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Tvarinny light of the mainland in light. Tvarinny light of Eurasia

Tvarinny svit of Eurasia is even more riznomanitny. Rozpodil of wild wild fauna by territory natural minds and as a result of the performance of the people. Naybilsh is a wider great ssavets of the tundri - a pivnichny deer. The tundra also has arctic foxes, lemings and zaets-bilyak. The most widening of the boulders and tundra chickens. on lіtnіy period seagulls, divers, eiders, geese, pitching, swans arrive in the tundra. Tvarinny light of the forest zone is the most beautiful in taizi. Here live vovki, boer vedmed, moose, rice, foxes, bilki, wolverines, martens. Z ptahiv - black grouse, capercaillie, hazel grouse, crossbill. Stepovi creatures - steppe tkhir, hovrahi, іznі mishі. Three great creatures are saiga antelope. Riznomanitnі ptahs - zhayvoronki, lastivki, falcons. In the nap_vpustels and kestrels, there are plazuns, gryzuns, kopitn_. Central Asia is home to a two-humped camel, wild asses - kulani. At the girskih lisakh From China the bamboo wedmid panda, the black gimala wedmid, the leopard were saved. Wild elephants can live on the Indian countryside and on the islands of Sri Lanka. For the Indies and Indochina, there is a large number of maws, a large number of young plasuns, especially bran snakes. Bagato tvarin, who linger in Eurasia, entered a book in Chervona: bison, Ussurian tiger, kulan and іn.

Great, pivnichna, part of Eurasia is referred to the Holarctic zoogeographic region; mensha, pivdenna, - to the Indian-Malay and Ethiopian regions (Fig. 20).

Small. 20. Faunistic district

The Indo-Malaysk region includes the Eastern Endostan and Indochina at the same time from the adjacent part of the mainland, the islands of Taiwan, the Philippines and the Sondski, Pivden Arabia at the same time from the greater part of Africa to enter the Ethiopian region. Deyakі pіvdenno-іsіdnі islands of the Malay archipelago a large number of zoogeography goes to the Australian zoogeographic region. The whole process of imagining the development of the Eurasian fauna in the process of the wandering of natural minds through the end of the Mesozoic and the whole of the Cenozoic, as well as links with other continents. To characterize the savage minds of nature, to become interested in the ancient times, the fauna, like a house in the Wykopny camp, fauna, has grown in the historical hour as a result of the greatness of the people, and the fauna is modern.

In the end of the Mesozoic, on the territory of Eurasia, a versatile fauna was formed, which was formed from one-pass and common svets, snakes, turtles, etc. With the appearance of placental sowers, especially hijacks, the lower sowers entered on weekday, to Africa and Australia. They changed trunks, camels, horses, rhinos, which inhabited the great part of Eurasia in the Cenozoic. The colder climate in the end of the Cenozoic has called to the end of the bagatokh from them, or I will go to the pivden. Hobots, rhinoceroses and so on. On the night of Eurasia, they look like only at the vicopian camp, and at the same time they live only in the Great Patriotic War. Until recently, camels and wild horses widened widely in the inner arid parts of Eurasia.

The colder climate called for the settlement of Eurasia by creatures, prone to suvorikh climatic minds (mammoth, tour and ін.). Tsia pivnichna fauna, the center of which is located in the region of the Bering Sea and in spilnom in Pivnichnaya America, step by step was seen on the day of the warm-loving fauna. Bagato representatives of the wimerly, the deyaki were protected in the warehouses of the amusing fauna of the tundra and taiga forests. Desiccation of the climate of the inner regions of the continent, which has grown to the wider steppe and willow fauna, as it has been protected by the head rank in the steppes and hedges of Asia, and in Europe it is partly wimerla.

At the secondary part of Asia, de climatic mind they did not conceive of the hundreds of snakes by stretching out the Cenozoic, they knew their own lodge of tvarine, the dolodovic hour. In addition, through Eastern Asia, we will exchange creatures between the Holarctic and Indo-Malaysian regions. Such tropical formations, such as the tiger, the Japanese macaque and the other, penetrate far into the border of the river.

In the development of the wild wild fauna in the territory of Eurasia, we know the image of the history and development, as well as the peculiarities of natural minds and the results of the duality of people.

on pivnichnyh islands and at the extreme winter of the mainland, the fauna warehouse may not change from entering the skid. Tvarinny light of the tundra and taiga leaves have little internal visibility. Chim dal for the day, tim of latitude in the boundaries of the Holarctica become more and more significant. The fauna of the last day of Eurasia is also very specific and it is strongly related to the tropical fauna of Africa and to the Arabia, which is also carried to the other zoogeographic regions.

It is especially one-man in all the protagonism of Eurasia (this is how it is Wine of America) Fauna of the tundri.

Naybilsh is the wider great ssavets of the tundri - the red deer (Rangifer tarandus). Vin may no longer be seen in Europe in the wild; tse nyposhirenіshe and tsіnne home-made food of pivnochі Eurasia. The tundra is characterized by arctic fox, leming and zaets-bilyak (Fig. 21).

Small. 21. Expansion of deyaky creatures in foreign Europe

The most widespread land birds and tundra hens (Lagopus lagopus and Lagopus mutus), plantains and horned zhayvoronok. For a short summer period in between the tundra birds of a number of migratory water birds arrive: gulls, guillemots, divers, eiders, geese, pitching, swans. Guillemots and gulls settle on the high, skeletal banks, lay eggs on the cornices and in the crevices of the rocky outcrops. Hundreds of thousands of people go to such monsters, so called birds of the bazaar. During the period of nesting birds, it is easy to catch, and the population, cinnamon tsim, blames and picks eggs. The most common birds of the Uzbek sea are the great eiders (Somateria mollissima), which are light and warm down, like the smell of nests. In the lands of the lands (Iceland, Norway, Russia), eiders are found visually and in protection, and in their fluff, which is highly valued on the market, controlled by the state. On the shores of lakes, rychok and swamps nest pitching, geese and іnshі ptahs.

Coastal waters, small rivulets and lakes, pivnochi eurasia bagati on riba, golovnimchin from the family of salmon.

Mammoths, woolly rhinoceroses, vivcebiki lived in the winter tundra. Infected surplus їх appear only in the Wikopny camp. In some young people (for example, on Spitsbergen), they breed vicebik, brought from the Arctic America.

Tvarinny svit lisiv Eurasia evolved deceptively with greater differentiation. Especially the twists and turns of the fauna of broad-leaved forests in the approach and outright, divided by the great expanses of the steppes and the wilderness. Taigov foils, which have stretched across the entire continent, are characterized by the same uniformity of food.

Some typical representatives of the taiga fauna of Eurasia can be used for elk, brown bead, rice, wolverine, bilka, chipmunk, ore polivki; from birds - black grouse, wood grouse, hazel grouse, crossbills. There are widespread creatures in the rural taizi, as well as in the coniferous forests of the girsky regions of Europe and Asia.

Between the wandering and broad-leaved forests of Atlantic Europe, from one side, and the Far Descent, from the other, as I have already said, there is a great deal of insight in the storehouse of food.

The foxes of Europe were inhabited by the number of great ssavtsi - hijaks and grass, which were the subject of love through their meat, or a valuable khutr. Some typical representatives of the fossil fauna are Burii vedmid, European bison (Bison bonasus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), red deer (Cervus elaphus), wolverine, fox marten (Martes martes), fox tkhir (Musatelis puttel) wild kishka (Felis silvestris), fox, їzhak, hare-bilyak and hare-hare. Buri vedmid (Ursus arctos), absolutely znikliy on the plains, is still most common in the mountains, especially in the Carpathians. Among the endemic mountain species are the chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), wild goats (Capra ibex, Capra pyrenaica) and babakiv (Marmota marmota). Viruba lisiv and rozoruvannya great expanses brought up to a wide expansion of other gryzuniv - waterers, earthlings, hovrahiv, which make a great school of the Silskoy government.

The abundance of ornithofauni is great. Wild and broad-leaved foxes inhabit chicken, black grouse, capercaillie, hazel grouse, which is a valuable game; The broadens are also rich in species of birds - blackbirds, volga, warblers, warblers and other. Owls, scarecrows, pigeons and zosulis are often seen. Water birds nest on the waters. Close to settlements are settled lastivki, graki and leleki. Most birds in flight. On a strictly singing path, a caravan of geese, jocks, cranes, grapes and birds from time to time, the hinges will once again turn to their nests.

Near small rivers and lakes, there is a head rank of koropov ribi, and salmon grow a little less.

Some of them used to linger in the European forests of the great creatures nowadays, but they were spared only on specially protected territories. Among the first, it is necessary to name a tour (Bos primigenius) - a majestic wild bik. The rest of the tour in Europe is on the ear of the 17th century. At the international level, there is a bison, before sacking in the majestic expanses of France and Belgium to the Caucasus. Systematically blame for the hour of the royal, royal and royal polyvans, which greatly suffered at the hour of the First and Other Holy Warriors, bison hiding from the common blame by the spiritual zusillas of the Radians' and Polish wives. The newest population of bison sacking in a Danish hour in the Bilovez biosphere reserve in the cordon of Poland and Bilorus. The number of deer, girskikh goats, sarn was very fast. Practically everywhere they were vinified, and the media entered the Hirska districts, and there was a stench there in the richest regions.

The fauna lisiv right off the bat in Asia, which is seen in the Manchurian-Chinese subregion of Holarktika, there is a strong twisting hiernicho-lisovy character and is perceived by the great species richness. It is tied, from one side, from time, so that Asia does not see significant numbers of climates before the hour of the ice-dwelling period, and in this border there were representatives of the heat-loving ancient fauna. On the other hand, the classically mindful mind of the part of Asia is to change from winter to the day in a step-by-step manner, to the penetration of the winter taiga forms for the day, and of the tropical ones - to the great winter, which is typical for the holiday season.

One of the most characteristic representatives of the fauna of the Gyrian forests of China and the Himala is the Black Himala Vedmid (Ursus thibetanus), which lives in the mountains up to a height of 4000 m. In the bamboo buds of the Great Tibet and the Old China Sack there is a bamboo witch, or the great panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). In dense natural bamboo and outgrowths and girly forests, which go up to the upper edge of the forest, there is a tiger (Panthera tigris) - the most insecure hijack of Asia, it grows like this. The characteristic representatives of the broadleaf forest fauna are the endemic dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) and the distant fox whale. A small hornless water deer (Hydropotes inermis) is found in the valleys of China and the East of Korea; on the first days of the expansion, there is a deer (Cervus nippon), young horns of a yaky - panti - are appreciated as a lykarsk syrovin. Victories from Pivdennoi Asia є deyaki mavpi (from the genus of macaques). Near the Manchurian-Chinese subregion, at 40 ° Mon. latitude, there is a pivnichnaya boundary extending to the earth's edge. Representatives of the taiga fauna of the European-Siberian pidoblast are the flying bird and the chipmunk.

Lisi Skhidnoi Asia inhabited by small birds. We can see pheasants (golden, royal and in.), Aix galericulata - the most beautiful representative of the whole family, the endemic Japanese crane (Grus japonensis) Numerical small geese - white-eyed, lichincoedi, timeliness.

Among the plazunov are richly lizards and snakes, which are represented by genera, sleeping in the Indo-Malay region. Besides, there is one type of aligator and land turtle. Of the amphibians, toad villages are characteristic and live on the Japanese Islands, the endemic giant salamander (Andrias japonicus).

The native fauna of the Seredzemomorskiy, the Western Asian mountains and the Arabia, has given a special view of the Seredzemomorskiy pidoblast Holarktiki. There є endemic girski and іvninnі vidi, and also vidi, zalny z Pivnichnoy Africa... The fauna of European Europe includes maws, primitive huts, birds, and a large number of amphibians and plasuns, which may be more common in the larger parts of Eurasia.

On the Pireneysky Pyrostrov and on the Old French, there is a representative of the family of the Vierrovs - the genetta genetta, a small hut, which will go to the grisons and to get used to the corny creatures. On the pіvdnі of Pireneyskiy pіvostrov sack One type of mawp, to be seen in a wild camp in Europe, is a macaque macaque, or a tailless macaque.

Mayzhe call for the blame of the earlier on the islands of Corsica and Sardinia is the wild boar ram (Ovis ammon), which lives in the mountains of the forest, or on the extreme mountain peaks. On the islands of the Aegean Sea and on the Balkansky Pivdni in the Hirsky regions, wild goats are growing in the middle of the world. Kozy is widely widened in Seredzemnomor'i, in some areas of the stink є by the same creatures. Only the Pyrenean hochula, porcupine, jackal, wild rabbit live in Pivdenniy Evropi.

The birds of Seredzemnomorya are not less than savvy, not ssavtsi. Most characteristic blakitna magpie, girskaya hen, sardinian warbler, Spanish and kam'yaniy gorobets and richly іnshikh. From hijikh birds widened black vulture, vulture, lamb, attackers on other domestic thinness.

Plazuni dobre see themselves in the minds of a dry climate. Among them are є endemic forms: gecko lizards, chameleoni, mid-sea viper and deyaki іnshi vidi snakes; from land turtles - a walnut tortoise. The number of arthropods is also scorpions, freshwater crabs, small beetles, cicadi, and very barbed panicles.

Before the warehouse of the fauna of the Western Asian mountains, in addition to the typical Mediterranean elements, there are representatives of the Central Asian subregion, as well as the Ethiopian region of Africa. There are numerous characteristic gazelles, antelopes, wild donkeys, Central Asian sheep and goats. Representatives of the Ethiopian region є svєrіdnі kopitnі - daman (Hyracoidea), who live in the rocky mountainous areas at significant height. Leopardies, rice, caracal, jackal, gina, deyaki vidi foxes are often seen in hijakas. Numerous gryzuni - hares, jerboas, pishchanki, one species of porcupine. Among the birds of Western Asia, there are many representatives of the Central Asian heifers and steppes: breeches, hazel grouses, zhayvoronki, hedgehog jays and steppes. Chaplі, flamingo, pelіkani can be found near the waters. The versatility of plazuns, especially lizards, snakes, is even greater: steppe boa constrictor, viper viper (Vipera lebetina), horned viper (Vipera ammodites), snakes, vuzh. A large number of arthropods is characteristic, often bringing a great Skoda to people. Among them are phalanges, scorpions, tarantulas. Sow silskogospodarskikh cultures periodically watch out of the barn.

The pestoral flatlands and mountain ridges of Central Asia can be seen as a wild fauna and are seen in a special Central Asian zoogeographic subregion. For it is characteristic of the country, the diversity of the species warehouse and the cultivation of hoarding and gryzuns, which have been fixed up to being settled in the great arid and waterless expanses of the central regions of Asia.

The deyaky creatures are surrounded in their widened by the regions of Central Asia, and the largest growing areas in the country are everywhere. So, only in Tibet and Kunlun there is a wild yak (Bos mutus), and there is a step-by-step znika. It’s a great creature to be satisfied with the meager food of the high empty flatlands, and it smelled beautifully in the minds of the suvorogo continental climate, or absolutely cannot bear the high temperatures. The yak is one of the most popular domestic animals in Central Asia. Їх vikoristovuyut for the transferred vagi і yak upper і v'yuchnyh creatures. Citizens live in milk and meat, skins and wool in order to prepare clothes.

On the Tibetan plateau and in the mountains of Central Asia, there are widespread orongo (Pantholops hodgsoni), addax (Addax nasomaculatus), argali ram, or argali (Ovis ammon), which can reach great roses, girski goats... Dzera (Procapra gutturosa), wild donkey, kulan (Equus hemmionus) and in the edge of the native kiang (Equus kiang), and also the camel camel camel Tse type of creature, the hedgehog and dry steppes do not live in the mountains and regions with a high climate. Camels play vicious on the plains of Middle and Central Asia as a result of oversupply and draft power. The inhabitants of the city eat milk, fat and meat, and get some ogyag from outside.

Hijacks are not really good for business in Central Asia, as they are. In the mountains there is a snow leopard, a leopard (Uncia uncia), Tibetan pidvidi brown weddy and vovka. Foxes, wolf, weasel, jackal can be seen everywhere.

On the plains and in the mountainous regions, according to the number of species, and for the number of individuals, grizzlies are clearly represented.

Ptahs are especially vselyak in hirsky regions. Tse girski indichki-ulari, Tibetan saja (Syrrhaptes tibetanus), alpine jackdaws, vulture, lamb, chough, stenolaz. On the plains there are breeches, hazel grouses, zhaivoronki (maliy, chubaty and іn.).

Plants and amphibians in Central Asia Trocha. Broadened lizards and snakes, land tortoise.

The entire new part of Eurasia is included in the boundary between the Indian-Malay zoogeographic regions and is characterized by a particularly great wealth, versatile and old-fashioned food. The fauna of the region can be easily twisted tropical character and rice, inland with the other tropical regions earthly coo, For example, from the Ethiopian region of Africa, from the Neotropics. In addition, a significant inflow into the fauna nadal number of links to Australia. The greatest wealth and barvy of food is seen in Malaysia, the Sondsky and the Philippines islands, which are united in the Malaysian subregion. Equally hot and inological climate and redevelopment of the tropical forests, as well as the acute nature of the territory, as it has absorbed from the cob of a quarter period of the land connection with the smaller parts of Asia, have enhanced the greatness of the population of the country.

Naybilsh yaskravi representatives of the Malaysian archipelago - Black, or two-colored, tapir (Tapirus indicus), scho maє relatives in Pivdenniy America, One-horned Indian and two-horned Sumatran rhinoceroses (Rhinoceros unicornis і Dicerorhinus sumatrensis), wild bik banteng (Bos javanicus), having become the ancestor of the Balinese domestic thinness, Indian gaurus areurus Near the mountains and on the pagorbahs, in the forests, few people have been brought in by people, there is a small muntjak deer (Muntiacus muntjak).

From hijak_v next name the Malaysian short-haired "sleepyhead" witch (Helarctos malayanus) and a tiger. On the islands of Sumatra and Kalimantan, there is a ludin-like mawpa orangutan ("lisova ludina"), but they can be seen in the same region (Fig. 22).

Small. 22. Expansion of actions of creatures in foreign Asia

Representatives of the family of gibbonovykh, pedrodini mavopodіbnykh, deyaki vidi macaques are everywhere widened. Characteristics of the close primates and comahoid dull and primitive primates of the tarsier.

The particular fauna of the islands is the presence of a great number of species of "planyut" creatures. Among them are ssavtsi - flying squirrels and wool-haired, which represent a form, in between, kazhansі semi-monkeys; plazuny - lithuanian dragon (Dracovolans) - a lizard, a lizard, which is not baked with a lithal overturning.

Among the birds of miracles are the great argus pheasant (Argusianus argus), the blue pavich (Pavo muticus) and the birds of Australia - the birds of paradise and the big-footed hen.

Plazuni feud with the wealth of views and great sizes. On the small island of Komodo, there is the greatest living lizards - the giant Komodo dragon (Varanus Komodensis), which reaches 3-4 m per day. The great crocodile gavial is alive at the small rivers of Kalimantan. There are a lot of otruynyh snakes, from them the most important for people glasses snakes, or cobri. Expanded is also a boa constrictor. The most important of them is the bitter python (Python reticulatus) - a reach of 8-10 m and a weight of 100 kg. Winning is not only for the great creatures, but for the people.

Among the agile arthropods, there are especially significant great and well-baked snowstorms. Expansion is also a scorpion and a great pavuk-bird.

The islands of Sulawesi and Mali Zondki occupy a special place in the zoological history. Until the number of endemic animals of Sulawes, there are wild pigs of the babirussa (Babyrossa babyrussa), the dwarf buffalo anoa (Bubalus depressicornis) and the black macaque, and to the representatives of the Australian chicken fauna - the common couscous, large-legged

In particular, the Indian subregion is seen in India, Shri Lanka and India. In the warehouses of the fauna of the centralized region, there are some typical representatives of the Indian-Malaysian region, the presence of vicissitudes from the Ethiopian region and Holarctics. Tvarinny svit of the Indian subregion is seen in the variety of different types and in the great number of individuals. It is especially important to admit it to the Indies, if the embedding of any living creatures is fenced off by the relay, it is even more rare to blame it on naval creatures.

The fauna of India and India is characterized by the presence of an Indian elephant. Wild elephants can still be found in sparsely populated areas in front of the Gimals, in the forests of Shri-Lanka and in the mountains. Household elephant, grafting vikonuvati important and folding robots - one of finding new creatures of India and the country of India.

Mistsev's population also tamed the wild bik - gaura (gayala). Domesticated and widely widened as the working thinness of the Indian buffalo. A wild Indian wild boar is often seen near dense brooding thickets. In quiet areas, where significant numbers of leaves have been protected, the great nilgau antelope (Boselaphus tragocamelus) and the chotiriroga antelope (Tetracerus quadricornis), the muntzhak and axis deer (Cervus axis) live in the most beautiful areas of the forest. ... There is a tiger, a leopard, and a special form of a leopard - the black panther, which makes a significant shkodi of cattle-breeding. Between the empty spaces of Tar, a lion is growing up, which has penetrated here from the Ethiopian region.

For the Indies and Indochina, there is a large number of maws, which are widened everywhere: in the forests, shrouds, gardens, near settlements and in places. The stench will give the fruit and the scent of the soul, giving birth to the great Shkodi population. In the Indies there are dog-like mawpies, in Indochina - gibony, macaques and in. In the borderlands of the pidoblasts yak in the woods, so close to the human life there are napivmavpi, or lemuri. For Indochina, so it is for the islands, characterized by wool.

Good for the population of the city - there is a great number of young plazuns, especially bad snakes, from the bites of thousands of people. There are giant crocodiles (Gavialis gangeticus) near the waters of the Ganges and the greatest great rivers, which are 6 meters away.

Yaskravistya feathered and versatile forms of enemies of birds. Among them there is a wild pavich (Pavo cristatus), a pheasant, you can see wild chickens, from which there are domestic breeds, thrushes, etc. The comas are especially rich in small, stringy blizzards, gigantic pavukiv-ptakhoidiv, scho gnawed with other birds. Wild bjola is found in India - the ancestor of home bjoli.

Directly oppression of the valuable species of roslin and tvarin (polyurethane, poaching, illegal trade), and smut - the change of the middle ranks, as the result of anthropogenic infusion, caused before the abundant sight of the fauna of Eurasia deteriorated. There are 471 species of sars, 389 species of birds, 276 species of ribs, 85 species of plasuns and 33 species of amphibians. Zruynovano close two tertiary lives of wild creatures of Asia. In China, which is one of the twelve countries of the world, which is perceived as "megabiodiversity", 15-20% of species are overwhelmed by the threat of development. Seven endemic species of Western Asia Chotiri (Arabian leopard, smugasta guina, Arabian Tar and Arabian Vovk) to be found under the threat of knowledge. It is practically impossible to face the situation with the second kind of middle-class found in Western Europe.

mainland Africa

Another continent beyond the size of the planet Earth is the continent of Africa. First beyond the size of the continent of Eurasia. The core of the world is what I might call Africa. At the top of the statistics, Africa will be seen as the continent of the planet.

For its area of size of Africa to become 29.2 million km2 (with islands - 30.3 million km2), so to become close to 20% of the entire land surface of the planet. Mainland Africa By the middle sea on the island of Uzbek, on the other side of the Uzbek coast, it is washed by the Atlantic Ocean, on the first step, the continent is on the Indian Ocean, and on the other hand, the Uzbek coast is on the Chervona Sea. On the territory of Africa, there are 62 powers, of which 54 are independent powers, and the population of the whole continent becomes close to 1 billion people. If you change your mind, you can marvel at the list of African countries in the table.

The size of Africa from the winter to the first day of the warehouse is 8000 kilometers, and as soon as the west, it is about 7,500 kilometers.

Extreme points on mainland Africa:

1) Naybilsh is a contested point of the mainland є Ms. Khafun, which is located on the territory of the state of Somalia.

2) by herself pivnichnoy point this mainland є Mrs Blanco, which is located in the Tunisia Republic.

3) The most remote point on the continent є Mies Almadi, which grows in the territory of the Republic of Senegal.

4) І, nareshty, the most important point of the continent of Africa є Mys Golkovy, which is growing in the territory of the Pivdeno-African Republic (PAR).

Relief of Africa

A large part of the mainland is stored in a warehouse. Overwhelming such forms of relfu: nagir'ya, flat-girder, steps of the іvnina and plateau. Cleverly extends the continent to the Visoka Africa (if the continent reaches the area of 1000 meters - the first skid of the mainland) and Low Africa (sometimes it reaches the area less than 1000 meters - in the first place).

itself temple point mainland - Volcano Kilimandzharo, which reach a height of 5895 meters above the sea level. It is also on the continent Dragon and Cape Mountains, on the descent of Africa є Efiopské Nagir'ya, and on the first day of this there is the Skidno-African Plane, on the initial setting of the continent of the Atlas Mountains.

On the first days of the mainland, the best kestrel on the planet is Sahara, on the first place there is the Kalahari kestrel, and on the first entry of the mainland - the Namib kestrel.

At the lowest point of the continent є the bottom of the salty lake Assal, the depth of which is 157 meters in the lower level of the sea.

climate of Africa

The climate of Africa can be placed on the first place from the wider continents in terms of warmth. It’s a hot continent, so I’m going to be in hot climatic belts of the planet Earth and change to the line of the ekvore.

Central Africa has been expanded into the equatorial belt. The whole belt is characterized by a great fall and rise in the fall of the day. On a personal day and on a personal day equivalent to the belt There are subquatorial belts, which are characterized by a long season of boards, and a dry season at high temperatures. Yakshcho go on for a weekend and for a weekend subquatorial belts, Then it was far to go as a matter of fact tropical belts... Such belts are characterized by malim vipadannyam fallen when reaching high temperatures, so and to produce a kestrel.

Domestic waters of Africa

The internal waters of Africa for their buddas are uneven, albeit great and long. On the mainland, a small rychka was found - a small rivulet of Nil (a new river of a system and a reach of 6,852 km), and a river of the Congo (a new river of a їi system and a reach of 4,374 km), a river of the Congo, a river that became famous for two

Є to the mainland і lakes. Lake Vіktorіya is the largest lake. The area of the lake will become 68 thousand km2. best glybin reach in the whole lake 80 m. The lake itself is different for its area on the planet Earth from the primordial lakes.

30% of the land of the continent of Africa is empty, in which the waters can be time-consuming, so that it will take an hour to dry up. But at the same time, you can be inviting in such empty regions, you can sprint underground waters, like being in artesian basins.

Roslinny and Tvarinny light of Africa

Continent Africa is famous for its versatility yak roslinniy svitu, So і creatures. Growth on the continent tropical fools, Iakіnіyutsya rіdkolіssyam and shrouds. In the subtropical zone, it is possible to develop and change the foils.

Naybilsh broadened with dewlines in the forests of Africa - palms, ceiba, crabgrass and a lot of them. And the axis in the shrouds is most often possible to create thorny chagarniki and small trees. The pestle grows to be malim in the growth of growth in ny roslin. Most of the grass, chagarniki or trees in the oases. A lot of empty areas in the back don't seem to be lonely. With a special dewline in the wilderness, the dewline Velvich_ya is divine, as you can live up to 1000 rocky, there are 2 leaves, as it grows with the whole life of the growing line and can reach up to 3 meters.

Rіznomanіtny in Afritsі and tvarinniy svіt. In the areas of the savannah, the grass grows as much and as good as it gets, so I grab onto some of the abundant growing animals (grisons, hares, gazelles, zebras, and others), and apparently also hijacks, like the left-handed animals.

Deserted from the first glance, you can be deserted, but for the most part, there are plenty of plazuns, comas, birds, which mostly fall in love at nights.

Africa is famous for such creatures as an elephant, giraffe, hippopotamus, great versatility of maws, zebras, leopards, dunes, gazelles, crocodiles, parrots, antelopes, rhinos and a lot of them. The whole continent is divine and unique in its own way.

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Great, pivnichna, part of Eurasia is known to Holarctic zoogeographic area; mensha, pivdenna, - up to Indian-Malay and Ethiopian areas (Fig. 20).

Small. 20. Faunistic district

The Indo-Malaysk region includes the Eastern Endostan and Indochina at the same time from the adjacent part of the mainland, the islands of Taiwan, the Philippines and the Sondski, Pivden Arabia at the same time from the greater part of Africa to enter the Ethiopian region. Deyakі pіvdenno-іsіdnі islands of the Malay Archipelago, a large number of zoogeography is known to Australian zoogeographic area. The whole process of imagining the development of the Eurasian fauna in the process of the wandering of natural minds through the end of the Mesozoic and the whole of the Cenozoic, as well as links with other continents. To characterize the savage minds of nature, to become interested in the ancient times, the fauna, like a house in the Wykopny camp, fauna, has grown in the historical hour as a result of the greatness of the people, and the fauna is modern.

In the end of the Mesozoic On the territory of Eurasia, a versatile fauna was formed, it was built up from one-pass and common sowers, snakes, turtles, etc. With the appearance of placental sowers, especially hijacks, the lower sowers entered on weekday, to Africa and Australia. They changed trunks, camels, horses, rhinos, which inhabited the great part of Eurasia in the Cenozoic. The colder climate in the end of the Cenozoic has called to the end of the bagatokh from them, or I will go to the pivden. Hobots, rhinoceroses and so on. On the night of Eurasia, they look like only at the vicopian camp, and at the same time they live only in the Great Patriotic War. Until recently, camels and wild horses widened widely in the inner arid parts of Eurasia.

cold weather called to the settlement of Eurasia by creatures, pricked up to the suvorikh climatic minds (mammoth, tour і ін.). Tsia pivnichna fauna, the center of which is located in the region of the Bering Sea and in spilnom in Pivnichnaya America, step by step was seen on the day of the warm-loving fauna. Bagato representatives of the wimerly, the deyaki were protected in the warehouses of the amusing fauna of the tundra and taiga forests. Desiccation of the climate of the inner regions of the continent, which has grown to the wider steppe and willow fauna, as it has been protected by the head rank in the steppes and hedges of Asia, and in Europe it is partly wimerla.

In the common part of Asia, the de-climatic minds did not recognize the hundreds of wines stretched out by the Cenozoic, they knew their own lane Bagato Tvarin dollopian hour... In addition, through Eastern Asia, we will exchange creatures between the Holarctic and Indo-Malaysian regions. Such tropical formations, such as the tiger, the Japanese macaque and the other, penetrate far into the border of the river.

On the pivnichny islands and at the extreme winter of the mainland, the fauna warehouse may not change from entering the skid. Tvarinny light of the tundra and taiga leaves have little internal visibility. Chim dal for the day, tim of latitude in the boundaries of the Holarctica become more and more significant. The fauna of the last day of Eurasia is also very specific and it is strongly related to the tropical fauna of Africa and to the Arabia, which is also carried to the other zoogeographic regions.

Especially one-manned in all the protagonism of Eurasia fauna of tundra.

Nybilsh is wider and larger ssavets tundri - white deer (Rangifer tarandus). Vin may no longer be seen in Europe in the wild; tse nyposhirenіshe and tsіnne home-made food of pivnochі Eurasia. The tundra is characterized by arctic fox, leming and zaets-bilyak (Fig. 21).

Small. 21. Expansion of deyaky creatures in foreign Europe

from land ptakhiv the most widespread and tundra hens (Lagopus lagopus and Lagopus mutus), plantains and horned zhayvoronok. For a short summer period in between the tundra birds of a number of migratory water birds arrive: gulls, guillemots, divers, eiders, geese, pitching, swans. Guillemots and gulls settle on the high, skeletal banks, lay eggs on the cornices and in the crevices of the rocky outcrops. Hundreds of thousands of people go to such monsters, so called birds of the bazaar. During the period of nesting birds, it is easy to catch, and the population, cinnamon tsim, blames and picks eggs. The most common birds of the Uzbek sea are the great eiders (Somateria mollissima), which are light and warm down, like the smell of nests. In the lands of the lands (Iceland, Norway, Russia), eiders are found visually and in protection, and in their fluff, which is highly valued on the market, controlled by the state. On the shores of lakes, rychok and swamps nest pitching, geese and іnshі ptahs.

Coastal waters, rivers and lakes of pivnochi Eurasia bagati ribby, The head rank of the salmon family.

The lodovikovy period in the modern tundra lived mammoths, woolly rhinoceroses, vivcebiki. Infected surplus їх appear only in the Wikopny camp. In some young people (for example, on Spitsbergen), they breed vicebik, brought from the Arctic America.

Tvarinniy svit Lisiv Eurasia Three more differentiation is made. Especially the twists and turns of the fauna of broad-leaved forests in the approach and outright, divided by the great expanses of the steppes and the wilderness. Taigov foils, which have stretched across the entire continent, are characterized by the same uniformity of food.

Nybilsh typical representatives taigovy fauna Eurasia can be used for elk, brown bead, rice, wolverine, bilka, chipmunk, polivok ore; from birds - black grouse, wood grouse, hazel grouse, crossbills. There are widespread creatures in the rural taizi, as well as in the coniferous forests of the girsky regions of Europe and Asia.

Between the wicked and broad-leaved forests of Atlantic Europe, from one side, and the Far Descent, from the one, є, as I said, great visibility in the warehouse of foodstuffs.

Foxes Evropi were inhabited by large numbers ssavtsі- hijacks and grass, yak buli, the subject of love through the meat of a valuable farm. Some typical representatives of the fossil fauna are Burii vedmid, European bison (Bison bonasus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), red deer (Cervus elaphus), wolverine, fox marten (Martes martes), fox tkhir (Musatelis puttel) wild kishka (Felis silvestris), fox, їzhak, hare-bilyak and hare-hare. Buri vedmid (Ursus arctos), absolutely znikliy on the plains, is still most common in the mountains, especially in the Carpathians. Among the endemic mountain species are the chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), wild goats (Capra ibex, Capra pyrenaica) and babakiv (Marmota marmota). Viruba lisiv and rozoruvannya great expanses brought up to a wide expansion of other gryzuniv - waterers, earthlings, hovrahiv, which make a great school of the Silskoy government.

Great wealth ornithofauni... Wild and broad-leaved foxes inhabit chicken, black grouse, capercaillie, hazel grouse, which is a valuable game; The broadens are also rich in species of birds - blackbirds, volga, warblers, warblers and other. Owls, scarecrows, pigeons and zosulis are often seen. Water birds nest on the waters. Close to settlements are settled lastivki, graki and leleki. Most birds in flight. On a strictly singing path, a caravan of geese, jocks, cranes, grapes and birds from time to time, the hinges will once again turn to their nests.

Near the rivers and lakes, the head rank of cows can be found ribby, Alle it is growing and salmon.

Some of them were lingering in the European forests of the great creatures nowadays, but they were spared only on special protected territories... Among the first, it is necessary to name a tour (Bos primigenius) - a majestic wild bik. The rest of the tour in Europe is on the ear of the 17th century. At the international level, there is a bison, before sacking in the majestic expanses of France and Belgium to the Caucasus. Systematically blame for the hour of the royal, royal and royal polyvans, which greatly suffered at the hour of the First and Other Holy Warriors, bison hiding from the common blame by the spiritual zusillas of the Radians' and Polish wives. The newest population of bison sacking in a Danish hour in the Bilovez biosphere reserve in the cordon of Poland and Bilorus. The number of deer, girskikh goats, sarn was very fast. Practically everywhere they were vinified, and the media entered the Hirska districts, and there was a stench there in the richest regions.

Fauna lisіv immediately Asia It is possible to see in Manchurian-Chinese subregion of Holarktiki, there is a lot of twisting hiernicho-lisovy character and is seen as a great species richness. It is tied, from one side, from time, so that Asia does not see significant numbers of climates before the hour of the ice-dwelling period, and in this border there were representatives of the heat-loving ancient fauna. On the other hand, the classically mindful mind of the part of Asia is to change from winter to the day in a step-by-step manner, to the penetration of the winter taiga forms for the day, and of the tropical ones - to the great winter, which is typical for the holiday season.

One of the most characteristic fauna ssavtsiv Girskikh lisіv to China and Gіmałaiv - black gimalaisky weddy (Ursus thibetanus), which lives in the mountains up to 4000 m, gnawing dewdrops, comas and other creatures. In the bamboo buds of the Great Tibet and the Old China Sack there is a bamboo witch, or the great panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). In dense natural bamboo and outgrowths and girly forests, which go up to the upper edge of the forest, there is a tiger (Panthera tigris) - the most insecure hijack of Asia, it grows like this. The characteristic representatives of the broadleaf forest fauna are the endemic dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) and the distant fox whale. A small hornless water deer (Hydropotes inermis) is found in the valleys of China and the East of Korea; on the first days of the expansion, there is a deer (Cervus nippon), young horns of a yaky - panti - are appreciated as a lykarsk syrovin. Victories from Pivdennoi Asia є deyaki mavpi (from the genus of macaques). Near the Manchurian-Chinese subregion, at 40 ° Mon. latitude, there is a pivnichnaya boundary extending to the earth's edge. Representatives of the taiga fauna of the European-Siberian pidoblast are the flying bird and the chipmunk.

Lisy of the Eastern Asia of the population of the winter birds... We can see pheasants (golden, royal and in.), Aix galericulata - the most beautiful representative of the whole family, the endemic Japanese crane (Grus japonensis) Numerical small geese - white-eyed, lichincoedi, timeliness.

mid plasun_v There are a lot of lizards and snakes, which are represented by childbirths from the Indo-Malay region. Besides, there is one type of aligator and land turtle. s amphibians characteristic village toads and live on the Japanese islands endemic giant salamander (Andrias japonicus).

The native fauna of the Seredzemnomorya, the Western Asian mountains and the Arabia, Seredzemomorskiy subregions Holarctics. There є endemic girski and іvninnі vidi, and also vidi, zagalny from Pivnichnaya Africa. The fauna of European Europe includes maws, primitive huts, birds, and a large number of amphibians and plasuns, which may be more common in the larger parts of Eurasia.

At the Pireneyskiy pіvostrovі and at pіvdnі France a representative of the family of vivers is still alive - the genetta genetta, a small hijack, who will come to grizzlies and be used by the brown creatures. On the pіvdnі of Pireneyskiy pіvostrov sack One type of mawp, to be seen in a wild camp in Europe, is a macaque macaque, or a tailless macaque.

Mayzhe is the call of the vindication of the earlier ones on the islands Corsica and Sardinia a wild girskiy ram (Ovis ammon), which lives in girskih forests or on top of the girly mountain peaks. On the islands of the Aegean Sea and on the Balkansky Pivdni in the Hirsky regions, wild goats are growing in the middle of the world. Kozy is widely widened in Seredzemnomor'i, in some areas of the stink є by the same creatures. Only the Pyrenean hochula, porcupine, jackal, wild rabbit live in Pivdenniy Evropi.

birds of Seredzemnomor'ya Protect svєrіdnі, nіzh ssavtsі. Most characteristic blakitna magpie, girskaya hen, sardinian warbler, Spanish and kam'yaniy gorobets and richly іnshikh. From hijikh birds widened black vulture, vulture, lamb, attackers on other domestic thinness.

plazuny kindly see yourself in the minds of a dry climate. Among them are є endemic forms: gecko lizards, chameleoni, mid-sea viper and deyaki іnshi vidi snakes; from land turtles - a walnut tortoise. The number of arthropods is also scorpions, freshwater crabs, small beetles, cicadi, and very barbed panicles.

To the fauna warehouse peredneaziatskikh nagir'iv In addition to typical Mediterranean elements, there are representatives of the Central Asian subregion, as well as the Ethiopian region of Africa. There are numerous characteristic gazelles, antelopes, wild donkeys, Central Asian sheep and goats. Representatives of the Ethiopian region є svєrіdnі kopitnі - daman (Hyracoidea), who live in the rocky mountainous areas at significant height. Leopardies, rice, caracal, jackal, gina, deyaki vidi foxes are often seen in hijakas. Numerous gryzuni - hares, jerboas, pishchanki, one species of porcupine. Among the birds of Western Asia, there are many representatives of the Central Asian heifers and steppes: breeches, hazel grouses, zhayvoronki, hedgehog jays and steppes. Chaplі, flamingo, pelіkani can be found near the waters. The versatility of plazuns, especially lizards, snakes, is even greater: steppe boa constrictor, viper viper (Vipera lebetina), horned viper (Vipera ammodites), snakes, vuzh. A large number of arthropods is characteristic, often bringing a great Skoda to people. Among them are phalanges, scorpions, tarantulas. Sow silskogospodarskikh cultures periodically watch out of the barn.

Shelter flatlands and mountain ridges of Central Asia I see a wild fauna and see in a special Central Asian zoogeographic subregion. For it is characteristic of the country, the diversity of the species warehouse and the cultivation of hoarding and gryzuns, which have been fixed up to being settled in the great arid and waterless expanses of the central regions of Asia.

On the Tibetan plateau and in the mountains of Central Asia, there are widespread orongo (Pantholops hodgsoni), addax (Addax nasomaculatus), argali ram, or argali (Ovis ammon), which can be reached by the great roses, girlys. Dzera (Procapra gutturosa), wild donkey, kulan (Equus hemmionus) and in the edge of the native kiang (Equus kiang), and also the camel camel camel Tse type of creature, the hedgehog and dry steppes do not live in the mountains and regions with a high climate. Camels play vicious on the plains of Middle and Central Asia as a result of oversupply and draft power. The inhabitants of the city eat milk, fat and meat, and get some ogyag from outside.

On the plains and in the mountainous regions, according to the number of species, and for the number of individuals, grizzlies are clearly represented.

birds especially all in girskih regions. Tse girski indichki-ulari, Tibetan saja (Syrrhaptes tibetanus), alpine jackdaws, vulture, lamb, chough, stenolaz. On the plains there are breeches, hazel grouses, zhaivoronki (maliy, chubaty and іn.).

Plants and amphibians in Central Asia Trocha. Broadened lizards and snakes, land tortoise.

All of the new part of Eurasia is included in the border Indo-Malay zoogeographic region and is characterized especially by great wealth, versatility and old-fashioned food. The fauna of the region can be easily twisted and has a tropical character and rice, in the other tropical regions of the earth, for example, in the Ethiopian region of Africa, in the Neotropics. In addition, a significant inflow into the fauna nadal number of links to Australia. The greatest wealth and barvy of food is seen in Malaysia, the Sondsky and the Philippines islands, which are united in the Malaysian subregion. Equally hot and inological climate and redevelopment of the tropical forests, as well as the acute nature of the territory, as it has absorbed from the cob of a quarter period of the land connection with the smaller parts of Asia, have enhanced the greatness of the population of the country.

Nybilsh yaskravi representatives kopitnykh Malaysian Archipelago - Black, or two-horned, tapir (Tapirus indicus), scho maє relatives in Pivdenniy America, one-horned Indian and two-horned Sumatran rhinos (Rhinoceros unicornis і Datrensis jernachen) Indian buffalo (Bubalus arnee), gaur (Bos gaurus). Near the mountains and on the pagorbahs, in the forests, few people have been brought in by people, there is a small muntjak deer (Muntiacus muntjak).

s hijakiv next to name the Malaysian short-haired "sleepyhead" bead (Helarctos malayanus) and a tiger. On the islands of Sumatra and Kalimantan, there is a ludin-like mawpa orangutan ("lisova ludina"), but they can be seen in the same region (Fig. 22).

Small. 22. Expansion of actions of creatures in foreign Asia

The special fauna of the islands є the presence of a great number of species " how to plan»Twarin. Among them are ssavtsi - flying squirrels and wool-haired, which represent a form, between comahoids, kazans and semi-monkeys; plazuny - lithuanian dragon (Dracovolans) - a lizard, a lizard, which is not baked with a lithal overturning.

mid ptakhiv miracles the great pheasant argus (Argusianus argus), blue pavich (Pavo muticus) and wicked from Australia - paradise birds and big-footed chickens.

plazuny feud with the wealth of species and great dimensions. On the small island of Komodo, there is the greatest living lizards - the giant Komodo dragon (Varanus Komodensis), which reaches 3-4 m per day. The great crocodile gavial is alive at the small rivers of Kalimantan. There are a lot of otruynyh snakes, from them the most important for people glasses snakes, or cobri. Expanded is also a boa constrictor. The most important of them is the bitter python (Python reticulatus) - a reach of 8-10 m and a weight of 100 kg. Winning is not only for the great creatures, but for the people.

middle of the arthropods especially great and brightly colored snowstorms. Expansion is also a scorpion and a great pavuk-bird.

Islands of Sulawesi and Mali Zondski in zoological culture they occupy a special place. Until the number of endemic animals of Sulawesi, the wild pig babirussa (Babyrossa babyrussa), the dwarf buffalo anoa (Bubalus depressicornis) and the black macaque, and before the representatives Australian fauna - summery couscous, big-legged chickens and rich birds.

Especially Indian subregion see India, Sri Lanka and India. In the warehouses of the fauna of the centralized region, there are some typical representatives of the Indian-Malaysian region, the presence of vicissitudes from the Ethiopian region and Holarctics. Tvarinny svit of the Indian subregion is seen in the variety of different types and in the great number of individuals. It is especially important to admit it to the Indies, if the embedding of any living creatures is fenced off by the relay, it is even more rare to blame it on naval creatures.