Mystsya of turning of oceanic and continental plates. Russia going to Japan. Tectonic destruction withers the continent
Plate tectonics theory - tse bitter science about the development and development of the Earth's lithosphere. The main ideas of the theory of plate tectonics are as follows. The plates of the lithosphere pass over the plastic and viscous shell, asthenosphere... The asthenosphere is a whole sphere of decreased hardness and viscosity at the upper part of the Earth's mantle. Plates float and move horizontally along the asthenosphere.
When the slabs move apart on the protruding side of oceanic reefs, which are in the middle of the valley, there are tremors, which are filled with young basalts, so that they can move from the mantle of the Earth. Oceanic plates sometimes appear under the continental plates, or even one of them along the vertical area of breakouts. The growth and creeping of the slabs will be compensated for by the people of the new ocean measles in the mountains.
Modern science will explain the reasons for the displacement lithospheric plates Tim, how warmth accumulates in the Earth's nadra, through which convection flows speeches of the mantia. Mantijny strummen win on the cordon core and mantle. And the cold ocean plates step by step turn into mantle. Tse daє shipping to hydrodynamic processes. Falling plates will take about 400 million rockets on the cordon 700 km "Fail»Kryz cordon, in the lower mantle, reaching the surface of the nucleus. The price becomes the reason for the fall of the mantle strumen on the surface. On the cordon, 700 km, the stream spreads, and penetrates at the upper mantle, rocketing into the new upper mantle. Above the many leaks, the line of slabs is established. From the mantle structures, plate tectonics are seen.
In 1912, a Russian geophysicist, meteorologist Alfred Wegener, based on the similarity of the Atlantic coasts of Pivnichnoi Of America from Europe and Africa, as well as on the basis of paleontological and geological dates " continental drift". Tsі danі vіn published in 1915 rotsі in Nіmechchyna.
According to the theory, the continents “float” on the lower basalt “lake” like icebergs. For example, before the Wegener's hypothesis, 250 million rockets in that moment in the super-continent Pangea(Gr. Pan - everything, and gay - the Earth, tobto All the Earth). Nearly 200 million rockets to that Pangea was distributed to Laurasia at parties and Gondwana on private. Between them the Tethys sea was known.
The emergence of the supercontinent of Gondwani on the cob of the Mesozoic eri, confirms the similarity of the history of Pivdennaya America, Africa, Australia and the East Indies. In Antarctica know the load kam'yanogo wugillya I would like to tell you about those who, in the distant past, in the past, in the past, there will be a special climate and a lot of rosinness.
Paleontologists have brought, that the flora and fauna of the continents, as they set themselves in the fall of Gondwanaland, are the same, and they make one family. The similarity of the fossil layers of Europe and the Old World of America and the similarity of dinosaur remains are indicative of those on the continent triassic period.
Near the twentieth century, it is close to 2 km in the middle of the oceans, with a width of 200 to 500 km, and from the middle of the oceans to a thousand kilometers. they named mid-ocean ridges (SX)... These ridges did not gnaw at the entire planet. Installed by the most seismically active missions earthly surface are CX. The main material is cikh gir є basalt.
Vchenі viyavili by the oceans glibokі (close to 10 km) oceans zholobi, which mostly roztasvuyutsya on the shores of the mainland or islands. Ukh viyavili in the Pacific and Indian oceans. And in the Atlantic Ocean they are dumb. The most gigantic gallant - tse Mariansky Zholob, Glibinoyu 11022 m, located in the Pacific Ocean. V glibogo troughs A great seismic activity is promoted, and the earth's crust of such a mission will fall into the middle of the mantle.
The American doctrine of G. Hess, letting the speech of the mantle through the rifts (English Rift - vivid, extended) of the trek, go up the hill to the central parts of the CX, and, in the middle of the trek, crystallize, start straight magnetic field Earth. In a ten hour, in the course of seeing one sight of one, I know there is a new trіschina, І the process is repeated. At the same time, in the direction of the magnetic field of the crystals of the volcanic hike and the Earth, the path of correlation set up the idea of finding and right across the continent in the new geological hours. Extrapolating in the raucous straight line of the mainland, the stench has taken away the super-continent of Gondwana and Pangea.
Finding the active place of the mountain ridges - the purpose of the line, how to pass in the middle of ridges, De z'yavlyayutsya breaks, scho reach to the mantle. Dovzhina rozlomiv reach from 10 km to 100 km. Rifty podilyayut SH in two parts. The rift, which is located between the pivostrov Arabia and Africa Mayut nearly 6500 km. The sum of the oceanic Rift is close to 90 thousand km.
The siege breeds accumulated, repairing Jurassic Period... Near the CX, siege rocks are visible, and directly from the magnetic field of crystals, they are located directly from the magnetic field of the Earth. In 1962, the American geologists G. Hess and R. Dietz explained the reasons for the failure of the CX team, that the earth's crust goes by the oceans of the country to the opposite side. First of all the reason, there are riftsі CX. Cause the drift of the continents to be tied with the CX winnings, which are expanding, pulling the plates of the lithosphere, and by ourselves, producing them at the hands.
underwater plate important The stench will fall into the mantle of the Earth at the sight of continental plates. Close to Venezuela Karibska stove pisuvatsya pіd Pivdenno-American. V the rest of the rock, Behind the help of the space apparatuses, it was installed, shvidkostі rukh slabs rіznі. For example, shvidk_st ruku p_vostrov India at the pivnich warehouse is close to 6 cm / pik, Wine of America in the direction of approach - 5 cm / pik i Australia on the pivnichny skhid - 14 cm / pik.
Shvidkist approved news earth measles road 2.8 km 2 / рік. The area of agricultural storage is 310 mln. Km 2, and the stench was formulated for 110 mln. vik girskikh breeds measles of the western part of the Pacific Ocean is worth 180 million rubles. Over the last 2 billion rockets, new and old oceans have been discovered about 20 times.
New America has moved from Africa 135 million rocks. Pivnichna America came from Europe 85 million rockets to that... Indostanska stove 40 million rocks stumbled into Euroaziatskoy, as a result of which they burned Tibet and Gimala... Science has established that the establishment of earth measles (4.2 billion Rocky in that) as a result of tectonic processes chotiri razi vidbuvsya rozpad and the coverage of Pangea over the period is close to one million rock.
There is volcanic activity on the sticks of the plates. Uzdovzh lіnії stiku slabs vinikayut lantsyuzhka volcanoes, For example, on the Hawaiian Islands and in Greenland. Dovzhina volcanic lantsyugiv in Danish hour is close to 37 thousand km. All in all, it’s worthwhile, through hundreds of millions of rockets. Asia will unite with the Old and New America. Pacific Ocean close up, and Atlantic ocean expand.
Food for self-control
1. What is the name of the theory about the development and development of the Earth's lithosphere?
2. Yak call the ball a decrease in hardness, and viscosity, at the upper part of the Earth's mantle?
3. Are de oceanic plates used on the protylezhny boat?
4. How can I explain the science behind the displacement of the lithospheric plates?
5. Do you have a plight zanyuyuyutsya in the mantle of the Earth?
6. What is the reason for the fall of the mantle strumen on the surface?
7. Anyway, if, on the basis of the similarity of the Atlantic shores of the Pivnichnaya and Pivdennaya America with Europe and Africa, we have continental drift».
8. Skіlіonіv rockіv that іnuvuvu supermaterіc Pangea?
9.Skіlkі mln.Rokіv that Pangea was distributed on Laurasia at parties and Gondwana on private?
10. Did you know the Tethys sea?
11. If you know, lay the cam'yanny vugillya, what about those who, in the distant past, in the past in the past in the chimps of the city, there will be a special class and a lot of roslinness?
12. Flora and fauna, what kind of continents, are they the same and one family?
13. About how to bring the similarity between the different layers of Europe and the Great America?
14. If they were in the middle of the oceans, it was mid-ocean ridge?
15.mid-ocean ridge k_lcepod_bne hunt the whole planet chi ni?
16. De-roztashovuyutsya oceans zholobi?
17. What kind of oceanic zholob is the greatest and dearest to be found?
18. What are the parts of the Rift (trough) of the Mid-Ocean Ridge?
19. Skіlkіkіkі km in sumі, dozhina oceanіchny Rift?
20. Who and if they tied the cause of the drift of the continents, from the mid-Canadian ridges?
21. Why should the water plates fall into the mantle of the Earth when there are continental plates?
22. Skіlka sm / rіk shvidkіst ruhu Wine of America in the direction of entering?
23. Skіlkі sm / rіk shvidkіst ruhu Australia on the pivnichny skhid?
24. How many km 2 / is it fast enough to establish new earth measles?
25. Skіlki mln. Km 2 area mid-ocean ridges?
26. Skіls mln. Rokіv were molded mid-ocean ridge?
27. What are the reasons lantsyuzhka volcanoes?
28. On which islands are lantsyuzhok volcanoes spared?
29. How many thousand kilometers did the volcanic lantsyugs last, in a single hour?
…******…
Topic 21. Ecology and health
lithospheric landscape
Large blocks of the Earth's lithosphere grow under the plates of the lithosphere, which are located in post-modern Russia and are surrounded by active zones of breakdowns.
The theory, which will explain the reasons and the nature of their ruck, is called plate tectonics. Vona started to develop in the 60-70-s pp. our capital.
Plate tectonics, like a scientific theory, was overridden by the geosynclinal theory and the theory of continental drift. I don’t know the essence of these theories, it’s important to see and understand the theory of plate tectonics, as the stench explained the richly folding features of the dynamics of the Earth.
Geosinklinal theory is based on the fact that there are more great gir systems on Earth, they set belts of insignificant width and great dozhini. They are characterized by folding, which is manifested in the viglyadi ridges, folded by the siege lifted from the mountain. The rest accumulated before an hour before the front stage of development of the profile, if in the middle of the gir system there was a sinkhole in the viglyad, occupied by water. The stages of the onset process. The spat of the depression will be filled with siege rocks. There is a stage of accumulation of fallen goods. Then the stage of mining (orogenesis), if deformation of accumulative generations is observed, the establishment of folds and growth of the territory. Then the process of rebuilding and re-accumulating siege material has passed. In the end bag as a result of the development of forces (erosion, land drainage or the raising of the sea level and in.) The overflowing girders can be flooded again.
The theory of continental drift was formulated on the ear of the XX century. At the core of the boule, the robots of the Nimetsian geologist Alfred Wegener, like this, change your mind:
1) the discovery of the primordial whole continental mass, called "Pangea" (Greek "All earth")
2) її distribution on the outskirts of the part;
3) drift of continental parts of earthly measles.
First proof of the continental drift є the new continent lands. Bagato continents are kindly to get together one by one, especially as brothers for confusion, not the coastline of the line, but the edge of the continental shelf. You can go to the other side of the picture, then go to the Great America and Africa, the Great America, Greenland and Europe. By the same time the Great America, Africa, Australia, Antarctica and the Old Part of Asia, it is possible to reflect the ancient continent of Gondwana. There are a lot of facts about the cinnamon of the theory. However, it is not listed, especially due to the ambiguity in the energy supply, which is necessary for the oversupply of continents, and in the mechanism of the phenomenon.
The theory of plate tectonics has been further advanced. Vona was recruited to the tower of the building, which was deprived of the inviolable in the theory of geosynchronous development and drift of continents. The essence of the theory of plate tectonics is that the Earth's lithosphere is split into 7 great plates (Eurasia, Africa, Pivnichna and Pivdenna America, Australia, Antarctica and the Pacific Ocean), so that one collapses. Rough slabs are located in the asthenosphere, so in that part of the mantle, the village is less plastic. Relocation of slabs can be produced up to their approximation. Slabs can be extended from one to one. The slabs can also collapse, do not stick around one by one.
Slabs may be from 75 to 125 km. Seismic events occur on their edges active zones, For some characteristic parts of the earthquake. The smell includes both continental and oceanic crust. For example, between the slabs of Eurasia and Pivnichnaya America, as well as Africa and Pivdennoy America, pass along the Mid-Atlantic underwater ridge.
Earthlings go to tectonic, volcanic and denudation. On a part of tectonic earthquakes, 95% of all earthquakes in the Earth fall. Smells are found in the moments of the closing of the lithospheric plates. Volcanic earthworms are tied to volcanoes. Denudation is established as a result of the collapse of landslide, karst and other denudation processes. As the earthquake is known to be found in the water of the oceans, or in the seas, it becomes tough (tsunamis), which expand from a speed of up to 800 km / year and may rise above 30 m. From the ocean.
Aside from the theory of plate tectonics, a large number of great gir systems (Andi, Gimala and others) are the result of plate shrinkage. Mechanism of the whole manifestation to the end of the day is not clear. Vvazhaєtsya, the main reasons for the collapse of the plates are the force, which is going on in the earth's crust and in the mantle. To transfer, with the main energy source, necessary for tectonic rocks, You can be radioactivity, gravitational forces, Inflow of monthly and dormant tidal manifestations and in.
Today it is confirmed that the lithospheric plates have been shifted from decimal places up to 2 cm in size. It was established that Greenland spilled out of Europe, and Pivdennaya America went out of Africa with a speed of 2 cm / ric. To get involved, in the nearest future 50-60 million. Rocky Atlantic and Indian oceans will be zbilshuvatisya, and the Quiet speed will be in size. Australia and Africa will go to Eurasia, and the possibility of the Middle Earth Sea.
Last month, the publication was knocked out by a novina, but the Crimean collapses in Russia are not just the leaders of the political will of the population, but rather before the laws of nature. What are the plates of the lithosphere and on which of them have Russia been retrofitted? What a snake їkh collapse і kudi? What territory do I want to "come" to Russia, but how do I want to clutter up "vtekti" in the United States?
"And mi kudis idemo"
So, we all go to idemo. As long as you read the rows, you’re more likely to collapse: if you’re in Eurasia, then on the way, I’m about 2-3 centimeters in ryk, as in Pivnichniy America, then I’m going to see the ocean. Did you get carried away there?), then it is taken to the pivnichny zhid by 10 centimeters to the rik.
If you see in the country and visit about 250 million rock, then rely on a new supercontinent, which will share the whole terrestrial land, - on the continent of Pangea Ultima, so named for a mystery about the long-standing supercontinent Pangea, which has become 250 million years old.
To that, a sound about those who "Krim collapses" is hardly what can be called a novelty. In the first place, the fact that Krim together with Russia, Ukraine, Siberia and the European Union є part of the Eurasian plates of the lithosphere, and all the stench collapses at once on one side, leaving hundreds of millions of rocks. However, Cream is the whole part of the so-called Seredzemomorskogo rukhomogo belt, wines rooting on the Skifskiy plate, and a large part of the European part of Russia (including the city of St. Petersburg) - on the Skidno-European platform.
The first axis here is often called a plutan. On the right, in the middle of the majestic lithosphere houses, such as Eurasian or Pivnichno-American plates, there are smaller and smaller tiles. If only cleverly, then the earth's crust is folded from continental lithospheric plates. The smell itself is stored from ancient and even more stable platformsі urban areas (old and modern). And even the platforms themselves are distributed on the plate - there are a lot of other small balls of measles, which are stored in two "balls" - the foundation and the chohla, and the shields - the "one-ball" fired.
The chokhol in cich non-tospheric plates is stored from sedimentary rocks (for example, a vapnyak, folded from the lifeless turtles of sea creatures, which lingered in the prehistoric ocean above the surface of the Crimea) or magmatic (vikinutikh from volcanoes and lavi) were caught. A fThe foundation of slabs and shields is most often stored from the old men of the girskiye breed, the leading rank of the metamorphic promenade. This is how they call magmatic and sedimentary rocks, burrowing in the depths of earthly measles, before the inundation of high temperatures and the majestic grip of versatile snakes with them.
In other words, a great part of Russia (with the blame of Chukotka and Transbaikal) grows on the Eurasian lithosphere plates. However, the territory is "subdivided" by the Zakhidno-Siberian plate, the Aldan shield, the Siberian and European platforms and the Skifskoy plate.
Jmovirno, about the collapse of the two remaining plates, having said the director of the Institute of Applied Astronomy (IPA RAS), Doctor of Physics and Mathematics Oleksandr Ipatov. And for the last time, in the Interview of the Indicator, specifying: "We need to be careful, as they allow the crumbling of earth cortex slabs directly. And the slab, de known Peter, collapses, you can say, until Іranu, on the pivden-pіvdenny zakіd ".However, and not so much the same, the fact that there are already a few dozen rockies has fallen, but it has gone back to the Cenozoic era.
The theory of Wegener was accepted with skepticism - in the main, that it was not a mistake to proponate the backbone of the mechanism, but to explain the collapse of the continent. Winning, how the continents are collapsing, breaking through the earth's crust, the ice is dumb, the ice is dumb, the power of the center is going to the Earth and the tidal forces. Yogo opponents said that in the process they were diminishing their eyes to the point of failure, while the central and tidal forces were too weak to serve as a "motor" for them. One of the critics pidrahuvav, well, if the tidal flow is so strong, how much the continent is swiftly crumbling (Wegener estimated its speed at 250 centimeters per ric), win zupiniv bi wrapping of the Earth in less time.
Until the end of the 1930s, the theory of drift on the continent was born like an anti-science, but until the middle of the 20th century it turned out to be: the boules opened up the mid-ocean ridges and emerged, now in the zone without a backbone "continents. Geophysicists have seen the magnetization of the rocks of the mid-ocean ridges and have identified "smogs" with a relatively direct magnetization.
It appeared that the new oceanic crust "recorded" the mill of the Earth's magnetic field at the moment of establishment, and at the same time they renounced the "liniyka" for the purpose of increasing the speed of the conveyor. So, in the 1960s, the rock theory of continental drift turned suddenly, completely still. For the first time ever, they could see the intelligence, well, the collapse of the continent.
"Krizini" in the boiling ocean
"To see the ocean, to float the kryzhini, to be in the new є water, є ice, and, perhaps, in the deyak krizhini frozen wood flesh. Lead is the plate of the lithosphere, the flesh is the continent, and the stench floats in the speech", the mantle - explained Valeriy Trubitsin, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chief Scientist of the Institute of Physics of the Earth O.Yu. Shmidta.
In the 1960s, rock was hanging over the theory of giant planets, and in the end of the 20th century, the theory of continental tectonics was mathematically grounded.
The industrial ball between the lithosphere and the hot, cold core in the center of the Earth - the mantle - is stored in silky ways. The temperature in this region changes from 500 degrees Celsius in the upper part to 4000 degrees Celsius at the cordon of the core. To that, from a glibine of 100 kilometers, de the temperature is already below 1300 degrees, the mouth of the mantle grows like a thick resin and flows 5-10 centimeters into a ric, rozpovid Trubitsin.
As a result, in the mantle, like in a castrone with a spout, convective middle zones emerge - areas, from one edge it is hotter the speech goes up the hill, and from the bottom it is warmer to go down.
"In the mantle є there are approximately such great mid-range and still rich others," - to speak of the teachings. The mid-ocean ridges (for example, in the center of the Atlantic) are a place where the mantle of the mantle grows to the surface and a new crust pops up. In addition, є the zone of subduction, the mantle, the plate will start to "take" before the day and go down into the mantle. Zones of subduction - tse, for example, beyond the Uzbeks of Holy America. Here are some of the best earthlings.
"By this rank we take part in the convective circulation of the speech of the mantle, as before the hour is known on the surface we are firmly on the surface.
In addition, from the mantle to the surface, there are plumes around the structures of speech, and in these structures there are all the chances of destroying people. And the plume itself is the reason for the appearance of supervolcanoes (div.) Such points are not tied to the plates of the lithosphere, and they can get lost on the place to navigate at the Russian plates. When the plume comes out, the giant volcano is victorious. There are a lot of such volcanoes, stench є in Hawaii, in Iceland, with a small butt є in the Yellowstone caldera. A supervolcano can be rocky in a thousand times more, less than a large number of volcanoes of the Vesuvius type or Etni.
"250 million rocky that is such a volcano on the territory of the modern Siberia, having driven everything alive, only the ancestors of dinosaurs have seen," Trubitsin says.
Zіyshlisya - rozіyshlisya
The plates of the lithosphere are stored with remarkably important and thin basalt oceanic measles and larger lungs, but much more "tovstih" continents. The plate with the continent and the "frozen" near the oceanic crust can go forward, at the same time the important oceanic crust is glazed before the suspension. Ale, if the continents are stinking, the stink can’t be rusty one after one.
For example, about 60 million years ago, the Indian slab went from that which became Africa, and went back to the past, and about 45 million years ago, it was created from the European Union. high mountains on the ground.
The ruff of plates is early enough to grow all continents into one, as they converge into one sharp leaf at the viri. In the history of the Earth, the continents are approximately the number of times that have come together and have fallen apart. The last supercontinent Pangea, having dropped 250 million years ago, before the new supercontinent Rodini, 900 million years ago, up to two more. "I already, it seems, will soon think of a message to the new continent," - I will clarify the instructions.
I’ll explain that the continents are working as a heat insulator, the mantle is starting to grow up before them, the current flows and that super continent will again fall apart in a day.
America will "carry" Chukotka
Great plates of lithosphere are painted in handcuffs, you can name it: Antarctic plate, Eurasian, Pivnichno-American, Pivdenno-American, Indiyska, Australiska, Pacific. Ale on the cordons between the slabs of vinikє spravzhny chaos with no microplants.
For example, the border between the Pivnichno-American plate and the Eurasian plate does not go along the Bering prototype, but on the way, along the Cersky ridge. Chukotka, in such a rank, is a part of the American-American Plate. At the same time, Kamchatka is partly located in the zone of the Okhotsk micro-land, and partly - in the zone of the Bering Sea micro-land. And Primorye roztashovane on the hypothetical Amur plate, the backward land of which to fit into Baikal.
The contagion is on the outskirts of the Eurasian plate and the western edge of the Pivnichno-American "spinning" like a cogwheel: America is spinning against the year of the year, and Eurasia for the year. As a result, Chukotka may remain "along the seam", and a giant circular seam may appear, which will pass through the Atlantic, Indian, Quiet and Pivnichny Ice ocean(De vin pooki zakritiy). And Chukotka itself will continue the ruh "in the orbit" of Pivnichnoy America.
Speedometer for lithosphere
The theory of Wegener was born not to the end of the life of the fact that they had the power of high precision in the history of the continents. Infectiousness for many vicarious systems of navigation, ale є and інші methods. All the stench is needed to induce the single international coordinate system - the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF).
One of these methods is radio interferometry with a superb base (RNDB). The essence of the її polyaga is in overnight care for additional decilkokh radio telescopes in the distant points of the Earth. Riznitsya in the hour of rejection of signals allows for the high accuracy of the initiation of substitution. Two of the best ways to visualize the performance are laser distant care for other companions and Doppler performance. All the precautions, including with the help of GPS, are carried out at hundreds of stations, all the data are built together, and as a result, we will get a picture of continental drift.
For example, Krymskiy Simeiz, there is a laser probe station, as well as a satellite station for assigning coordinates, "go" to the initial scale (in azimuth close to 65 degrees) with a speed of approximately 26.8 millimeters per meter. Pidmoskovny Zvenigorod collapses about a millimeter on the ryk shvidsha (27.8 millimeters in ryk) and the trim's course for skid is close to 77 degrees. And, say, the Hawaiian volcano Mauna Loa collapses twice as fast on winter as - 72.3 miles per river.
The plates of the lithosphere can deform, and their parts can "live their lives", especially on cordons. I want the scale of their independence is much more modest. For example, Krim is self-sufficient to collapse on a private scale from a speed of 0.9 millimeters to a rik (and at a total growth of 1.8 millimeters), and Zvenigorod, from this time on a fast track, collapses downward (2 pik).
Trubitsin seems to be partly explained by the "special history" of the ancient parts of the continents: the main parts of the continents, platforms, may be fragments of ancient lithospheric plates, which have "grown" in their own suspensions. For example, the Ural ridge is one of the seams. Platforms are very hard, some parts around them can be deformed and at their own will.
In the process of formation, and at the same time the development of geology as a science, a lot of hypotheses were passed, the skin from the quiet positions looked at and explained about some problems, or a complex of problems, about the development of the earthly cortex and the Earth. These hypotheses were called geotectonic. Some of them, through the lack of overconfidence, quickly absorbed their meaning into science, while they appeared to be more advanced, once again, until they had accumulated new facts and thoughts, laid down the basis of new hypotheses, such as Uninvolved on great successes They have reached the development of earthly measles, due to the terrible hypotheses and theories (to find the known ones) not in terms of sufficient reliability and in the world, explain all the minds of the earthly measles.
The first science hypothesis, the hypothesis of raising, was formed in the first half of the XIX century. on the basis of the manifestation of the plutonists about the role of the internal forces of the Earth, as it played a positive role in the fight against the evils of the neptunists. In the 50s, pp. XIX Art. Vona Bula was replaced by the more primed at that hour hypothesis of contract (stisla), by the French victor Eli de Beaumont. The hypothesis of contracting is spiraling on the hypothesis of Laplace's cosmogony, viznaval, as the earth's warmer country seems to be the first, and further away is the process of cooling.
The essence of the contracted hypothesis of the field lies in the fact that the cooling of the Earth has been reduced to the greater extent of the changes. As a result, the earth's crust, hardened earlier than the inner zones of the planet, is mesmerized by the wrinkling of the folds of the mountains.
In the other half of the XIX century. American scholars J. Hall and J. Denom made a statement about geosynclinals - special rugged zones of the earth's measles in an hour to be transformed into folds of gear. Tse vchennya vchenya povitno pozitsії hypothesis of contracting. However, before the ear of the XX century. In connection with the rejection of new tributes about the Earth, the hypothesis began to be lost in meaning, as it did not appear in the explanation of the periodicity of mountain-building ruins and processes of magmatism, which ignored the process of elongation. cold particles, which amazed the hypothesis of the main support.
At the same time, the revision of geosinklіnals continued to improve and develop. In general, there is a great introduction of additions and radians by A. D. Arkhangelsky, N. S. Shatsky, M. V. Muratov and I. The order of the declared about rukhomі zones - geo-links and on the basis of them in the end of the XIX century. і especially from the ear of XX century. it began to develop vchennya about very stable continental areas - platforms; from the vicarians, who developed the price, demand for all the names of A. P. Karpinsky, A. D. Arkhangelsky, N. S. Shatskikh, A. A. Bogdanov, A. L. Yanshin.
The statement about geosinklins and platforms has been motically transformed into geological science and has gained its significance until the present hour. However, the theoretical basis of the wono dosi is not possible.
Pragnennya to the addition of that assertion of shortcomings in contractual hypotheses, but, navpaki, until the next change called to appear on the protest of the first half of the XX century. a number of new geotectonic hypotheses. Apparently the actions of them.
Pulse hypothesis. The basis of this lies in the manifestation of the processes of squeezing and expanding the Earth - processes that are characteristic of All-Sight as a whole. M.A.Usov and V.A.
Hypothesis of differentiation of subcrustal speech and migration of radioelements. Due to the gravitational differentiation and radioogenic growth, there is a periodical increase in rare components from the atmosphere. VV Bilousov is one of the authors of the theory of hypotheses.
The hypothesis of continental drift. Vaughn Bula Vicladena in 1912 was made by the nimetsky A. Wegener and the principled way of thinking about the best hypotheses. Based on the principles of mobility - viznannya significant horizontal changes of the great continental masses. Most of the hypotheses were based on the principles of physics - the establishment of a stable, fixed position around the parts of the earth measles, as well as the stylish mantle (such as hypotheses of contracting, differentiation of the subcorn speech and differentiation)
It is noted by A. Wegener that the granite ball of earthly measles "floats" over the basalt ball. We are grabbing the Earth into the Pangea continent. In the end of the Paleozoic era (close to 200-300 million rockets), the crushing of Pangea was added to the surrounding blocks, and there was a slight drift, as long as the stench did not occupy the camp. As the blocks drifted from Pivnichnaya and Pivdennoy America to the end of the Atlantic Ocean, and as they saw the continents in their own Russia along the basalt ball, the winners of such girders, like Andy and Kordil'noi. For the same reasons, Australia and Antarctica opened up and changed for the day and so on. D.
Approval of his hypotheses A. Vegener bachiv in the similarity of the oceans and geological budov and the Uzbeks along the sides of the Atlantic Ocean, in the similarity of copaline organisms in the continent, far from one matter in one matter, in the earthly mid-life
When A. Wegener's hypothesis appeared, it was a great interest, and it was a bit shy, so it’s not in the snake that they can explain the abundant manifestations, but the smut - the possibility of the continent falling on the basalt ball. Protest, like, moreover, lower, mobileist look, albeit on an absolutely new basis, evolved and renounced wider knowledge from the other half of the XX century.
Rotation hypothesis. It takes a place in the middle of geotectonic hypotheses, so that tectonic processes on the Earth are manifested due to the inflow of earthly reasons, and the very difficult Mysyats and Sontsya, as it turns out, solidify the earth's roots With a touch of not only vertical, alley and horizontal shifting, he shaved earth measles. The hypothesis is not to have a wide understanding, since the absolute majority of them are involved, but tectogenesis will result in the manifestation of the internal forces of the Earth. At the same time, the infusion of earthly causes on the formation of earthly measles, obviously, is also necessary to be able to do it.
The theory of the new global tectonics, or the tectonics of the lithospheric plates. On the cob of the other half of the 20th century. great geological and geophysical preliminaries of the bottom of the Svitovoy Ocean flared up. The result was the emergence of absolutely new phenomena about the development of the oceans, such as, for example, the spreading of the lithospheric plates and the formation of young ocean measles in the rift valleys, the illumination of continental measles in the zones of the underthrust of the lithospheric plates. This was called prior to the revival in geological science of mobilistic ideas and before the theory of a new global tectonics appeared, for example, the tectonics of lithospheric plates.
The basis of the new theory is the fact that the entire lithosphere (i.e., the Earth's crust at the same time with the upper ball of the mantle) is distributed in narrow tectonically active zones on the edge of the hard plate, so that it moves along the asthenosphere (the plastic ball of the mantle). Active tectonic zones, which are characterized by high seismicity and volcanism, rift zones and mid-oceanic ridges, systems of sharp arcs and deep-water rifts of the oceans, rift valleys on the continents. Near the rift zones of the mid-oceanic ridges, the development of plates and the establishment of new oceanic measles is growing, and in glide-water troughs- support of some slabs for inspiration and coverage of continental measles. It is possible and the interlocking of slabs is the result of such a phenomenon to get involved in the coverage of the Himalayan folding zone.
Razrіznyayut seven great plates and a few more others. The people of the plate rejected the offensive names: 1) Pacific, 2) Pivnichno-American, 3) Pivdenno-American, 4) Eurasian, 5) African, 6) Indo-Australian and 7) Antarctic. Before the storehouse of skin, they include one part of the continent or part of the oceanic crust, behind the blame of the Pacific Plate, it may be completely composed of oceanic measles. Immediately, the horizontal displacement of the slabs saw the turns.
Relocation of the lithospheric plates, according to the given theory, is subject to convective leaks of speech in the mantle, generated by the warmth, seen when radioactive fallout elements and gravitational differentiation of speech in the nadra of the Earth. However, the argumentation of heat convection in the mantle, on the thought of the bagatokh in the census, is a lack. There is also the possibility of laying ocean plates in a mantle for a great depth and a number of other positions. We will serve as the top of the convective ridge for the rift zones and mid-ocean ridges; Vona waggle at the sight of basalt lavas and catch. Dalі in tsі caught the rocks, basaltic magma rozsovuє in the offense side of the old basalt. So it’s a lot of development. When the ocean is full, the bottom grows, grows. Additional process by name spreading... The fluidity of the growth of the ocean bottom is varied from decilkoh mm up to 18 cm in size.
Іnshі cordon between the plates of the lithosphere є convergent, so that the earth's crust on the plates of the lithosphere is to glaze. Such zones are called subduction zones. There is a stench on the edges of the Pacific Ocean and at the descent of the Indian. The ocean lithosphere is important and cold, going up to more and more light continental, where it is, as it rises. As soon as two ocean plates enter into contact, then it has been rustling for a long time, so as it is more important and colder, the plate is not young.
The zones, de vidbuvaetsya subductions, morphologically bend by glide-water gutters, and the ocean itself is cold and springy, the lithosphere is kind enough to stand up for the data of seismic tomography. The cut of the oceans' slabs is cut, right up to the vertical, and the slabs are quilted to the border of the upper and lower mantles on a depth of approximately 670 km.
If the ocean slab, when it comes to the continental start, rises quickly, in a new wine, it springs, as, discharging, provoke an earthquake. Hypocentri, or in the fire of earthquakes, cleanly circle the cordon, rubbing between two slabs and fix the seismic focal zone, zanyuyutsya from the continental lithosphere up to a glybin of 700 km. Tsi zones are called Benioff zones, in honor of the American seismologist.
The plan for the ocean lithosphere is to produce more important inheritances. When the glybin lithosphere reaches 100 - 200 km in the area of high temperatures and in the clutches of it, fluids can be seen - especially overheated mineral growths, such as the fusion of the hydrous rocks of the continental continental lithosphere and the enlightening of the magical
In such a rank, on the active continental outskirts of the subduction plant, it is possible to strongly dismember the relief, seismicity and energy volcanic activity.
The cry of subduction is so called obdukts_ya, Tobto nasuvannya ocean lithosphere on the continental, but the great tectonic curvature on the skidny outskirts of the Arabian pyostrov, folds with a typical oceanic crust.
Slid also ask about the lock, abo kolіzії, Two continental plates, which, due to their very lightness, can not be stored in one material from one, but to stick together, fixing a fold-and-fold belt behind a folding inner bud.
The main provisions of the tectonics of lithospheric plates on the offensive:
1.first change of mind Plate tectonics є underneath the upper part of the solid Earth on two shells, but often vary according to rheological power (viscosity), - hard and tendinous lithosphere and beefersh is plastic and crumbling asthenosphere. As already said, the vision of the two sheaths is carried out according to seismological abo magnetoteluric data.
2.a friend tectonics of plates, which are called crops and crops, are called by their own name, because the lithosphere is naturally subdivided into an interconnection of the number of plates, in Denmark, the number of great and small styles.
3.third position plate tectonics are part of the nature of their mutual displacements. There are three kinds of such changes and depending on the cordon between slabs: 1) divergent to the cordon, bridging of which slabs are being sold, - spreading; 2) convergent cordon, on whichever slabs are located, start rolling around with a single slab underneath; how the oceanska slab goes to the continental, the whole process is called subduction, yakscho oceanska slab poured onto the continental - obdukts_ya; as two continental plates can be stuck together, so you can call it with one pod drive, - kolіzієyu; 3)Transformation cordon, The lines of those who are viewed horizontally are made of the same plate as well as along the vertical area.
In nature, the first two types are rewarded with a cordon.
On the divergent boundaries, in the spreading zones, there is an uninterrupted population of new ocean measles; I call this the name of the cordoni constructive. The bark of the asthenospheric plinths is shifted towards the subduction zones, de von glaze on the glybin; tse daє pіdstavu nazivati takі cordon destructive.
quarter position plate tectonics in the fact that, with their shifts, the plates fall under the laws of spherical geometry, and more precisely Euler's theorem, There is no way to move two points along the spheres, the bridle of the circle drawn by the axis will pass through the center of the Earth.
5.n'yat the position plate tectonics to reduce, to clam in the zones of subduction of ocean measles, to obshy; to populate in zones of spreading.
6.just the way plate tectonics vbachaє the main reason for plate collapse in the mantle convection. Tsya convection in the classic model 1968r. є purely warm and general, and the way to flow into the lithosphere plates of the glade in the fact that the plate is in a viscous zone of the asthenosphere, will be tempted by the flow of the rest and collapse in the direction of the end of the convoy. As a whole, the scheme of the mantle convection, which leads to the plate-tectonic model of the abdomen of the lithosphere, in that, when the mid-ocean ridges grow along the middle-ocean ridges of the convective com- horizontal cigars
The theory of the new global tectonics, for the tectonics of the lithospheric plates, is especially popular beyond the cordon: to be aware of the local knowledge, as not to be intertwined with the outlying knowledge, but rather to correct the clarifications, the basic statements Radianskiy-mobility A.V. Peyves, developing the theory, priyshov, however, until the moment, the giant hard lithospheric plates are not insane, but the lithosphere, by virtue of the fact that they are riddled with horizontal, vertical zoning plates ("lithoplastin"), which are shifted differentiated. Quite a new look at one of the basic, albeit spiritual, position of the given theory.
Apparently, the part of the vicarious mobileists (both beyond the cordon, so also the vicarious) in their glances appears in the region negatively placed to the classic opinion about geosinklines On the day they appear, they are not intrusive to those who are richly positioned to spiral on reliable facts and caution, established and healthy in the geological predictions of the continents.
Obviously, the best way to go in the direction of the new effective global theory of the Earth is not to oppose, but to unite and interconnect with each other positive, seen in the classic all-round about geosynclines,
The characteristic geological structure of the slabs. In the same geodynamic situation, the same type of tectonic, magmatic, seismic and geochemical processes occur.
History of theory
The basis of theoretical geology on the cob of the XX century was the contract hypothesis. The earth will cool down like the cakes of an apple, and on them there are little snouts at the viglyadi of the mountain ridges. She developed the idea of the theory of geosynclinals; This theory was formulated by James Dana, which added the principle of izostasis to the contractual hypothesis. According to the concept, the Earth is built from granites (continents) and basalts (oceans). When the Earth is squeezed in the oceans, tangential forces emerge in the valleys, as they squeeze onto the continents. We will stay in the mountain ridges, and then we will run. The material that comes as a result of ruining is deposited in depressions.
In addition, Wegener became shukati geophysical and geodetic proof. However, at that hour, the level of science was clearly lacking, and was able to fix the current turn of the continents. In 1930, Wegener lost the hour of expedition in Greenland, even before his death he knew that the science of art did not accept his theory.
From the ear itself theory of continental drift Bulo was accepted by the scientific spirituality well, but in 1922 she became aware of the harsh criticism from the side of the decile of the various fahivts. The main argument against the theory was nutrition about strength, yak ruhaє plate. Vegener vvvazvshis, how continents collapse on the basalts of the ocean floor, but for the tsiy need more majesty Zusilla, and dzherela tsієї force or nіkhto nіkhtі nіvatіn not misnomer. As the crumbling slabs felt the power of the Coriolis, the tidal phenomena and deeds showed, but all of them were absolutely inadequate for changing the majestic continental blocks.
Critics of the Wegener's theory put food on the best day about the power that the continent is crumbling, and ignored all the impotent facts, insanely supported the theory. By the way, the stench knew only one food, in which the new concept of the bullet was powerless, and without constructive criticism they presented the main proof. After the death of Alfred Wegener, the theory of continental drift was no longer considered a marginal science, and it is important that most of the adolescents were carried out within the framework of the Evgeosinklinal. True, the і їy brought to the shukati an explanation of the history of the growth of creatures on the continents. For the whole boule, we have invented land bridges, which made the continents dwindled, and ale got into the sea without a day. There is one folk legend about Atlantis. Of course, it is obvious that the deyaki didn’t recognize the verdict of the authorities and continued the shout of proving the ruins of the continent. So du Tua ( Alexander du toit) Explaining the coverage of the Himalayan mountains to the history of India and the Eurasian plate.
Mlyava the struggle of the physicists, as they called the hitchhikers during the day, the significant horizontal changes, and the mobilists, as the continents still collapsed, with new force flared up in the 1960s, since the results of the I will name the earth.
Until the early 1960s, a map of the bottom relief of the Svitovoy Ocean was folded, yaka showed that in the center of the oceans there were mid-ocean ridges, which would travel 1.5-2 km above the abyssal rivnins, covered with litter. Tsі danі allowed R. Dіtze (English) grew up. і G. Hess (English) grew up. in -1963 rocks visunuti spreading hypothesis. As a matter of fact, to the point of hypothesis, in the mantle, convection is introduced with a speed of close to 1 cm / ric. The drooping branches of the convection mid-range grapes along the mid-oceanic ridges of the mantle material, which is the oceanic bottom in the axial part of the ridge of the skin 300-400 rocks. The continent pours on the oceanic crust, and moves on the mantle, being passively "soldered" into the lithosphere plate. This is due to the concept of spreading, oceanic basins of the structure of unstable, unstable, continent and - stiyki.
Tsia zh rushіyna force (drop of heights) viznachaє steps of spring horizontal squeezing measles by force of viscous rubbing the stream on the earth's crust. The magnitude of the compression is small in the area of convergence of the mantle flow and in the world of closeness to the point of lowering the flow (for the transmission of transmission, the pressure is compressed through the untidy solid bark right from the start to the first). The force of squeezing in the crust is so great that the force of squeezing in the crust descends over the stream, so that the measles (in the area of the least health and the greatest stress) is shifting hour by hour, the deformation of the measles is not springy (plastic, tendency). With a large number of measles deformities, a number of girski lantsyugi are seen, for example, Himala (in a few stages).
In case of plastic (tendinous) deformation, it changes sharply (at the rate of measles change during earthquake) and pressure changes in nii - the force of squeezing in the epicenter of the earthquake and its outskirts. Alle, immediately after the end of the non-spring deformation, the earthquake is interrupted by an earthquake even more than the build-up of a spring (spring deformation) for the shell of a tough mantle flow, which is more difficult to repair the cycle of preparation for the offensive flow.
In such a rank, the collapse of plates is a trace of heat transferred from the central zones of the Earth by magma. At the same time, a part of heat energy is transformed into a mechanical robot with a lot of energy, and a part, having passed through the earth's crust, viprominutsya into a navkolishn_ space. So, our planet is in a deyakom sense є thermal dvigun.
The reason for the high temperature over the Earth is the heart of the hypothesis. On the ear of the 20th century, the hypothesis of the radioactive nature of the energy system is popular. While building, she was confirmed by the assessments of the upper measles store, which showed that the concentration of uranium, the calorie and the other radioactive elements, was also lost, but instead of the deficiency of radioactive elements of the earth for forgetting And instead of radioactive elements in the subcrustal river (behind the warehouse, close to the basalt ocean bottom), it can be said that it is not. However, it doesn’t work to reach a lot of important radioactive elements, but to generate heat, in the central zones of the planet.
Our model will explain the heating of the chemical differentiation of the Earth. A collection of planetary bulges of silikate and metal speech. Aleh, immediately after the planet's statements, there was a differentiation on the outskirts of the obolonka. The large metal part rushed to the center of the planet, and the forces concentrated at the upper shells. With a great potential, the energy of the system changed and transformed into heat energy.
Some of the precursors vvazhayut, how the planet was set up as a result of the acceleration when meteorites hit the surface to start heavenly body... The price is explained summarily - when the heat was seen practically on the surface, the stars easily went into space, and not in the central regions of the Earth.
other strengths
The force of viscous grating, which is responsible for heat convection, plays an initial role in the collapse of the slabs, albeit, for her, on the slabs, for size, but also for strength. Tse - the strength of Archimedes, who will get the flowing light measles on the surface of the important mantle. The tidal force, surrounded by gravitational inflow of Misyatsya and Sontsya (as seen from the gravitational inflow on the new points of the Earth). Infection of the tidal "hump" on the Earth, wicks to the attraction of Misyats, in the middle is close to 36 cm. Earlier Misyats was closer, and the scale is not large, the deformation of the mantle should be brought up to the beginning of heating. For example, volcanism, spostering on Io (companion of Jupiter), wicked by the forces of its own - the tide at Io is close to 120 m. atmospheric vice on a small scale of the earth's surface - the force of the atmospheric clutch often fluctuates by 3%, which is equivalent to the suction ball of water of a waiter of 0.3 m (for a grain of no less than 10 cm). Moreover, the change can be seen in a zone with a width of hundreds of kilometers, so that the change of tidal forces flows more smoothly - on the walls in a thousand kilometers.
Divergent to the cordon anyway between slabs
Tse cordon mіzh slabs, scho collapse in the opposite side. At the relafі of the Earth, there are rifts between them, in which deformations of stretching are overtaken, the strain of measles is reduced, the heat flow is maximum, and active volcanism is observed. If such a boundary is established on the continents, then a continental rift will form, which in the future can be transformed into an oceanic basin with an oceanic rift in the center. In the Oceanic Rifts, as a result of spreading, a new oceanic crust is formed.
ocean rift
On the oceanic crust of the rift, it is confined to the central parts of the mid-oceanic ridges. They have a new ocean measles. The starting point of the warehouse is more than 60 thousand kilometers. Before them, it was timeless, as to bring wine into the ocean, I mean a part of the clay heat, and the broken elements. High-temperature dzherela are called black kurts, they are associated with significant reserves of color metals.
Continental Rift
Rozkol continent on the part to fix on the education of the rift. The bark is thinned and destroyed, magmatism repaired. A lengthy line of depressions is formed with a depth of close to hundreds of meters, surrounded by a series of skids. There are two options for the development of the pod: or the widening of the rift is pinched and the oceans are memorized by siege rocks, transformed into the aulacogen, or the continents can be promoted and in the middle of them, in the same type of ocean.
convergent cordon
Convergent is called a cordon, on which slabs are drawn. There are three options (Convergent plate boundary):
- Continental plate with oceanic. The oceanic crust is wider, lower continental, and the continent rises into subduction zones.
- Oceanic plate with oceanic. In such a drop, one of the slabs is triggered and a subduction zone is formed, above which an acute arc is established.
- Continental plate from continental plate. There is a colossal state, the wines are hard to come by in the warehouse area. Classic butt - Hіmalaї.
In small populations, ocean measles is growing on the continental - obduction. The directors of the whole process were honored by the officials of Cyprus, News Caledonia, Oman and іnshi.
In the subduction zones, the oceanic crust is clinging, and by itself it is compensated by the belts in the mid-oceanic ridges. They see the folding processes of measles and mantias interchange. Thus, the oceanic crust can tighten the blocks of continental measles into the mantle, which, in the case of low power, ekshumyut back into the crust. Thus, there are metamorphic complexes of overhead vices, one of the most popular objects of contemporary geological dosages.
There are a large number of special zones of subduction along the periphery of the Pacific Ocean, establishing the Pacific in the fire ring. Processes that go in the zone of convergence of plates are rightfully used by some of the most common in geology. At them, there are blocks of growth, setting up a new continental crust.
Active continental outskirts
The continental outskirts of the winery are active, and the ocean crust begins to glaze over the continent. The etalon of the center of geodynamic situation is to get involved in the western part of the United States, and it is often called andean type of continental outskirts. The active continental outskirts are characterized by abundant volcanoes and intense magmatism. It melts three components: the ocean crust, the mantle above it, and the bottom of the continental measles.
From the active continental outskirts to see more active mechanical interaction of oceanic and continental plates. It is always a matter of scholarship, because of the strain of ocean measles, there are a lot of scenarios of rivnovaga. If the slab collapses every now and then and there is obviously little pressure, then the continent has been sieged with it. Sediments breed in intensive folds, metamorphisms and melt a part of continental measles. Pretend to be the structure to be called accretion wedge... As soon as the slabs of the temple are covered with lightness, and the siege chokhol is thin, then the oceanic crust erases the bottom of the continent and gets into the mantle.
sharp arcs
Sharp arcs are the purpose of the lance of volcanic islands over the subduction zone, so that the oceanic slab appears there, the oceanic slab is glinting under the oceanic slab. Some of the most common sharp arcs can be named Aleutsk, Kuril, Marian Islands, and many other archipelagos. The Japanese islands are also often called an island arc, albeit the foundation is even more ancient and, for the sake of the stench, established a number of new complexes of sharp arcs, so the Japanese islands are a microcontinent.
Sharp arcs are set when two oceanic plates are closed. At the same time, one of the slabs appears from below and clings to the mantle. On the upper plate, the volcanoes of the acute arc are set. The curved side of the sharp arc is straight into the side of the plate. To be on the side glide-water gutterі forearc progin.
For an acute arc of spreading back-arc basins (type butt: Sea of Okhotsk, Pivdenno-Chinese Sea, etc.), in which case spreading is also possible.
coliseum of continents
The closure of continental plates must be made before measles and the establishment of girskih lantsyugs. With the help of a colossus є the Alpine-Himalayan Girskiy belt, which has established itself as a result of closing the Tetis ocean and closing the Eurasian plate to India and Africa. As a result, measles' exertion is significantly increased, before the Himalai won to become 70 km. It is a non-rigid structure, it is intensely ruptured by the surface and tectonic erosion. In the bark, there is a sharp increase in tighter pressure, and there is a melting of granite from metamorphosed sedimentary and igneous rocks. This is how most of the battalions, for example, Angara-Vitimsky and Zerendinsky, came to be.
Transformation cordon
There, de pliti collapse in a parallel course, ale with a small shvidkistyu, there is a transformational breakdown - grandiose destruction, widespread in the oceans and born on the continents.
Transformational breakdown
In the oceans, the transformational breaks go perpendicular to the mid-ocean ridges (MOR) and break them into a segment 400 km wide in the middle. Between the segments of the ridge there is an active part of the Transformational breakdown. At the tsіy dіlyantsі, earthquakes and mining are constantly being built, numerical structures are being formed around the break. As a result, the mantle breed is not often exposed in the zone of distribution.
On the offense of the sides of the MOR segments, there are inactive parts of the Transformational breakdown. Active ruins are not seen in them, ale the stench clearly twists in the relief of the bottom of the oceans in line with the central depression.
Transformational breakage and form a regular grid and, obviously, it does not come to light, but due to physical reasons. Due to the numerical model, thermophysical experiments and geophysical measures, it was allowed to use the mantle convection, but the mantle convection has a trivial structure. During the main flow from the MOR, in the convective middle, after the cooling of the upper part of the stream, later flows occur. It’s warmer, the speech is straightened down to the bottom of the main right through the flow of the mantle. At the zones of another row, the flow descends and there is a Transformational break. Such a model is kindly used with data about heat sweat: over the transforming breaks, one should try to reduce it.
Wreckage on the continents
A cordon of slabs on the continents is very rare. Mabut, with an active butt to a cordon of this type є a San Andreas rosette, which comes from the Kremlin Pivnichno-American plate from the Pacific. The 800-mile range of San Andreas is one of the most seismically active regions on the planet: in the rock plate there is one per 0.6 cm, an earthquake with a magnitude of 6 odds is returned in the middle of every 22 rock. The Misto San Francisco is a great part of the San Francisco Bay Area, prompted to be in the immediate vicinity of the city.
internal processes
The first formulation of plate tectonics occurred, as volcanism and seismic phenomena of soil reduction on the inter-plates, but it became clear that all the middle plates were going through specific tectonic and magmatic processes, as part of the same process. In the middle of the internal processes in particular, the place was occupied by the manifestations of pre-burned basaltic magmatism in some regions, the so-called hot spots.
Hot points
At the bottom of the oceans, the number of volcanic islands... Deyakі from them roztashovanі in lantsyuzhki s last change. The classic butt of such a sub-water ridge has become the Hawaiian sub-water ridge. Wines float over the surface of the ocean near the Hawaiian islands, from which to the winter end and from the lance of the underwater girders without interruption, to see them, for example, on top of the mountains. At a distance of about 3,000 km from Hawaii, the trochs were turned into a winter and called the Imperatorsky Ridge. Win digest in a glibokovnogo zholobi in front of the Aleutian island arc.
For an explanation of the wondrous structure, there was a lot of zrobleno stewing, which is why the Hawaiian Islands are hot point- the moment, before the surface, there is a hot mantle stream, like a melting ocean crust collapsing over it. Such points have been installed on the Earth at a time. Mantiynykh potik, like їkh wiklikє, with the names of the plume. In some vipadkas, the plume speeches are transferred to a large extent, right up to the cordon of the core - the mantle.
Hypothesis of hot spots wiklikє and list. So, in his monograph, Sorokhtin and Ushakov vvazayut the insane model of the fabulous convection in the mantle, and also suggest that magmi can be seen in Hawaiian volcanoes that can be carried up to extremely cold temperatures in the cold weather. “In the general hypothesis of D. Tarkot and E. Oxburg (1978), from which lithosphere plates, moving on the surface of the hot mantle, changes in the growth of the earth to winter. I want the radii of the curvature of the lithospheric plates to fluctuate at the same time (all into parts of the wall), and the deformation of the wickle in the tiling of the great slabs, when the oversized tension is emitted, or to the order of hundreds of bars. "
Trapp and Oceanic Plateau
In addition to the pre-city hot spots, all the middle plates are in the midst of great vilivi melts, as Trapps form on the continents, and the oceanic plateaus in the oceans. The peculiarity of this type of magmatism is in the fact that it occurs in a short geological sensible hour - in the order of decilky millions of rocks, altogether the majestic areas (tens of thousands of km²); at the same time, a colossal mass of basalts is wobbling, which can be torn from each other, crystallizing in the mid-ocean ridges.
See Siberian Trapps on the Skhidno-Siberian Platforms, Trapps of the Plane Dean on the Indian continent and many others. The reason for the adoption of traps is also hot mantle streams, ale, on the view of hot spots, the stench is short-lived, and the difference between them is not clear.
Hot points and Trapp gave a presentation for the opening of the so-called plume geotectonics, Yaka stverdzhu, I mean the role in the geodynamic processes of the flow is not only regular convection, but rather by plumes. Plume tectonics is what superintegrates the tectonics of plates, but also complements it.
Plate tectonics yak system of sciences
The infection of tectonics cannot be seen as a purely geological concept. I have seen a key role in all sciences about the Earth, in which I saw a few methodical approaches with different basic understandings and principles.
From the point of view kinematic approach The movement of plates can be described by the geometric laws of displacement of figures on spheres. The Earth looks like a mosaic of plates of a growing size, so that it moves as soon as one, and the planet itself. Paleomagnetic data allow you to renew the magnetic pole station for the skin plate at a specific moment of the hour. The collection of tributes behind the pink slabs called for the reconstruction of all the last changes of the slabs. The exchange of information from the information, which was removed from the untidy hot spots, was smashed by the absolute change of the plates and the history of the magnetic poles of the Earth.
thermophysical pidhid looking at the Earth as a heat engine, in which heat energy is partly transformed into a mechanical one. Within the framework of the whole approach to the collapse of speech at the inner balls of the Earth, it is modeled like a viscous line, which can be described by the local people of Nav-Stokes. The mantle of convection is superimposed on phase transitions chemical reactions They play a primary role in the structures of mantle flows. Primed on the data of a geophysical probe, the results of thermophysical experiments and analogous and numerical processes, in particular, it is necessary to magnetize the details of the structure of the mantle convection, to know the characteristics of the clay flows and the importance of the importance. Especially important are the tributes for the intelligence of Budov and the greatest parts of the Earth - the lower mantle and core, which are inaccessible for a bezposeredny vivchennya, ale, madly, mighty majestic inflow into the processes, how to go to the surface of the planet.
geochemistry... For the geochemistry of plate tectonics, it is important as the mechanism of uninterrupted exchange of speech and energy between the earth's shells. For the skin geodynamic environment, specific associations of girskih breeds are characteristic. Have your own chergu, for qimi characteristics it is possible to visualize the geodynamic environment, in which the breed is established.
historical background... In the sense of the history of the planet Earth, plate tectonics - the process of the history of contiguousness and growth of continents, the population and decline of volcanic lancers, the appearance of the darkening of the oceans and the seas. Infection for the great blocks of measles, the history of change was established in great detail and for a significant advance in the hour, but for small slabs, methodical and difficult, richly large. New geodynamic processes occur in the zones of slabs, deconstructed girders, stacked without any other developmental blocks - terranes. With the vivification of skeletal girders, special direct geological dosages have arisen - terrane analysis, which has taken on a complex of methods, including the vision of terranes and reconstruction of the history.
Plumes.
In the past [if?] the flow of heat from the nadr of the planet is larger, the bark is thinner, the grip of the nadr is more thin, the crust is also lower. And with a very low vice and a trocha higher temperature the viscosity of the mantle convection flows without the middle before the bark of the bulat is on the bottom of the bottom. Moreover, in the bark, in the heat on the surface of the mantle stream, less viscous, low season, there were occasionally small spring deformations. I mechanical springs, breeds of juveniles in the bark with even viscous, low annual, convective streams, bullets are not sufficient for transmutation of the intermeasles of measles. That, perhaps, and there was no such tectonic activity, as in a great old hour Pangei. Infected continents are located at the stage of maximum rose day. The Atlantic Ocean is expanding and the Pacific Ocean is curving. Indostan collapse on a pivnich and a Eurasian plate for me, ale, mabut, the resource of this ruku is already Mayzhe vicherpano, and in the near geological hour in the Indian Ocean. new zone subductions, in the oceanic crust Indian Ocean will eat the Indian continent.
Injection of changing slabs to the climate
The growth of the great continental arrays in the circumpolar regions with the zagal lower temperature of the planet, as on the continents there can be a rise in the ice. Chim shirsh is less icy, it is higher than the albedo of the planet and it is lower than average temperature.
In addition, instead of growing continents in the form of oceanic and atmospheric circulation.
However, it is a simple and logical scheme: continents in the polar regions are icy, continents in equatorial regions - temperature changes, appear unsettled when given geological data past the Earth. Quarterly icing rapidly became, since Antarctica has appeared in the region of the Great Pole, and in the first period of Eurasia and Great Britain, America has come close to the Great Pole. On the other side, stronger than the Proterozoic Zaledeninnya, before the hour the Earth appeared more and more in the ice, growing up, since a large part of the continental massifs passed in the equatorial region.
In addition, there are a lot of continental changes taking place in an hour about a dozen of ice-breakers in one hour, at that hour the triviality of ice-cold storage times is close to summer ice-cold ice-breakers. All cyclical changes can be quickly seen due to changes in continents, and the collapse of the slabs cannot be the reason.
From the well-spoken word that the displacement of the plates does not play the initial role in the climate change, but it can be an important additional factor, "pidshtovhuu" їkh.
Significance of plate tectonics
Plate tectonics has played a role in the Earth sciences, which is related to the heliocentric concept in astronomy, or DNA in genetics. Prior to the acceptance of the theory of plate tectonics, science about the Earth had a descriptive character. the stench reached viskogo rivnya the details in the inventory of natural objects, but rather could explain the causes of the processes. In different areas of geology, other concepts could dominate. Plate tectonics rang the ground of science about the Earth, gave him strength.