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Klіtini meristem mayut zdrev'yanіlikh klіtinnі stinki. Fabrics and functions in growing organisms

(View of Greek. Meristos- last) - bichna fabric roslin, which is stored with undifferentiated cells (meristematic cells), and located in parts of roslin, develops growth.

Cytological features of meristems

Differentiated cells of roslin in general can not last, but are transformed into cells of the other types. That is, the added clitin in the meristems is necessary for the preparation of new clitins for the growth of new tissues, the establishment of new organs and the protection of the structure of the growth. For the functions of meristematic cells, analogous to the stem-boring cells of the twins, do not differentiate or differentiate insignificantly, and build up to an uninterrupted cell line. The meristematic cells are small, and the cytoplasm and the nucleus will increase the cell size. Vacuoles are superficially small, and the cytoplasm does not take revenge on differentiated plastids (chloroplasts or chromoplasts), if the stench is present in a rudimentary form (protoplasts). Meristematic rooms are packed in a small way, without any space. Klіtinna stinka is a little thinner primordial stinka.

Physiological activity of meristems in the balance between two antagonistic processes: the adoption of new tissues and the development of the population of meristematic cells.

- Approved roslinna fabric, from which all fabrics, meristematic clitins can be approved, it takes a trivial hour to save the building for the approval of new non-specialized clitins.

Clitin meristems of concatenation, other ones, one bit of the same one, without interclinals, in the center of the clitin the core, vacuoles of other, numerically, clitin sheath of the primordial, on the surface of the middle.

The cytological features of the meristems are the most typical for the apical meristems. Clitinis isodiametric bagatokutniki, not divided by intercellulars. Classical walls are thin, with a small amount of cellulose. The cytoplasm is dense, the nucleus is large, roztashovane in the center. The cytoplasm has a large number of ribosomes and mitochondria (there is an intensive synthesis of protein and intestinal cells). Numerical vacuoles are even worse than others.

Clitini of lateral meristems are not similar in size and shape. Tse is tied with the vidmіnnіstu of the clines of the post-linen fabrics, they are established with them. So, for example, in cambia є parenchymal and prosenchymal cells. The parenchyma of the provincial complexes is established from the parenchymal innovations;

Meristemi clasify behind the material camp at Roslin:

Verkhivkovi (apikalny).
Bichni (lateral).
Insert (intercalary).

I for hikes:

pervinny
second.

pervinny meristemi to be located in a tight connection with the apical meristem, and without the middle of them it is established, zokrema, protoderm, the main meristem, procambium. Protoderm is a single-ball ball of low-differential clitin, which curls the apex of the zzovny, in which it forms epidermis. The bark is formed in the main meristem, and the central cylinder is formed in the procambia.

second meristemi detect from special cells of healthy organs of roslin and avoid lateral growth (phellogen, pericycle, cambium). Fabrics, pretending to be from the primary meristem, are called primary, and from the secondary - secondary. Until the secondary meristems, there are also so called traumatic meristems, which are formed in times of growth and regeneration.

Among the perekhovannyh types of meristems of the first in ontogeny there is an apical meristem, from which differentiation of all tissues is seen. The won on the tops (apex) of the stem and root and bichnyh vіdgaluzhen. Particularly in the life of the growing organism є, the sprout, the preservation of the power in the apical meristems throughout the entire ontogenesis, to say that the growth is growing to the necessary growth.

apical meristem

apical meristem- is represented by sukupnіstyu clitins, rostashovanyh on the tops of the head and bichy axes of the stem and root, for the rakhunok of them they grow in a total amount.

The apical meristem is localized at the poles of the embryo - the tip of the root and nirka. I will preserve the growth of the root and flow into the meal. Apikalny meristemi pervinnі, the stench set the cone of root growth and in the course.

lateral meristem

bichna meristem(Lateral) - cells grow up to bind the organs of organs, without making them grow up in the community. Bichni meristems can be both perivine (procambian, pericycle) and secondary (cambium, phellogen).

The lateral meristem is rosetted according to the number of axial organs, forming cylinders, on the transverse views there may be a circle.

The primary bichni meristemi is the procambium, the pericycle is located in front of the apex and is in the middle of them.

Secondary biological meristemi - cambium and phellogen (cortical cambium) - are formed from more measurements or from continuous fabrics by way of differentiation.

Bichni meristemi will get rid of the growing of the root and stem. For procambia and cambia, provincial fabrics are established, and for phellogenes, a kirka.

phellogen(Rus. Fellogen) - second meristematic tissue- to form for a rakhunok of periclinal sub-lines to the pericycle and to be laid under the endoderm. Fellogen is called cork. The power of phellogen is to be produced before the primary bark under the grip of the overgrowing secondary tissues is isolated from the central cylinder, comes out and goes.

In such a rank, the second bark is formed on the basis of the primary form, which is the supremacy of fabrics, which are roasted as called cambia.

intercalary meristem

Intercalary meristem (synonym - inserted meristem) - cells grow out between different tissues, without insertion of a growth.

The intercalary meristem, for example, grows in the universities of cereals, for the base of petioles, tichinka threads. Price surplus pervinni meristemi. The stench resembles the verіvkovіh meristems, and the altogether іх re-incarnation in the post-fabrics is captured in the porous tissues of the stem. The price of low meristem is especially good in cereals. Once I get stinks, I will get the stalk moving over the rakhunok of unstable growth of the clitin from the lower and upper sides of the straw.

Wound, or traumatic meristem

Confirmed with injured tissues and organs. Live the cells, so that they can feel the battle of the little house, de-differentiate and fix the delay, so that they can be transformed into the secondary meristem. Early meristemi make kalyus- a solid fabric of a white or yellow color, which is stored from parenchymal cells of a sizeable size, which are out of order. Klitini Kalius may have great kernels and no doubt tovsti classrooms... Kalyus can give an ear of tissue or the organ of a roselin. On the periphery, a cork is formed, differentiation of callus clit on the other fabric is possible. At Kalusi, additional roots and nirkas can be laid. Kalyus vinikє with splinters of roslin, for the sake of growing nap and podschepi; in the base of the stalks. Also kalyus vikoristovuyt for rejection of culture іsolized fabrics.

The root, similar to the above-ground side, has its own apikal meristem, strongly descends towards the cone of the pagon build-up.

The apikal meristem of the root can give the power to declare old elements in two straight lines - called from the root to the middle. The name of the old apikal meristem is molded by the original establishment - the root chohlik.

The peculiarity of the cover of the cover is in the fact that the intercellular plates, when they glue together the particular walls of the covers, when the differentiation of the covers is finished, the clients are easy to see one into one, to move to seep through a growing root root. The head of such an annex is a cap is an approval, which is taken from the bottom of the bed of the meristem of the root, which is rooted behind it. The cover is steadily growing behind the rakhunok of light fabrics, although it is not practical to grow up in size, so as the most callous cells are constantly angry.

Budova apikalnyh meristems variyuє in detail in the okremikh groups of roslin. In some vipadki, in the root of the root, the cells of the meristem are clearly seen, which give an ear of the singing systems of the permanent tissues - the bark, the central cylinder and the cap. With a wide range of epidermis, differentiate from the most famous ball of measles, or from the clitin, which can be used as a rooted cap. I call this type of meristemi close.

The second type of budov and apikal meristem of the root, which is more primitive, is characterized by a group of іnіtsіalnyh clitins, which are for all fabrics. tse vidkritiy type of. Bagato lower sudinni grows only one apical cell, which gives an ear to all root tissues.

As a result of the growth of the cells of the meristem, there is a small amount of differentiation of the embryos of the shari and the permanent tissues of the root: dermatogen, perіblemaі pleroma... Differentiation of innovative spheres in the post-fabrics are shown on the basis of the appearance of the root.

It is free to walk on the surface of the root on the fabric, called rizodermisom, abo unbelievable For budovy and functions, it is strongly seen from the epidermis, which covers the above-ground organisms of the growing line. characteristic feature rizodermisa є approval of special virostyv clitin - root hairs, Strongly increase the wet root surface. At the bagatokh roslin, a root hair can be said to be like a clitina rizodermisa. Ale roslini, in some rizodermis, there are order of cells - trichoblasts, which can make hairs, take revenge on cells, not given until they are approved.

Root hairs, as well as the entire structure of rizodermis with thick thin clays, attached for the selection of one of the most important functions of the root - the function of long-term growth in the soil.

The roots of the hairs are strongly vacuolated by the protoplast with the nuclei, the hairs are thin, the cuticle is visible. There is also a chemical storehouse of shells from different types of houses. For the most singing data, the inner cellulosic plate of the root hair of the call is covered with pectate calcium. The zone of broadening of root hairs on the root of the root is topped off, and lie in a number of minds. Korenev hairs, as a rule, are not comfortable, they quickly adapt, but with a lesser speed they get new root hairs on the large young dilyankas of the root root, which were set up for an hour from the cone of growth.

In such a rank, the zone of root hairs during new period of time takes the same amount of time for the whole hour, and it takes the same amount of time, and it is even more on one and the same time, as a result of the new period of time. However, not all roslin have root hairs on the roots. As it was already meant a tree, it is widely seen that there are root hairs on the roots of water dews or dews, which grow on heavily healed soil. In some one, and of the same dewline, it grows steadily on dry ground, fixing the roots of hairs, but on heavily hairy ones - I will not. Growth and additional growth of root hairs in older species of dewlines. Most hairs develop deyaki orchidni (up to 3 mm), cereals (up to 1.2-1.5 mm), as well as deyaki sedges, rushes (in Juncus stygius - up to 2.4 mm) and horsetails (up to 2.4 mm ).

Yaksho vi knew the mercy, be weasel, see a fragment of the text and natisnit Ctrl + Enter.

meristemi ABO illumination paternalism FABRIC

Cytoplasm. Chemistry warehouse, Physical camp, budova and power. Nadkhodzhennya speeches in the cell. Tipi ruku cytoplasm.

The cytoplasm is barren, it will grease the consistency and take revenge on the speeches, including the high molecular weight, for example, the presence of colossal powers of cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is a part of the protoplast, laid between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. The basis of the cytoplasm of the warehouse is the matrix, or the hyaloplasm, is a collapsible, barless, optically open coloidal system, which is suitable for reverse transitions from sol to gel.

Cytoplasm roslinnykh clitinє organelles: small tiltsya, such as special functions, - plastids, Golgi complex, endoplasmic mesh, Mitohondria, etc. In the cytoplasm, there is a greater part of the processes of cell metabolism, including the synthesis of nucleic acids, which occur in the nucleus. The cytoplasm is permeated with membranes - thin (4-10nm) spikes, stimulated mainly by phospholipids and lipoproteins. The membranes surround the cytoplasm from the membrane and the vacuole and the middle cytoplasm to form the endoplasmic border (reticulum) - a system of other vacuoles and tubules, one by one.

We have found the power of the cytoplasms, tied together with the physical and chemical features of the hyaloplasms, є її building up to ruin. In cells with one great vacuole, the ruch will grow in one straight line (cyclosis) for the rakhunok of special organoids - microfilaments, which are the threads of a special protein - actin. Rushed hyaloplasma will burst into plastids and mitochondria. Klіtinniy sіk, which is located in vacuoles, is a water razchin rіznіkh speeches: Bilkiv, carbohydrates, pigments, organic acids, salts, alkaloids, etc. Concentration of spews, which is found in the juice of the clit, grows the concentration of spews in the middle of the earth (soil, water). The growth of the concentration of the singing world, the zooming power of the hopefulness in the cell of water and soil, which is explained by the phenomenon of osmosis. In the cell, the role of the penetrating membrane is in the cytoplasm. Near-cordon balls of cytoplasm, which whistle a shell and a clitine vacuole, penetrate only for driving those problems, and even non-penetrating ones for those who have problems with water. The power of the cytoplasm has been named as permeability or vibrational penetration. On the basis of cytoplasm, the clitin shell is penetrated for all disclosures, it is impenetrable only for solid particles. It is not possible to create a proper speech in the cell only to osmotic pests, as they rotate in mature cells with good vacuoles. For the sake of it, the folding process, the accumulation of bagatma factors. The whole system of cytoplasmic coloids takes an active part in the poglinnye rechovins. The intensity of the crust is deposited in terms of temperature, the level of illumination, the level of sourness, etc.

In a couple of young cells, the cytoplasm will remember all the empty space. In the world of cell growth, there are other vacuoles in the cytoplasm, classic juice, Shcho is a water solution of different organic speech. In the meantime, with a small growth of cells, vacuoles grow in size and, get angry, often make one big central vacuole, Bring the cytoplasm to the membrane of the cellini. In such cells, all organelles grow in a thin permanent sphere of cytoplasm. One core is located in the center of the cell. In general, the cytoplasm, which will set up near the nuclear intestine, is surrounded by a permanent ball with thin cytoplasmic strands.

In the sphere of cytoplasm, the chloroplast has grown, whistling the upper wall. The stench is a bit round or slightly oval. The child can meet the plastids, pulled in the middle.

Understand the fabric. Classification of fabrics Vidmіnnіst of last fabrics from illumination.

A large number of terrestrial growing plants have different clientele for their functions, buddy and hiking. The growth rate of the vineyard was consolidated, in the process of attaching the roselin to the news of the occasion. soil center... The system of cells, structurally and functionally similar to oneself and to the best of one's own style, was called weavers. Fabrics є mayzhe at all the growing roses. Nemaє їkh only in a part of Mossids (liverworts). The growths and crimson (the bottom of the growing line), as a rule, also do not blush the rosy fabrics.

Complexes of cells that are more specific for their functions, but for more and more for Budova, which, however, may be similar to the same location and localization in the growing line, are called fabrics.

Rozpodil tissue in the organs of roses and their structure is clearly linked to the description of their singing physiological functions.

Fabrics, which are stored in one type of cells, are called simple, and they are stored in different types of cells - folding, or complex. Sense of the classifications of fabrics, and even all the stench to finish off the mind. roslinn_ fabrics dividing into a group of groups, according to the main function:

1) meristemi, abo light fabrics(Fabrics are stored from living thin, intensively dividing clitin);

a) upper (apical) measures (rots on the tops of the stems and at the end of the roots) increase the growth of these organs into a total amount;

b) bichni merestimi - cambium and phellogen (cambium will prevent the growth of the stem and root. phellogen will fix the cork)

2) pokrivnі (seize internal fabrics and roslin from the direct inflow of the new middle, regulate the vaporization and gas exchange)

a) epidermis;

b) cork;

3) conductive (to ensure that water is carried out, soil breakdowns and products of assimilation, which are vibrated to the leaves. Provided fabrics for walking can be primary and secondary.);

a) kselima abo derevna fabrics (fabrics to conduct water)

b) phloem abo bast (fabrics on hold organic speech, Confirmed by the growth in the process of photosynthesis);

4) mechanics (to summarize the technique of growing lines);

a) Colonchima (stock up with parenchyma or a few parenchymal cells with unreasonably instigated cellulose stinks);

b) sklerenhіma (clitini may be reasonably encouraged by the trees);

1) fibers;

2) sclera;

5) basic (it is stored from one-sided parenchymal cells, which cover the space between the other fabrics);

6) secretory, abo vidilny (how to take revenge on the product).

If there are no cells of meristematic fabrics, they are built up to the bottom. Clients of these fabrics, as a rule, are not built up to date, and their number grows for a variety of meristems. These fabrics are called post-lay. Permanent fabrics are identified with meristems as a result of clinical differentiation. Differentiation of the field in that, in the course of individual development of the organism (ontogenesis), there is a difference between the one-sided cells, while changing the power of the budal function of the clientele Zvychay the differentiation is not turnaround. On the go, pour in speeches, show the role of hormones.

meristemi ABO illumination paternalism FABRIC

Meristemi (from the Greek. "Meristos" - podilny), for light fabrics, may build up to the date and approval of new clients. For rakhunok meristems are formed all іnshі fabrics and trivial (stretching out the life) of growing growth. The creatures have meristems outside, which explains the interconnection of the period of growth. Clitini meristems are characterized by high metabolic activity. Some cells of the meristem, which were called the `` cultural '' ones, will start to develop at the embryonic stage of development by stretching the life of the growing line, and they will gradually differentiate and re-emerge in the households of the recent past. The initial meristema can, in principle, give an ear to an organism. Thick terrestrial dews - are less common for non-industrial cultivars.

Primary meristems of the volodymy of meristematic activities, that is, E. Zdatnі until the end of the day. In a number of people who have become active, they may have been victorious and have lost their power before they are active. Such "know" meristemi are called secondary.

In the case of the growth of the line, the meristemi occupy a different position, which allows them to classify. As a matter of fact, up to the position in the tall line, the top is visible, either apikalny (from the Latin "Apex" - top), lateral, or lateral (from the Latin "Latus" - plich), and intercalary meristems.

Apikal meristems grow on the tops of the axial organs of the growing line and will not grow up until the end, and lateral - grow up in the growing area. Skin in the flow і roots, as well as the embryonic root, the bud of the embryo may grow apikal ї meristems. Apikalny meristemi are primordial and fix the cones of root growth and in the course (Fig. 1).

Lateral meristems grow parallel to the bichy surfaces of the axial organs, fixing their own kind of cylinders, on the transverse visions there may be eyes. Some of them are referred to as the first ones. The primary meristem is the procambium and the pericycle, the secondary ones are cambium and phellogen.

Intercalary, or insertion, meristems are often the primary ones, and are found in the viglyadi of the dilyanoks in the zones of active growth (for example, near the internodes, in the petioles of the leaves).

There are also early meristemis. The stench is set in the workshop of growing fabrics and organs and giving an ear of callus - a special fabric, which can be stored from one-sided parenchymal clines, and how to add a challenge to the development of callus-lightening up the practice of growing The more intensive callus formation, the greater the guarantee of the growth of food with the help and the introduction of livestock. Callus osvita- is necessary for the culture of the tissue of the growth of the piece.

Clients of apical meristems are larger and smaller in size and shape. Mіzhklіtinniki mіzh them nemaє, thin shells, revenge little cellulose. The cell emptying is filled with dense cytoplasm with an apparently large nucleus, which occupies a central position. The vacuoles are numerically, otherwise, albeit under the light microscope, they are not very noticeable. Ergastic speeches, as a rule, are visible. Plastid and mitochondria little and odor odor.

Clitini of bichny meristems in size and shape. The stench approximates to the clientele of quiet old fabrics, as they are found in the fake. So, in the cambia there are both parenchymal and educational institutions. The parenchyma of the provincial fabrics is established from the parenchymal innovations, and from the prosenchims - the provincial elements.

Small. 1. Verkhivkova meristem in the course of Elodie. A - late spirits; 5 - build-up cone (new viglyad and late spikes); B - klitini pervinnoy meristemi;

Г - parenchyma cells of the formed leaf:

1 ~ cone of growth, 2 - leaf primordium, 3 - hump of axillary nirka

Root zone. Features of morphological budov and skin zones in conjunction with viconurable functions. Growing roots in a whole lot.

Order from the root is the main organ leafy roslin, In a typical view of the vison of the function of mineral and water harvesting. The function of the root is very important, it is tightly tied to the main one - fixing, growing in the ground.

Different parts of the root have different functions and are characterized by singular morphological features. These parts were named zones (Fig. 2). Kinchik of the root of the call is the head of the root with a root cap, which will seize the apikal meristem. Klitini root chohlik produce mucus, which covers the surface of the root. The zavdyak slides down, rubbing against the ground, and the parts easily adhere to the root ends and root hairs.

The root chohlik is composed of live parenchymal cells, which are found in large monocotyledons with a special meristem, which I named as caliptrogen, and in dodoles and holonic ones - from the upper meristem of roots. The water growths of the root chohlik do not flutter.

Under the cover, the area underneath grows, represented by the meristematic upper root, its apex. As a result of the activity of the apical meristem, all of the zones and tissues of the root are formed.

Dividing the cells of the growth in the zone of the subsurface, the size of which is close to 1 mm. A part of the root can be seen from other zones in its own way. Slide behind the zone, a zone of stretching (growth) grows. Vona is also not large for a pre-dinner (a small number of milimeters), you can see the light barriers and as a bi-projection. Klіtini zrostannya is practically not spread, but the building is stretched out in the late straight, proshtovuyuchi root in the soil. The stench is characterized by a high turgor, which is characterized by active growth of particles in the soil. Between the zones and the growth, differentiation of the primary provincial fabrics is observed.

The end of the zone and growth is matched by the appearance of the number of root hairs on the plant. The roots of the hairs grow out in the zone of moisture, the function of which is the zeros of the name. At the root of the won, the loan is from decile millimeters to decile centimeters. On the basis of the growth of the dilyanka, the central zone does not have to be replaced by a lot of soil. The main mass of water and the development of salts of young roots will develop in the zone of moisture behind the additional root hairs.

Root hairs are found in small papillae - virostins of an epileptic. The growth of a hair is good at the top. The shell of the root hair is stretched out quickly. For the singing hour, the root hair of the vidmira. The triviality of your life does not change for 10-20 days.

meristemi ABO illumination paternalism FABRIC

Cytoplasm. Chemistry warehouse, physical camp, budova and power. Nadkhodzhennya speeches in the cell. Tipi ruku cytoplasm.

In the cytoplasm of growing cells, there are organelles: small tiltsy, which show special functions, - plastids, Golgi complex, endoplasmic fissures, mitochondria, etc. In the cytoplasm, there is a greater part of the processes of cell metabolism, including the synthesis of nucleic acids, which occur in the nucleus. The cytoplasm is permeated with membranes - thin (4-10nm) spikes, stimulated mainly by phospholipids and lipoproteins. The membranes surround the cytoplasm from the membrane and the vacuole and the middle cytoplasm to form the endoplasmic border (reticulum) - a system of other vacuoles and tubules, one by one.

We have found the power of the cytoplasms, tied together with the physical and chemical features of the hyaloplasms, є її building up to ruin. In cells with one great vacuole, the ruch will grow in one straight line (cyclosis) for the rakhunok of special organoids - microfilaments, which are the threads of a special protein - actin. Rushed hyaloplasma will burst into plastids and mitochondria. Clintinium sic, which is found in vacuoles, is a watery range of small rivers: bilks, carbohydrates, pigments, organic acids, salts, alkaloids, etc. Concentration of spews, which is found in the juice of the clit, grows the concentration of spews in the middle of the earth (soil, water). The growth of the concentration of the singing world, the zooming power of the hopefulness in the cell of water and soil, which is explained by the phenomenon of osmosis. In the cell, the role of the penetrating membrane is in the cytoplasm. Near-cordon balls of cytoplasm, which whistle a shell and a clitine vacuole, penetrate only for driving those problems, and even non-penetrating ones for those who have problems with water. The power of the cytoplasm has been named as permeability or vibrational penetration. On the basis of cytoplasm, the clitin shell is penetrated for all disclosures, it is impenetrable only for solid particles. It is not possible to create a proper speech in the cell only to osmotic pests, as they rotate in mature cells with good vacuoles. For the sake of it, the folding process, the accumulation of bagatma factors. The whole system of cytoplasmic coloids takes an active part in the poglinnye rechovins. The intensity of the crust is deposited in terms of temperature, the level of illumination, the level of sourness, etc.

In a couple of young cells, the cytoplasm will remember all the empty space. In the world of growing cells in the cytoplasm, there are other vacuoles, filled with cellin juice, which is a water-based solution of growing organisms. In the meantime, with a small growth of cells, vacuoles grow in size and, getting angry, often set up one large central vacuole, withdraw the cytoplasm to the shell of the cell. In such cells, all organelles grow in a thin permanent sphere of cytoplasm. One core is located in the center of the cell. In general, the cytoplasm, which will set up near the nuclear intestine, is surrounded by a permanent ball with thin cytoplasmic strands.

In the sphere of cytoplasm, the chloroplast has grown, whistling the upper wall. The stench is a bit round or slightly oval. The child can meet the plastids, pulled in the middle.

Understand the fabric. Classification of fabrics Vidmіnnіst of last fabrics from illumination.

A large number of terrestrial growing plants have different clientele for their functions, buddy and hiking. The growth rate of the vineyard was consolidated, in the process of attaching the roses to the evidence of the growing and soil centers. The system of cells, structurally and functionally similar to oneself and to the best of their own, was named weavers. Fabrics є mayzhe at all the growing roses. Nemaє їkh only in a part of Mossids (liverworts). The growths and crimson (the bottom of the growing line), as a rule, also do not blush the rosy fabrics.

Rozpodil tissue in the organs of roses and their structure is clearly linked to the description of their singing physiological functions.

Fabrics, which are stored in one type of cells, are called simple, and they are stored in different types of cells - folding, or complex. Sense of the classifications of fabrics, and even all the stench to finish off the mind. Roslinny fabrics can be divided into groups for a group, according to the main function:

1) meristems, chi light fabrics (fabrics are stored from living thin, intensively dividing clitin);

a) upper (apical) measures (rots on the tops of the stems and at the end of the roots) increase the growth of these organs into a total amount;

b) bichni merestimi - cambium and phellogen (cambium will prevent the growth of the stem and root. phellogen will fix the cork)

2) pokrivnі (seize internal fabrics and roslin from the direct inflow of the new middle, regulate the vaporization and gas exchange)

a) epidermis;

b) cork;

3) conductive (to ensure that water is carried out, soil breakdowns and products of assimilation, which are vibrated to the leaves. Provided fabrics for walking can be primary and secondary.);

a) kselima abo derevna fabrics (fabrics to conduct water)

b) phloem abo bast (tissue to carry out organic speech, approved by the growth in the process of photosynthesis);

4) mechanics (to summarize the technique of growing lines);

a) Colonchima (stock up with parenchyma or a few parenchymal cells with unreasonably instigated cellulose stinks);

b) sklerenhіma (clitini may be reasonably encouraged by the trees);

1) fibers;

2) sclerodi;

5) basic (it is stored from one-sided parenchymal cells, which cover the space between the other fabrics);

6) secretory, abo vidilny (how to take revenge on the product).

If there are no cells of meristematic fabrics, they are built up to the bottom. Clients of these fabrics, as a rule, are not built up to date, and their number grows for a variety of meristems. These fabrics are called post it. Permanent fabrics are identified with meristems as a result of clinical differentiation. Differentiation of the field in that, in the course of individual development of the organism (ontogenesis), there is a difference between the one-sided cells, while changing the power of the budal function of the clientele Zvychay the differentiation is not turnaround. On the go, pour in speeches, show the role of hormones.

meristemi ABO illumination paternalism FABRIC

pervinny meristemis of meristematic activity, that is, building up to date. In a number of people who have become active, they may have been victorious and have lost their power before they are active. I call this "I know" Vinikli Meristemi second.

apikalny meristemi to grow on the tops of the axial organs of the growing line and to ensure the growth of the tree in a full amount, and laterally - the growth in the growth. Skin in the flow і roots, as well as the embryonic root, the bud of the embryo may grow apikal ї meristems. Apikalny meristemi are primordial and fix the cones of root growth and in the course (Fig. 1).

lateral meristem roztashovuyutsya parallel to the bichny surfaces of the axial organs, setting up their own kind of cylinders, on the transverse spikes there may be seemingly dusts. Some of them are referred to as the first ones. First meristem є prokambiyі pericycle, second - cambiumі phellogen.

intercalary, abo insert, Meristems are often the first ones and are found at the viglyadi of the dilyanoks in the zones of active growth (for example, at the internodes, in the petioles of the leaves).

also early meristemi. The stench is accepted in the arts of fabrics and organs and gives a cob callus - special fabrics, which can be stored with single-sided parenchymal cells, which are used to cover the world with callus-sanitation, the building of roselin vikorisovuyutsya in practical gardening when multiplied by live livestock and chips. The more intensive callus formation, the greater the guarantee of the growth of food with the help and the introduction of livestock. Callus osvita- is necessary for the culture of the tissue of the growth of the piece.

Small. 1. Verkhivkova meristem in the course of Elodie. A - late spirits; 5 - build-up cone (new viglyad and late spikes); V - klitini pervinnoy meristemi;

G - Parenchyma cells of the formed leaf:

1 ~ build-up cone, 2 - leaf rudiment, 3 - bump of axillary nirka

Root zone. Features of morphological budov and skin zones in conjunction with viconurable functions. Growing roots in a whole lot.

The order in the course of the root is the main organ of the growing dewline, in a typical form of the viscous function of the mineral and water harvesting. The function of the root is very important, it is tightly tied to the main one - fixing, growing in the ground.

Different parts of the root have different functions and are characterized by singular morphological features. The parts were named zones(Fig. 2). Kinchik of the root of the call is the head of the root with a root cap, which will seize the apikal meristem. Klitini root chohlik produce mucus, which covers the surface of the root. The zavdyak slides down, rubbing against the ground, and the parts easily adhere to the root ends and root hairs.

root chohlik It is formed from live parenchymal cells, which are found in large monocotyledons from a special meristem, but I will call it caliptrogen, and in bovodolny and holonized ones - from the upper meristem of the root bush. The water growths of the root chohlik do not flutter.

With a cover to shrink the zone is suitable, represented by the meristematic upper root, the yogic apex. As a result of the activity of the apical meristem, all of the zones and tissues of the root are formed.

Visce zoni vmoktuvannya, there, there are roots of hairs, the zone of conduction is repaired. The Budova Central Zones on the Small Houses are not the same. From the center of a part of the root, water and the range of salts, clayed by root hairs, is transported in the viscera of the roots. Dilyanki zones and carrying out take place in the fixed position of dilyanoks to the ground, which do not shrink from time to time. Unimportant on the fixed position in the vastness of concrete dylanok zones of chasing and carrying out, and the zones are subject to higher growth. As a result, the wet device is constantly moving in the ground.

At the border of the same root system, there is a root, which is different from the function. A large number of roslin grows and is slightly finished. Rostov-on-the-go, end-to-end, as soon as it is hard, to quickly podvzhuyutsya and penetrate into the soil. Sysnі the end of nedovіchnі, vinyayut at a great number on the growth roots

and add up every now and then. By trees and chagarniks they see species skeletalі napivskeletnі root, on which there are uncomfortable root lobes, but there are no blue ends.

fig. 2 Zagalny viglyad (A) and later development (5) of the root end (diagram). 1 root chohlik; 11 - zone of growth and expansion; /// - zone of root hairs, or zone of wetness; IV- ear of the zone and carrying out (at the ts_zon_ also bichn_ roots are laid):

1 layered root, 2 - root hairs on the plug, 3 - epіblema, per - exoderma, 4 - the primary bark,

5 - endoderm, 6 - pericycle, 7 - axial cylinder

Middle factors and processes of growth and development. Phytohormoni. Photoperiodism. Middle factors and processes of growth and development.

The famous factor, or the factor of the middle, can also produce a lasting effect on growth and development. It is easy to see here the most important factor - light, warmth, and a doctor. Light to rob a glib flow on the call of Budova Roslin, and this process is profitable. Light is poured into the spirit and sprouting of the plant, the establishment of roots and bulbs, the formation of leaves, the fall of leaves, the transition to a calm camp. Roslini, growing when the light is on (etiolating the growing line), obganyat in the growth of the growing line, which is growing on the light. Intensively illuminating the differentiation processes.

For skin dermal growth optimum temperature growthі development. Temperature minimum for growth and development in the middle lie in the interval 5 -15 ° С, the optimum is at 25 - 35 ° WITH, maximum - in the mid-range of 45 - 55 ° C. Low and high temperatures can be slow and quiet, low and high temperatures can be sprouting and growing. Osvita kvitok - tse transition from the vegetative to the generative. Indukuvannya, i.e., accelerating the process by cold, call vernalization. Without the process of vernalization of richly roslin (beetle, ripa, celera, winter cereals) will not grow to bloom.

It is great value for growth, the first for everything in the phase of expansion, it becomes safe with water. Driving is not easy to drive, but also, growing up.

Phytohormoni is a chemical factor, which vibrates in even small quantities, but gives a significant physiological effect. Phytohormones, vyrobleny in one part of the growing line, transported to the same part, there are some changes in the fallowness of the gene model of spriyman clitini.

There are three classes of phytohormones, which are important stimulants: auxini, gіbereliniі cytokines. Two classes of hormones - abscisic acidі etilene - nadayut in the main galmіvnu dіyu. Mechanism of different hormones.

A lot of the processes of exchange of words, growth, development and flow are given to rhythmic conversations. On the day of the day and night (Circadian rhythms) Inodi knitted for the pre-dinner day (Photoperiodism). The butt of rhythmic rucks is a low curl of quotes, a lowering and later folding of a leaf, and a crying and coming in the afternoon. The hands are tied with a nervous turgor. In the case of baguettes, the processes are controlled by an internal chronometric system - physiological years, Mabut, common in all eukarotic organisms. In the growing season, the function of physiological years is the restoration of the evening of the day and at the same time from the moment of time, so that the transition to color or preparation for the winter calm (photoperiodism) begins.

You see, it’s good to grow at winter (at winter from 60 ° Mon. At mid-latitudes (35-40 ° N lat.) long-day, so i short-day. Here, spring or autumn blooming vidnosyat up to short-day, and kvituchi in raspal lita - up to long-day.

The photoperiod is of great importance for the nature of the widening of the roslin. In the process of natural selection in species, information about the end of the day of their living and about the optimal terms of the ear of flowers is genetically accumulated, Navigate near the roses, so that they can multiply vegetatively, before the end of the day seasonal wintersі accumulated spare words. You see, indifferent until the evening of the day, potential osmopolitan. Come and see and see, room for early spring before happy autumn... You cannot see it going beyond the geographic latitude, but it starts from the beginning until the color of the day. Photoperiodism is important in practical life, some of the reasons for the possibility of letting winter growls for a private day, and for a private one - for a private day.

Sutsvittya. Viznachennya sutsvittya. Classification. Peculiarities of Budov and Cimoids. Put it on. Biological meaning.

The bunches can be grown in one piece or in groups. In quiet vipadkah, if the stench rots out in groups, it pretends to be sutsvittya. Sutsvittya can be designated as a part of a peremoga, along with a system of species-changing pagons, which is the essence of a quitty.

Sutsvittya evolve more and more between the vegetative parts of the growing line.

Biological sense of the essence - in the growth of immobility, filing of sheets of both anemophilic and entomophilous roselin. It’s insane, as a coma, in one hour, there are more quotations, because the stench is picked up in the sutsvittya. In addition, quotes, selected in the context, more in the middle of green leaves, not single quotes. Bagato drooped sutsvittya is easy to rip apart from the flowing crumb of povtrya, you can use the file yourself.

Succulent power of the majestic greatness of the quilted roses. Call the group to group close to the upper part of the growing line on the ends of the gilk, ale inod, especially near the tropical trees, to be found on the stoves and those gilkas. The same thing is seen at home for a name caulifloria(Vid lat. "Kaulis" - stem, "flosi" - quitka). Yak butt can be brought to chocolate tree (Theobrota SASAO). Get involved in the minds Tropical Lisy kaulifloria rob cards more accessible for coma-sip.

Sotsvіttya are laid down in the middle of the quintuplets or the changes in nirok. In bagatokh roslin (elderberry, buzok, hyacinth, etc.)

Whether it’s a sutsvittya, I’m going to hang, for it’s a sutsvittya, and a bunch of axes, as there can be a rash in a different step or a non-branching. Кінцеві їх offer - kvіtkonіzhki - the essence of the quit. The axis of success is to go to universities and mіzhvuzlya. At the universities of the axes of the sutsvittya leaves and prikvitka grow (Fig. 3).

Sutsvittya do not have species or leaves. Strongly named leaflets prikvitkami abo bracteyamі. Sutsvittya, who do not have any asymmetric leaves, є frustrated, i.e. olisgvennym. Have bracteous There are prikvitty at universities. Inodi innaslidok of the main reduction of bracts sutsvittya stan ebracteous. Have a new prikvіtki vіdsutnі. The nature of the situation can be seen rather quickly from the vegetative part, but (especially in the case of frustrated events), the difference between them is not clear.

An exact characteristic of the essence is necessary in bagatokh vypadki, including when analyzing the morphological features of lykarsk roslin. To that the clasification of the sutsvit come to mean respect.

Sutsvіttya, in some of the bicnі wasps gіlkuyutsya, called folding. In simple people, there is a lot of hair on rosings and pedicels. At the folding sutsvittya bichni axes carry private, abo parts, sutsvittya.

Ісnu dumka, hіdno wіth yakim foldnі sutsvіttya - a big old type. In bagatokh vipadkah, the simplicity of the system was recognized in the process of "creation" of folding, which is tied to the reduction of the axes. Vvazayut, as one by one tickets in the bosoms of the leaves, or on the tops of the pagons, they are also victorious as a result of the extreme reduction of the number different type... The head can end up with a top quotation; In general, the culture is surrounded by adults and I will name it closed.

Have vidkritich A bit of a head is growing volodya, not intertwined with growth, and the cards are expanded from the side of the morphological top. For those who are folded in high notes, there can be no more heads and no axes, because all the stinks may not grow up.

Both articles have two-part quotations, while one-house and two-house suts can be also tichinkic, uterine and polygamous. In the rest of the fall, tichinkas, mothers and two-stage quotations are displayed at once.

The classification of the essence can be based on the peculiarities of the distribution of the fineness partiality. From the point of view of the whole period, they are subdivided into two main types: both common and common. The botriodnye sutsvit (from the Greek "Botrion" - brush) has a monopodial nature. The current state of affairs (from the Greek "Kyuma" - a special order of flowers) is usually characterized by a sympathetic distribution of partial essences.

Small. 3. Budova sutsvittya:

1 - head vіs, 2 - bіchna vіs (parakladіі), 3 - woozli, 4 - internodes, 5 - prikvitki, 6 - quotes, 7 - quotes

... Small. 4. Tipi sutsvіttі A - simple both:

1-brush, 2 - ear, 3 - ear, 4 - simple parasolku, 5 - head, 6 - basket, 7 - shield (4. 5, 6 - with shortened head vissyu, іnshі - with podvzhenoy);

B - folding both. Volot and її inherited: 1 - volot, 2 - folding flap, 3 - Antela;

B - folding both. Folding brush і її lost:

1 - worn brush, 2 - sub-brush, 3 - sub-ear, 4 - slave parasolku

cimoids

There is a large group of sentiments that are seen so often, like both. Among the common essences there are two main types: cimoids and tirsi. Tsymoidi, as a rule, represent the forgiveness of Tirsi. In all the common sense of the partisan state, they set themselves up for the rakhunok of the modern distribution.

There are three types of cimoids: monochasis, dichasis and pleiochasis. Have monohazies After a letter, the final head hangs, only one partial sense develops, or in the simplest types of a single letter. Depending on the peculiarities of the distribution of parcels to the type of monochanges, it is accepted to see zivin, curlі clew. Monohaziy to finish off the beast at Lyutikov's part, Zokrem at Zhovtsyu Yidky (Rapipsilus acris). Particulars of the curl are seen in the majority of representatives of the borage family. From the head axis dikhaziy, From the final quotation, there are two partial suites, and in the simplest types there are two quotations. You can be simple, subordinate, useful dihazia and t.D. (Stellaria)

pleiochasіі it is characterized by a budget, with which there is a letter, a final head, three or more partial successes (or quotes) develop. Principally possible sub-lines, useful and t. D. Pleiohazіі (Fig. 5). For the genus Euphorbia (ephorbia) from the family of Euphorbia characteristic special type of cimoid sutsvittya, which I named CIATIM. CIATIM to be stored from the upper queen cells and five ticks, so that the extreme reduction of five tichinkovy partial suites was found. CIATIM of effluvium is obgortkoy, which can be stored in the leaves of the quickest partial essences. Tirsi is difficult to master, not tsimoidi. The price of hair growth, moreover, the stages of hair growth change from the base to the top. The head is hanging thyrse of growths of monopodial, ale-partts of the same order of tsimoid.

You can also find new classifications Tirso. Tirsi, all those who end up with a letter, are called zakrytymi, in the first place, the stench is invaded. Downwardly from the step of the rolling of the bichy axes playotyrsi, in some tsimoids they are displaced on the axes of the third and higher orders; dіtіrsi, in some tsimoidi roztasvani on the axes of a different order, i monotyrsi, among those who are located without the middle on the head axis of the sutsvittya (div. fig. 4).

The same similarity of Tirso with a penzel, ear, earring, parasol or a head, you can talk about a pike-shaped, spike-shaped, ear-shaped, umbrella-shaped, head-like Tirso and T. P. Tirso, it is easy to change the type of the number in the reduction and so on. As a result of the reduction, the tsimoidi - sutsvittya, according to zovnishnim viglyadom select both one and the same, and navigate one by one.

Tirsi is often seen at the roslin. For example, thyrsus - the sutsvittya of the Kinsky chestnut (Aessilus hippocastanum), іnshy butt thyrsa - sutsvіttya korov'yaku (Verbascum) from the family of norichnikovykh. tirsi different types are the essence of all lips. Sutsvittya birch - earring thyrsus.

VIKORISTANIA apartments and sutsvittya

Kvіty Mayut різноманітне practical sucking... Even more often, the beauty of it begins їkh decoratively victorious і aesthetic infusion on ludin. Roslin with quotes is addictive, forming a smell or widely cultivated in a free piece of varieties. Vіdomі, for example, close to 25 yew. Sort_v trojand, close to 4 yew. Sorts of tulips, 12 yew. Variety of daffodils and T. D. Establishment of special partnerships of lovers and collections of tulips, lily, orchid, trojand. There are companies in Russia and behind the cordon, which specialize in the cultivation and sale of beautifully flowing roses. The culture of decorative cybulin monocots (tulips, hiacinti) in the Netherlands is especially high. Singapura and a number of regions of Pivdenno-Shidnoy Asia in industrial scale are expanding orchids. In Japan, the art of folding bouquets is called ikebana.

Bagato kviti revenge aromatic essential oils. One of the most popular in Europe is rozhev oil, which can be removed from the peaks of the terry forms of Trojandi Damascus. (Rosa damascena), troandy capital (Rosa centifolia) and some of the other species, stagnate in perfumery and private in medicine. Medicines have a lot of quotations of growing roses. Especially popular pharmacy chamomile quotes (Matrisariaryoutita), lipy quotes (Tilia zirdata), calendula quotes, for awards (Ca1endi1a profficinalis), buds sophori japanese (Sturhpo1obiuTjaponicum) - dzherela promislovogo otrimannya vitamіnu R (routine) and ін.

A number of quotas are used for aromatization of wines and tobaccos. They are especially vidomy burkun likarsky (Melilabouttusaboutfficinalis), chiy quotes, how to take revenge on coumarin, add tyutyunu in a rich variety. Kharchov barvniki win from the quotations of the same old licars, Rilets of cultivated saffron (Zrwaspsus sativus) і safflower farbuvalny (Carthamus tinctorius). Green buds of thorny capers (Sarahris spinosa) marinate in the quality of seasoning. The price of spice is to represent the buds of the sizigium fragrant (Syzygiumarotahtisieve). The stench comes from the name of a carnation, which is tied with the shape of hanging buds. Along the paths, there are great kviti vikoristovuyut yak vegetables. To achieve a wider storage in high quality to know the buds of quotations of the same species of bananas (Musa). The nectar of kvіtok serves as a dzherel for the removal of different varieties of honey. Naybilsh prices for honey plants - rіznі vidi lipi, phacelia pіzhmolistnaya (RhasiliatApasovtifolia) і buckwheat istivna (Fagscreamingrit escilentit). In the last ten years in medicine, they began to vikoristovuvati preparations from a roselin file.

Small. 4. Aggregate status:

1 - drag parasolok, 2 - volot cats, 3 - shield of cats, 4 - brush of cats, 5- ear of cats

Small. 5. Social life. A - tsimoidi:

1 -3 - monohase: / - "elementary" monohase, 2 - zivina, 3-curl, 4- subway curl, 5-6- dіkhazії: 5-dіkhazії, 6-third dіkhazії, 7-8- pleiohazіі: 7-pleiochasіі, 8- sub-plyochasis;

B - thyrsus butt

Anatomical budova root plant (root species), type of radish, carrot and beet. Peculiarities of budovi and rostashuvannya fabrics in root crops.

The order of the functions of chasing and carrying out the root is to determine the function of the stock of lively conversations, which are sometimes accumulated in a bowl great numbers... These are the roots of the nobility dvodnykh roslin(Carrots, parsley, ripa, radish, beet and in.)

Before the warehouse of the root crop, the root of the root includes the hypocotyl colony (hypocotyl), as well as the morphologically the lower part in the course. In the young “root-fertile” ones, the organization of development and instigation in the growth stage. So, in carrots, parsley, some varieties of radish and red beetles, a larger part of the "root crop" is dedicated to the head root; in ripe, table sorts of beetles and іnshikh - by the stem and hypocotyl, but the root is a deprivation of the very bottom part of the "root crop", as it does not have many roots.

Spare speeches, added to the "root fertile" in the first rik of the life of the roslin, on offensive rik Vitrachayutsya on the development of quit-bearing pagons, fruits and nasinnya.

Living words accumulate in living parenchymal cells with thin non-lignified walls. Clitini bagati with clintin juice, that is why it is hard to grow up with juice.

Speeches can be discussed: 1) it is important in the village (xelimnaya) parenchyma (radish, ripa and іnshі chrestotsvіtі); 2) in the village and especially in the bast (phloem) parenchyma (carrots, parsley and інші umbrella); 3) in the parenchyma, approved by the activity of the Kambio (beetle).

Carrot root (Daucus sativus (Hoffm.) Roehl.)

On the transverse vision, not yet crushed with reagents, it is good to have two zones: internal, to finish the vuzka, svitlo-zhovta (secondary xylem) and zovnishnya - shirsha, pomarancheva (secondary phloem). In phlome zooseredzhena, the main mass of starch, roschinny candies and іnh lively spews. Orange coloration of the presence of chromoplasts in the cells of chromoplasts with carotene crystals. The phloem and xylem are divided into a light cambial zone, as they are often cut, and wire fabrics are seen one and the same.

On the spine, chipped with phloroglucinol and hydrochloric acid, even with a small increase in microscopes, two narrower, narrower microscopes can emerge, converge in the center of the root of the tracheal elements of the primary cells, to prevent the accumulation of vitality. From the most recent signs of the skin from the strains of the diarchic xylem to the periphery of the process, the large-cell primary exchanges enter. Between them, along the sides of the primary xylem, there is a secondary xylem, counted by numerical secondary changes (Fig. 6). The main mass of xylem is stored in thin parenchymal cells. Sudin in the roots of carrots is not big. The stench is vividly seen on the out-of-the-way parenchyma, as it can be seen in the woods. Judge roztashovani one by one or select three - seven in a group. In the inner, most old people, the second xlemies store the stink of the radioactive smog. Parenchymal cells are periodically distributed in different directions, therefore, in their roots, all elements are greatly changed.

The kambialny zone is wide, the cells are squeezed in a radial straight line.

The floem is stored as the head rank of parenchymal elements. Among them there are small groups of cytoid tubes with super-conductive cells and schizogenic Efiro channels. At the start of the good walk, there are big windows. Periodic subtypes of parenchymal cells will add value to the growth of phloemy in tovshchina. The name of the part of the phloem is between the zone with decilcox (6-7) rows of great parenchymal cells, such as vinicli, ymovirno, sometimes underwent clitin fellodermi. Efiro canal can be seen near the zone. Root cover with a thin ball of cork.

Radish root (Raphanus sativus L.)

On the vidminu of carrots, the cultivation of the radish root is considered the head rank for the rakhunok of a strong growth of secondary kselimi. Secondary phloem in porous with forced xylem is weakly developed.

At the center of the transverse vision (Fig. 7), there are other vertebrates of the diarchic primordial xylem. From the skin її kіntsya, changing into a radial direction the central cell, comes along one wide primary parenchyma.

The storing tissue of the root is represented by a secondary xylem, the main mass of which is folded by thin clays of traction and exchange parenchyma; clitini її to revenge starch and rich cell juice. Unnumbered wide-lumen judges are selected by two - a width in a short radial lance, which expands to the periphery. Close to the cambia of the judge, wither with a small number of mechanical elements from weakly thickened, some healthy walls.

The kambialny zone is stored from other tabular cells with dense cytoplasmic space. The name of the won is honored with a big circle of second phloem, in yak, yak and in xylem, as well as wide second exchanges. A group of synovial tubes with super-conductive cells otocheni parenchyma are connected in the radial straight line. Until the end of vegetation, the secondary phlome appears to have heavy short fibers. Їх weakly thickened green walls may cause innumerable space. Around the phloemia, there is a thin ball of parenchymal cells - old pericycle and phelloderma. Root of coatings with a brown cork.

Root beetles (Beta vulgaris L.)

On the transverse view of the root, the concentric rings of the most intensely hardened tissues are respected on themselves (Fig. 8).

The cob stages of growing the roots of beetles are similar to those of the roots of carrots and radishes, but it’s necessary to grow up into a commodity in a bold manner.

The root of the seedling in the phase of the seedling leaves pervinne budova... Radial conductive bundle with primary xylem of discharge with single-ball pepper. With the appearance of the first leaflet of the first leaf, the function of the cambium will begin to function, having closed it with the primary xylem and phloem. As a result of this activity, on the 12-15th day of life in the center of the root, the sides of the primary xylem will be offended, one bunch will be established, so that the secondary xylem and phloemi will be formed. Strongly obliterated until the end of the hour, the primary phloem grows to the periphery. Secondary xylem is stored in vessels with healthy cells and a small number of parenchymal cells. Between bunches of secondary fabrics, pass wide promenades. The duality of the whole primordial cambium will end up without a bar, and it’s farther away from the roots of the trivia for the rakhunok of the pre-cambies, one after the last one after the last one after the pericycle, which is carried by the baggage over the cities. In the peripheral part of the ring, phellogen is laid, the cells of the middle part are differentiated in the parenchyma elements, and from the inner row of the cells the first pre-cambium is formed, which will new zone meritimatic clitin. The current number of clientele of the tsієї zoni will function as a secondary cambia. Internal cells of the meristematic zone, for example, are called subtle cells of parenchyma and small groups of cells of secondary phloemas, in the middle - great cells are transferred and without middle cells.

Thus, as a result of the effectiveness of the first pre-datum cambium, a wide circle of parenchymal tissue is immersed in it by other collateral bundles. The phloem is stored from decile cytoid tubes with superconducting cells and clitin parenchyma, xylem - from a small number of porous vessels, marked with mechanical elements, and xylem parenchyma (Figure 8, B).

It’s unimportant to mend the distance of another pre-donated cambia, and I’ll set off a meritimatic zone. The names of the cells are differentiated into the third pre-cambium, and the inner cells form other rings of the conductive bundles and the inter-bundle parenchyma. The third pre-donation cambium, in its own right, takes care of the fate in the establishment of the fourth pre-donation ambition and the third round of provincial bundles, etc.

The variety of additional Cambio will explain the appearance on the transverse vision of the roots of decilkoh (8 or more) concentric slices, which can be stacked with other provincial bunches and generous accumulations of parenchyma, in thinness Table varieties of beetles have abundant anthocyanin in parenchymal cells. We are more likely to come from the center of the root, we are weak from the background. Therefore, the width of the concentric dusts, the number and size of the conductive bundles change until the cut. Hiring young children can be represented only by vuzy balls of weakly differentiated ones, or to naval meritimatic cells.

The intensity of the secondary cultivation of the root of beetles is closely tied to the development of the leaf apparatus. It has been established that the number of concentric balls lies in the number of leaves in rooted rosettes.

The dіyalnіst of pre-dating Cambioses will end early, and farther away from the root of the root to go for the rakhunok for the subset and the growth of parenchymal clines.

The name of the root is a thin ball of dry parenchymal tissue, with dark brown cork.