The atmosphere is the gaseous shell of the earth. Warehouse of atmosphere and її budov

Atmosphere - tse gas shell The earth, which will not be able to take over from the hard injections into space, is necessary for living on our planet. Tsia obolonka take care of the fate of the dobovy wrapped Earth and pouring on geological processes on earthly cool... The exact translation of the walnut translation of the words "atmosphere": "atmosphere" - "steam" and "sphere" - "kulya". The atmosphere is quietly interconnected with the lithosphere, hydrosphere, exchanged with warmth, volitional and chemical elements.

The comradeship of the given shell of the Earth, in the middle, becomes a thousand kilometers. In the world of change of scholarship, the atmosphere without a clear boundary goes into space... The upper boundary of the atmosphere passes at about 20 thousand kilometers. Lower її boundary pass along the rivnya earthly surface... 95% of the mass of the entire atmosphere has been torn up to the mark of 25 km of height, so that it will be subdued by the power of the earth's heavy weight. The lower sphere of the atmosphere, where it is stored up from the sum of gases, is called the fortune-teller. Atmosphere, solid particles in the raised mill and water vapor form the atmosphere.

The percentage of gas in the atmosphere is close to 78% nitrogen, 20% sour, up to 1% in carbon dioxide, Argon, water, deyakyh іnshih gases and water bet. V atmospheric food to nitrogen 78% - significantly more, lower gases. Yogo concentration has been adapted to the life of microorganisms. Nitrogen takes care of its part in the natural circulation of speech and will prevent regulation in the place of sourness, overwhelming and overwhelming accumulation. In another place, for a large amount of loans (20%). The most obvious signs of gas, in the atmosphere, there can be processes of mining, pressure, and energy. Mayzhe whole willy kissen in the atmosphere є a product of photosynthesis growing organisms... The carbon dioxide gas becomes only 0.03% by volume of alcohol and pretends to be split organic speeches, With the dichotomy of living organisms, zgoryanny speeches, brodins. Winning the function of heating, so that the gas passes the energy of the Sontsya to the earth's surface and does not let heat through the earth. The change of gases in the atmospheric weather is minimal.

Budova atmosphere

The atmosphere is ma sharuvat budov, which is due to the peculiarities of the vertical distribution of power to enter the atmosphere of gases and temperatures. Thus, the atmosphere is composed of such concentric shells: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere, ionosphere. Prior to the ozone screen, the underlying atmosphere enters the biosphere warehouse. The troposphere is below the top of the atmosphere. A great and powerful ball to revenge drank, water bets, all atmospheric events occur in a new way, the weather starts. The upper inter- troposphere is not valid: over the equator, the won is close to 18 km, and over the poles - up to 8 km. There is a great part of human performance in the troposphere itself. Another ball - the stratosphere - lies above the troposphere and stretches at a height of approximately 10 km to 55 km. The stratosphere is practically dumb, because instead of the water bet it’s low, the whole ball is big and cold. At the newest є ozone screen - glitches of hard ultraviolet viprominuvannya. The mesosphere is located in the stratosphere, up to 90 km from the level of the stratosphere. The temperature to the upper level of the mesosphere gradually decreases to -80 degrees. The thermosphere is located at a distance of 80 km to 400 km. At the same time, such phenomena are formed, such as polar syayva, during the night of the night. The upper balls of the atmosphere smoothly transition into space.

The obstruction of the atmosphere in the rest of the capital is through the state of the people. The normal gas storage of the atmosphere is changing, the changing space is getting bogged down. When burning in a carbohydrate firing in the atmosphere, carbon dioxide accumulates in the atmosphere. It is also in the process of the state d'yalnosti of the people in the atmosphere to grow in the place of nitrogen, methane and other gases, which will increase the development of the greenhouse effect, crushing the ozone ball, and I will be able to produce acid plates.

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Earth's atmosphere

atmosphere(Vid. walnutἀτμός - steam і σφαῖρα - kul) - gazova shell ( geosphere), Navkolishnє planet Earth... The inside of the surface is covered hydrosphere i chastkovo bark, Zovnishnya between the outer-earth part of the cosmic space.

The number of distributions of physics and chemistry, which creates the atmosphere, was taken on the basis of physical atmosphere... atmosphere viznach the weather on the surface of the Earth, wait for vivchennyam to take care of meteorology, And trivial options klimata - climatology.

Budova atmosphere

Budova atmosphere

troposphere

The upper boundary is located at a height of 8-10 km in the polar latitudes, 10-12 km in the lower ones and 16-18 km in the tropical latitudes; charge lower, lower price. Lower, the main sphere of the atmosphere. Reveal more than 80% of all the weight of the atmospheric drink and close to 90% of all that is apparent in the atmosphere of the water bet. The troposphere is strongly rosy turbulenceі convection, find out hmari, develop cyclonesі anticyclones... The temperature decreases with an increase in the height from the middle vertical gradієntom 0.65 ° / 100 m

For "normal thinking" at the surface of the Earth, they have taken: thickness 1.2 kg / m3, barometric pressure 101.35 kPa, temperature plus 20 ° C and relative volume 50%. And the indicators are thought to be the essence of engineering.

stratosphere

The sphere of the atmosphere, roztasovaniya at a height of 11 to 50 km. Characteristically insignificant changes in temperature in the sphere of 11-25 km (the lower sphere of the stratosphere) and movement in the sphere of 25-40 km from -56.5 to 0.8 ° Z(Upper ball of the stratosphere or region inversion). Having reached at a height of close to 40 km, the value is close to 273 K (below 0 ° C), the temperature will rise post-lay to a height of about 55 km. The area of ​​constant temperature is called stratopauseі by the cordon between the stratosphere і mesosphere.

Stratopause

Near-Kordon sphere of the atmosphere between the stratosphere and the mesosphere. The vertical temperature rise has a maximum maximum (close to 0 ° C).

mesosphere

Earth's atmosphere

mesosphere repair at a height of 50 km and stretch up to 80-90 km. The temperature drops down from the middle vertical gradient (0.25-0.3) ° / 100 m. The main energy process is heat exchange. Folding photochemical processes for participation strong radicals, Vibrantly vibrating molecules і t. D. Enrich the light of the atmosphere.

mesopause

Transition ball between the mesosphere and thermosphere. The vertical temperature rise has a low minimum (close to -90 ° C).

line of Karmana

Hanging over the ditch of the sea, as it is cleverly accepted in the quality of the cordon between the atmosphere of the Earth and space.

thermosphere

Main article: thermosphere

The upper boundary is about 800 km. The temperature grows up to 200-300 km, and the value is close to 1500 K, for which it becomes unimportant to high heights. Before ultraviolet and X-ray sleep radioactivity and cosmic viprominuvannya to see the ionization of the meal (" polar syayva") - main areas the ionosphere lie in the middle of the thermosphere. At the altitudes, over 300 km, there is an atomic kisin.

Atmospheric balls to the height of 120 km

Exosphere (sphere of development)

exosphere- the zone of growth, the last part of the thermosphere, it is roasted for 700 km. Gas in the exosphere is highly developed, and there are particles of particles in the interplanetary space ( dissipation).

Up to a height of 100 km, the atmosphere is a kindly homogeneous mix of gases. In larger balls of gases, the concentration of more important gases is reduced by height, the concentration of more important gases changes more rapidly in the world from distance to the surface of the Earth. As a result of the change in gas density, the temperature decreases from 0 ° C in the stratosphere to -110 ° C in the mesosphere. However, the kinetic energy of the surrounding particles at a height of 200-250 km with a temperature of ~ 1500 ° C. A food of 200 km is more susceptible to fluctuations in temperature and power of gases in the hour and space.

At the height of close to 2000-3000 km of the exosphere, step by step move into so ranks blue space vacuum, Yaky zapovneniya strongly depleted parts of the interplanetary gas, the leading rank of water atoms. Ale tsei gaz is not a part of the interplanetary speech. I am partly storing saw-like parts of comet and meteor trails. In addition to the superbly distributed saw-like particles, the electromagnet and corpuscular radioactivity of the sleepy and galactic walking penetrates into the whole space.

On a part of the troposphere, the attack is close to 80% of the mass of the atmosphere; on a part of the stratosphere, it is close to 20%; the mass of the mesosphere is not more than 0.3%, the thermosphere is less than 0.05% of the bulk of the atmosphere. At the presentation of electrical authorities in the atmosphere, they see the neutrosphere and the ionosphere. In an hour vvazhayut, the atmosphere is stretched up to a height of 2000-3000 km.

Leaving the warehouse with gas in the atmosphere vid_lyayut homosphereі heterosphere. heterosphere - the whole area, degravitatsiya inflated on the gas supply, so that the change in such a height is insignificant. Zvidsi viplya winter warehouse heterosphere. Bottom її lie kindly mixed, one part of the atmosphere behind the warehouse, called homosphere... Cordon mіzh tsimi balls are called turbopause, Vona lie at a height of about 120 km.

Physical power

The atmosphere is about 2000 - 3000 km from the surface of the Earth. Sumarna Masa fortnightly- (5.1-5.3) × 10 18 kg. molar masa clean dry powder become 28.966. grip at 0 ° C at sea level 101.325 kPa; temperature is critical? 140.7 ° C; critical vice 3.7 MPa; C p 1.0048 × 10 3 J / (kg K) (at 0 ° C), C v 0.7159 × 10 3 J / (kg K) (at 0 ° C). The dryness of water at 0 ° C - 0.036%, at 25 ° C - 0.22%.

Physiological and power of the atmosphere

Even at a height of 5 km above the sea level, an untrained people have Kisneve hunger and without adaptation, the number of people who receive it will decrease significantly. Here the physiological zone of the atmosphere ends. Dikhannya people become ill-humored at a height of 15 km, hoping for about 115 km of atmosphere to revenge kissen.

The atmosphere is necessary for us to feel sour. However, as a result of the fall of the zealous grip of the atmosphere in the world, for the height of the time, the partial grip of the atmosphere is decreasing.

In the legends of the people, they constantly have close to 3 liters of alveolar fluid. partial vice souring in the alveolar povіtri with a normal atmospheric vice to become 110 mm Hg. Art., a vice in carbon dioxide - 40 mm Hg. Art., and water bet - 47 mm Hg. Art. The grip of water and carbon dioxide in the legends becomes more permanent - close to 87 mm Hg. Art. Nadezhdennya sisnyu in the legend will rise to lean back, if the grip of a nascent twist becomes equal in magnitude.

At a height of about 19-20 km, the grip of the atmosphere drops to 47 mm Hg. Art. This is the reason why we will be able to keep the water and fabric life in the body of the people. Pose of hermetic cabins on cikhs, death is infused by mayzhe mittuvo. In such a rank, from the point of view of the physiology of the people, the "cosmos" can be repaired even at a height of 15-19 km.

Shilny balls of fortune - the troposphere and the stratosphere - capture us through the hostile radioactivity. With a sufficient development of energy, at heights over 36 km, intensive action on the organism is necessary radioactivity- the first space promenades; at altitudes over 40 km, the ultraviolet part of the sleep spectrum is not safe for humans.

In the world, at an ever greater height above the surface of the Earth, it gradually loosened up, and then, more and more, I learn, such appearances for us, which are promoted in the lower spheres of the atmosphere, as a wider sound, and the most common pidyomnoy force support, heat transfer convection that in.

Have expanded balls sound to appear unhappy. Up to a height of 60-90 km, it is more possible to support and use a strong support for a keroled aerodynamic floor. Ale to fix it from the height of 100-130 km numbers Mі sound bar'єru I spend my own sense, there I’m going to be cleared line of Karmana for which to pursue the sphere of purely balistic goodness, it is possible to control it, depriving vikoristovuchi reactive force.

At a height of 100 km, the atmosphere is relieved by the miracle of power - the building of a gagging, conduction and transfer of heat energy by means of convection (i.e. It means, that the development of the elements of possession, the apparatus of the orbital space station cannot cool down the call, so as to try to call on the litak, - for the help of the chimes and chimes of the radio operators. At such a height, as in space, in the same way of heat transfer teploe vippromіnyuvannya.

atmosphere warehouse

Dry food warehouse

The atmosphere of the Earth is stored in the main gas and small houses (saws, drops of water, crystals of ice, sea salts, mining products).

Concentration of gases, warehouse atmosphere, practically permanent, behind the vignette of water (H 2 O) and carbon dioxide (CO 2).

Dry food warehouse
nitrogen
mussen
Argon
water
Carbon dioxide gas
neon
helium
methane
krypton
water day
xenon
Nitrogen oxide

For the values ​​of the gas tables, in the atmosphere there are SO 2, NH 3, CO, ozone, in carbohydrates, HCl, HF, bet Hg, I 2, and also NO and a lot of gases in small quantities. At the troposphere, there are always a large number of important solid and rare particles ( aerosol).

The history of setting the atmosphere

Surely from the most advanced theory, the Earth's atmosphere in the hour passed through in some of the old warehouses. A handful of won were stored from light gases ( vodnuі helium), Zapholenikh from the interplanetary space. Tse is so called primordial atmosphere(Closely chotiroh miliardіv rockіv that). At the offensive stage, the active volcanic activity called up the atmosphere to saturate with other gases, except water (in carbon dioxide, amiakom, water vapor). so pretended second atmosphere(Closely three million years ago). The atmosphere of the bula is great. Then the process of establishing the atmosphere was initiated by the following factors:

vitik light gases (water and helium) in midplanetary space;

chemical reactions, which are carried out in the atmosphere under the inflow of ultraviolet viprominuvannya, thunderstorms and some other officials.

The clerks brought the process to an end tretal atmosphere, Yaka is characterized by a smaller amount of water and a higher amount of nitrogen and carbon dioxide (approved as a result chemical reactions s ammonia and carbohydrates).

nitrogen

The establishment of a great quantity of N 2 is accompanied by the oxidation of the ammonia-water atmosphere with molecular O2, which comes from the surface of the planet as a result of photosynthesis, starting from 3 billion rubles. Also No. 2 is seen in the atmosphere as a result of denitrification of nitrates and in. Azotvmіsnykh spoluk. Nitrogen is oxidized by ozone to NO in the upper spheres of the atmosphere.

Nitrogen N 2 enters into the reaction deprivation in specific sinks (for example, when a blister is discharged). Oxidation of molecular nitrogen with ozone during electric discharges is vicorized in industrial nitrogen production. Oxidation of it with malimic energovitrates and transform it into a biologically active form can cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and bulbous bacteria, how to mold rhizobial symbiosis s beans roslinami, so-called. siderates.

mussen

The warehouse of the atmosphere has changed radically before it appears on the Earth. living organisms, as a result photosynthesis, Which will supervise the visions of souring and claying in carbon dioxide. A handful of kissen vitrized on oxidized renewable z'єdnan - amiaku, in carbohydrates, sour form zaliza, She took place in the oceans and in. The end of the given stage instead of sourness in the atmosphere began to grow. Postupovo the atmosphere was pretentious, with volodya oxidizing powers. Oscillations of the price of a series of serious and rapid changes in the process of going through atmosphere, lithosphereі biosphere, I will name Kisneva disaster.

With a broach Phanerozoic storehouse of atmosphere and vm_st sisnyu conceived zmin. The stench of the perch was correlated for all the shredding of organic siege breeds. So, in the period of coal accumulation, instead of sourness in the atmosphere, mabut, every now and then perevischuvali rivn.

Carbon dioxide gas

The change in the atmosphere of CO 2 is due to volcanic activity and chemical processes in the earth's shells, but more for everything - because of the intensity of biosynthesis and storage of organisms in biosphere earth... Almost the entire flow line of biomas of the planet (close to 2.4 × 10 12 tons ) Make up your mind for a rahunok in carbon dioxide, nitrogen and water bet, and take revenge in an atmospheric drink. trapped in oceans, v swamps i in lisakh organics are transformed into vugilla, naphthaі natural gas... (Div. Carbon cycle)

noble gazi

Dzherelo Inertnykh Gaziv - argon, heliumі krypton- volcanoes and drops of radioactive elements. The Earth as a whole and the atmosphere of the growing season is created by inert gases in the space. Vvazhaєtsya, the reason for this to cry in an uninterrupted flow of gases into the interplanetary space.

Obstruction of the atmosphere

We will stay for an hour on the evolution of the atmosphere by becoming a drink lyudin... As a result of this activity, becoming a permanent value grows together in the atmosphere in carbon dioxide gas through the burning of carbon-water fumes accumulated in the previous geological era. Magnificent amounts of CO2 survive during photosynthesis and glaze over the ocean. Tsey gas to come into the atmosphere of the carbonate girskikh breedsі organic speeches of the wooded plant and food hike, as well as volcanism and viral activity of the people. Over the last 100 years, CO2 in the atmosphere has grown by 10%, and the main part (360 billion tons) came as a result of burning. If the pace of growth is to be taken care of, then in the nearest 50 - 60 years the amount of CO 2 in the atmosphere can be increased and you can bring up to to global climate change.

Sleeping fire - mostly dull and hard-hitting gases ( CO, NO, SO 2 ). Serum dioxide is oxidized with sour liquor until SO 3 at the upper spheres of the atmosphere, which, in its own way, together with vapors of water and amiak, and sirchan acid (H 2 SO 4 ) і ammonium sulfate ((NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ) turn on the surface of the Earth at the viglyadi t. stars. acid plates. Vikoristannya internal combustion to produce up to a significant obstruction of the atmosphere with nitrogen oxides, in carbohydrates and lead ( tetraethyl lead Pb (CH 3 CH 2 ) 4 ) ).

The aerosol obstruction of the atmosphere is encumbered by natural causes (the incineration of volcanoes, sawing storms, wine droplets of sea water and sawing roselin and іn.), Intense large-scale grains of solid particles into the atmosphere are one of the possible reasons for the change in the planet's climate.

Quarters of seasons. You have appeared as a witness of an innocent phenomenon in the atmosphere. Depecotnish in clear weather. Forecasters. Skilki revenge sour. It’s called winter. Model. Hto shvidshe. Geographic battle. Atmosphere. Atmospheric grip. 22 breast. Read the urivki. What day is it? Figures of the atmosphere. Dati. The word "atmosphere". De sonce in zenitі 2 times in rіk. Meteorologists. See the atmospheric fall.

"Atmosphere of the Earth" - For example, polar latitudes and paths. Budova atmosphere. The sea warms up more, less land, more and more. Do you know about Budova atmosphere? Terms and understanding. Atmosphere Warehouse for the atmosphere of Budov atmosphere of Khmari Viter. Yak pretending to be hmari? The temperature of the young women of the earth's surface can vary greatly. Kupchato-boards khmari. Kupchastі khmari. Warehouse for more atmosphere.

"Balls of the Earth's atmosphere" - Atmospheric grip in living nature. Elephant. Exosphere. Pivnichne syayvo. Yak mi p'єmo. Keeping an eye on the use of one-piece companions of the Earth. Swamp creatures. Atmosphere of the Earth. Good luck. Atmosphere. Powered by the ocean. Rib-stick. Meteorite plank... Masa povitrya. Troposphere. Bliskavki. The atmosphere revives the Earth. Swamp. Diya of a syringe. You can also be a doctor. The atmosphere of the Earth is steadily vaping. Atmosphere warehouse.

"Earth's atmosphere" - Traces of hurricanes. Hurricanes, cyclones and typhoons are atmospheric bombs that can cause the weather to start. Shari atmosphere. 4 million years ago, the Earth became attainable. Yak dmut vіtri wrap around the Earth. The yak is fighting the dry land. Hurricane Andrew. They represent radiohvili. Gas storage of the atmosphere of the Earth. Yak dmut vіtri on wrap around the Earth, close to the ekvator. Troposphere. Atmosphere is the spirit of Odea Earth. Yak change the grip of the grip.

"Atmosphere" - Asteroid vibrating in the atmosphere of the Earth over the day of the island of Sulawesi. First step tsikavikh facts... Pivnichne syayvo appears when high-energy elementary particles are closed when closed in the Earth's ionosphere. The value of the atmosphere: The penetration of space changes into the atmosphere of the Earth. As a matter of fact, from the storehouse and power of the gases, the atmosphere is fed into a cluster of concentric spheres. The shell of the earth is poured - a view from space.

"Windy Ocean" - Mesosphere. Exosphere. First announcement. Temperature. Lightness of bodies. The value of the atmosphere. The words. Over the top. Marvel at dew. Chanting booths. Wonderful r_ch. An ocean of twists and turns. Everything is visible. Wonders. Top balls of the atmosphere. Come on. new history... Powered by the ocean. History. Ridini vise. Ludina is great.

side 1

Atmospheric gases from the point of view of change and change in time and space, grow up on permanent and change, protects the classification to reach the point. If, for example, the scale of an hour is larger, then all gases can be seen as a change, but a change in sourness, nitrogen and a large amount of gentry gases on a large scale, it might be too late for a book to look at the processes here,

High atmospheric gases, and the very acid, nitrogen, argon and acid gas, are present in soils.

Oskіlki zvychaynі atmospheric gases do not faint nor relish, nor smell, one might think that we will drain empty. Ale gazi, as і solid or rіdkі speeches, may be singular physical and chemical authorities.

Rise in streams of different atmospheric gases - kissen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide gas. As long as the gas is in contact with the heart, then the number of cutaneous gas is equally important because it starts with a partial grip. So, with the values ​​\ u200b \ u200bwith the values ​​\ u200b \ u200bwith the difference between the water, the spike becomes less than 2%, the third / s is sour, and 2 / s is nitrogen. Unimportant to the great difference in carbon dioxide, there is not much of it in the water, so how much to take revenge is close to 0 03% of the gas. Even though the water was not given to a special sample, then the maximum amount of water in new roads or less than an obvious amount in an atmospheric clutch. Quite a few times it’s not enough, but it’s not enough to pour it into the grip of our own bet.

On the richly analogous operations, they infuse atmospheric gases and bets. For example, the presence of amicus in every laboratory room is ruining the results of the analysis of aminous nitrogen according to the Kjeldahl micromethod, and the presence of aminos in the course of the determination of methoxylic groups is liable to the order of the o.o.-diode sulfide medium. I want in a good analytical laboratory, but not a lot of such troublesome gasses, the possibility of pouring houses into your mother's mind. In addition, the analyzed images will inevitably come into contact with the acidic, acidic carbonate and vologo food. Kisen is infused with titanium chloride; carbon dioxide addition of non-aqueous titration of weak acids; vologue infused the value of the carboxylic group with Fischer's reagent. So as with the robot, the micro-method of contact area is obviously large, it is brought in live calls for usunennya injecting words of talk. Let the mothers have such airtight vessels, in which it is possible to carry out analytical reactions for the daytime gas supply. In special cases, special boxes are constructed with a controlled atmosphere, in which all operations are carried out.

Dzherelna and rychkova water should be based on atmospheric gases - kissen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide gas, as well as cations (Ca2, Mg2, Na) and anionic acids (HCO -), hydrochloric and hydrochloric acids. In a lot of smaller quantities, there is a lot of calories and anion of nitric and nitrous acids. It’s because it’s a little bit of silicic acid that’s near the water in a colossal mill, or it’s near the water’s power, it’s a lot of it to be lost and get trapped in the clay.

The flowed up boiled, but with the presence of a kind of atmospheric catalyst, gases could be reacted one by one, transforming the ocean in the dilution of nitric acid solutions. Such a process is quite simple from the point of view of thermodynamic phenomena.

Scorching with water vapor and carbonic acid gas on the floor is strong, but also for atmospheric gases, but for scorching on the quiet ones themselves, there will be small additions to greenhouse effect... However, in the pre-hypochondriac region of the spectrum, the interval is 8 - 12 microns, the dehumidification of KO and COz is even weak.

Uninvolved on a number of visits, so that we can change the penetration into the mischief, in the new, in the presence of the presence of atmospheric gas, as well as the inclusion of insoluble in the eyes of the bulbs, which we have done when we are in the midst of the transportation.

Fluoride ітрію, otrimany by means of the described vishche, is rather large the surface and the building adsorption of atmospheric gases. For visualization of the adsorbed gases before the fluoride renewal, it is recommended to carry out the operation in vacuum or melting.

The author of the book, having taken the magnificent factual material, giving a new look at the problems chemistry warehouse and radioactivity of the atmosphere: atmospheric gases, solid and rare particles, radioactivity, chemistry of fall, problems and obstruction.

Dzherelami natural radioactivity in the atmosphere to serve radioactive speech earth measles And also the speeches, which are accepted as a result of pouring into the atmospheric gases and space exchanges. A great part of the natural radioactivity of the troposphere is encumbered by the first dzherel. The role of actinon and th products in the fall is insignificant and there will be no discussion here.

The atmosphere is the gaseous shell of our planet, as it wrap around the Earth at once. Gas, which is found in the atmosphere, is called by the name. The atmosphere drifts through the hydrosphere and curls the lithosphere. And the axis of the upper boundary is important. It is cleverly accepted that the atmosphere stretches up the mountain for about three thousand kilometers. There, there is a smooth flow into the space without disturbance.

Chemistry warehouse of the atmosphere of the Earth

The formulation of the atmosphere, which is cheery to the warehouse, has become very close to those of the future. At times, the atmosphere was lacking in light gases - helium and water. On the thought of the sudden changes in the mind of the mouth of the gas envelope near the Earth, there were the heights of volcanoes, as at the same time a great number of gases wandered away from the lava. Nadal pohavsya gas exchange with water spaces, with living organisms, with products of їх activity. The warehouse has changed in a step-by-step manner, and in a day-to-day view, it has fixed a few million years ago.

Head and atmosphere warehouses are nitrogen (close to 79%) and muslin (20%). Vіdsotok, brought on the offensive gases: argon, neon, helium, methane, carbon dioxide gas, water, krypton, xenon, ozone, ammonia, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen, nitrous oxide and carbon oxide.

In addition, water vapor and solid particles (saws, saws, salt crystals, aerosol houses) appear in the water.

The remainder of the hour will not mean, but rather than the change of the people of the Ingredients. The first reason for this is the people and their abilities. Only for the rest of 100 rocky instead of in carbon dioxide has grown ten times! Tse will overwhelm bagatma with problems;

Formation, wait and climate

The atmosphere is in the most important role in the form of climate and weather on Earth. It is even more abundant to lie down from a number of sleepy ridges, due to the nature of the style of the surface and atmospheric circulation.

The factors are visible in order.

1. The atmosphere allows the warmth of the sleepy exchanges and the skimming radiance to pass through. The ancient Greeks knew even more about those, that the interchanges of the Dream fall on the small houses of the Earth from the small kuts. The very word "klimat" in the old Greek means "nahil". So, on the ekvatori sleepyachny promenade it is practically direct to fall, it is even hot here. Chim nearer to the poles, tim bolshe kut nakhilu. І the temperature drops.

2. Through the uneven heating of the Earth in the atmosphere, alternate currents are formed. The stench of being classed behind your own sizes. Naymenshi (tens and hundreds of meters) - a lot of mists vіtru. Let's go muson and passati, cyclones and anticyclones, planetary frontal zones.

All ci disastrous masi change over time. Deyakі from them to finish static. For example, passi, like dimming from subtropics straight to the point. Rukh іnshikh are rich in what to lie in an atmospheric vice.

3. Atmospheric grip is another factor that flows into the mold. Tse grip on the surface of the earth. As it seems, the masses are moving from the area with an atmospheric grip moving towards the area, the grip is lower.

In total 7 zones were seen. Equator is a zone of low vice. Far, on the offensive sides from the ekvate right up to thirty latitudes - the area of ​​the high vise. From 30 ° to 60 ° - again a low vice. And from 60 ° to the poles - the zone of the high vise. Between the various zones and the circulating mass. If you go from the sea to land, carry boards and bad weather, and if you dim from the continents - clear and dry weather. At the time of the day, there is a leak, a zone atmospheric front, Yaki is characterized by litter and gloomy, windy weather.

At the end of the day, they brought us to lay down the atmosphere of the atmosphere of self-esteem for people. It is normal for international standards atmospheric grip- 760 mm Hg. at a temperature of 0 ° C. The whole indicator of insurance coverage for these landlocks, which are practically located at the sea level. The grip is lowered by the grip. Tom, for example, for St. Petersburg 760 mm Hg. - tse the norm. And the axle for Moskvia, the yak is roasted in the vishche, the normal grip is 748 mm Hg.

The vice changes not only vertically, but horizontally. It is especially prone to be seen when passing cyclones.

Budova atmosphere

The atmosphere is nagaduє leafy pie. The first skin ball has its own peculiarities.

. troposphere- closest to the Earth ball. "Tovschina" a whole ball of change in the world of viddalennya from ekvatora. Above the ekvator, the ball should be stretched up the hill for 16-18 km, in Pomirny Zones- by 10-12 km, at the poles - by 8-10 km.

Here 80% of all food and 90% of water bets can be found here. Here you can see the hmari, cyclones and anticyclones. The temperature should be at least as low as possible. In mid-won, it will drop by 0.65 ° C per skin 100 meters.

. tropopause- transition sphere of the atmosphere. Yogo height - from decilkoh hundreds of meters up to 1-2 km. The temperature is inflated, not charged. So, for example, over the poles charge -65 ° C. And over the ekvator at any hour of fate, trim -70 ° C.

. stratosphere- the whole ball, the upper boundary pass at a height of 50-55 kilometers. Turbulence is low here, but rather insignificant instead of water bets. Then a lot more ozone. The maximum concentration is at a height of 20-25 km. In the stratosphere, the temperature has improved and improved and reached the mark of + 0.8 ° C. The ozone ball has been exchanged for ultraviolet vapors.

. Stratopause- an inexpensive intermediate ball between the stratosphere and the mesosphere advancing behind it.

. mesosphere- the upper boundary of the ball - 80-85 kilometers. Here we see folding photochemical processes for the participation of great radicals. The very smell of it will make those nizhne blakitne syayvo our planet, like banging out of space.

The mesosphere has a greater number of comets and meteorites.

. mesopause- the offensive industrial ball, the temperature in the minimum is -90 °.

. thermosphere- the lower boundary should be repaired at a height of 80 - 90 km, and the upper boundary should be traversed approximately 800 km later. Increase temperature. It can be varied from + 500 ° C to +1000 ° C. With a stretch, add the temperature range to store hundreds of degrees! If it’s okay here, it’s okay, but the term “temperature” is clear, but it’s not accurate.

. ionosphere- single mesosphere, mesopause and thermosphere. If you turn the polarity here in the main molecule of acidic nitrogen, as well as in quasi-neutral plasma. Sleepy lanes, when they enter the ionosphere, strongly ionize the molecules of powder. At the lower sphere (up to 90 km), the steps of ionization are low. Chim vishche, tim more ionization. So, at a height of 100-110 km of electricity concentrate. The sequence of images of short and medium radiohills.

The most important sphere of the ionosphere is the upper one, which is located at a height of 150-400 km. Its specialty is that it is responsible for the transmission of radio signals, and the process of transmission of radio signals on the territory of the country.

The same phenomenon occurs in the ionosphere as it is polarized.

. exosphere- to store from atoms, helium and water. Gas in a whole ball is even more discharged, and it is not easy for atoms to float into space. This ball is called the "rozsiyuvannya zone".

Let us first test, like letting it go, that our atmosphere is maє vagu, bouv italієts E. Torrіchellі. Ostap Bender, for example, in the novel "The Gold of the Body" is scolding, so on the skin of a lump the stamp of a weight of 14 kg! Ale, the great combinator of the trocha has mercy. Lyudyna has grown up in a grip of 13-15 tons! Alem is not aware of the tenseness of the world, so the atmospheric grip of the people is inevitable. Waga of our atmosphere becomes 5,300,000,000,000,000 tons. The figure is colossal, I want all a million of a part of the vagi of our planet.