Description of paths. Tropical Lisy

Borodin A.M., Klutskiy K.K., Pravdin L.F. Tropical foxes. M: Lesn. prom.-st, 1982.296 p. DISPLAYS IN THE BOOK, WHAT ARE THE ECOLOGIES AND TYPES OF Tropical LISIVS, GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES, AND DESCRIBE THE BEST VILLAGES OF THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF THE TROPICAL LANDS.

JOIN
The paths - the earwort of the ground grows - have been honored with respect to the botanists, lisivniks and roslinniks of the world. However, due to the importance of accessibility of the region's flora, the flora of the tropics until the present hour becomes poorly vivified, and our knowledge about the growth of these regions and the abundance of tropical leaves is clearly inadequate.

Tropical foxes occupy a significant part of the fossil area of ​​the world and the head dzherel of the tree of valuable generations. Tse majestic comor kharchovikh, technical, likarsky and іnsh cinnamon roslin, Widely entered the culture and beat the people of Bagatyokh regions, and also served as a dzherel to the gene pool of wild relatives for the selection and development of cultivated varieties. Tea and kava, bananas and citrus fruits, hevea and tung, yak and a lot of hundreds of ninja cultivated cinnamon roselin, є in twenties from tropical leaves.
Until the present hour, the exact number of types of roselin in cikh forests has not been established, ale only 20 yews in a row of squares, 3 yew of them. Vid_v village roslin.
Academic M.I. Vavilov: “Svoєrіdno in front of the whole fox, there is a majestic number of nahila, fallen trees. If all the trees are shyly covered with epiphyttes and by themselves, they represent the whole flora of Orchids, ferroea-epiphytes. On one tree, you can pick up a hundred young moss, lichens, orchids, ferns. A tropical forest is literally a whole lot of flora from hundreds of lower ones. vishykh roslin... The whole richness of the life of a tree is a special characteristic of the paths. On a nikchem klaptik in 2 yew. Ha florists, who have already known more than 2 yew. Kinds of vyshchikh kvitkovyh roslin, T. E. Flora the great European land... There are no moss, algae, fungi, yak, ymovy, but two times the fault of the species warehouse of this small typical cunt of warm paths ”. I further1:

Small. 1. Latitude of growth of board and dry seasons in the paths:
/ O - trivial dry season; 2 - short dry season; shadings are shown
board seasons

They are very tropical. However, light tropical foils can be developed in areas that have grown to reach close to adequate and navigate safely in the area of ​​adequateness on good and superbly drained soils. There, de in rotsi buvaє one woody period and more trivial dry, light tropical leaves pass into natural savannas, and in some vypadki - in foxes with thorny chagarnics. The light tropical foils are not the same: the stench changes in the fallowness of the minds of the middle, from dry to large ones.
Kozhen s named types of lisu have their own specialties in terms of climate, type of warehouse, structure, ґgrave mindsі, in a way, in a state-of-the-art manner.
Tropical boards of foxes
Tropical boards, or in the tropics, can grow on some continents: in Pivdenniy America, Africa, Asia and Australia, may be in the skin specific species warehouse, protein viglyad may be the same on the whole earth.
Soil-climatic wash
Climat. Tropical fox boards are characterized by insignificant temperature changes, great number fall and during the day of dry periods. Naybilsh is clearly aware of the climat of this region, giving climadi-agrams. The price is a special for ecology method of graphic imaging of the climate, which allows for immediate visualization characteristic features of that chi іnshiy climate, yogh vіdminnostі or the similarity with the climate of the other masses. On klimadiag-Rami it is clearly visible seasonal changes climatic minds... G. Walter ordered that, when the climadagrams were folded, the maturity was lost between the average monthly temperature and a few drops, yak 1: 2. In other words, 10 ° C the drop was 20 mm. With such a scale (T: Os = T: 2), a dry part of the rock is characterized by a curve of litter, a lower temperature curve. In addition to the normal course of falling and temperatures, the diagrams show and are not less important for the growth of officials, such as the triviality and the mode of cold weather, early or even frost, which may be the most important factor for growth. However, the climadiagram is not intended to be overturned by the details, it should not use its own determination, especially if the climadiagram is used to characterize the great territories.
Yak butt characteristics to the climat of tropical woodlands are induced by the climadiagram of three stations that have been developed on the territory of tropical woods (Fig. 2).
There is a large number of fallen trees in the paths of great magnitudes. So, at the tops of one of the Hawaiian Islands (Kauan), it is 12,500 mm, at the pivdenally western end of Cameroon Volcano - 10,500 mm. At the place of Cherrapundzhi, roztashany in the mountains of Khasi (Assam) and grows into a larger cool climate, the size is 11,630 mm. And if you can see a great number of fallen goods, you may dry up during the period. So, in the same Cherrapundzhi in the chest and in the middle vipadє, as a matter of fact, 10 and 20 mm fell off. For a large part of the territory occupied by wood-logs, the amount of fallen leaves does not change 2000-4000 mm; in the world close to cordons tropical zone The number of fallen falls decreases and the unevenness of the rise in seasons is manifested more rapidly. For races-8

The character of the rise in the fall in the seasons is more important for rock, but not for the money.
In the area occupied by tropical woodlands, the average temperature becomes close to 26 ° C, while the average temperature for the coldest months is not lower than 25 ° C. In the lower parts of the tropical zone, the average amplitude rises from 3 to 16 ° C. minimum temperature close to ekvodor visoki, maximal overwhelming 33-34 ° С; stench lower, lower pa pivdnі Europe. Closer to the tropics of the middle of the century, the maximums can change 50 ° C. the temperature of the vertical
tall belts decrease in the middle by approximately 0.4 to 0.7 ° С at a period of 100 m on the skin. Nearby, the shortest day is about 10.5 years old, and the one who found it was only 13.5 hours. All tropical zone growths are subject to photoperiodic reaction until a short day stays.
So it’s itself to achieve a stable level and temperature of the soil. In Indonesia, the temperature of the soil in the mountains on the road 10 cm is 25-27 ° C, and on the road of 1 m long there is 26 ° C on the road. Average temperature the soil on a glybin of 50 cm to become 26.2 ° C at a normal amplitude of 1.5 ° C, and on a glybin of 51-75 cm the temperature of the post is 26 ° C.
The prevalence of food in the area of ​​tropical woodland leaves in the middle is 70 to 90%. In the evenings, the variability is very close to each other; on a dry day, the won will drop to 65%, and sometimes it will be lower.
On the hover clips (Fig. 2), one can hardly see an important indicator of a tropical climate: the nature of additional changes in the development of meteorological elements, which rotate in regular repetition with a long stretch of extremal values.
It’s a dreary thing to put G. Walter at the zyazyvaniya z zym: “The one who’s buvav along the paths, don’t forget to bring it cool early wound If, before the very descent of the dream, life is going through the forest, the moon is full of voices of birds, the first promenades of the dream and the dots of dew are breaking through on the sap leaves, the dumb perlini, are lit up with all the colors of the merry-go-round. It's cooler and cooler. Ale yak tilki the sun rises above the horizon, starts to see a heavy feeling, mimovoli shukash tini ... Postupovo vshuhaє guchne chirping birds; We're getting more and more suffocating. The sky is clouded with important gloom, and a thunderstorm has already vibrated on the axis. Ale boards pass quickly, I know the light of the sun. Everything is wet around. The fast-paced cold weather is not bargained by the oppressive stuffiness, it’s depriving you to start pulling light fresh winds until evening, and when the sun sets, everything comes to life. Myakі nights in the paths of beauty ".
Good run of meteorological elements varied in wide fringes. In sleepy weather, in leaf fall, the temperature throughout the day can change from 23.4 ° C at 6 o'clock to 32.4 ° C at 14 o'clock, i.e., in the boundary between 9 ° C. With, however, in a gloomy day the stench sometimes speeds up to 2 ° С. only in the bowels of the board days, the volume does not fall below 90%. At such a high temperature, the deficit in airiness can reach great values; so, at a temperature of 32.2 ° C and an average water content of 50%, it is 18.3 mm, a value typical for steppe regions. True, such a dryness seems to take place along the paths of all for 4-6 hours and it takes place between 8 and 14 hours. With a whole order of lowering of the average temperature of the country, it becomes too much to turn quickly.
The boards in the paths to go to the other half of the day, and until noon to light up the sun. The value of the vaporization, which lies in the sleepy radioactivity, in the paths is approximately the same as in the latitude Central Europe vlіtku in the dark days, and is characterized by a clear twist with a good move.
According to F. Faber's tribute, a good trip to the weather in the boardwalk near Thibodas in the season of boards at the height of 18m, dropping up to GO-40% in terms of delivery up to a height of 1.5 m. in the lowest tier of a closed line; at the upper tiers of the timber forest it is characterized by occasionally sharp changes in the degree of turn of the meteorological elements. "
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Viter, yak ecological factor, Infused by the value of і liquidity of the vaporization і, in such a rank, regulating the water regime of the roselin. The wind speed in the area of ​​widening tropical woodlands, the storage space is 5 km / year, and sometimes it is 12 km / year. Most of the areas of widening tropical woodland are located in the zone of active cyclonic activity. Significant shkodi lisі to inflict hurricanes: the wind of a great gilki, seeing the leaves from the trees, the llama of thin storms of another tier, an hour of virivation from the root of a large tree. "Vіkna", scho settled in the fox, sent to the hurricane, grow overgrown with no bar, the head rank of the lians.
Thus, the microclimate of a tropical plank forest is one of the most important elements of its growth and development, - | also ecological features.
Ґrunty. For structure, physical and cheeky authorities the soil of the paths does not grow less, but the soil is not the only climatic zone. ЄSingle thoughts about soil-forming
ational processes in the paths and evolution of tropical soils in Germany. It’s obvious that we should be right to look at the ground, good quality, tvarinny svit, Climate and parent rock as a component of a single ecosystem, and evolving soil - as a result of a special infusion of all of these components, or, in the most reasonable phytocenology, biogeocenosis. Naturally, there is no one and only one ancient classification and taxonomy of tropical nights. To that end, let us give concrete butt a description of the deyaky soils, which are described on the nomenclature of S. V. Zonna. At the same time, with the author, it is proponated "... the nomenclature will not be left to look at it, but I will not leave it behind" and that "proponated value does not pretend to be universal".
Soil nomenclature according to S.V. Zonn:
1. Type of common ground with advancing one-sided or genetically close indicators: budovy profiles, rosters and migrants and them mule, mineral, organic and organo-mineral spoluk; pyuistvі, tied with the characteristic processes і іnannym of minds їх formulation.
2. A group of common types of soils with close minds, forming, interconnected with the processes of development, zooming in with a warehouse and authorities soil-forming species So and the peculiarities of the climatic regimes.
3. The class of a single group of soils for the additional and robustness of the warehouse of the mineral part, we will summarize the peculiarities of the walking and the roots of nivetrivania, or soil-settling on mature rocks.
Systematics of the main types of soils, subtropics and paths according to S.V. Zonn:
I. Class of sіallіtnyh, neutral-puddle soils.
1. A group of carbonate-silty soils: a) rendzini black; b) rendzini chervonі (ferrocarbonate soil); c) terra rocha (chervoni Viluzheni-carbonate soil); d) brown soil; e) brown soil: 1) subtropical dry leaves and chagarniks; 2) tropical shroud.
2. A group of dark, hot soils (Vertisol): on carbonate rocks: l) carbonate, b) residual carbonate, c) loess - zalizist,
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d) surface-gleyovі on lateritic or angry water-river horizon; on carbonate-free rocks: a) types (black and siri), b) lessiviro-vanni - zagacheni zalizom, c) gleyuvati and gley-zalizist.
3. A group of low-humus carbonate-puddle soils (subarid and arid): a) syrosemi, b) brown subarid tropical savan, c) brown tropical grass, d) gray (brown) arid, e) empty soil.
II. The class of sialtny soils: 1) a group of red calciferous ferralite, 2) a group of red ferralite sour.
III. The class of quartz-allite ones: a) more loess, b) pseudopodzolity, c) pseudo-pseudopodzolity on lat-ritny approved.
IV. The class of red ferritic soils: 1) the group of brown fossil ferritic-magnes (subtropical), 2) the group of feritic ferrites (tropical).
V. Class of volcanic soils.
Vi. The class of hydromorphic (gleyovy) soils: 1) a group of pseudogleyevichs, 2) a group of stapugleevichs, 3) a group of gleyovims, 4) a group of peat.
Vii. The class of halomorphic (saline) soils: 1) a group of salt crusts, 2) a group of saline soils of mangroves, 3) a group of saline soils, 4) a group of takiya-riv, 5) a group of solonets, 6) a group of malts.
With the reworking of soils in the tropics and subtropics of the greater mens, they lead to fatigue manifestations of the VI and VII classes. Rashta classify its own specifics, amused by different reasons. This needs three more details on the principles of їх vіdokremlennya.
The basis of the definitions between the smaller classes is the warehouse and the steps of the vivitrenium (vіk) soil-forming species, including the vivitryvannia bark. The best world to imagine:
I class sіallіtnyh, neutral puddle soils, developed on vapnyak, marl; on quartz-sialite inserts with secondary carbonate; on carbonate-free products vivitryuvannya sour and basic breeds. Carbonate, puddle and solidity of soils are summed up not only by the climatic factors of growth, but by the staging nature of the rest on the rocks, which have recently been barely exposed;
II class allite soils with the mineral part of Fc and A1 and molecular alloys SiO2: K2Oz and SiO2: A12Oz in the mulist part<2. Подобный состав определяет все остальные свойства и особенности почв;
The III class of quartz-allite soils is characterized by the enrichment of “balast” soils with quartz and re-cultivated in the A1 mule warehouse, as a result of wine and Fe segregation when the soils are over-flooded with the waters of atmospheric debris;
IV class of feritic soils, which are formed only on ultrabasic - serpentenite rocks with Fe reloading in them.
Leather class includes one or more groups of soils, which are stored in a number of soil types. In some groups, the types of soils are not shown, the protrusion is not an inherited one of the group і type, but is zoomed in by the lack of grafting of soils. Vidіlennya groups of soils in the surrounding class
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Sah also has its own specialties and deyaki insight from the established diagnostic value. So, n of the 1st class, three groups of soils were seen: 1 - carbonate-siallite-ii, which is formed on primary-carbonate rocks, especially in the subtropical Seredzemnomorya; 2 - dark evil (Vertisol), which is formed over and over again on other carbonate rocks with a development of seepage and segregation (end) carbonate content, as well as on carbonate-free rocks, ale with neutral abnormal reactions; 3-low-levelization of carbonate-puddles with a development of carbonate, power in front of the group. However, the soil of the 3rd group is formed in the automorphic wastewaters, and in the foreground - in the seasonally hydromorphic ones.
In the hydromorphic class, the groups of soils are seen by the mind and the nature of the disturbance, and in the halomorphic class - by the accumulation of salts and t of a variable profile.
Dani about the rustic mantle of the tropical woodlands of the past according to the descriptions of G. Walter and P. Richards. The bark vivitryuєtsya in the paths is superstitiously taut, in some places the region takes 20 m; under the cover of a board forest, navigate on comparatively steep skylights, the products of the vivitryuvannya will be overwhelmed on the scene of their approval. However, when the virus is on the leaf and the growing area of ​​the plantation, erosive processes are manifested, and the soil cover is fast, in one stretch of 5-10 rocks, to move to the mother breed. G. Walter vvazhaє, well, in the vicinity of Africa in the geological past, there were only dry and dry periods, but the soil didn’t exist anymore, so there are a lot of vicious soils that were settled in the third period.
The temperature is high, the volatility is high and the concentration of CO2 is adjusted to the intensive vivitation of the silica in the parent rocks, the growth of the silica; surplus products are represented by the head grade A12Oz and Fe2Oz. The whole process is accepted as nazivati ​​laterisation. There is no accumulation of humus after the canopy of the canopy of the forest floor. The water in the streams of іnodі nabuvа is light-brown, a sign of the fact that in them there is a half of humus. Mineralization of waters is even small; electrical conductivity of distilled water.
Miln to describe the soil in the primordial tropical fox in the outskirts of Amani (Africa). The soil on the steep gravels is presented by a tugged comrade chervono
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wadden-brown lateritized loam, which is covered with gneisses, granulites and pegmatites (module). Molecular alloys SiO2: R2O3 and SiO2: A12O3 for the mulist part of the rivni 0.68-0.75. Pidstyka in lisi vidsutnya. Term will take a great fate in the recession, if there is a stench and no term in the forest. The number of worms is also small. The main role in the processes of distribution, mabut, mold mushrooms. The ground horizons are twisting unclear: in the profile of the lateral lateral congestion abnormalities. The industrial regime of runts will increase the strength of Viluzheni. Reaction to acidic soil (pH 5.3-4.6). Litter, statements to leaves and surpluses of glock and measles, even acidic (pH 4.05-3.55). In the boundaries of the soil, the pH value does not practically fluctuate up to 2 m glybin (4.95-5). The humus horizon is wide, there is a need for some organic speech in the range of 2.5-4%. Organizational speech is found in the ground near viglyadi rose spoluks, so that in a short drop the trochas are more darkly barbed in the upper centimeters of the ground. The top of the soil is covered with humus, which is subject to varying amounts of carbon to nitrogen. The date of the chemical and mechanical warehouse of the guidance in the table. 1 and 2. Analogous values ​​for non-podzolized soils in the Amazon basin are recognized by X. Clenge, "pt": ["a2TJJhFCja0"], "fr": ["Iynq4jZz1x0"], "bg": ["n6kUCW4Jkb" : ["h2o1DEMu_So"], "ro": ["Nmu0F6X2Ff0"], "la": ["gUAA5bQA54c"], "lt": ["lAhedQKhmU0"], "el": ["nIhtXjcisj8", "SGmdwtnd" "nIhtXjcisj8"])