases less by 1 ° per 100 m. The height in meters, for which it is necessary to increase, then the temperature has dropped by 1 ° C, is called a thermal step. to the poles. In addition to the transfer of heat to the ekvator, the temperature is lower, and at the poles it is lower, but the temperature is lower without the process. Pivdenna is colder than Pivnichniy, the leading rank through the wedge and the land of the Pivdenniy Pole. The temperature rose at the earth's surface to show behind the additional isotherm - line, so that one could get the same temperature. At the beginning of the day, in Pivnichniy pivkuli over the continents, izotherms are seen for the day, and in lime - for pivnich. It will be explained that the land will get colder, and it will get warmer as it gets hotter, less water. In Pivdenniy pivkulі in the middle latitudes of the land, it is much less and the hіd isotherm is close to parallels. We have found the temperature in Australia, in the whole of Africa, in the winter of America. The lower temperature in the whole month - at the winter descent of Asia (in the city of Oymyakon - 71 ° C) and in Antarctica. The absolute maximum temperature of the registrations in Mexico (+ 59 ° C) and Afritz (+ 58.1 ° C). Absolute minimum (-89.2 ° C of values ​​at the station Skhid (Antarctica). Sleepy radioactivity - the entirety of sleepy vipromyuvannya. singing hour on one area). In the atmosphere of a sleepyachna radio, it is often possible to be smitten, to glaze over, to go to warmth, to grow in frequent intervals. Seeing a few types of sleepy radioacies (direct and rosciyu) .Atmosphere of volodya greenhouse effect. Greenhouse effect - the power of the atmosphere to let sleepy radiation to the earth's surface, ale zatrimuvati teploe vippromіnyuvannya Earth. intensity greenhouse effect to deposit together in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide, ozone, water vapor and some other words. In the world of improvement, together in the atmosphere of overwhelmed speeches, it is possible to catch up with all the greater part of the Earth's thermal energy in the lower spheres of the atmosphere. As a result, there is an increase in the temperature of the lower globes of the atmosphere and the earth's surface. The pressure of the atmosphere on the bottom surface becomes at the average 1.033 g / cm 2 (more than 10 tons per 1 m 2). The vice is measured in millimeters of mercury, millibars (1 mb = 0.75 mm Hg) and in hectopascals (1 hPa = 1 mb). For vimіryuvannya the vice of the atmosphere, the mercury barometer (at meteorological stations) and metal barometer-aneroid (in the expedited minds). To record a vise by stretching the singing hour vikoristovuyut a self-recording barometer - barograph. A vise to lay down from the temperature of the drink: the vise is the temperature, the vice is lower. In the lower sphere of the troposphere up to a height of 1 km, the grip decreases by 1 mm at 10 m on the skin, or by 1 mb (hPa) on the skin 8 m. The vice will be explained to the changes of the world. It grows there, and it grows bigger, and it goes down there, the stars grow more and more. The main reason for the change of food is its heating and cooling from the food surface. Heating and cooling from the surface to the surface of the superfluous and overwhelming vice. In equatorial latitudes, the grip of the decline. It’s worth explaining that it’s warming up from the surface of the wind and going to the side of tropical latitudes, where there is a grip. Above the cold surface in Arctic and Antarctica, the grip of movement. It’s late in the morning, as you climb from the middle latitudes to the place of cold weather. Windfall in polar latitudes is the reason for a decrease in vice in the middle latitudes. As a result, belts of reduced (equal and equal) and slid in a vice(Tropical and polar). During the season, the stench often moves in the direction of the rychnoi pivkul ("next to the Sonce"). The belt of a lowered grip all the risk of becoming close to the eighteenth century in the inner latitudes of the Pivdennaya Pivkul. from tropical zones When the grip is pushed into the skin, it is straightened from one side to the adequate level, from the other side to the other latitudes. Whenever there is a lot of wine, turn to the right in Pivnichnoe and in Lviv - in Pivdenniy pivkuli. Between the paths and the ekvator dmut passati. The price is mainly in the winter and in the winter in the winter and in the winter in the winter, so that it goes over in the school. Tomorrow, in the other latitudes, panuyut western vіtri - the last transfer of the twilight. On the cordons of the continent and the oceans, there is a charge of mud from the mainland to the ocean, and from the ocean to the mainland. Tse musonnі vіtri. The stench is especially kind in the middle latitudes, the difference in winter temperatures is great. Atmospheric vice Continuously change through the change of temperature and change of the hour. With a hand, finish off a couple of two (in the evening) and two fall (in the afternoon and when it was announced). The number of swings in the equatorial and tropical latitudes. Cyclone - an area of ​​lowered grip is closed. Vіter in nіy rectifying from the periphery to the center. Anticyclone - a closed area of ​​a sliding grip. Vіter in nіy alignments from the center to the periphery. Cyclones and anticyclones move along the winds of the outer circulation of the atmosphere. The wind blows in a horizontal direction from the areas of the shifted grip in the area of ​​the reduced grip. Vіter is characterized by shvidkіstyu and directly. At the earth's surface, they support the development of their walks through. Їх divide into three groups: міццеві вітри; muson, three cyclones and anticyclones; in the backward circulation of the atmosphere. Mittsvі vіtri vіnіkayut from the vіdmіnnosti mіtsevichnyh minds (relєfu, roslinnostі, waters): Brіzi - wіth thе thermal hike, whісho dim in the afternoon with waters (seas, lakes, great rivers) on the shore, and at night, on the banks, navpaki , dry і porous vіter s gіr. Bora - strong, cold, partly viter, warm sea... There are three cyclones and anticyclones, as well as three cyclones and three, when there is a vise of a different kind of vise over land and sea. Vlіtku muson dme from the sea to land, collect - navpaki. Passat - in equatorial zone low vice. Through the acceleration of the Coriolis, it may be in the winter in the winter straight, and in the new - in the open. Zakhidnі vіtri - vіtri, wow, dim from the tropical zones of the pomirnі zones lowered grip. Through the accelerated Coriolis, the stench comes to the skid. To that, in the other latitudes, there is the last transfer of the twilight. Pivne-skidny vіtri in pіvnіchnіy pіvkulі (in pіvdennіy pіvkul - pіvdenno-skіdnі) - three, but there is a high vise from the polar zones in the midst of a low vise. The power of the masi is a great mind of the troposphere, but the power of the same power (temperature, visibility, insight, etc.) and ruhomy as one whole. The masa nabuvah, like a trivial hour stinging from the surface, pidstyla, has become a powerhouse of his own. Try to walk in warm and cold. Falling out of the mice form povitryan mas see chotiri main types: equatorial, tropical, indoor (polar) and arctic (antarctic). The stench is razr_znyayutsya temperature. The growth in vologosti has two subtypes: continental (mainland) and oceanic (sea), which is formed over continents and oceans. Equatorial povitryana masa - warmth and vologue; two tropical - warm and dry over the continents; two winters of the middle latitudes - less warm and more inology, less tropical, less warm and less, less arctic and antarctic; arctic and antarctic - cold and dry. Equatorial wind is formed from the tropical, brought by the Pasat, the peaceful - from the tropical and the Arctic (Antarctic), the tropical - from the hour, when you come from the adequate, and the Arctic (Antarctic) - for the shudder of the lat, when The displaced people, moving from the districts of their form in the first regions from the geographic minds, Proceedingly to change their power (temperature and logic) and go over to the type of mass. The process of converting the masters of one type into the first place in the flow of the minds of the world is called transformation. All the masters are tied together in the process of continuous change and in the process of external circulation in the troposphere. atmospheric turnout front The masses are divided between themselves, sometimes in narrow transitional zones, slightly healed to the earth's surface (kut їkh nakhilu less than 1 °). Dovzhina fronts - thousands of kilometers, width - tens of kilometers, vertical width - hundreds of meters. Up the front of the front, you can stitch on the neckline of kilometers, not right up to the stratosphere. The development of the fronts is arctic (Antarctic) - between arctic (antarctic) and polar witnesses, polar (between polar and tropical witnesses) and tropical (between tropical and equatorial witnesses). Warm and cold fronts bring good weather. The sense of the earthly atmosphere is the reason for the change of the deyakoi kіlkostіvologi in viglyadі water bet. Vono lie in the temperature. Chim vishche the temperature is bad, the more vologues are calmed down in the new. Absolute vology is the price of a water bet in every day in Denmark, the moment in g / m 3. It is worth mentioning that there are a lot of water bets, which can take place in every day, until the greatest temperature, when there is a given temperature. It is worth taking a look at the windows and showing the steps of the water vapor. The dew point is the temperature, to which the oholonuti is to blame, and in the new one, the level of health has become equal to 100%. Condensation of a water bet in the course of every supervisor Fog is the price of buying condensation products (specks, crystals) in the near-earth balls of the atmosphere. I’ll shrug off the sleepy radio, right up to the earth’s surface, displaying and growing. Immediately, you gaze over the warmth of the earth's surface. Behind the shape, there are blooming feathers, sharuvats and purchases. Feathers of the chimneys - chmari of the upper tier (vishche 6000 m), for example, prozor, kryzhany. Do not fall behind them. Sharuvati Khmari - middle (from 2000 to 6000 m) and lower (lower than 2000 m) tiers. Tsi khmari give trivial, cover the fall. The khmari kuchchasti can be installed in the lower tier and reach the even greater height. They are tied with anger, hail, menace. Zm_st vologians in the morning right from the eater to the poles in the zagalnyy ubuvak. The maximum absolute volume (up to 30 g / m 3) is recorded over the Chervonim Sea and in the Mekong river delta (Pivdenno-Skhidna Asia), the most middle river (more than 67 g / m 3) - over the Bengal in the middle of the river, 1 g / m / m 3) і absolute minimum (less than 0.1 g / m 3) - over Antarctica. Atmospheric fall off, scho vipadaut from cold, can be hard (boards) and hard (snig, groats, hail). Behind the nature of the vipadannya, the stench is rattling, obsequious, angry. Dosch is a perevazhayuchy type of atmospheric fall, which can be seen at viglyadi specks of water from the cold. Mryaka - even more dribbles to the board (in cold weather - found crystals). The swiftness of the floor is small, but the smell is great in every day. Hail - small particles of ice are incorrectly formed with a diameter of 6-20 mm and larger, but in the heat of the season, the rock from the bush-and-board gloom during thunder and evil. Winikak with hanging currents of twilight, if in a hypothermic gloom, frost and frosty specks appear. Snow - microscopic crystals of ice, which can be used to set up other heads, such as in the process of sublimation (lighting crystals from water bets) they create hexagonal pictures. Wet little girls, sleeps, make plastic sleep. Vimіryuyutsya fall off with a ball of water (u mm), which pretends that the water did not drip and did not boil. In the middle of the year to the Earth, the fall is 1130 mm. Hawaii (Pacific Ocean) -11684 mm / rіk and in Cherrapundzhі (India) - 11660 mm / rіk. The absolute minimum is in the Atacama and Liviyska hedgerows, if they fall off, they are not skinny. Weather - the camp of the atmosphere in the dawn of the world. at a given moment, for a short period of time: add, tidden, misyats .. Climat is a great time mode, typical for any kind of event. Volodya stikistiu and postiinistu. Prior to the main factors, which start the climate, are: geographic latitude, which will summarize the intensity of the sleepy radioactivity on the earth's surface; the height above the sea level (from the height of the height, the temperature decreases more and more); spіvіdnoshennya land and sea, start in the uneven heating of the land and sea; relєf, scho poured into the ruff of the windmills; ocean currents; infusion of the atmosphere circulating in the back; the nature of the pidstyle surface (fox, step, naked girski breed, etc.). There, de stretching the rock panuє one type of winding mas, the main climatic belts- equatorial, tropical, between and polar (arctic and antarctic). There, de stretching out to rock різні tipi On the other hand, transitional climatic belts are formed: sub-equatorial (vlitka - equatorial mass, charge - tropical), subtropic (vlitka - tropical mass, charge - internal) (sub-polarity), subpolar Dzherela zabrudnennya atmosphere can be natural and piece. The nature of the atmosphere is becoming obstructed - the heaving of volcanoes, woods, sawing storms, processes of viviting, distributing organic chases. Prior to the piece (anthropogenic) dzherels, the atmosphere should be industry promises, Transport, Sylske Gosudarstvo, Byutovі Incoming And Inche. Naybіlsh not safe for the atmosphere of the piece dzherela obrudnennya (building of leaves, opening of water reservoirs, growing and draining of territory, fast area, covered with ice, like on land, so in the ocean).

1. Europe: geographic location, geological budova, modern relief, climate, internal waters, landscape zones.
2. Asia: geographic location, geological budova, current relief, climate, internal waters, landscape zones.
3. Pivnichna America: geographic location, geological budova, modern relief, climate, internal waters, landscape zones
4. Pivdenna America: geographic location, geological budova, current relєf, climate, internal waters, landscape zones.
5. Africa: geographic location, geological budova, current relief, climate, internal waters, landscape zones.
6. Australia: geographic location, geological budova, current relief, climate, internal waters, landscape zones.
7. Antarctica: geographic location, geological Budova, curvatures, sea and coastal biocenoses.
8. Geography of the saints natural resourcesі problems of їх rational victoriannya. Distribution of the main halls of pre-business industry.
9. Population of the world: number, development, demographic policy, development, types of settlements. Urbanization: headaches, forms, problems.
10. Geography of industrial industry. Distribution of the main galuzei. Features happy stepіndustіalіzatsії.
11. General economic and geographical characteristics of the United States.
12. Zagalna economics and geography to China.
13. Geography of light Silskoy government... The main hallucinations of development and creation, and distribution.

1. Regional economic and geographic characteristics of one of the regions of the European Union (Nimechchina, Great Britain, France, Italy - on vibir weekly). Area-554tis.km2 EGP: loan to extreme I'll go to a part Evropi (in pivnіchnіy pіvkulі m / d 45-50 ° mon. Lat.). On entry and on entry, it is turned up to the Atlantic Ocean and the Biskay inlet, on entry - up to the middle sea... Channels: English Channel і Pas-de-Calais. May go to the Pivnichnaya sea. Land cordons: Belgium, Switzerland, Spain and ін. Marine cordon - Great Britain. 2. Natural mind- pivnini cover 2/3 of the area of ​​the land, the most widespread - Pivnich-French, Akvitanska and middle-sea lower. Girski ridges: Alpi (Mont Blanc-4807), Pirenei, Jura, Ardenni, Central massif, Vosges and Armorican massif. Climat is typically sea (at sunset - Breton and Aquitanian), middle sea (half day) and transition from sea to moderate continent. (In the center and on the descent). The GDP has a large share of attacks on the sphere of services - 69%, on industry - 28 and s / y-3. The priority is the aviation and industrial complex, automobile manufacturing, perfumery, food complex and telecomunication. Industry is the main place of power engineering, mechanical engineering, chemistry and kharchov. The value is lightweight. Palivno-energy complex- coal 6.4%, gas - 13.7%, naphtha - 39.7%. Electricity 35.5%. France is the largest energy export - 36.7% of Europe (65 mln kW * year) - will be received by Italy, Great Britain, Germany. France's self-sufficiency is 48.5%. Vugilna promiscuity- old galuz (add 4.8 million tons of coal in the Lotharian basin and 2 million tons in the Central Pivdenny basin). Visibly importing (importing) of vugilla due to weak exertion and lack of handiness of plating of plastics (imported-USA, Australia and PAR). Coal mining company "Charbonage de France". Vidobutok naphtha (1.7 million tons) - companies "Elf Akita", "Head French Oil Company" (KPF), "Total" - oil refining. Import of naphtha (90 million tons) - Blizkiy Skhid (Saudi Arabia, Iran ) and from the country to buy naphtha from the Pivnichnaya Sea (enterprises, Norway, etc.). The refinery was used for imported oil, it was displaced in the outskirts of Mist Morsel, Le Havre. Gas vidobutok in Lacu (3.6 billion m3 per rik) - "Gaz de France". Exoprt - Netherlands, Great Britain, Norway and Algeria. AES plays a role in power generation - 75% (leader in the world). AES zooseredzheni in the valleys of the river Rony and Loirey. A part of the HES 14.3% - skid france, alpi, rhone, rhine. Chorna metallurgy- reconstruction and modernization of metallurgical plants. Budivnystvo minivans, scho heavy up to machine-building. Old metallurgical regions and Pivnich and Lorraine Zalizna ore). Dr. districts Le Creusot and Caen (Normandy). Company "Yuzinor-Sasilor". Kolorova pidpryum- smut mice high-melting aluminum - Alpi and Pireneiv (bauxite Provence and cheap electric power richok). Besides, є in the Issuar (Central Massif). Company Peshine-Yuzhen-Kuhlman ". Machinery- Provided galuz. Parizkiy district and Rhone-Alpi are full of machine-building enterprises. Also Franchconte. Aerokosmich.complexє the priority is the list of people, helicopters, supporters (Snekma). Aerobusi Toulouse (the head center of aviakosmіch.technikі) -Parіzhskaya agglomeration. Companies "Dassault Aviation" and "Sectarian Avionikr". Saint-Et'un, Tarbi, Roan (great backwaters in the Parisian front) - “Matra” company. Electronic promiscuity (Alcatel, Thomson, Schneider). IBM-France - Montpellierє. automotive industry- close to 4 million cars for export. Nybilshi Firmi - Renault (head plant at Bouillon-Billancourt, another plant in Lyonskiy district (buses, vantages) and Normandy) Peugeot-Citroen (parent plant of Peugeot franchconte - Sochaux-Montbeliard, Aglomerang Parizka parent plant Citroen-Chartreux-de-Bretagne), "Fiat-France", "Ford-France." Chemistry- perfumery, pharmaceuticals, chemistry for organic synthesis. Firmi "Ron-Poulenc", "Saint-Gobain", "Elf Atoshem", "Er Likid". "Oreal", "I in Roche" and in. Clermont - Ferrand Center of Chemistry Industry (cheap work force), virobnation of humic virobes. Lorraine (virobnystvo sodi i vuglekhimії), Elzas 9kalіynie dobriva), Landi (wood chemistry), Parizkiy district (pharmaceuticals, perfumery). Marseille, GVR, Bordeaux - naftokhimia. Textile industry - old galuz (crisis). It is concentrated in three districts: At Pivnochі - obrobka bavovnia, lion and jute (Lill Rube, Turkuen), as well as Pikardia and Normandia itself. At Elsas and Vosges - Obrobka Bavovni (Mulhouse). Lion and Rony Valley - synthetic fabrics "Rhone-Poulenc". С / г 5th month in light and 1st in Europe. Іstotna massa s / g go for export. In crop growing, grain production (all basic grain crops). Wheat is quickened to grow, the replacement is corn and barley, expanded throughout the whole region, except for Seredzemnomorya, land and girsky districts. The head of the district is the Pivnichno-French low-rise and Flanders (Berry, Poitou, pivnich). Livestock and oats speed up, replacing forage crops and pastures (livestock-central massiv, barley-Elzas, Flanders, pivnich) Rony delta rice. Tsukrovi Buryaks - Flanders and Pivnichno-French lower regions (main district Pikardiya). Maslyanich.culture - ripak (Paris region). Olivi (Seredzemnomor'ya). Lion - Parizh.і North District. Khmil - Elsas and Flanders. Tyutyun-Elsas and on the southwestern grasses of the central massif. Kartoplya - everywhere (especially Brittany), except for the outright. Vegetables everywhere (goal Pariz'kyi district). Gardening -normandia, і Brittany, Elsas and Lorraine, estates. Bagato Gardens in Seredzemnomor. Provence is a piece of art. Languedoc - wine growing and viticulture. Another area - the rivers Gorona, Dordogne, Charente - cognac. So Champagne itself, Bordeaux. Burgundy etc. Beaujolais - Lyon Valley of the Sonja. Dairy products - Brittany, Normandy and land on the Loire. Creation of meat directly (feed onions, grazing) - central massif, Brittany, Limousin, Charolais. Milk processing at entry, sire-at descent, in the center and in Brittany. Pigry - Brittany. Ptah factories Pirizhskiy district. Near the coastal areas there is a specialization є ribalism. Ribby catch 700 yew. Tons per Rik. France's transport... Franzia maє dobre rozvineniy transport complex, і th development of zooming geographic provisions, Let's develop the development of the economy, special areas, etc. Providny type of transport є automobile. Dovzhina road - 964 356 km. At 1999 r pіd Pireneami will induce a car tunnel up to 8610 m, z throughput 800 cars for a year, win z'adnaє spanska, Canfranc and French Le Forget d "Abel. zaliznytsi... Їх dozhina in 1996 piled 34,940 km. Air transport will carry 55.1 million Chol. і 1.2 million tons of vantages. Most popular airports "Eagles", "Bourget", "Charles de Gaulle". The main role of the game Derzhavna company"Er-France." industrial centers, Їх dozhina 5.5 yew. Km. The river netting together with the canals will secure 6% of the transportation of the country. France is the most important sea power in Europe with the ports of the holy value: Marseille, Le Havre, Dunkirk. The population is sounding. Some of them are up to 15 -18.2%, and some of the older ones are 15.6%. People become 12.6 chol. per 1000 inhabitants (young є Il-de-Franz). Mortality -9.2 people per 1000 inhabitants. Natural growth is positive. At winter, there is a large population of people, a large portion of young groups of young people, a low mortality rate. On Pivdni (Limuzen, Languedoc-Rusiln, Pireneiv-Pivden and Poitou-Charent) - zbilshiti. A small part of the elderly age, mortality is increased, the population is lowered (the result of a young population of Silska, an influx of pensioners). Child mortality decreased - 4.8%. Average duration of life: cholovik-74.6, female-82.2. Population size (106 people per 1 km2) (the largest in agglomerations and industrial districts, Silske in Brittany). Ethnic warehouse-French, Ale Bretons (close to 1 million people), Corsicans (280 thousand chols), Elsasts (1.2 million chols), Basques (130 thousand chols), Walloons (60 thousand chols) Catalans ( 250 thousand chol). Іmіgratsіya - Portuguese and Vikings from Magrib. Portuguese 375 thous.chol, Algerian - 246 thous.chol, Moroccans -198 thous.chol. Kurdish 120 thous.chol, vicinities from Black Africa - 115 thous.chol. Іmіgrants are mainly in the sphere of services (23%), in construction, on large robots (22%), in s / y - 13%. Pereurbanization - a working and middle ball to kick in a small place and a village community. A part of the city population is 74%. International agglomeration of Avinyonsky, Belford. On the stick of three powers - Longwy (Lorraine), Atyus (BulDU), Esch (Luxembourg), Saint-Louis-Mulhouse (Elsace), Basel (Switzerland), Lerry and Veil (FRN), Thionville (Lorraine), Luxembourg-Merzing Saar). Technopolis - Sophia Antipolis (Canny), Moblanc (Grenoble), Montpellier, Annensy, Gerland (Lyon). Social structure - officials, services (36.9%), robots - 14.7, s / g-1.7, pensioners - 21.1. Inactive groups (students, vіyskovі, unprotected) - 25.6. Catholics - 81.4%. Protestant -1.9%. Muslims - 3 million Іudaists - 0.6%. 7 economic districts.

	|	lection is coming ==>

Gori, іvnini and vіdrіznyayutsya vіdrіznyayutsya visota, character zalagannya gіrskih genera, hour and way of approval. In the former, the internal and external forces of the Earth took part. All relevant relational factors can be divided into two groups:internal (endogenous) іcall (exogenous).

The energy basis of the internal relief-forming processes is energy, where the earth is going from the earth - rotation, radioactive drop and energy of geochemical accumulators. rotational energy It is tied from the energy of energy when the Earth is confidently wrapped around its axis through the grating inflow (parts of seconds per thousand years). Energy of geochemical batteries- the price has been accumulated for a lot of thousands of years in the girly rocks of the energy Sontsya, yak vivilnyaetsya in the burrowed generation in the inner ball.

Exogenous (callous force) is called so that it was more important to find the position of the Earth - the whole energy, without going through the Sontsya. For the manifestation of the exogenous forces of guilt, it is necessary to hinder the unevenness of the earth's surface, so that there is a rise in potential and the possibility of shifting parts of the particles due to force.

Internal forces, to push to the root of the irregularities, and zvnishnі - to the viralization of the cich irregularities.

Internal forces or structure(The basis) of relfu, and the called ones were forced to play the role of a sculptor; according to.

It is possible to be seen in the middle of the Earth by processes that can be promoted in tectonic debris, earthlings and volcanism. Tectonic ruks are called the entire range of horizontal and vertical rucks of the lithosphere. The stench of supravodzhuyutsya vinyinennya breaks and folds of earthy measles.

Dovgy hour in nauci panuvala "Portable geosinklinal" concept development of the Earth's Relief. The essence of the її polyaga is in the seen low and crumbling little earth measles, platforms and geosynclinals. Transmitting the evolution of the structure of the earth's cortex and going from the geosynclinals to the platforms. There are two great stages in the development of geosinklіnals.

The first (the main one for trivial) stage is zonurennya with the sea mode, accumulated tedious (up to 15-20 km) of siege and volcanic girskikh rocks, lava lava, metamorphism, and hence the fold. Another stage (the smallest for triviality) is fold formation and growth in case of zagalnaya growth (city creation), as a result of which it is set on fire. Burn out of the way of exogenous forces.

In the last ten years, there are a lot of people in the audience to see these hypotheses - hypotheses lithospheric plates . plate lithosphere- a lot of great diliankas of earth measles, which collapse along the asthenosphere with a speed of 2-5 cm / rik. The development of continents and oceanic plates, with their interaction, there is a thin edge oceanic plates the edge of the continental plate rises. As a result, burn, glibokovodnі zholobi, Ostrіvnі arcs (for example, Kurilskiy zholob і Kurilskі islands, Atakamskiy zholob і gori Andi). When the continental plates are closed, they burn (for example, Himala when the Indian-Australian and Eurasian plates are closed). The shifting of slabs can be wicked by convective rods of the speech mantle. At the time of the speech, there are breaks, and the plates are repaired. To exercise along the breaks, magma lays down and on the edge of the plates spreading apart - so pretend mid-ocean ridges They stretched along the bottom of all oceans and established one system of 60,000 km. The height їх reachє 3 km, and the width is greater, than the greater the speed of distribution.

The number of lithospheric plates is permanently - the stench settles and spreads to parts when the rift is established, great line tectonic structures, the type of glide gorges in the axial part of the mid-ocean ridges. Vvazayut, scho in the Paleozoic, for example, lucky new continents represented one continent - Gondwana, Північні - Laurasia, And even earlier, having snubbed one super-continent - Pangea and one ocean.

The order of the main horizontal collars in the lithosphere is carried and vertical. When the slabs are closed, for example, when the slabs are replaced on the surface, for example, in the case of the great ice cuts, the rise is seen (Scandinavian pivot to the cichs of the rise). Such a collection is called glacial.

Tectonic ruks of earth measles of the Neogene-Quarter hour are calledneotectonic. They have appeared and are appearing with a growing intensity practically everywhere on the Earth.

Tectonic ruks are supervised earthquakes(By the post and by the shimmering bowels of the earth's surface) і volcanism(Vvadzhennym magmi into the earth's crust and wavy її on the surface).

volcano	Visota, m	M_sceznakhodzhennya	Rik of the last vyverzhennya *
Llullaillaco		Chilean-Argentinian Andi
Cotopaxi		Equatorialny Andi
		Mexican nagir'ya
Popocatepetl		Mexican nagir'ya
Klyuchevska Sopka		Russia, Kamchatka Peninsula
Mauna loa		O. Hawaii
		Antarctica, about. Ross
Fujiyama		Japan, about. Honshu
Kronotskaya Sopka		Russia, Kamchatka Peninsula
Koryatska Sopka		Russia, Kamchatka Peninsula
		Italia, about. Sicily
		Russia, Kamchatka Peninsula
flat Tolbachik		Russia, Kamchatka Peninsula
Avachinskaya Sopka		Russia, Kamchatka Peninsula
		Russia, Kuril Islands
		Iceland
Montagne Pele		O. Martinyuk
		Apenninsky p_vostr_v
Strombolі
Krakatoa		Indonesia

* Mill for 2013 rіk

earthworms characterizeI am glibinous vognischa (mіstsya zsuvu in the lithosphere, from which seismic hvili expands in our sides) and by the force of an earthworm, to appreciate the step of vicliks by them runnuvan in balls beyond the scale of Rіchter 12. Naybіlshoї forces an earthquake can reach without the middle over the head - in the epіcenter. Vvolcanoessee the magmatic in the fire and channel or the trough, through which lava flows.

The majority of earthquakes and active volcanoes are confined to the outskirts of the lithospheric plates - so called seismic belts ... One of them operates along the perimeter of the Pacific Ocean, which stretches across Central Asia from Atlantic Ocean to Quiet.

around the ridges and middle depressions - in the mountains, the top and bottom - on the plains. Mesoforms take up square kilometers and dozens of them. Tse yari, beams, moraine

pagorbi, barkhani і ін.

Mikroform - karst funnels, tied on the floodplain and others. Nanoform - bush, erozіynі furrows, bryzhy food on dunes and іn.

The planetary and great forms of the relєfu pretended to be a racket of the inner forces of the Earth. Middle - mesoforms - and other forms of goiters, knitting of exogenous processes: robotic surface flowing waters, dehumidification of water, ice-cream, vitru and іn. Prior to exogenous processes, it is carried out and versatile, all the growing state of the art of people.

Academic I.P. Gerasimov, who won the Institute of Geography of the Academy of Sciences from 1951 to 1985

SRSR, і Yu.A. The Meshcheryakov proponated the principle of subdividing all forms of the Earth's profile into three categories, which are distributed in order of magnitude (size) and walking around the world in order to relieve it (the ear of its form).

Geotekturi (Greek ge - Earth, Latin tectura - pokrittya) - the most form of the Earth's relfu, enriched with planetary geophysical and cosmic processes. To geotectures of the first rank, the continents are referred to as and oceanic depressions, to geotectures of a different rank - the most megaforms: rural platform regions and girly systems of developmental genesis on land, oceanic areas and regions. The formation of modern geotectures has fallen on the borders of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic and to become geomorphological stages of the development of the Earth.

Morphostructures (Greek morphe - form, Latin structure - budova) - great forms of relєfu - megaforms and macroforms, as a result of interrelationship of endogenous and exogenous processes during the provincial, active roles of internal processes; geological structures are clearly visualized in the future. Formation of morphostructures leads to neotectonic stages of development of the Earth.

morpho sculpture(Greek morphe - form, Latin sculptura - lipka, growth) - differently (meso-, micro-, etc.) with happy and gone clever minds... Вік morphosculptures of the small encirclement with the frames of the quarter period.

The genetic relationship (not in size!) morphotectonic relief, that is, a relief surrounded by an active roll of an endogenous factor. The classification of forms of morphotectonic relief (morphostructures) according to their structures, genesis and morphology is shown in Scheme 1. Morphotectonic relief can be used for protrusions Morpho-sculpture (Morphoclimatic) relєfu, as it appeared in the main under the inflow of exogenous processes, in accordance with the law of climatic zoning.

Achievement of forms of relief, similar to the last viglyad, internal budova, Campaigns and development of minds, naturally repeated on the singing territory, approve morphogenetic types of relєfu(For example, humpbacks of moraine rivnini, ridges of valleys of eroziyni rivnini, flat sands of rivnini and іn.).

at lectures geomorphological maps It is displayed either about the shape of the profile, or the morphogenetic types of the profile, moreover, on the color aphid, the icons indicate the types of the shape of the profile. On other-scale maps, the morphostructure is shown as a color background, and morpho-sculpture is shown as shading and icons (for example, in the Physical-Geographical Atlas).

2.2. relєfoustoruyuchі processes

Outstanding provisions of geomorphology є the statement about those, how the relief is formed as a result of the interaction of endogenous and exogenous processes. Dzherelom energy of internal processes є energy, how to establish itself in the nadra of the Earth and for the development of chemical-density gravitational differentiation of speech, the drop in radioactive elements of control, By the rush power of endogenous processes, there is a great circulation of speech in the mantle and the lithosphere, as a result of which there is a rise in the growth and further cooling of speech. It will inevitably lead to a change of heart, and to find the ring of the cymbal with a friend, like, in your own heart, to bring up the horizontal and vertical changes of earthly measles and lithosphere as a whole. so

change is called tectonic rods. Z they tied the debris in the minds of the lining of the layers of the girly rocks and the formation of the basic rice day-to-day relєfu Lands, imaged in geotectures and morphostructures. Before endogenous processes іmagmatism, tying like with the primary rosette of the mantle and measles, so with the temperature wedges in the earth's crust, is caused by rubbing balls during tectonic collapses.

Exogenous processes occur on the surface of the Earth. Even all the stinks of the gobs of energy Sontzya (for those of the schilovs, of the gravitational energy) and looks for the help of other agents in the field of photography - drive, ice, D. on the transfer of material yak bezposeredno (on grapples), so it is interred, through іnshі exogenous processes. This gravitation can also be included in the number of relfotvorennya agents. Anthropogenic processes are seen in a special group of exogenous processes.

2.2.1. Internal (endogenous) processes and relational role

Endogenous processes occur in tectonic ruksіmagmatіzme. Tectonic ruks are characterized by a sprightly straightened and intense intensity in hours and in space. Right next to the surface of the Earth they see vertical (radial) and horizontal (tangential) ruff, behind a straight line - inversion (colival), by the speed of manifestation - Shvidko (earthquake)

(Vіkovі), for an hour, show - the ruins of the far geological past, new

(Oligene-quarters)іmodern. All types of geotectonic collapses in interconnections. So, there was a lot of tectonic rocks on the vertical and horizontal, which is quite clever.

In nature, as a rule, go horizontal rolls in vertical and navpaki, so as one type of two generations is built up: to extend horizontally to lowering, horizontally to squeeze to wrinkle to fold and to lift.

Fid with vertical collapsible rods earth measles,

everywhere, werewolves of different scales in area and in amplitude, but not folding structures. V foreign literature They are called epirogenic (Greek epeiros - mainland, land, genesis - walking). The relief-forming role of the tsikh rukhiv is great. The vertical structure of the general order lies in the basis of the formation of planetary forms of the relief of the earth's surface. The stench will amalgamate marine transgression and regression and by itself controlling land areas and oceans and their configuration.

Vertical folds of the lower order in tectonically low-lying areas (on platforms) form syneclises and anteclises, which in the context of the sedated nature of the cyclones in new hour to know directly in the relafі in the viglyad mega- and macroforms: lower and visochin (the Central Russian temporal region in the main view of the Voronez anteclise, the Caspian lower region - the Caspian syneclise).

Most of the vertical arms of the rose sign were seen in the geological past and progressed in the Danish hour. Scandinavia tends to get infected, and the Uzbek coast of the Pivnichnaya Sea, navpaki, descends through the Holland, schob vryatuvatisya all the way to transgression, the buzz of a dam up to 15 m. The speed of the cich rukhiv is within the reach of decilcoh milimeters on the rik and to follow the other steps and instrumental vimiryuvan.

The order of the vertical is everywhere і steadily і disappear і horizontal ruffs, I will play a role in the development and formulation of the first for all the greatest forms of relєfu. So, with the continental Rift and horizontal displacements of the lithosphere blocks on the side, the opening of the oceans and the oversupply of the continents and the change in the areas and outlines are connected. Young gigants expand as a graben, i.e., the Rift, - a mighty ocean, vvazhayutsya depressions of the Red Sea, the sides of which are shifted to a few millimeters in the middle of the axial zone in the edges of the sides. The gaps of continental plates, compressed and crowded siege and volcanoes to the ocean of Tethys, especially against the Arabian Vistup and the Indian block of Gondwanaland, will explain the adoption of the Girvian Lants of the Caucasus.

On vertical and horizontal tectonic ruks The earth's crust reacts by deformations of layers of girskikh rocks, which can lead to two types of dislocations: warehousing- viginiv ball without damaging its susceptibility disjunctive), udovzh

which, as a rule, see the displacement of measles blocks in vertical and horizontal strands. Offended by the dislocation of the power to rupture the belts of the Earth, de vistoryuyutsya burn. To that tectonic ruchs, scho to produce up to the collapse of the primordial horizontal zalagannya generation, i.e. before dislocation formation, they are called "genesis", which means the mountains (Greek oros - mountain, genesis - walk). Warehouse parts and dislocation sizes are shown at the surface.

warehouse parts of dislocation It is well rotated in geo-links and young geosinklinal areas and practically on the day in the chohl of platforms. Somewhat simple folded folds - anticlines make up some folds of ridges (Tersky, Sunzhensky ridges in the Pivnichny Caucasus), and fold folds - synclines - middle and front depressions.

Large and foldable folds (anticlinoria) are twisted in the relief by high ridges, and folds (synclinoria) - by great, glib, small depressions. However, as a rule, it smells like a bigger foldable brillian structure, like, for example, the Golovny and Bichny ridges of the Caucasus.

Naybіlshі and folding folds make the epіgeosinklіnalі hіrski kraini (Caucasus, Alpi і ін.). I will cover the superstructure with the great uplifts of the great radius, the vicious efforts of earthly measles, which are lighter than oceanic and by virtue of the law of the izostasis of volodya floating.

dislocations May it not only be between fold belts, ale and on platforms, yak on land, and on the bottom of the Holy Ocean. So as the stench is supravodzhuyutsya vertical and horizontal displacements of blocks of earthly measles, then є a straining factor of relief formation.

The greatest forms of the Earth's relief, zoomed tectonics, є Rift

- gliboki, vuzki depressions, surrounded by zones of breaks. The stench is established when the earth measles is stretched out for the rakhunok, the living of the axial parts of the great sickly children, which were formulated, in their own devil, under the influx of the lower mantle streams. In the power of a change in the exertion of earthly measles and the lithosphere in general, seismicity, volcanic activity, high heat flow. Rifty є yak on the bottom of the oceans, as well as on the continents.

With vertical zsuvі decіlkoh blocks of earth measles, it breaks up and down on the upward-downward slopes, brilovy upturns take place, on the downward slots - grabens - the downsides. Glyboki robbers occupy the lakes.

Establishment of the ridge ridges of the ridge may not be easy to break through, behind which one grabbed the block to go to the ledge, and the rychkova valley was laid out along the way.

In case of sub-horizontal fractures and advancing slugs of layers in the mountains, one dile of earth measles can be lined up for tens of kilometers - tse Nedovgo (naughty). The stench is twisting in the Alps, Pirenei, Himalai and other mountain sporudes.

It is not easy to trace the coastline of the continents on the platforms: this is how the titles of the off-type Uzbeks are developed on the pivnichi of the Kola Peninsula, on the eastern coast of the Somalia and on the shores of the Gondwana continent.

There is a wide range of rifts, such as zones of increased trickyness, such as in the mountains, so on the plains there are often riverside valleys. Tsomu spriyє also the concentration of surface and underground waters in them.

Warehouse parts and dislocations of layers, especially in the mountains,

(Intrusive) and superficial (effusive) magmatism and earthworms, which can be recognized on the basis of relfi.

intrusive tila Buvaut rise in shape and size. Great intrusions, especially those of a kind, may take on a shape, stretch for hundreds of kilometers (the Chilean batholith in the Andes will take 1300 km to dovzhin, a batholith in Canada's co-ordinates - 2,000 km), reach a width of up to 100 km and up to 10 km. Batoliti wicked ruined in zalyaganny perekryvayut їх generations. The destruction can be of a fold, as well as a razrivnaya character. Batolias, warehouses, winners of grants, approve the central development of the largest and most important areas. As a result of the further denudation of the stench, it is not easy to appear on the surface, storing massive, importantly accessible axes of the ridges of the gir (S'orra-Nevada, Coastal Ridge in Canada).

Intrusions in viglyadi laccoliths of dome-like or loaf-like shape give the same shape to different breeds, and make groups of either singly mountains, such as, for example, mountains Zalizna, Mashuk, Beshtau and іnka

Crimu. Bare by intrusions

The layers of intrusion turn in the relief at the overhead steps. Intrusion and basalt efu-zivi in ​​the view of the majestic curves (Trapp) are widely widened on the plateaus and flatlands in the boundaries of ancient platforms (for example, on the Middle Siberian flatland).

Svorіdniy relєf svoryu effusive magmatism,іlіvulcanism. It is due to the nature of the openings in the development of the Maydans, the lines and the central ones. Maydan and lyniyni vyverzhennya passed in the geological past. The stench made a bed of oceans, great lava plateaus and nagir'ya (Columbian plateau, Fraser plateau, Mexican and Ethiopian nagir'ya and in.). In the historical hour, the willow lavas were found in Iceland, on the Hawaiian Islands, even more typical for the mid-ocean ridges.

In the current geological era on the continents, the most widening is the central type, if magma flows along the high channel, so the winners will ring on the overreturning breaks. At the same time, cone-like or shield-like mountains are formed - volcanoes with funnel-like extended uplands, called a crater. The form of volcanoes is deposited in a storehouse of magma, viscosities and bis TNT are caught. Bagato volcanoes are stored from fluffy products in vyverzhen, pereharovuyutsya from overtaken lava. Tse Klyuchevska Sopka, Fuziyama, Elbrus, Ararat, Vesuviy, Krakatau, Chimbaraso and іnshі volcanoes.

In some small volcanoes, there is a great nirk similar to the depressions with steep walls and a flat bottom, called calderas. The stench is set up through the collapse of the top of the volcano in the way of the shvid descent of the volcanic chamber. One of the largest є is the Ngorongoro Caldera, which descends from the Kilimanjaro Mountains in Tanzania. Vona is a majestic bowl, at the bottom there is a roasted lake and green meadow. Bottom diameter 22 km. The walls of the crater rise to 600-700 m. There is a unique reserve of thousands of wild creatures. Tsey natural zoo is called "African Ark".

For mісць extinguishing volcanic activity (for example, National Park in the USA) are characteristic hot dzherela, including periodically fountaining, - geysers, wikid gases from craters and thrusts, mud volcanoes, which indicate the active processes in glybin nadr.

Before endogenous processes also carry to the earthworm - raptus pidzemni hit, struss

і Replacement of layers and blocks of earth measles. The earthquakes are confined to the zones of breaks. In the majority of the population centers in the center of earthlings, i.e. E. hypocentri, located on the glybin of the first dozen

kilometers in the earth's crust. However, some stench grows at the upper mantle on a depth of up to 600 700 km, for example uzdovzh uzberezhzha The Pacific, In the Caribbean Sea and other areas. Vinnikayuchi in the midst of springy chills, reaching the surface, vyklikayut affirming tremors, kolivannya up-down, shifting horizontally. Naybіlshі ruinuvannya is promoted in the center of earthlings, which is spread over the hypocenter. The intensity of earthquakes to be assessed for a twelve-point scale at the stage of deformation of the balls of the Earth and the stage of development. Hundreds of thousands of earthlings are reestablished on Earth, so it is alive on the restless planet. In case of catastrophic earthquakes, in a few seconds the relief changes, in the mountains the landslide falls and falls, the places run away, people go. Earthworms on the Uzbek banks and the bottom of the oceans are victorious - tsunamis. Until the number of catastrophic earthquakes, Ashgabat (1948), Chileysky (1960), Tashkent (1966), in China (1976), in Mekhiko (1985), Vermenske (1988), Yaponske (1995), Turetske (1999), І (2001). Vyverzhennya volcanoes can be supervised by earthquakes, as they have an encircling nature.

In general, endogenous processes play a constructive role in terms of bringing up to the relief: during tectonic uplifts, be it the genesis of the Earth's surface, it moves, the Obviously, endogenous processes control the nature and intensity of exogenous processes.