Osvitnya fabric at roselin. Features of tall fabrics light fabrics

Vona walk the path of mitosu. Osvitnya tkanina maє such characteristics: in none of the secondary clerical style; її klіtiny constantly share; in the most recent days there are plastids, so there is a lot of prozora. Meristem buvay perinatal (procambia, intercalary, apical) and secondary (pericycle, cambium, ranova meristem, phellogen

Fabrics, which are stored in one type of clitin, are called simple ones, and they are stored in different types clitin - folding, or complex. Sense of the classifications of fabrics, and even all the stench to finish off the mind. roslinn_ fabrics dividing into a group of groups, according to the main function:

1) meristems, chi light fabrics (fabrics are stored from living thin, intensively dividing clitin);

a) upper (apical) measures (rots on the tops of the stems and at the end of the roots) increase the growth of these organs into a total amount;

b) bichni merestimi - cambium and phellogen (cambium will prevent the growth of the stem and root. phellogen will fix the cork)

2) pokrivnі (seize the inner fabrics of the roslin from the direct inflow of the new middle, regulate the vaporization and gas exchange)

a) epidermis; b) cork;

3) conductive (to ensure that water is carried out, soil breakdowns and products of assimilation, which are vibrated to the leaves. Provided fabrics for walking can be primary and secondary.);

a) kselima abo derevna fabrics (fabrics to conduct water)

b) phloem abo bast (fabrics on hold organic speech, Confirmed by the growth in the process of photosynthesis);

4) mechanics (to summarize the technique of growing lines);

a) Colonchima (stock up with parenchyma or a few parenchymal cells with unreasonably instigated cellulose stinks);

b) sklerenhіma (clitini may be reasonably encouraged by the trees);

1) fibers; 2) sclera;

5) basic (it is stored from one-sided parenchymal cells, which cover the space between the other fabrics);

6) secretory, abo vidilny (how to take revenge on products).

If there are no cells of meristematic fabrics, they are built up to the bottom. Clients of these fabrics, as a rule, are not built up to date, and their number grows for a variety of meristems. These fabrics are called post-lay. Permanent fabrics are identified with meristems as a result of clinical differentiation. Differentiation of the field in that, in the course of individual development of the organism (ontogenesis), there is a difference between the one-sided cells, while changing the power of the budal function of the clientele Zvychay the differentiation is not turnaround. On the go, pour in speeches, show the role of hormones.

eristemi (from the Greek. "meristos" - podilny), for the sake of light fabrics, may build up to the date and approval of new clients. For rakhunok meristems are formed all іnshі fabrics and trivial (stretching out the life) of growing growth. The creatures have meristems outside, which explains the interconnection of the period of growth. Clitini meristems are characterized by high metabolic activity. Some cells of the meristem, which were called the `` cultural '' ones, are being taken over at the embryonic stage of development by stretching the life of the growing line, and they are gradually being differentiated and transformed into the cells of the old post-consumer fabrics. The initial meristema can, in principle, give an ear to be a kind of organism. Thin terrestrial dews - are less common than non-bogey industrial clitins.

Primary meristems of the volodymy of meristematic activities, i.e., from the beginning to the end of the day. In a number of people who have become active, they may have been victorious and have lost their power before they are active. Such "know" meristemi are called secondary.

In the case of the growth of the line, the meristemi occupy a different position, which allows them to classify. As a matter of fact, up to the position in the tall line, the top is visible, either apikalny (from the lat. "Apex" - top), lateral, or lateral (from the Latin. "Latus" - plich), and intercalary meristems.

Apical meristems grow on the tops of the axial organs of the growing line and ensure that the growth of the tree grows in the first place, and laterally it grows in the growing area. Skin and roots, as well as the embryonic root, the bud of the embryo may develop the apical meristems. Apikalny meristemi are primordial and fix the cones of root growth and in the course (Fig. 1).

Lateral meristems grow parallel to the bichy surfaces of the axial organs, fixing their own kind of cylinders, on the transverse visions there may be eyes. Some of them are referred to as the first ones. The primary meristem is the procambium and the pericycle, the secondary ones are cambium and phellogen.

Intercalary, or insertion, meristems are often the primary ones and are found in the viglyadi of the dilyanoks in the zones of active growth (for example, near the internodes, in the petioles of the leaves).

There are also early meristemis. The stench is set in the workshop of growing fabrics and organs and giving an ear of callus - a special fabric, which can be stored from one-sided parenchymal clines, and how to embrace the challenge of growing callus-to illuminate the growth of the practice of growing The more intensive callus formation, the greater the guarantee of the growth of food with the help and the introduction of livestock. Callus osvita- is necessary for the culture of the tissue of the growth of the piece.

Clients of apical meristems are larger and smaller in size and shape. Mіzhklіtinniki mіzh them nemaє, thin shells, revenge little cellulose. The cell emptying is filled with dense cytoplasm with an apparently large nucleus, which occupies a central position. Vacuum, numerical, albeit with a light microscope, is not very noticeable. Ergastic speeches, as a rule, are visible. Plastid and mitochondria little and odor odor.

Clitini of bichny meristems in size and shape. The stench approximates to the clientele of quiet old fabrics, as they are found in the fake. So, in the cambia there are both parenchymal and educational institutions. The parenchyma of the provincial fabrics is established in the parenchyma, and the provincial elements are in the prosenchim.

Small. 1. Verkhivkova meristem in the course of Elodie. A - late spirits; 5 - build-up cone ( zovnishniy viglyadі late spirits); B - klitini pervinnoy meristemi;

Г - parenchyma cells of the formed leaf:

1 ~ cone of growth, 2 - leaf primordium, 3 - hump of axillary nirka

23 Curtains of fabrics.

The head function is the protection of the internal living tissues from the superfluous vaping. Covering fabrics on the wrap of the growing line from overheating, penetrating microbes, and from those unwelcoming callous infusions.

Woven fabrics are primary and secondary. Primary curved fabric є epidermis, secondary - plug and cork.

Epidermis is the primary tissue. Vaughn to establish itself as the primordial upper meristem. The functions are twofold: from one side, the epidermis conquered the growling from the uncomfortable factors of the winter middle, from the other - the tight connection of the winter middle, the more penetrating gas. Zakhisna function of epidermis to accept dodatkovym appraisals- with hairs, cuticles, wax nalot.
hairs There are two types of hairs - style and hair. Functions - zakist roslin from the overworldly viparovannya.
Zalizist_ hairs will become more alive. Їх cells are characterized by thin walls, vacuolated cytoplasm, a large nucleus. In the middle of the earth, the hairs see the products of the life of the growth. - water, essential oils, organic acids. Functional sign of hairy hairs in growth.
cuticle - the price of the wax-like speech of Kutin on the surface of the leaves, fruits, and deyakim of the roselin. Kutin pretends to be cytoplasm , I seep through the skin of the skin and, when I go down, I’m firmer and more firmly in the cuticle. (Leaves fikus, lingonberry, cranes)
wax coating I have the same function as the cuticle.
Ustitse. The link of the leaf with the call of the middle, the process of gas exchange is good for the help of the food . There is a gap between the two special cells of the epidermis, which are called lukewarm. The stomata are surrounded by the turgor clitin. When the turbulence occurs, the volume of the clitin decreases, the clitine falls off. On a thin part of the cinnamon shell, there is a vigin, a whistup. Look at the two sumptuous, quiescent clays to creep and curl up the stomachache.
During the process of stomatal illumination, the cultivation of peri-stomatal cells was tied. Peri-estuar cells in some types of cells appear from the main cells of the epidermis by their shape and structure of the protoplast. Mozhlivo, how the stench can be seen before the collapse of food.

24 Basic fabrics (parenchyma). The main parenchyma of a loan in Russia is a month for an obligation, as well as for a roll. Providnі and mechanical fabrics yak bi-bored into the main parenchyma. From it there is a polyagaє the pulp of fruits, nasinnya, mesophyll leaves.

Clitini of the main parenchymal developmental shape, the stench is round, oval, cylindrical, tabular and inn. Cytoplasm in cells grows, as a rule, permanently. The central position of the loan of the vacuole The special inclusions are tiny grains, white crystals, drops of olives and in. Slices of keratin are often thinner with simple pores, which are more mature and more often than woody.

Head function the main parenchyma is the re-creation of speech and energy. In її cells there is a process of synthesis and hydrolysis, accumulation of plate parts is observed. Falsely from the position in the parenchyma roslin can vikonuvati development functions- storing, which to carry out, mechanic, visual, assimilation, you can give an ear of secondary light fabric.

In the heart of the stem, endosperm of the seed, in the seed of the embryo, in the bulbs, pericarp, the main parenchyma is tissue storing.

In the midst of the stems and the root of the parenchyma gra I will role. Water expands behind it, mineral and organic speech mechanic the role of the main parenchyma is to play the head rank of the head of her head.

Asimilar tissue can also be seen as one of the variants of the "reversal" of the main parenchyma.

aerenhima- the airy tissue in the roslin, is prompted by the cells, which are so that between them, great reserves are lost to the empty ones (great intercellulars).

The development of secondary illumination tissue with the main parenchyma can be promoted in the central cylinder of the stem and roots during the development of a cambium, when a cortical cambium is laid.

from the conductive bundle to the points of vision and vivoditsya from the intercellular spaces, or through the opening to the type of stomata. However, the size of the stomatal gap is not regulated here. Drip-liquid water is seen and the hairs become golden, as in such droplets they also play the role of a person.

Mechanical fabrics.

Mechanical fabrics in roselin grows in such a rank that, with the use of vitrate material, they will not provide the best mechanical qualities of the rose. Clitini, filled with water, spring, kindly take shape and volume.

The turgor of the clitini lies in all of the callous minds. At quiet vipadkah, if the turgor mill is permanently or organically grown, there is a great mechanic navantazhennya, special mechanical fabrics are developed. The stench of rіznomomanіtnі, ale mayut spіlnі sign - tovsti klіtinnі obolonki.

sclerenchyma- the main type of mechanical fabric. Vaughn will take care of the meat of the axial organs. Klіtini sklerenkhіmi prozenkhіmnykh behind the form. Dovzhina їkh perevischuє width in dozens and hundreds of times .. Klіtinnі shells, as a rule, wood. Only the deyaki may be sklerenhim, which is not a tree, but a tree is weak. Sklerenhima has a great springiness. The springiness of the bast fiber changes the springiness of the skin and comes close to the springiness of steel. Sklerenchyma in roselin is found in axial organs, in stems and roots. Vaughn enter to the warehouse of wire bundles.

Kollenkhima- parenchyma tissue. On the transverse rosrіzі the cells are knee-chin, they have a different shape. Obolonka is vaulted privately and only for the rakhunok of klitkovini, for that instead of klitini they do not see the world, as they can be used in a large number of mechanical fabrics. characteristic feature generations є the presence of chloroplasts in the cells of chloroplasts.

Behind the character of the potovsheni, there are three types of kollenchіmi - cuticle, plate part and rihla. At the corner Kolenchіma, you will be able to roztashovuyutsya on kuta klіtini. At the plate frequency of the Colonchim there is a call and an internal. The fluffy Collenchim has good intercellular spaces. Raztashovuyutsya kollenchyma on top, to lay the epidermis and pumovlyu green barbed stem grassy roslin and young village pagons.

sklereidi Mayut Parenchyma shape, round, ovoid. Cichlithin splinters are strong and woody. Numerical channels can be seen near cell walls. Formed the cells are dead, the cells are not empty.

Providn_ fabrics.

Providnі fabrics in the growing line develop even early. There are two struma of roots in the growing line, the mind is called the high and low. The first is a stream of water and mineral speech and is directed from the root to the leaf, the other is navpaki. We put the viscous struma to serve as a complex fabric - xylem, or wood, decay - phloem, or bast. xylem... Xylem is stored in mechanical tissue, the main parenchyma and sudin and tracheids.

trachea- Prozenchimny cells with a large circle of milimeters, a width of ten or one hundred parts of a millimeter. Along with the water-conducting trachea, it has a visual and mechanical function.

sudini- a chain of empty pipes with an average length of half a centimeter (one up to 1 meter and larger.

Clitini, who store the vessel, are called the segments of the vertebrate, the surplus of the transverse walls and the clitine perforated plates. The shape of the segments of the Sudin Rizna

At the bagatokh plants, they clog up with tills. Tilli- a lot of parenchymal cells, which penetrate into the vessel through the pores in their walls, grow and clog them, they are impenetrable.

Another component of the xylem is the mechanical tissue of the sclerene. Sklerenhima, how to enter the warehouse of the xylem, be called libriform abo іnakhe wood fiber.

At the majestic large quilt roslin, before the xylem warehouse, enter the main parenchyma, called village. Klіtini її rozsіyanі along the whole xylem or connect to the Sudin. Clitines of the village parenchyma are knitted along the axis of the organ, the shells are lightly produced and woody.

Razr_znyayut first and second xylem. pervinna xylem winery with the formation of the primordial structure of the body of the rose line with the primordial bichniy meristem - the procambia. First and foremost elements - other weakly lignified judges, spinal gardens, who will be approved protoxylem... The land, which grows apart from the elements of the xylem, which is bigger, is called metaxilema. secondary xylem Confirmation with the secondary bichniy meristemi - cambia. second fabric obumovlyuyut zrostannya roslini in tovshchinu. Secondary xylem

27 Xylem vikonuє in the roseline two main functions: water collapses along them at once with the release of mineral speech and serves as a support for the organs of the roseline. Before the warehouse of xylem, there are histological elements of chotir types: tracheids, judges, parenchymal cells and hvilya. trachea they are vuzki, strongly knitted into the death of a cell with fiery chives and wooden shells. Penetration of differences from one trachea in the middle of the trachea is carried out by a filter through pori - loss, tightened by a membrane. Ridina along the tracheids is different, so as the pore membrane is overwhelmed by the water. Trachey go to see everyone vishykh roslin And in the case of a large number of horsetails, plauns, ferns and holonas, they serve as one of the leading elements of the xylem. In pockitonny roslin, there is an order of tracheidamy є sudini. Trachei (sudini) there are no empty tubes, which are stacked in three segments, one over one. In the segments on the transverse walls, a small opening is set up - perforations, or there is a tendency to run up, because of which the speed of the lines on the side of the vessels grows. The splinters of the sudins permeate with lignin and give the stalk an additional flavor. It is due to the nature of the furrying of the sheaths that the trachea grows in size, spinal, descent and in. First for an hour, inspect the judges - protoxylemi - are laid on the top of the axial organs, before the top of the meristem, there, de navkolishnyyh cells, still continue to fight. The grown-ups of the pro-toxicity of the building are stretched out at once from the vitiaguans of the desiring cells, the splinters of their cellulose are not significantly woody - the lignin grows in them without the help of the cilians anyway. The process of adding to the lignin allows the tubes to obtain sufficient energy for an hour to grow the stem or the root. With the growth of the organ, new judges of the xylem appear, as they learn more intensive technologies and complete their development in the adult parts of the organ; so the me-gaxsema is formed. Tim for the hour of the nipersha judge the protoxilem to stretch, and then to ruin. The maturity of the metaxilia did not grow old. Are they dead, horrible? I will go back from the wood of the tube. Yakbi їkh development ended before, as the vitiaguvannya of the living cells had ended, then the stench would have strongly impacted the whole process. Dovgі empty tubes of xylem - the ideal system for conducting water on large cities with minimal cross-codes. Another function - mechanic - xylem vikonuє is also responsible for the fact that it is stored in a row of healthy pipes. In the primary type of xylem growth in the roots, it occupies a central position, in addition to the roots of prototypes, it is more difficult for the above-ground parts, to bend under the porosity, In the stems of the wire beams, in the stems of the wires, in both vipadki the stem is pierced with okremimy strands of xylem, so that it will secure its support. Particularly important is the supporting function of xylem nabuva there, de maє mіsce secondary development. During the process, there is a large number of secondary xylem; before it go over to the generations and sklerenchy the role of the head mechanical fabric, and it itself won’t serve as a support for the great villages and chagarnik breeds. Growth of stovburyv in the country begins to be a singing world of vantage, like the growth of roslin, so that one is encouraged to grow up, the sense of a pole in a structure that is strong enough and to be ensured as much as possible. The village parenchyma of the xylem takes place in the first, and in the second xylem, the protest in the last one is more and the role is more important. Clients of the village parenchyma, like being one of those parenchyma clitins, may be fine cellulosic cells and are alive together. Vvazhayut, where the wood fibers, as it is itself and the fate of the xylem, lead their way through the tracheid. In addition, they can have more ideas and more education, and it means that they smell like a lot of technology, that is, they give xylem to the same mechanical art.

28 phlome It is stored from mechanical fabrics, the main parenchyma and synovial tubes. sitovidny the tubes are functionally and morphologically - head elements of phloem. The Їх function of the field in the conducted strum of plastic words.

The sieve tubes are stored in a vertical row of living vityaginous cells, dermal cells with a segment of the tube. Typical cell tubes are stored from cylindrical cells, more primitive ones - from cells of prozenchimny forms. The characteristic morphological peculiarity of the cytovid tubes is the Budova cinnamon shell. Vona is sometimes thin and small in number, as a rule, on the contrary. Through the pores, from one cell, the cytoplasm - plasmodesmi - penetrate into the insha. Pick up in groups at later and more often on the transverse walls of the bed. Dilyanka of a clitinous shell in a cytoid tube, an inconsistent numerical pori, is called cell payment.

Critical syk of cytoid tubes to avenge zucra, dextrin, bilka, amino acid, nitrite, nitrate, salts, phosphoric acid, enzyme methy

Before the phloemy warehouse, yak and before the xylem warehouse, there is mechanical tissue on the sclerenchy and the main parenchyma. Phloem sclerenchyma is called bast fiber, the main parenchyma is bast parenchyma. The main parenchyma of the phlome grows unimportantly, and at the same time becomes a soft bast with the cytoid tubes. Dilyanki of bast fiber are called hard bast. Phloem, as it is itself and xylem, develops first and second. Primordial phloem, in its own right, differentiates into protofloem and metaphlome.

29 Vidіlnyy are called fabrics Razrіznyayut vidіlny fabrics of Internal and Zovnіshnoї secrets. Vidіlnі fabrics of znіshnoї secrets 1. Gіdatodі attachments, wіll serve for seeing the vodі. At bagatokh roslin, іznі organi (the head rank of the leaf), they see water at the viglyadі krapel - Gutatsіya. Gutace is especially intense in the minds, making it difficult for the transpiration of the vaping to the water. 2. To provide flexible and broadly expanded calls of the European Union. At the bagatokh roslin, the leaf scrum and the stem of the volodya are golden-hairy. While the hairs grow thin and round the head of the Essential Oil, fill the space between the cellulose shell and cuticle. 3. A special type of zoose zvnіshnoї secrets represent nectarіkі- scent found in kіttsі. 4. by the very type of the child є to over-trap the lumps of comahoid roslin. leafing crabgrass. Vidіlny tissues of internal secretions. It is a matter of the way of їkh approval of the development: Shizogennye vmіstylischa is pretending to be a way of distribution of clitin shells; Rexigenic intercellulars win by the way of razryvuyu of tsilikh dlyanok fabrics, and then visihannya and vіdmirannya klіtin. Lizigennye vmіstylischa z'yavayutsya during the deconstruction - lysis of cells and shells. The canal-like structure is seen as an annex, or else you can set yourself up in the stems and roots, growing in the leaves. Channels on їх together are called: olіynymi, resinous, slimy and kamedevimі. With its own tubular canals є milk judges or milk judges - there are two types: 1) arthritis and 2) non-membership. Articulated milk vessels are stored from bagatos of milk vessels.

30. Primary anatomical Budova root on butt iris.

On growth, even with a small increase, a small internal part clearly develops - central cylinder, I call primordial bark, Covered with one ball of clitin with root hairs - rhizoderm (unbelievable).

The famous ball of primary measles - exoderma, Store in a very small, large-sized cells, the walls of which are corked and viscous I'll write down the function... poztim roztashovana main parenchyma (mesoderm), Yaka storehouse for the head mass of primary measles. The inner ball of primary measles - endoderm to be stored in one row of cells, with promising radial and internal walls. Sered cich klin є thinnest live klitin (roztashovany mayzhe navproti other sudin xylemi), called pass. The central ball of the central cylinder is a pericycle, which folds into one row of parenchymal cells. The inner part of the central cylinder is occupied by a polyarchic radial bundle.

31. Secondary anatomical Budova root on the butt of a harbuz.

With a small increase, know the central cylinder from the choterma by the interchange of the primary xylem (tetrarchic bundle). Between them, they roztasovani to present some of the great critical collateral conductive bundles. The endoderma is filthy, so as at the її kіtin іtvšenі deprived of the radial wall (by the beaches of Caspary). With great growth, it can be seen that there are thin parenchyma cells, that lie between the xylem and phloem, divided by tangential partitions, and in some small pieces all the way in the middle of the whole ball there are flooded small vessels between the small ones. it’s easy to get rid of it and store it in decal rows to finish the other clays of tabular form. Secondly, the tied up is tied from the pledges and the professional cambium. Secondary xylem is meaningfully shifting behind the flat phloem and lying closest to the center. Vona is represented by great vessels, fibers and other parenchyma cells. Secondary phloem, which is located along the periphery of the cambial zone, is represented by cytoid tubes with simple horizontal synovial plates, cell-mates and parenchyma. The primary phloem is rosted at the very periphery of the bundle, and the cytoid tubes of deformation. Between the conductive bundles there are wide primary bark-wood promenades, established inter-bundle cambies. Great parenchymal cells, which make promises, trochies are knitted in a radial direction, from the surface of the roots of the harbuz, they are covered by the periderm.

Three cob, one-sided meristemic cells are distinguished by their buds and functions. Until the stench comes, as a rule, it is not good. Meristemi can be zberigatysya even more by stretching out the life of the roslin. Falsely, it is a primary and secondary meristem.

The primary meristems (measurements) are seen without the middle of the embryo's meristem, which develops from the zygote, which will grow up to the end of the day.

Secondary meristems have brought the building to an active stage anew. The stench is established from the primordial meristems or the permanent fabrics.

The upper (apical), lateral (lateral) and insertion (intercalary) meristems are seen up to the position in the dewlines.

Apikal meristemi are located at the poles of the embryo - the roots of the root and nirka, which will prevent the growth of the root and flow into the meal. Apіkalnі meristemi - first, the stench fixes the cones of root growth and in the course. When rounded up - bichni pahony and root may their top meristemi.

The lateral meristems are located by the number of axial organs, making up the cylinders, like on the transverse spines there may be eyes. The primary bichna meristem is the procambium, the pericycle is the vine with the apex and without dressing in front of it.

Secondary meristem - cambium і phellogen - is formed more and more from the dimensions of the dark cells or from the late tissues. The lateral secondary meristem will prevent the growth of the root and stem. For procambia and cambia, there is a supply of fabric, for phellogen - a cork.

Intercalary (inserted) meristemi - grow in the spaces of internodes, leaf stalks. The price of surplus primordial meristems, the stench resemble those of the upper meristems, ale їkh re-incarnation in the post-fabrics can not be overshadowed. The price of low meristems is especially good for cereal roslin.

Early meristems are established when tissue and organs are pocketed. The cells are alive, so they can feel the damage of the little ones, they are dedifferentiated and repaired, so that they can be transformed into the secondary meristem. Early memes set up callus - a thick tissue of blue and jovy colors, which can be stored from parenchymal cells of versatile growths that grow smoothly. Callus clits may have large nuclei and are obviously useful clits. Z callus can be found in the fabric, or organic growth. A cork is formed on the periphery. Callus vikorystyutsya for rejection culture of isolated tissues.

The cytological features of the meristemic cells are the isodiametric rhizomes, which are not divided by the intercellular spaces. Clintin stinki thin, with malim in the place of cellulose. The cytoplasm is dense, the nucleus is large, roztashovane in the center. The cytoplasm has a large number of ribosomes and mitochondria. Vacuoles are numerical and even worse than others. The process of growing and differentiating the dark cells is supervised to grow and differentiate the cells. Growing susceptible clines will grow up to call on us, so that the plasmodesm will be saved between clitins.

Cover fabrics. Roztashovany calls of all organs of the roselin on the cordon with the lasting middle. Smells are stored in a very tightly closed cell and play the role of a bar, preserving the organisms of growing from unwelcoming infusions.

Epіblema (rhizoderma) is the primary one-ball surface of the root tissue. The main function of the institute is to mock, vibrate the soil with water and the elements of mineral vitality. Through the problem one can see actions of speech, for example, the application of acids, which flows onto the substrate and transforms it. Cytological features of the family are linked to functions. Especially thin cells, reduced cuticles, with a viscous cytoplasm, with a large number of mitochondria.

Epiderma (shkirka) is the primary tissue of tissue, which is created from the last ball of the cone of the pagon build-up on all leaves, stems, as well as on leaves, fruits and seeds. Epidermy conquest of internal fabrics from visihany and poshkojen, re-penetration of microorganisms. Immediately, the epidermis will provide a connection from the middle - through it transpiration (regulation of vaporization) and gas exchange will occur. Epidermis is a folding fabric, the warehouse includes morphologically different cells: the main cells of the epiderma, which are jammed and the secondary cells of the food, trichomes. The main cells of the epidermis are closed, the intercellular spaces are outside. Bichnі stіnki often zvivistі. Announce the names of the names more for them. Klіtinnі stіnki can seep with silica or avenge slime. From the lateral side, the entire epidermis is covered with a cuticle root ball. Крім Кутіна in її warehouse is included impregnated with wax. The roslin are bogged down by the water, the cuticles are mute. Klitini Epidermi Mayut a living protoplast, call for good endoplasmic and the Golgi apparatus.

Ustyachka - special structures of the epiderma, which allow gas exchange and transport. The mouth is stored from two quiescent cells, between the two signs of the interstitial gap, before which a dichotomous empty space is removed. Often, two (or more) small cells are added to the lingering clitines. The walls of the frozen cells are inconsiderately - cage (furrowed to the stomatal cleft) of the dorsal (adherent to the epiderma). When the turmoil is pushed, thin walls stretch out, and the stomatal gap grows. When you fall, you won’t be able to curl up, so you’ll bend the clientele to take the cob position. To freeze the cells by the peri-estuar cells, all at once are called the estuary complex. The development of such main stomatological complexes: a) anomotsitny (sweet) - hinder the cells, do not faintly swirl around the mouths (typical for all hanging roslin, with a twist of horsetails); b) anizocytny (unequal) - shake the cells of the food, three of them are near the mouth, one of the more (or less) ones (only in the quills); c) parasitic (parallel-year) - the skin of frozen cells is accompanied by one or more small cells, growing parallel to the frozen cells; d) diacytny (cross-year) - two peri-estuar cells roztashovani perpendicularly quiescent; e) tetracyclines - quench the cells with small cells, with two lateral and two polar cells (the head rank in monocotyledons); f) encyclical (from the Greek kyklos - wheel, colo) - chotiri (inodі three) or more side clauses vuzke a circle near the quiescent clitins (in ferns, holoness and quintans).

Trichomes - development by form, budding and function of vitality klitin epidermi. The stench may have the shape of the hairs, the little piece and the іn. Epidermy is functional, as the rule is one rik, call in until autumn and replace the cork.

Cork (fella) is a secondary tissue, it develops from a cortical cambium (phellogen). Fellogen is one ball of a second family meristem, a wine with the main parenchyma, which can lie under the epidermis or more glyboko. Clitini of phellogenes spread parallel to the surface of the organ (tangentally), usually called clitini fellemi, in the middle - felloderm. Klіtin fellemy is going to pretend to be bigger than fellodermi. Fellema (crooked fabric, stitching), phellogen ( lighting fabrics) I phelloderm (the main tissue, chlorophyllon-removable parenchyma) - a single pokrivny complex - periderm... The cork stoppers are even thinner, without intercellular spaces, and the corks are even thinner, then you put the subery and wax behind the rack, but do not let the water go through it again. Gas exchange and transpiration in the organs covered by the peridermis flow through the lentils (dilyanka peridermi with fluffy cork wedges). At a large number of villages, the periderm will change in 10-30 rocky times. The cork is stored from decal balls of the cork and stacked between them in different fabrics.

Main fabrics. For a walk, you can start with the first, set yourself up with the apical meristems. The stench is stored from live parenchymal cells, often from mesometric, thin ones, from simple pores. Falsely, there is a wide range of functions to develop asymilatics, store and air parenchyma. Asimilyatsiyna parenchyma - parenchyma. The main function is photosynthesis. Roztashovana in the above-ground organs, zvychay under epidermoy, especially kindly rosvinena in the leaves, characterized by the presence of intercellular spaces, thin cells, rich chloroplasts. The storage parenchyma is stored from thin cells from leukoplasts, which can be transferred to other organs. Air parenchyma - aerenchim. Viconu ventilation and partly dichal functions. It is built up from the growth of the growth (overwhelmingly green) and the great intercellulars. It is kindly rosvinena in the organs of the roslin, which are planted near the water.

Mechanical fabrics. Forgetting the spirit of the roslin, the building of the prototypes of the hardness of the power organs, the porosity of the wine, the board, the snig, the vitality of the creatures. Mechanical fabrics play the role of the skeleton in roselin. Clients of mechanical fabrics are strongly encouraged by clichés of fabrics, as it is necessary to see the development of protoplast. supporting function... The design of such mechanical fabrics is as follows: Klenchima, sklerenchyma and sklereidi. Kollenchyma - to grow in stems and leaf stalks dvodnykh roslin pid epidermoyu, in the roots, call out dumb. Klіtiny kollenchіmi live, vytyagnutі in dozhinu, often take revenge on chloroplast. Clintin 'stinks are unstoppable. Klіtiny kollenchіmi zdatnі vzdatnі growth і do not perceive the growth of growth. This is due to the nature of the cultivation of the flakes and the development of cuticles, plate parts and rikhl of Kolenchim.

Sklerenchyma is the primary plant to develop in all vegetative organs of monocotyledons, secondarily - in the greater number of monocotyledons. Clients sklerenhimy may be provocative, as the rule is from the trees. The empty cells are small, porous, simple, thin-walled. Protoplast vidmiraє early. There are two main types of cells sclerenchy - fibers and sclereids. Fibers - strongly knotted prosenchimny cells up to 1 cm (drip) and up to 4 cm (ramie). Sclereid - parenchymal form, can grow in groups and one by one (brachisclereid - kam'yanistic, asterosclereid - gillasti).

Providn_ fabrics and complexes. To set up in the tili of the roslin without interruption, the hedgehog will be flashed, as it is, all the organ is. From the roots to the leaves, the current of water breakdowns of mineral salts grows, from the leaves to the roots of the decaying strum organic spoluk... Skin current will preserve its own type of conductive tissue: upper - tracheal, lower - cytoidal.

Tracheal elements - tracheid (podovzheni cells with healthy stems, pori - oblyamovany, in conifers - with torus), a large part of oblyamovannye pyr is located at the end of the keratin. Roschini peresuvayutsya for rakhunok filtering. Trachey grows in all the growing dews, in the majority of conifers, ferns, plunus and holonasin є on a single wire fabric. The vessels are stored from the cellless cells - the members of the judgment. At the time of the fixing of the cell walls, they are often razchinyayutsya, perforated. Judge to function for an hour. In a safe viscous struma, it is not only the trachea and the judgment that take on the fate of a complex of different tissues, titles xylem... The xylem has living cells of tree parenchyma and village fibers ( libriform). In the safe decaying struma, the network elements take on the fate - the main component is to carry out the complex - it is stored from the cytoplasmic cells and cell tubes, the cell cells and the bast fibers. Tsey complex to be called phloem(Loub). Xylem and phloem in a large number of vypadkiv roztasvani hand, set up the conductive bundles. Growing up close beams - meristemi nemaє, growing out of the day (monocotyledonous and ferns) and vіdkriti - meristem (cambium) є, rose tangential, to the periphery, continue the growths of the centilelementi, to the periphery. According to the growth of the phloem and xylem, the onset of the types of bundles: bichni - the phloem of the rosette to the periphery, the xylem to the center, can be open and close; bicollateral - the phloem rostashovan from the outer and inner side of the xylem, only when the phloem is visible, the phloem is first and second to the hikers, the phloem is seen from the xylem of the cambium, the inner; concentric - xylem will drain the phloem (amphivasal), or the phloem will drain xylem (amphikribral), only close; radial - phloem and xylem roztasvani by radii, by the number of changes, they are darchial, triarchial, tetrarchial and polyarchic.

Vidilny fabrics. Rise of education (partly bagatoklitinni, older one-liner), which is seen from the growth, or insoluble in the fabrics of the product, exchange of words or water. They develop the most common and internal secrets.

The most prominent structures - hairy hairs, hairs (trichomes epidermisu), gidatodi, nectaries (grow in stitches), near the hairs of hairs, rots on the surface, in pits, grooves, and humps near the branches small pad. Nectar is the difference between candies and houses of drinks, spirits and aromatic words. Loose hairs are trichomes, to be lost epidermi. Loose hairs can be sessile and on the lower edge, and have a single head. Zalizist_ hairs with a bagatoclitinous head are called vines. Gidatodi - food, as they see the name of drip-like water and breakdown in any salt.

Vidіlnі fabrics of the inner secrets - vіtіlnі vіtіleni vіdіlenі and dairy judges. Suddenly witnesses to pretend to be from intercellulars and who are: 1) licensed - to pretend to be responsible classy walls(Citrus); 2) schizogenic - pretending to be a rakhunok of proliferation of cells (for example, conifers). Milk judges are a system of emptying, showing the development of functions - carrying out, seeing and accumulating rіznykh speeches... milk judges revenge clitinniy sik special warehouse, titles of milk juice. Two types of milk vessels are seen: articulation and non-articulation. The articulated milk judges are stored in a later row of vinyaginous clitins. Often, the transverse partitions between them are broken and formed into thin tubes with numerical virost. Articular dairy judges take part in representatives of the families of aist, poppies, dzwoniks and іn. The uncleanness of the dairy court is stored in one cell, which grows in the world of growth of the growing line. Razgaluzhuyuchis, the stench permeate all the thick of the growing line and can reach the end of a dozen decal meters. Meet with representatives of the sprinkler, euphorbia, kutrovie and іn families.

Features of tall fabrics

When seeing, growing and systematizing tissues in roslin, it is necessary to provide specific features.

1. Osvita, Budova, topography and tissue functions are controlled genetically. I will explain the similarity and specificity of tissue in different genotypes of roslin.

2. Fabrics do not appear in the definition, tobto in the residually completed viglyad. The stench grows in the course of the ontogeny of the roslin. In the process of ontogenesis chemistry warehouse, Klіtinnu budovu and the function of fabrics can change. For example, in the mint shells, the clitin of the stalk parenchymal parenchyma, which adheres to the sclerenchyme, can seep with lignin, causing the hardness of the straw. In the villages of the world, in the world of old stems, the irreversible ruin of the Sudin and the transformation of the provincial tree into a sound one, so that it is not valid. Let's show є the butt of the worm structure of the conductive bundles in grassy dvodolnykh. The cob stench develops from the procambia and is stored from the protoxylem and the protofloem, and, moreover, in the bundles there are provincial elements of the primary metaxilemia and the primary metaphloem. With the appearance of a cambia in such beams, the elements of the secondary xylem and secondary phloem will be established.

3. Fabrics can be set up spaciously with roses. So, zokrema, rostashovuyutsya support cells in Chinese tea leaves.

4. Rizni fabrics can show the same functions. For example, the springiness of the stem will be provided with mechanical fabrics and the suttau will be supplemented with those provided.

5. In roslin it is possible to make the transition from one fabric to another. In the zones of growth of roots, stems and other organs from the outside, readable between and between light and permanent tissues.

6. Functionally and structurally, fabrics can be matt and more similar. For example, mechanical fabrics on the sclerene can be used as a pericycle and a cambium; Provincial fabrics in dvodolnykh can be found in procambia and cambia.

7. Views Klinna Budova One and the same fabrics can be caused by heterochronous, so fast-paced, nesting. To this, there is a spring, summer and autumn tree of one and the same tree near the trees, as well as the tissue of the small internodes in the blueberry.

8. Kilkisn_ indicators of fabrics can often change for the flow of factors in the middle. For example, in fallowness due to the illumination mode, there is a change in the thickness of the growth of products on the surface of the sheet; subclinny warehouse of asymmetric parenchymal storage in the form of roslin safety with nitrogen and water.

When grafting tall fabrics, the methods of botany and other sciences are widely used. Among them, the most effective methods are optical and electronic microscopy; hystochemical method, imaging on specific farbuvanny tissues by cytological barnacles; physics methods - deformation, polarization and interference; biochemical and physiological methods. Mathematical methods are widely used for the analysis of primary information about cells and tissues. There is a great prospect for the methods of ecological anatomy.

light fabrics

The value and versatility of light fabrics

Due to the peculiarity of the growths, the growth is growing. Rist roslin is the basis for the development of both organs and organs, as well as of all organisms, which are genetically determined and ensured by two processes - between the cells and the whole organism. Raztyaguvannya klіtin casts on the ear of їх differentiations and the formulation of permanent fabrics. The whole process has an important role to play with phytohormones.

Rozpodіl kіtin doesn†™ t create new structures, but rather supplies the auxiliary material to induce the tissues and organs of the roselin, and also serve as an auxiliary process for the further growth and development. Rospodil clitin in typical minds of vegetation є vidmitous familiarity with light tissues of roslin, or meristems. I see two types of cells of meristems. Some of them, named by іnіtsіals, build up not interrupted by bagatorazov, self-create at the same time and give a cob to clients of a different type - the old ones. Likewise, the number of times they change and are transformed into new fabrics.

For walking, the first and second are the first and the second. Primary differences occur during the development of the embryo nucleus, or as a result of the morphogenetic activity of the cone of the growth of the nirka. Prior to the primary meristems, the apical and intercalary meristems, procambian and pericycle, sporogenous meristem are carried. The primary meristems are the primary post-fabrics, while the vicinities and the second meristems are established. For example, cambium and phellogen (cortical cambium) can be established from the pericycle in the roots of dvodolnykh.

Secondary meristems can be found either from the primary meristems, or as a result of the differentiated cells of the main parenchyma, which is the same when the cambia is established.

However, the mother's demand on uvaz, modern methods biotechnology, meristematic tissues can be generated from any living roslinnaya klitini... The peculiarities of the clerical budov and meristems are tied to their functions. Klitini meristems are young, their development will be taken into account at the embryonic phase. To that, the size of the clitin is small, the form of the Parenchyma is cubic, rich in size up to the most rounded. Сlіtinnі stіnki thin, without secondary cellulose tins. The cytoplasm is dense, the ligament is optically larger, lower in the tissues. The nucleus is large, during the growth of the growth the interphase is auto-synthetic, so it is tied with the preparation of the cell to the house. Good development of organelles, as the synthesis of the protein is ensured. The Golgi complex and vacuoles rotate weakly. Between the mass of the nucleus and the cytoplasm, there is a permanent reduction. Zbіlshennya masi kernels є the ear of a family business. Meristemi, tied with the statements of the vegetative parts of the growing line, go along the path of mitosis. In addition, in їkh cells the set of chromosomes and genіv is permanent. Sporogenic meristems undergo meiosis, which will explain the genetically determined haploid spores.

Behind the stage of growth in the growth organism, the meristems are apical, intercalary, lateral, wound and sporogenic.

apikalny meristemi

Apikal meristemi are located at the top of the last in the warehouses of the fabrics of the cone of the growth, as well as in the corner of the root. This is also called the upper meristem. In the cone build-up you see: cells of tunics, from which epidermis develop; central meristematic zone, yak є reserve holy clitin for other zones; the middle meristem, the yak is the birthplace of the middle meristem; the peripheral zone, from the cell where the procambium is formed; and the main meristem, which will prevent the establishment of primary measles and parenchyma of the central cylinder.

At the root of the root, the apical meristem is rosted in the subzone of the day. From the іnіtsіalnykh clitins of the cієї meristemi there is a kіlka group clіtin: caliptrogen, characteristic for monocotyledons, a clitine that spawns a root chohlik; dermatogen, differentiating into epіblem - pervinnu I will curl the fabric root; perіblem, from which the primordial bark of the root grows; pleroma, vikoristovuvan to induce the central cylinder.

intercalary meristems

Intercalary, or intercalated, meristems are the primary ones for walking. The stench is the surplus of apical meristems and localized in the basal part of internodes and in the leaves of the leaves. It’s a trivial hour that we can move to the embryonic camp, and it’s meaningful to start developing in their own way according to the instructions of the new customers. It is more active to repair the intercalary meristem in the world of confidence and repair of the apical growth in the course of time. For example, in wheat and other mint, when the pagon is growing, it is close to 1 cm cone of growing differentiation and replacement of metamers of the vegetative part as a result of the production of metamerism of a folding ear, or of the latter essence. Until the end of an hour, 4 - 6 above-ground miniatures will be established, for some far away there will be a small number of intercalary meristems and extensions of the older ones. The workers of the intercalary Meristemi leaf in the pokryonny growths have their own way when they go out from the nyrka.

lateral meristem

Laterally, or bichni, the meristems grow in the stems and roots in parallel to the surfaces and will prevent the growth of growths in the area.

Prior to the primary lateral Meristem, the procambian and pericycle are carried. For the procambia, the fabrics of the wire bundles of the stem are set. If the procambium is laid in a cone of growth with a succinic ring, then with a further development, a stem of a non-bunchy type of budovi will form, like a lion. When the procambia is pledged with strings of cola, the stalks develop into bunches of wire, such as, for example, in wheat and other myatlikov.

Klіtini pericycle is functionally more versatile. From them, in the stems mechanical tissue is set on the sclerenchyma, in the roots - can be found in cambium and phellogen (cortical cambium). In addition, the pericycle take a part in the established roots of the family.

Secondary lateral meristems are cambium and phellogen, which are established either from the pericycle, or from the main parenchyma cytin; cambium can also be found in procambia. The stench is characteristic of the axial vegetative organs of bivalve pokrytonny and holonasinnykh. Cambiy will secure the approval of secondary elements of provincial fabrics and bundles, bast and trees. Fellogen is a breed of clitini, who pretend to be a cork and felloderm. The laying of repeated balls of phellogen in the bast should be produced at the village breeds until the pick is established.

early meristemi

In case of trauma to the growth of cells of the main parenchyma, roztashovani orders from the child to the dilenkoy, they dedifferentiate, so that they build up the health to the point of creating a special tissue - a wound, or traumatic, a meristem, a clump. In such a rank, the tsya meristem is secondarily for walking. When the cell membranes of callus leak out, a cork is formed by suberin. Callus and cork capture a traumatized dilenca caused by pathogens.

sporogenic tissue

Assignment of sporogenic tissue to polyagi in confirmed disputes. The stench develops in quinta roslin when it is formed in the tek of pilas and in the buds of pistils. In rozvinenny pilovikh sporogenic tissue є bagatoklіtinnіy, and in ovules it is represented by deprivation of decilcoma clіtins. Clitini are great, thin, single-core, with a diploid set of chromosomes, a great supply living speech in the cytoplasm.

As a result of meiosis, in piloids with cutaneous sporogenic cells, a chotiri haploid microspori is established. With a small amount of mitotic time, the microspory becomes a file. In the ovule in the greater number of pokritonnykh meiotic growth of the sporogenic clitine should be produced to the approval of the chotiroh unrepentant clitins. Of them, one develops into a haploid macrospore, інші - ідмиють. Farther away is the mitotic subtype of macrospori є the basis of the embryonic beetle illumination.