Breakdown of tectonic plates. roll of slabs

The nature of the collapse of the slabs is due to those that are seen on these cordons. Deyakі pliti disperse, іnshі stick, and deyakі rub sides.

cover plates

At mіstsyah, de platey, there are border plates of decile types, in the form of fallowness, the plates stick out. For example, on the cordon between the oceanic and mainland lithosphere, the plate, established by the oceanic crust, "lifts" towards the mainland, flashing on the surface gliboku hollow, Abo jolob. The zone, de tse vidbuvatsya, is called subduct. If you bury everything in your mantle, the stove will start to melt. The bark of the upper plate clenches, and burns on them. Deyaki from them are volcanoes, set up by magma, as they burst into the mountain through the lithosphere.

Zones, de pliti vіdsuvayutsya one from one, to be seen on deyakie dіlyankas oceanskoy bottom. The stench is characterized by girskiy lantsyugs from volcanic rocks. Such volcanoes do not appear to be steep or endless. Name the chains of lantsyugi gir with gently sloping grabs. Two lantsyuga are divided by a thick trench, which marks the cordon with slabs. Trіschina vіdkrivаtsya, if magma wicks (molten rock) to the surface, it rises from the asthenosphere. Vyyshovshi on the surface, the magma reaches і harder along the edges of the plates, fixing new delays of the ocean floor. When there is a magma, all the distance goes to each other. The whole process, like a widening of the seabed, is not possible, because the tricky part is seen to know and know. Misce, de tse vidbuvaєtsya, is called the middle ridge.

Glyboki depressions can also be set on the cordons of two plates of the oceanic lithosphere. One of these plates can melt down into the mantle. Magma collapses uphill through the lithosphere, and the lance of volcanoes emerges from the cordon on top of the plate.

mainland plates

In quiet people, two slabs of the continental lithosphere are sticking head-on-to-forehead, and high weight lantsyugi are formed. On the cordon of the mainland, the crust of both plates squeezes, trembles and climbs into giant folds. When the Russian slabs are forsaken, the ridges of the girly ridges melt all the way, so as all the tsya sink more and more vyshtovhuєtsya burn down.

ocean depressions

The pitfalls, how to establish themselves on the cordons of slabs, are the greatest failure earthly surface... to get involved Marianska depression in the Pacific Ocean (11,022 meters below the sea level). They could have drowned in the light of Mount Everest (8848 meters above the sea level). For the further development of oceanic depressions, the axis of such a deep water aparati will become stagnant.

tertiov_ plates

Not all slabs are seen from one side to the other, but from forehead to forehead. The deyakі from them rubbing sides, collapsing either in opposite straights, or in one straight line, albeit with іznyh shvidkosti. On the cordon of such plates, both on land and on the sea bottom, the new lithosphere does not establish itself, and even now it does not collapse. If the plate of the continental lithosphere collapses one by one, the entire border zone vyshtovhuєtsya burns out, fixing high girski lantsyugi. If the plate is collapsing plich-o-plich with luscious goods, be built, not the stench will move in the opposite straits.

teacher: Trapeznikova Lyudmila Mikhailivna

class: 7 class

Date: 10.09.16

item: geography

Lesson topic: theory lithospheric plates... Appearances, scho are seen on the cordon slabs.

Lesson type: combinations

kind of lesson : Lesson - doslіdzhennya.

Meta lesson: Form the knowledge about the Budov lithosphere and earthly measles, lithospheric plates and rus in the geological hour.

Naukovo - methodically zm_st: Osvita and development of the Earth and the planet. Budova lithosphere and earth measles. Materikova i oceanic crust... The theory of lithospheric plates. Їх rukh. Pangea is a single giant continental plate. Osvita Pivnichnogo supercontinent - Laurasia and southern - Gondwanaland. The lucky image of the Earth.

Providniya witness: continental crust, oceanic crust, theory of lithospheric plates.

ustatkuvannya: Interactive board SMART Board; multimedia presentations; atlas; card "Budova earthly measles"; physical card to light; contour pictures; handcuffs; working side.

Organization of the class (revision of the days, the last camp of the primacy, the working missions, the most recent viglyad studies, organization of respect). Viznachennya those lesson.

Set up for a lesson.

2) Pereirka homework;

"Blitz opituvannya" on the theme of "View cards" on the basis of visually presented to a number of versatile cards. Scientists begin to introduce stinks to certain groups of cards.

The leaves are picked up, and re-versed with the sound of the correct views, according to the principle "don't forget."

Suggest food on leaflets.

3) Preparation before active educational performance

We live on planet Earth.

Nutrition teacher: how is our planet?

Budova continental and oceanic earth measles. In the course of geography, the 6th class knows that in the warehouse of earth measles there are three main spheres. The teacher demonstrates the scheme "Budova continental and oceanic earth measles". The upper of them is foldable and siegeable rocks and is called siege. The two lower balls are called "granite" and "basalt". Apparently, there are two types of earth measles. The continental crust can be traced back to all three balls and may have a tenacity of 35-50 km, up to 90 km in the mountains.

In the oceanic crust, the siege ball means less strain, and the middle, "granite" ball is outward; toughness of ocean measles - 5-10 km (Fig. 3).

What is the continental and oceanic crust of the earth? Chi can you collapse?

Zgaduєmo kazku P.P. Єrshova "Konik - Gorbokonik": "... The miracle whale began to twirl, Nemov pagorb turned, sipping the sea of ​​khvilyuvati ..."

Reveal, the earth's crust can collapse!Yak? To what?

Smislove reading. Learn to know the text on the side. 23 § 3. And the most popular hypothesis for the sanctification of the Earth - the hypothesis of O.Yu. Schmidt and a number of other hypotheses.

Analyze the diagram. Zgaduyut: the earth's crust is two types - continental and oceanic.

Guide the ruch of earth measles in the course of geography of the 6th class (earthworm, volcanic activity).

Іtorіі formulation of the Earth's relfu. 7th class (UMK "Sphere")

Map of budova earth measles.

Convection strumi mantia.

Topic "Lithosphere" in the 7th grade Lazarovich Yak to conduct literacy, tsіkavі and zmіstovnі lessons on maybutnіm topics

Thematic and lesson planning geography Methodical pos_bnik 7 class "Astrel" Moscow, 2002 r

The theory of the fall of the lithospheric plates

In the process of formation, and at the time of the development of geology and science, a lot of hypotheses were passed, the skin from the quiet positions looked at and explained about some problems, or a complex of problems, about the development of the earthly cortex and the Earth. These hypotheses were called geotectonic. Some of them, through the lack of overconfidence, quickly absorbed their meaning into science, while they appeared to be more advanced, once again, until they had accumulated new facts and thoughts, laid down the basis of new hypotheses, such as Uninvolved on great successes They have reached the development of earthly measles, due to the terrible hypotheses and theories (to know the known) not in the conditions of sufficient reliability and in the world, explain all the minds of earthly measles.

The first science hypothesis, the hypothesis of raising, was formed in the first half of the XIX century. on the basis of the manifestation of the plutonists about the role of the internal forces of the Earth, as it played a positive role in the fight against the evils of the neptunists. In the 50s, pp. XIX Art. Vona Bula was replaced by the more primed at that hour hypothesis of contract (stisla), by the French victor Eli de Beaumont. The hypothesis of contracting spirals on the hypothesis of Laplace's cosmogony, viznaval, as the earth's warmer country seems to be the first, and further away is the process of cooling.

The essence of the contracted hypothesis of the field lies in the fact that the cooling of the Earth has been reduced to the greater extent of the changes. As a result, the earth's crust, hardened earlier than the inner zones of the planet, is mesmerized by the wrinkling of the folds of the mountains.

In the other half of the XIX century. American scholars J. Hall and J. Denom made a statement about geosynclinals - special rugged zones of the earth's measles in an hour to be transformed into folds of gear. The price vchennya vchiennya made the position of the hypothesis of contracting. However, before the ear of the XX century. In connection with the rejection of new tributes about the Earth, the hypothesis began to be lost in meaning, as it did not appear in the explanation of the periodicity of mountain-building ruins and processes of magmatism, which ignored the process of elongation. cold particles, which amazed the hypothesis of the main support.

At the same time, the idea of ​​geosinklіnals continued to improve and develop. In general, there is a great introduction of additions and radians by A. D. Arkhangelsky, N. S. Shatsky, M. V. Muratov and I. The order of the declared about rukhomі zones - geosinklіnalyah and on the basis of them in the end of the XIX century. і especially from the ear of XX century. it began to develop vchennya about very stable continental areas - platforms; from the vicarians, who developed the price, demand for all the names of A. P. Karpinsky, A. D. Arkhangelsky, N. S. Shatskikh, A. A. Bogdanov, A. L. Yanshin.

The statement about geosinklins and platforms has been motically transformed into geological science and has gained its significance until the present hour. However, the theoretical basis of the wono dosi is not possible.

Pragnennya to the addition of that assertion of shortcomings in contractual hypotheses, but, navpaki, until the next change called for appearing on the protest of the first half of the XX century. a number of new geotectonic hypotheses. Apparently the actions of them.

Pulse hypothesis. The basis of this is the manifestation of the processes of squeezing and expanding the Earth - the processes that are characteristic of All-Sight as a whole. M.A.Usov and V.A.

Hypothesis of differentiation of subcrustal speech and migration of radioelements. Due to the gravitational differentiation and radioogenic growth, there is a periodical increase in rare components from the atmosphere. VV Bilousov is one of the authors of the theory of hypotheses.

The hypothesis of continental drift. Vaughn Bula Vicladena in 1912 was born in 1912 by the nimetsy A. Wegener, and in principle, to be aware of the best hypotheses. Based on the principles of mobility - viznannya significant horizontal changes of the great continental masses. Most of the hypotheses were based on the principles of physics - the establishment of a stable, fixed position around the parts of the earth measles, as well as the stylish mantle (such as hypotheses of contraction, differentiation of the subcorn speech and differentiation)

It is noted by A. Wegener that the granite ball of earthly measles "floats" over the basalt ball. We are grabbing into the Pangea continent. In the end of the Paleozoic era (close to 200-300 million rockets), the crushing of Pangea was added to the surrounding blocks, and there was a slight drift, as long as the stench did not occupy the camp. As the blocks drifted from Pivnichnaya and Pivdennoy America to the end of the Atlantic Ocean, and as they saw the continents in their own Russia along the basalt ball, the winners of such girders, like Andy and Kordil'noi. For the same reasons, Australia and Antarctica opened up and changed for the day and so on. D.

Confirming his hypotheses A. Vegener bachiv in the similarity of the oceans and geological budov and the Uzbeks along the sides of the Atlantic Ocean, in the similarity of copaline organisms in the continent, far from one matter in one matter, in the earthly mid-life

The emergence of A. Wegener's hypotheses wicked great interest, albeit occasionally shyly zgas, so it’s not in the snake that they explain the abundant appearances, but the smut - the possibility of the continent falling on the basalt ball. Protest, like more and more lower, mobileist look, albeit on an absolutely new basis, evolved and renounced wider knowledge from the other half of the XX century.

Rotation hypothesis. It takes a place in the middle of geotectonic hypotheses, so that tectonic processes on the Earth are manifested due to the inflow of earthly reasons, and the very difficult Mysyats and Sontsya, as it turns out, solidify the earth's roots With a touch of not only vertical, alley and horizontal shifting, he shaved off earthly measles. The hypothesis is not to have a wide understanding, since the absolute majority of them are involved, but tectogenesis will result in the manifestation of the internal forces of the Earth. At the same time, the infusion of subterrestrial causes on the formation of earthly measles, obviously, is also necessary to be able to do it.

The theory of the new global tectonics, or the tectonics of lithospheric plates. On the cob of the other half of the 20th century. great geological and geophysical preliminaries of the bottom of the Svitovoy Ocean flared up. The result was the emergence of absolutely new phenomena about the development of the oceans, such as, for example, the spreading of the lithosphere plates and the formation of young ocean measles in the rift valleys, the illumination of continental measles in the zones of underthrusting of the lithosphere plates. This was called prior to the revival in geological science of mobilistic ideas and before the theory of a new global tectonics appeared, for example, the tectonics of lithospheric plates.

The basis of the new theory is the fact that the entire lithosphere (i.e., the Earth's crust at the same time with the upper ball of the mantle) is distributed in narrow tectonically active zones on the edges of the hard plate, which is moving along the asthenosphere (the plastic ball of the mantle). Active tectonic zones, which are characterized by high seismicity and volcanism, rift zones and mid-oceanic ridges, systems of sharp arcs and deep-water rifts of the oceans, rift valleys on the continents. Near the rift zones of the mid-oceanic ridges, the development of plates and the establishment of new oceanic measles is growing, and in glide-water troughs- support of some slabs for inspiration and coverage of continental measles. It is possible and the interlocking of slabs is the result of such a manifestation to embrace the illumination of the Himalayan folding zone.

Razrіznyayut seven great plates and a few more others. The price of the plate was named: 1) Pacific, 2) Pivnichno-American, 3) Pivdenno-American, 4) Eurasian, 5) African, 6) Indo-Australian and 7) Antarctic. Before the warehouse of skin, they include one part of the continent or part of the oceanic crust, behind the blame of the Pacific Plate, it may be completely composed of oceanic measles. Immediately, the horizontal displacement of the slabs saw the turns.

Relocation of the lithospheric plates, according to the given theory, is subject to convective leaks of speech in the mantle, generated by the warmth, seen when radioactive fallout Elements and gravitational differentiation of speech in the nadra of the Earth. However, the argumentation of heat convection in the mantle, on the thought of the bagatokh, is a lack. There is also the possibility of laying ocean plates in a mantle for a great depth and a number of other positions. We will serve as the top of the convective ridge for the rift zones and mid-ocean ridges; Vona waggle at the sight of basalt lavas and catch. Dalі in tsі caught the rocks, basaltic magma rozsovuє in the offense side of the old basalt. So it’s a lot of development. When the ocean is full, the bottom grows, grows. Additional process by name spreading... The fluidity of the growth of the ocean bottom is varied from decilkoh mm up to 18 cm in size.

The Іnshі cordon between the plates of the lithosphere є convergent, so that the earth's crust on the plates of the lithosphere is glazed. Such zones are called subduction zones. Stink around the edges The Pacific and at the meeting of the Indian. The ocean lithosphere is important and cold, going up to more and more light continental, where it is, as it rises. As soon as two ocean plates enter into contact, then it has been rustling for a long time, so as it is more important and colder, the plate is not young.

The zone, develops subductions, morphologically twists and turns with watery gutters, and the ocean itself is cold and springy lithosphere is kind to stand up for the data of seismic tomography. The cut of the oceans' slabs is buried, right up to the vertical, and the slabs are quilted to the border of the upper and lower mantles on a depth of approximately 670 km.

If the ocean slab, when it comes to the continental start, it rises quickly, it springs into a new wine, like, discharging itself, provoke the earthquake. Hypocentri, or in the fire of earthquakes, cleanly circle the cordon, rubbing between two slabs and fix the seismic focal zone, zanyuyutsya from the continental lithosphere up to a glybin of 700 km. Tsi zones are called Benioff zones, in honor of the American seismologist.

The plan for the ocean lithosphere is to produce more important inheritances. When the glybin lithosphere reaches 100 - 200 km in the area of ​​high temperatures and in the clutches of it, fluids can be seen - especially overheated mineral growths, such as the fusion of the hydrous rocks of the continental continental lithosphere and the enlightening of the magical

In such a rank, on the active continental outskirts of the subduction plant, it is possible to strongly dismember the relief, seismicity and energy volcanic activity.

The cry of subduction is so called obdukts_ya, Tobto nasuvannya oceanic lithosphere on the continental, but the great tectonic curvature on the skidny outskirts of the Arabian pyostrov, folds with a typical oceanic crust.

Slid also ask about the lock, abo kolіzії, Two continental plates, which, due to their very lightness, can not be stored in one material from one, but to stick together, fixing a fold-and-fold belt behind a folding inner bud.

The main provisions of the tectonics of lithospheric plates on the offensive:

1.first change of mind plate tectonics є underneath the upper part of the solid Earth on two shells, but often vary according to rheological powers (viscosities), - hard and tendinous lithosphere and beefersh is plastic and crumbling asthenosphere. As already said, the vision of the two sheaths is carried out according to seismological abo magnetoteluric data.

2.a friend tectonics of plates, which the won and the crops are called by their own name, the field is in the fact that the lithosphere is naturally subdivided into the interconnection of the number of plates, in Denmark, the number of great and small styles.

3.third position plate tectonics are part of the nature of their mutual displacements. There are three kinds of such changes and depending on the cordon between slabs: 1) divergent to the cordon, bridging of which slabs are drawn, - spreading; 2) convergent cordon, on whichever slabs are located, start rolling around with a single slab underneath; how the oceanska slab goes to the continental, the whole process is called subduction, yakscho oceanska slab poured onto the continental - obdukts_ya; as two continental plates can be stuck together, so you can call it with one pod drive, - kolіzієyu; 3)Transformation cordon, The lines of those who are viewed horizontally are made of the same plate as well as along the vertical area.

In nature, the first two types are rewarded with a cordon.

On the divergent boundaries, in the spreading zones, there is an uninterrupted population of new ocean measles; I call this the name of the cordoni constructive. The bark of the asthenospheric plinths is shifted towards the subduction zones, de von glaze on the glybin; tse daє pіdstavu nazivati ​​takі cordon destructive.

quarter position plate tectonics in the fact that, with their shifts, the plates fall under the laws of spherical geometry, and more precisely Euler's theorem, There is no way to move two points along the spheres to see the bridle of the circle drawn by the axis to pass through the center of the Earth.

5.n'yat the position plate tectonics to reduce, to clam in the zones of subduction of ocean measles, to bind, to populate in zones of spreading.

6.just the way plate tectonics vbachaє the main reason for plate collapse in the mantle convection. Tsya convection in the classic model 1968r. є purely warm and general, and the way to flow into the lithosphere plates of the glade in the fact that the plate is in a viscous zone of the asthenosphere, will be tempted by the flow of the rest and collapse in the direction of the end of the convoy. As a whole, the scheme of the mantle convection, which leads to the plate-tectonic model of the abdomen of the lithosphere, in that, when the mid-ocean ridges grow along the middle-ocean ridges of the convective com- horizontal cigars

The theory of the new global tectonics, for the tectonics of the lithospheric plates, is especially popular beyond the cordon: to be aware of the local knowledge, as not to be intertwined with the outlying knowledge, but rather to correct the clarifications, the basic statements Radianskiy-mobility A.V. Peyves, developing the theory, priyshov, however, until the moment, the giant hard lithospheric plates are not insane, but the lithosphere, by virtue of the fact that they are riddled with horizontal, vertical zoning plates ("lithoplastin"), which are shifted differentiated. Quite a new look at one of the basic, albeit spiritual, position of the given theory.

Apparently, the part of the vicarious mobileists (both beyond the cordon, so also the vicarious) in their glances appears in the region negatively placed to the classic opinion about geosinklines On the day they appear, they are not intrusive to those who are richly positioned to spiral on reliable facts and caution, established and healthy in the geological predictions of the continents.

Obviously, the best way to go in the direction of the new effective global theory of the Earth is not to oppose, but to unite and interconnect with each other positively seen in the classic all-round news about geosynclines,