The closing of the lithospheric plates shall be made until approved. Concept of plate tectonics

The earth's crust and the upper, solid ball of the mantle form the so-called lithosphere. Є two types of lithosphere. Oceanic lithosphere is a small oceanic crust close to 6 km. Vaughn is mostly covered by the sea. The continental lithosphere is curved by the continental crust at a distance of 35 to 70 km. From the bark, the bark is seen above the water, making the dry land.

plate

rukhom_ plate

plate earth measles gradually move in different directions, if and even more often. The average flexibility is 5 cm in size. Approximately with the same shvidkіstyu grow your nіgty. Oskilki all slabs lazily lie down one to one, be it one of them for navkolishnі slabs, snarling and step by step change. The slabs can be moved in a different way, it is possible to bachiti on these cordons, for a reason, if we wickle the slabs, let us leave it unchanged. Mabut, the whole process may not be a mother or a cob, or a little bit. To protect the theory, one type of slabs can be, so bi moviti, “first-rate”, and all the other slabs come into the fold.

One of the types of slabs is the "podnirivanie" of one slab from the bottom. Deyakі study vvazhayut, the male type of ruku wiklikє all іnshі shifting slabs. On the deyakie boundaries, the rock is melted, making their way onto the surface with two slabs, more firmly behind the edges, razshtovuyuchi tsі slabs. The whole process can be used to relocate all the slabs. Vvazhaєtsya also, well, except for the primary shipment, the collapse of the plates stimulates the gigantic heat flows, which circulate in the mantle (div. Statue "The Rukh of the Slabs").

drift continents

At the same time, it is important that in the hour of the establishment of the primordial earthly cortex, the slabs were changing their position, cut and demarcate the continents and oceans. The process was named tectonics slabs... Guided to prove the theory. For example, sketch out such continents, like the Great America and Africa, look like this, they put the stink of coli in one place. There is a sense of insanity in Budov and in the history of the Girly generations, where ancient Gyrsky lantsyugs are stored on both continents.

1. On a dummy vchenyh, massivi sushi, nini approve the Holy America and Africa, over 200 million. Rokіv that bully z'udnani one by one.

2. Mabut, bottom Atlantic Ocean Step by step it expanded, if a new rock was formed on the cordons of the plates.

3. Infected America and Africa go one way out of one shvidkistyu close to 3.5 cm in rik through the collapse of the plates.

The hypothesis of continental drift. The idea of ​​the continent's ruins has been traced back to the era of America's era, since a great similarity has been revealed in the outlines of Africa and Of America... However, the very poetic hypothesis of the proximity of the continents and oceans is tied to the names of the Nimetsian scientist A. Wegener. Winning the first, announcing in a voice about the collapse of the continent and on the ear of the 20th century, published his own words about their drifts. In his book "Walking continents and oceans" the famous geophysicist A. Vegener wrote: ". A. Wegener read the data on the geology, paleontology of Africa and the Middle Ages, and, as he wrote, "having grasped the data, I changed the principles of the correctness of my idea." (For more details, read the materials from the anthology on the geography of continents and oceans "About the drift of continents and march of the continents and oceans"). Along with the similarity of the outlines of the shores of Africa and Pivdennoy America along the sides of the Atlantic Ocean, letting in hundreds of millions of rockets to that on Earth, having entered the giant continent of Pangea. yogo feeling magnificent ocean Panthalassa (Figure 4). Name Pangea and Panthalassa, like the walnuts pan - "all", ge - "land", talassa - "sea". The name TETIS is from the name of the Greek goddess of the sea Thetis. Alfred Wegener, German geologist, (1880 - 1930).

On the very cob of the formation of scientific geology, mid XVIII in., її, її to the head staff, there was an explanation of the reasons for the collapse of earth measles, changes in the structure and manifestations of magmatism. At the same time, recent hypotheses hung in the air: growth, contracting, pulsation, rotation, expansion of the Earth, clay differentiation, nareshty, continental drift. The skin of the hypotheses spiraling to the yoke really spared the side of tectonic processes, and in the kintsev rakhunka, it suffered a failure, the splinters didn’t lose its intellectual potential and (or) could not proponate the backside.
The closest to the truth, as after it came, the hypothesis of the continental drift of A. Wegener went, Alevon could not proponate the overconvenient mechanism of this drift.

In the late 50s - the ear of the 60s, an intensive geological and geophysical advance of the oceans and a number of fundamentally important geophysical indications began to grow. The bulo is set up by the asthenosphere itself and by the ball itself, on the surface of which the lithosphere can be easily displaced. It was confirmed in accordance with the labor force and the warehouse of ocean measles from the continental. Bulo revealed the discovery of the grandiose system of the mid-ocean ridges and the Rift. In the ocean, boules show linear signs of magnetic anomalies, parallel and symmetrical axes of the middle ridges. Bulo іdkrito is also a phenomenon of periodic inversions magnetic field Earth. Girski breed The volodiyut of surplus magnetization has evolved, so that it allows the revelation of its position in the old-time magnetic field. On the basis of the new scientific direct-Paleomagnetism, the first results have shown that the continents are aware of significant changes, the first time to occupy their own camp.

All the actions of the new insight did not fit into one tectonic hypothesis of the physicist straightforward, and they thought about the hypothesis of Wegener, who at that hour had no more innumerable clues. U 1961-1968 rr. Zusillami of American, English, Canadian and French geophysicists and geologists have broken down the foundations of new mobilist theories, a collection of more new global tectonics, and then plate tectonics(More precisely, plate tectonics). An idea about the establishment of the oceans as a result of the expansion of continents and the expansion of the vastness of young ocean measles, fixing along the axes of the mid-ocean ridges, was in its infancy. The whole process of making the descriptions by the American geologist G. Hes and the geophysicist R. Dietze ocean floor spreading(Spreading literally means widening, growing).

Bully at the top is also transformed, as well as painted Zagalna picture zsuvіv lithospheric plates.
The news of the concept has spared - it has not been too bad for it to be cleaned out of the factually approved. Also in 1968, there was a lot of water damage from the American ship "Glomar Challenger", and also the first profile of the deep water in the Old Atlantean, in the history of ocean cory axis of the middle ridge.

The main position of the tectonics of the lithospheric plates is clear.

1. first change of mind Plate tectonics є underneath the upper part of the solid Earth on two shells, but often vary according to rheological power (viscosity), - hard and tendinous lithosphere and beefersh is plastic and crumbling asthenosphere. As already said, the vision of the two sheaths is carried out according to seismological abo magnetoteluric data.

2. a friend tectonics of plates, like the won and the goiters, is bound by its name, the field is in the fact that the lithosphere is naturally subdivided into the number of plates, which are great and small. For the first time for their vision and conducting cordons between them serve as the distribution of the landmarks of earthlings.

3. third position plate tectonics are part of the nature of their mutual displacements. There are three kinds of such changes and depending on the cordon between slabs: 1) divergent to the cordon, uzdovzh of which vіdbuvatsya rozsuvannya slabs, -spredіng; 2) convergent cordon, on whichever slabs are located, start rolling around with a single slab underneath; how the oceanska slab goes to the continental, the whole process is called subduction, yakscho oceanska slab poured onto the continental - obdukts_ya; as two continental plates can be stuck together, so you can call it with one pod drive, - kolіzієyu; 3) Transformation cordon, The lines of those who are viewed horizontally are made of the same plate as well as along the vertical area.

In nature, the first two types are rewarded with a cordon.

On the divergent boundaries, in the spreading zones, there is an uninterrupted population of new ocean measles; I call this the name of the cordoni constructive. The bark of the asthenospheric plinths is shifted towards the subduction zones, de von glaze on the glybin; tse daє pіdstavu nazivati ​​takі cordon destructive.

quarter position plate tectonics in the fact that, with their shifts, the plates fall under the laws of spherical geometry, and more precisely Euler's theorem, There is no way to move two points along the spheres, the bridle of the circle drawn by the axis will pass through the center of the Earth.

5. n'yat the position plate tectonics to reduce, to clam in the zones of subduction of ocean measles, to obshy; to populate in zones of spreading.

6. just the way plate tectonics vbachaє the main reason for plate collapse in the mantle convection. The whole convection in the classic model of 1968 is purely warm and general, and the way to flow into the lithosphere plate is in the fact that the plate is known to be in a viscous air in the asthenosphere, to subduction zones. As a whole, the scheme of the mantle convection, which leads to the plate-tectonic model of the abdomen of the lithosphere, in that, when the mid-ocean ridges grow along the middle-ocean ridges of the convective com- horizontal cigars