Osmotic powers. Budova stalks of dwarf herbaceous roslin
"Biology. Bacteria, fungi, roslin. 6 class" V.V. Pasichnik
specialties of Budovi roslinnaya klitini
Pitannya 1. Yak to prepare a preparation of shkirki luska tsibuli?
Prepare the preparation of the shkirki lusca tsibuli, it is necessary:
1) pidgotuvati object sklo, rubbing it with gauze;
2) apply 1-2 drops of water on the object with a pen;
3) behind the aid of the dissecting head, take care of a small piece of a clear cut from the inner surface of the tsibuli, place it in the drip of water and distribute the wedge with a small tip;
4) carefully cover the drift of water from the skirting along the slope.
The preparation is ready. Yogo can be viewed through a microscope. You can use the drug with iodine. For Tsiogo:
apply on the object of the slope a handrail with a slope on the slope of the iodine, so that the slope of the iodine has been drunk on the slope;
from the side of the curved slope, the filter paper is pulled out of the iodine
Pitannya 2. Is Yaku Budovu's mother?
Skin growth of the skin is small for the opening of the sheath with pores (Fig. 1). Before the warehouse of the sheaths of the growing clitin, there is a special word - cellulose, which is a must. In the middle of the village, there is nothing to do with the conversation - cytoplasm... In the cytoplasm, the nucleus grows small, in which it is possible to develop the nucleus. Mayzhe at all the clients є empty - vacuoles... The stench is filled with classic juice. For the growing clitina, the characteristic numbers of other children are - plastidi, Scho to revenge the pigment. So, green leafed leaves start with plastids, called chloroplasts, in which greens are chlorophyll pigments. Rise of filling the quills of the pellets by starting plastids, called Chromoplastics, to avenge chervony, blue and іnshі color pigments. For example, blue parsing nada pigment - xanthophyll.
Small. 1. Budova roslinnoi klitini
Nutrition 3. Is there a secret siq and how can one take revenge in a new one?
clitinniy sik located in the cellini vacuoles. Klіtinniy sіk to take the water out of the way in nіy tsukrami and іnіe organic and inorganic chapters. The clitine juice can vindicate farbuvalny speeches - pigments
Nutrition 4. In what color of farbuval speech, what is found in the juice and in plastids, can there be farbuvati parts of roslin?
Barvniki juice can be squeezed into blue, violet, raspberry-colored pendants and other parts of roselin. Plastida can put pressure on the growing organs of the roslin, the green leaves, the green leaves, the zhovt, the chervon or the oranzheve zabarvlennya. The formation of plastids is due to the presence of farbubal rhymes, or pigments. So, a green leaf is given a green pigment chlorophyll.
Klіtinniy sіk, yo warehouse and power. The role of vacuoles in the exchange of speech. Vikoristannya rechovinny juice in lykarskiy purposes.
An unconventional product of the life of the Russian plant - clitinniy sik... Small dots can easily be found in adorably young clines. In the world of їkh growth, it’s worthwhile to eat healthy juice. Klіtinniy sіk accumulate in the channels endoplasmic, Confirming in nіy bulbashkovidnі zduttya, which are called vacuoles. Klіtinniy sіk is a difference between the bagatokh and even more profitable for the warehouse of organics and not organic speeches They are synthesized and seen by the protoplast.
In the clitine juice, there are various additional materials (nitrogenous and nitrogen-free) and stimulants of life processes. People can be both weekdays and vitamins, and speeches of unassigned physiological meaning, and obviously secret speeches, and mineral salts.
Warehouse for wine juice:
Organizational speeches
nitrogenous:
Bilki (protein, proteid).
Aminokislty (asparagin, tyrosine, leucine and in.).
Alkaloids (chinin, morphin, nikotin, colchicine, coffee, codeine, papaverine, etc.).
Glykoalkaloidi (solanin, digitalin).
nitrogen-free:
In carbohydrates - monosachoridi (glucose, fructose);
disaccharides (sucrose, maltose);
polysaccharides (inulin, pectin, dextrin).
Glykozidi - pigments (anthocyani, flavoni);
sinirgin, amygdalin, coumarin, saponin, vanilin.
Tanning speeches - tanin, catechin and in.
Organic acids (oxalic acid, apple juice, tartaric acid, citric acid, etc.).
Salts of organic acids (crystals of calcium oxalate and nuclei.).
Treponoidi, efiri yin.
Phosphate calium, sodium, calcium.
Nitrate (salt) calories, sodium.
Calcium chloride, sodium, calcium sulfate, iodine, bromine.
Power of wine juice:
- In the clitine juice, there are various additional materials (nitrogenous and nitrogen-free) and stimulants of life processes.
Pervinna budova stems in dvodolnykh.
a) Epidermis
b) Primary bark (collenchyma, parenchyma, starchy pichva). Tovshchina Rizna.
c) Central axis cylinder (Periclicheskaya sclerenchyma). According to the number of colloidal beams, or bicollotyral beams - vidkriti. Є parenchyma, tobto core. There is no chloroplast here. In some cases, you can become empty in the middle of the core. Between the wire bundles, the cells grow parenchyma, as they unite the core with the primordial bark. Tsі dіlyanka are called hearty exchange, On them you can move to the radial direct of lively speeches.
Secondly budova stems.
Secondary changes of the stem grow similarly to the roots, cambium pratsyuє and in the stems exactly the same way, on one side from one side to the periphery, the second phloem is formed, in the middle - the second is xylem. Xylem is 3-4 times larger than phloem, more in stems like cambium descho іnshe. Secondly, the snake in the stems is to be repaired for the appearance of a cambia in the midst of the walks. Clients are parenchy to transform into cambies. To form the end of the cambial ring. It is stored in the beam and interbeam cambia.
There are two options for the Cambial circle:
1) Form beam type stalks, cambium bundles form a conductive element, and cambium bundles form a secondary parenchyma, as a result of heart changes, the stench is wide - multi-row.
2) Bundle and inter-bundle cambium pratsyuє However, there is also a second xylem and phloem, and everything doesn’t get angry in one suction ring. Heart-shaped promenades є, ale thin (all 3-4 rows). suction bundle(Type of)
Note: For children of Roslin, there can be a third option - transition budova (type), Whenever there are bundles of wires, they are very clear, and then they get angry one in one. Tse varianti budovi grassy roslin.
The stalk of herbaceous roslin takes 1-1.5 months to form. Tom second fabric it grows in small numbers, the central cylinder grows insignificantly. As a result, the primary bark is slightly stretched, and the stem of grassy dvodnykh roslin matime epidermis, pervynu bark, peppercicle sclerenchyma. Tobto the stem of herbaceous dvodolny wedle grows there is a tissue, a slightly overgrown central axial cylinder.
KLITINNY JUICE Klitinniy sik is a water breakdown of small rivers, which are products of the living of protoplast, in the main, spare rivers and leaves. The reaction of the cinnamon juice is weakly acidic, but it is neutral, but not too much. Recognition, scho to enter to the warehouse of cinnamon juice, is superbly flexible. Ces in carbohydrates, proteins, organic acids and salts, amino acids, minerals, alkaloids, glucosides, tannins, pigments and іnshі roses in water spoluca. Most of them are referred to a group of ergic speech - products in the metabolism of protoplast, which can appear and become known in the development period of life. Bagato rechovin wine juice is set only in the tall trees.
Vacuoles Vacuoles take revenge on all the growing cells. The stench is empty in the cakes, filled with richest vmist - cinnamon juice. From the cytoplasm of cells from the isolation of the vibrating penetrating vacuolar membrane - tonoplast. Tonoplast vikonu bar'єrni and transport functions. For a large amount of healthy klitin roslin is characterized by a large central vacuole, Scho borrows up to 70-90% of the volume of klitini. At the same time, the protoplast grows with organelles at the sight of an even thinner, permanent ball, which whistles the wall. Permanent protoplasts develop other cytoplasmic vacuoles. One nucleus grows in the center of the cell in the nuclear colon of cytoplasms, like a bandage with a permanent ball with thin cytoplasmic strands, which cross the central vacuole.
Glucose (grape zukor) and fructose (zukor fruit) accumulate in great numbers in juicy fruits. Sucrose (buryak tsukor) in great quantities accumulate in the root crops of tsukrovy beets and stems of tsukrovaya reeds. For a number of families of roslin (cactus, Tovstolist, orchidnі), it is characteristic to accumulate a slime in the clitine juice, so that the water is subdued. Inulin is a reserve polysaccharide, which is deposited at the eye of a coloidal rose in the juice of the underground organs in a foldable substitute for starch. Bilki accumulate at the sight of the coloidal difference in the vacuoles of the cells to ripen today. When water is saturated at different stages of development, the water is seen from vacuoles, the concentration of the bottle in the juice of the juice is moving, and the wine is transferred to the camp of a solid gel. The airborne vacuoles are called aleurone seeds.
The organic acids in the most common juice are often citric, apple, burshtinov and oxalic. There is a great amount of acid in the juice of the immature fruits, giving it sour relish. When the fruits of organic acids are ripened, they can be vicious as a substratum, so the sour relish of the fruits will grow. Salts of organic acids together with mineral ions play a great role in osmotic processes. Tannidi Tannidi (tanning speeches) are polymeric phenolic spheres of tart relish. The stench may smell antiseptic power and seize fabrics of roselin from infection and decay. Especially rich in tannins, measles stems and roots (oak, willow), immature fruits (hairy mountains), leaves (tea) and some pathological growths - galls. Tannіdi vikoristovuyutsya in medicine, for tanning shkіri, farbuvannya textiles in dark brown color. Alkaloids - versatile in chemically altered nitrogen-containing organic speech, which may give a great gusto. The stench of power may have to be found in the juice, as a rule, in the presence of salts. Bagato alkali-bearing dewlines are scrubbed and not consumed by herbaceous creatures. In cells that revenge alkaloids, super-spiders and rudiments of microorganisms do not develop, and the growths do not get mushroom and bacterial ailments. Particularly rich in alkaloids are representatives of the families of paslion, poppy, madder, Lyutikov and іn.
GLIKOZIDI Glykozidi Glykozidi organic spoluke Molecules which are stored in two parts: a carbohydrate (pyranoside abo-furanoside) surplus and a non-carbohydrate fragment (T. N. Aglykona). As glucosides in a larger sense can be seen and in carbohydrates, which are stored in two or more monosaccharide surpluses. Importantly crystalline, before amorphous speech, good quality in water and alcohol, carbohydrate alcohol and carbohydrate-diamorphic speech in alcohol, Glycoside, and to represent a great group of organic speech, well to develop in the same way. With acidic, muddy, enzymatic hydrolysis, the stench is split into two parts of the aglycone and carbohydrates (or parts of carbohydrates). Bagato of glіkozidіv toksichnі abo volodіyut strongly fіzіologіchnim dієyu, napriklad, glіkozidi digitalis, strophanthus i drugіe.kіslotnomschelochnomfermentatіvnomtoksіchninaperstyankіstrofanta His NAME glіkozidi otrimali od gretskih slіv glykys Solodkii i eidos view oskіlki stink at gіdrolіzі rozpadayutsya on tsukristu i nesaharіstuyu components. Most often, glucosides are seen in leaflets and sheets of roselin, earlier in their organs. Before the warehouse of glucosides, it should be included in carbon, water, kissen, more nitrogen (amygdalin) and only a few minutes to replace the water (sinalbin, mirozin) hydroxycarbonhydrogen
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL POWER GLYCOSIDES On the chemically side of glucosides esters of candies, but they do not give carbonyl reactions, because of the vapors, but the carbonyl group of alloys in them is tied analogously to In the molecules of glucosides, surpluses of candies are bound with aglycone, which is a pharmacologically active part of glycoside, through the atom O, N or S. Before the store of aglycones is included in the aliphatic and aromatic series. Budova bagatokh natural glucosides are insufficiently vaccinated. With the interaction of candies with alcohols, mercaptans, phenols and other words in the presence of hydrochloric acid and eliminated synthetic glucosides. Especially this kind z'єdnannya easily utvoryuyutsya at vzaєmodії gіdroksilnih chi іnshih pohіdnih of atsetohlor- abo atsetobromglyukozoy.spіrtamіmerkaptanamіfenolamі In addition vipadku, if at gіdrolіzі glіkozidіv utvoryuєtsya glucose takі spoluki priynyato nazivati glucosides, when utvorennі іnshih tsukrіv glіkozіdamі.glyukoza Glіkozidi predstavlyayut him tverdі, it is not volatile, it is good to crystallize, it is more amorphous in speech, it is easy to find it in water and alcohol. Water solutions of glucosides may be neutral. If you want to split into zucra and agglikoni, it’s even easier to break down, like glucosides (saponins), as they do not decompose with diluted acids (H 2 SO 4) under trivial heating. When glucosides are split by enzymes, the vibratingness is observed in the house; only the potent enzyme is a good solution for the glucoside. In addition, one enzyme breaks down glucosides, for example, emulsin breaks down amygdalin, ale and salicin, esculin, coniferin and deyakis of glucosides, and ale does not break down sygrin. The enzyme dehydrates amygdalin to prunosin, navpaki, emulsin, which is distributed to benzaldehydehyde-dyngidrin, saponisalitsineskulin,
The hydrolyzing enzyme is tightly bound to the glycoside molecule and asymmetry in the carbon atoms of the sugar. So, for example, right-handed α-methylglucoside is split by invertin, at that time it does not change when it doesn’t change, navpaki, β-methylglucoside is split by emulsin, but it doesn’t dissolve on α-glucose. Natural glucosides, where emulsin is released, may not rotate enzymes. Those, for the singing surroundings, are seen with the hanging of the growths or the isolation of glucosides from them. This is often glucosidic, removed from dried roselin, rapidly growing from glucosid, which is found in fresh roselin. In dried roselin, the enzyme does not develop its own hydrolytic effect, even if it is wet with water, especially at ° C, an intense reaction to hydrolysis occurs. At low temperatures, in the presence of a doctor, enzymes develop, but at 0 ° C they do not appear. Food is 70 ° C, navpaki, it is necessary to activate and deactivate enzymes (enzymes to hydrolysis). rhamnoglucosides, which, during hydrolysis, add rhamnose, glucose and other sugar (for example, rutin, hesperidin).
CLASSIFICATION GLIKOSIDI Earlier, the botanical classification of vikoris was expanded to be available in a given hour for glucosides that were not installed. Pharmacological classification, based on the biological diya of glucosides, was also not taken into account. Naybіlsh docіlnі chemіchnі clasіfіkatsіya, based on cheeky Budov aglycones abo tsukriv, which are established during hydrolysis of glucosides. In the general type of glycoside, I will name tsukriv with the addition of the suffix "id". So, glucosides, which split off pentose, are called pentoses, which split off hexoso-hexosides. Remain, in its turn, to be divided into groups, for example, which cleave off glucose are called glucosides, cleave off fructose іlіgalactose fructoside, galactoside and so on.
VISION OF GLIKOSIDES FROM ROSLIN: Methods of seeing glucosides from roslin are even more useful and to lie in the nature of glucosides and іkh іх іх іх іхіднія before roschinnіv. Often times, seeing is tied to the great difficulties through їkh easy ї Health until the fall. When you see glucosides, make sure you consume acids and meadows, as well as enzymes that can be used for glucosides. For a whole lot of roslin, use alcohol in the presence of other agents (soda, potash, etc.), and also by means of such agents (water, alcohol, ether, chloroform, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate) at temperatures. Іnodі glіkozidi transforming into nerozchinnі easily peeled pіddayutsya z'єdnannya i potіm їh rozkladayut of metoyu vidіlennya in pure vіde.potashahloroformomdіhloretanom Podrіbneny Roslyn materіal pіddayut ekstraktsії in diffusers (percolator) i potіm peeled, of metoyu vidalennya tannins, farbuvalnih, mucous, bіlkovih that іnshih rechovin, I will call it “balastnykh”. I’ll look at the glimpse of a small change in glucosides in roslin, often surrounded by the visions of not individual words, but of the sums of the water droplets, standardized according to the biological concept of food. Such drugs are called neogalenic or novogalenic. In 1 ml of such a range, there is a small number of glucosides circulating in units of a diy (OD). So, for example, the activity of glucosides of the heart group is observed in frogs (LID) or kittens (CODE) ones, which characterize the most common part of speech, which shows a biological dyu on tvarin. Naturally, in the capacity of the rotational activity of the glucosides in the cars, the remaining ones rotate in grams (or miligrams). It is especially great difficult to find out when you have pre-matured roslin with the signs of glucosides. At the same time, there are two main directions: the "lead method" or a differential post-mortem extraction. "Lead method" of photographing warehouse parts dewlap in the presence of lead salts and are subdivided according to their differences in quality in quiet retail outlets. In case of differential extractions, they are used after the knights of the growing material with the help of the growth workers and chemists and the production of the skin extracts.
YAKISNI REACTIONS of glucosides Glycosides should be used before chemical agents. On the vidminu of alkaloids stench, do not give specific reactions; The stench doesn’t change Feeling’s size, nor does it smell like the oxide of the medium. Vinyatok become tі glucosidi, agglіconia and revenge reducing groups. Pіslya gіdrolіzu glіkozidu kip'yatіnnyam aqueous rozchinu of rozvedenim rozchinom sіrchanoї acid utvoryuєtsya Zukor viyavlyayut of the reducing zdatnostі rozchinom Felіnga.rastvora Felіngasernoy kіslotirastvorom Felіnga Bіlsh zagalnim Je enzymatically rozscheplennya scho dozvolyaє not tіlki vstanoviti prisutnіst glіkozidu, ale i bring іdentichnіst Yogo porіvnyannyam of zazdalegіd vіdomim. Most often it is used for the supplemental enzyme emulsin. All such glucosides can be found at water levels in the form of wraps, in that hour like glucose, which is accepted as a result of hydrolysis, we’re going to rule over the wraps. At the present time, two positions of the skin glucoside are characterized by the current index of renewal. With the index may be added to glucose instead of glucose, circulated in milligrams in 100 ml of vialized rose, to be approved when glucose is split in a quantity, which is necessary for the change to the right. tsukrіv. So, richly glucoside from purified bichachoy zhovchu and sirchanoy acid give fermented chervone, so 20% alcohol-grade α-naphthol from concentrated sirchanoic acid gives blue, violet or fermented chervone. Adequate farbuvannya vinikє in the case of consumption of β-naphthol or resorcinol. Glycoside, which reveals phenol in the form of aglycone or phenol hydroxyl, is prepared with chlorinated salt. With the action of glucosides, the reaction is more clear when alcohol is consumed in the reagent. Glycosides, agglomerates, and others to replace the carbonyl group, identify in the presence of hydrazones, semicarbazones and oximes. With protective acetylated anhydride, abundant glucoside gives characteristic acetyl origin. The action of acetylizing the amount of viciousness and for the release of glucose and the red component of glucoside. The evidence is based on the reconstitution of pentaacetylglucose in pentaacetylglucosyl-p-toluidine with p-toluidine. It does not differ in alcohol, low wrapping and low melting temperature.
Saponin Saponin Saponin foldable nitrogen-free organic spoluces with roselin glucosides with superficially active powers. Dissolve the saponin in the case of restoration to create a thick pinu. The name resembles Latin sapo (born Padizh saponis) is cute. Widely expanded in nature, grows in the small parts of roslin leaves, stems, roots, colorahs, fruits. Replace the aglycone (sapogenin) and the carbohydrate part of the glucose
ALKALOEDI Alkaloidi Alkaloidi (Latin Alkali meadow і Greek Ε δος species, viglyad) is a group of nitrogenous organic compounds of natural walking (most often the dewy), which is most importantly heterocyclic, large small ones; before them, it is also possible to ensure that they are biogenetically linked to the main alkaloids of neutral and weak acidity. Amino acids, nucleotides, amino acids and polymers to alkaloids should not be present. Some alkaloids are called synthetic halves of a similar structure.
Vacuole - tse empty, filled classic juice i am surrounded tonoplast.
clitinniy sik- the whole product of the protoplast life, which is a weak concentration of aqueous solutions of versatile organic and mineral speech, which can establish true or coloidal differences. In case of watery vacuoles, the stench passes into the form of crystals or crystals.
Klіtinniy sіk can be used in basic acidic reaction. It’s a good warehouse that I’ll lay down in the form of a growing line, and I’ll grow it.
WAREHOUSE OF KLITINNOGO SOKA:
I. INORGANIC SUBSTANCES:
phosphate; nitrati; chlorides; sulfate, carbonate: calcium calcium, sodium; iodine, bromine.
II. ORGANICHNI SPEECHOVINI
1. Nitrogen-free:
in carbohydrates: Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose), disaccharides (sucrose), polysaccharides (іnulіn), pectin.
glucoside: amygdalin і sinіrgіn - a hot relish, coumarin - a pungent smell, saponin, digitoxin bran at high doses, a number of glucosides are vicious in medicine (foxglove, convaluation, etc.).
Flavodnoidi(Pigmenti): flavoni - zhovti pigments, antotsiani - pigments, which can change its storage in the fallowness due to the reaction of the cinnamon juice. In the neutral middle of the anthoziani, there is liluvatim, in the lush - blue, in the sour - in the chervona. Chervoniy kolіr among antocyanians in the sheets of pіvonіy, geraniums, poppies, trojand; blue - in delphiniums, hair; raspberry-lilovy - in root crops of beet, fruits of plums, grapes. antotsiani bar ossinє leaf in yaskravo-chervoniy kolіr. The stench settles in cold sleepy weather and manifests itself in the world of chlorophyll ruining. Naybilsh yaskravo podparbovany leaves of the cold clear sun.
Tanning speech: tanin, catechin, protect the growth of the decay. Z'є For the tanning of the shkіra, it is to be afraid of meat, meat and does not leak water. Most of the tanning chase is to take revenge on oak (in the first bark 10 ... 20%), tea (in leaves 15 ... 20%), modrina, badan. The breeders of the viscous and anti-fiery tannins of the tannins are vicious in the treatment of slurry-intestinal dislocations, opikiv, shkirny and other ailments of the people.
Organic acids: shchavleva, apple, lemon, wine, burshtinov, benzoin, salicilova.
Salts of organic acids: calcium oxalate (calcium oxalate), magnesium oxalate, sodium oxalate, calcium oxalate.
2. Azotovmіsnі:
bіlki: Proteins of simple white (white crystals and globoids) accumulate as a reserve of lively speeches. When the vacuoles are watery, the stench vipadaut from the coloidal gap, crystallizing crystals. Crystalline bilka, discharge tonoplast of a viscous vacuole, be called aleurone grain.
amino acids: leucine, asparagine, tyrosine.
alkaloids: the stench of baking and sprinkling, how to rob them bit by bit for roslin. As a rule, there is a great physiological activity and a strong inflow into the body of people and creatures. Widely vikoristovuyu in the quality of drugs, tranquilizers, diseases and diseases. (Chinin, atropin, caffeine, ephedrine, pilocarpine, strychnin, morphine) and insecticidal (anti-coma) diseases (nicotine, anabazine).
glucoalkaloids: solanin, chakonin
The physiological role of the words of the cinnamon juice is growing. Someone accumulates і spare living words (simple bіlki, carbohydrates), і spews, how to regulate the fuel of roslin, roslin and tvarine (glucosides, pigments, alkaloids), and osmotic substances
Functions of vacuoles:
1. Accumulation of spare and insolation of ergastic speech (leaves, end products).
2. Adopting the turmoil and regulation of water-salt exchange.
3. Participation in the biochemistry of speech in the family.
tonoplast, Navkolishn_y vacuole, will vibrate to penetrate and thus take part in the regulation of osmotic processes, linked to the vacuole, especially in the growth of turbulence in the cells.
The products of the primary exchange of speech are reserve lively speech.
Stock of lively speech є products of the first exchange of speech, of the second group - secondary.
starch
Krochmal, is seen in the viglyadі of grains in plastids - leukoplasts - amyloplasts.
The slid of the development of the starch is asimilyats_yn_ (or the first), the spare (or the second) and the transient. Asymilyatsiyyni starch takes place in chloroplasts for an hour during photosynthesis. It is more likely to run and synthesize in amyloplasts (leukoplasts) as a reserve starch.
Coarse grains may grow in shape, sharpness about the lighting center You can grow in the center of the grain or from the side. Amiloplasts can be one or more centers of starch formation. The reserve starch is found in the parenchyma of cybulin, root leaves, bulbs, fruits, cotyledons and in the endosperm of the seed.
bilki
Spare bottles are grown in fruits and white roselin in solid white tea, or aleurone grains. Aleuron grains are separated by an elementary membrane or an amorphous matrix is called simple ... Aleuron grains are called folding as a matrix to take revenge on the inclusion of a white crystal and amorphous non-protein (which is stored in phytin) globoid. The spare bottles accumulate in the vacuoles.
Fats, oils and wax
Oils and fats are developed in the main software physical authorities; fats at extreme temperatures are solid words, and oils are rydki. Fat and olії є reserve forms of lipids.
Fat and olії grows in all groups of roslin, I would like it in a small amount, in the presence, in the skin, in the skin. The stench is found in a hard, but also a bit, in a native camp in the form of drop-drenches. Fat to pretend, in cytoplasm or plastids - elayoplasts . Wax is known to be in the viglyadі zakisnogo ball on epіdermі .
Secondary exchange products.
crystals
Crystals, right to take revenge in roslin, are most often stored with calcium oxalate. Confirmation of crystals - one of the bags accumulated calcium in tall fabrics.
Essential oils.
Essential oils are bought up in notes, leaflets, fruits and vegetables of roselin and do not take part in the exchange of words. There are close to 3000 types of roselin to accumulate essential oils. Essential oils are used for virgin oil, in perfumery and cosmetic industry, as well as in medicine. Їx dress:
Z quotations: trojandi, lavender, m'yati, basil, carnations;
Z leaves: geranium, thyme, yalivtsyu, thuja, cypress, laurel, marjoram, melisi, estragon;
З fruits: lemon, orange, coriander;
Z roots: iris.
And also the bagatokh of the small roselin.
Smoli.
Resins can be used for droplets in the cytoplasm and in the clitine juice, or they can be called. Resin unresponsive in water, perebryuyu on the surface of the organ, do not pass the vologue. The stench is impenetrable for microorganisms; Resin zasosovyut at prepared varnishes, drukarskoy farbi, mastic oils, vikoristoyut in medicine. Vicopna resin of wimerlich coniferous roslin is called burshtin.
Budova klitini. Klіtinniy sіk.
1. What is also a vacuole?
2. So also tonoplast?
3. What kind of a clichéd drink?
4. Where to lie down chemistry warehouse and the physical mill of wine juice?
5. Who has the physiological function of the juice?
6. How many words can I accumulate in the juice?
7. What about glucoside, flavonoid, anthocyanin, tannins, alkaloids?
8. Do you know how to use glucoside, flavonoid, anthocyanin, tannins, alkaloids in medicine?
9. What is osmosis?
10. Are you osmotically active?
11. What kind of turgor?
12. What kind of turgor grip?
13. What is the turgor tightness?
14. What mechanism is responsible for the diagnosis of a tourist?
15. What is the meaning of ma turgor in the life of Roslin?
16. What is plasmolysis? Why is it vinikak? To what can you lead?
17. Who can see fat?
18. What are organics and fabrics with the greatest amount of fat?
19. What kind of aleurone seed?
20. Yak pretending to be an aleurone seed?
21. Do you see aleurone grains?
22. Is it also a tiny grain?
23. Yak pretending to be a tiny grain?
24. Do you see any starchy grains?
23. Oxalate calcium, deduce, how do you see crystals?
24. What is the meaning of calcium oxalate crystals in medicine?
25. Ethnic oliiya, how can it be done or accumulated?
26. What is the meaning of essential oils in medicine?
Vacuole - lost protoplast - empty, surrounded by a sub-membrane (tonoplast) and filled with clitine juice. Klіtinniy sіk - ϶ᴛᴏ weakly concentrated water solutions of needles and organic s'єdn Yenen, which make true and coloidal solutions. In case of watery vacuoles, the stench pass into the form of crystals or crystals. Klіtinniy sіk MAє in the basic weak acid reaction (pH 2 - 5). It’s a chemistry warehouse to lay down in the form of a growing line, and I’ll grow it. Physiological functions of speech in wine juice. Someone accumulates і spare lively speech (simple drinks, carbohydrates), і speech lines, how to regulate the interconnection of roslin, roslin and tvarin (glucosides, pigments, alkaloids), and osmotically alcaloids
Glycosides are ether-like compounds of monosaccharides with alcohols, with aldehydes and other words. Prior to glycosides, the nutrients of the cinnamon juice - flavonoids - are introduced. Οʜᴎ Barring the seedlings in the leaflets and fruits, and so that they themselves receive the comas and the enlarged fruits. Flavoni - zhovtі pіgments, anthocyani - pіgments, which can change your boiling from the pH of the clitine juice.
Tanning speech - efiri fructose i aromatic acids, Scho protect the growth from decay. Z'є
Alkaloids are organic substances, they take nitrogen, in the roslin they are found in the salts of organic acids, as a rule they show a great physiological activity and to exert a strong influx on the organisms of humans and food, widely stagnate in medicine.
The clinker sic accumulates in the channels of the endoplasmic fissure in the droplets of the eyes, which then get angry into the vacuole. In young cells, a lot of other vacuoles take revenge, in old people, one is great. In the clitine juice, there are different types of speech: in carbohydrates, alcoholic drinks, organic acids, glucosides, tanning speech, alkaloids, enzymes, vitamins, pigments and іnshі. Vacuole is a place of adding dumplings to the exchange of rechovins. The functions of vacuoles are polarized from one side in the accumulated reserve and insolation of ergasmic speech (leaves, end products in exchange), from the bottom - in the process of regulating the water-salt exchange.
Between cell juice, protoplast and cell lines, speech and water are continually re-sucked. Tonoplast is easy to penetrate for water і, volodіyuchay vibrating penetration, іnovіlnjuє vikhіd from vacuoles іonіv and tsukrіv.
The main role in osmosis of longline cells is to form vacuoles. In case of high concentration, water will penetrate into the vacuole. If you get more and more in general, the vacuole will squeeze onto the cytoplasm, press down to the point of view and flare up turgor grip... Klіtinna stinka, due to its springiness, will put pressure on the protoplast. Tse of shoveling of clinny stinkas was taken by nazivati turgor interference... It is necessary to drive to the clinic, I want to go to the base of osmosis, ale limitated, surrounded by a rosy clitine wall. If the gap between the stretching of the wall is reached, soaktuvannya drive and crouch. The concentration of the clitine juice will be the best, the turgor spill is maximal, the clitina is the most energetic. The stresses of the camp of the cli- turgor... Turgor is a normal physiological camp of the Russian woman. The staff of the turgoru adapt to the springiness of the clitin and fabric, the roslina zberigє its shape, occupies a better position in the open space, protects the mechanical injections. Whenever there is a cell in the country, a tourist will take it out of the way, the osmotic grip of a visceral juice (hypertonic juice), then the water will flow from the cells. A quick fix of the vacuole will lead to the reduction of the grip on the cytoplasm, and the cytoplasm - on the cells. classrooms due to its elasticity, it will become less stretched, the society will change. Whenever a client gets a little less than a minimum, and a change in a cytoplasm is trivial, then, clenching, it is more likely that the walls and steps are taken in the center of the cell. Nastaє plasmoliz is a stun against a turbulence. Trivial і strong plasmolysis can lead to the death of a cell, with a partial Plasmolysis of a growth.
Included are substances that are time-consuming to exchange words or products. Greater inclusion of growth in the cytoplasm and vacuoles. Check out the solid and solid inclusions.
The fat deposition is wider in the cytoplasm of the cytoplasm. Naybilsh bagati them fruit and today.
Reserves are most often found near the aleurone grains, which are set up when the cells are ripened from the lumpy vacuoles. Οʜᴎ May vary in shape, size from 0.2 to 20 microns. Aleurone grain is smoothed out with tonoplast and to place a white matrix, in a bored white crystal (up to two or three) rhomboedric form and globoid phytin (to replace the stored phosphorus). Tse folds aleurone grain (at a lion, a harmelon, a sleepyhead, etc.). Aleuron grains, which are used to avenge only amorphous blocks, are called simple (in legumes, rice, corn, buckwheat).
Naybilsh has a wider reserve of living speech - starch. The slid of the development of the starch is asimilyatsiynі (or the first), the spare (or the second) and the transient. Assimilation of crystals takes place in the process of photosynthesis in chloroplasts from glucose. Spare starch is deposited in leukoplasts (amyloplasts) in the view of starchy grains. Coarse grains are spherical crystals, which are stored in small crystals. In the polarized light in the skin grain, a black cross is visible. Small grains have a more sharuvicity, as they explain the differences in the water, in the dark balls it is more, in the light it is less. The price is tied with the nervousness of the hopefulness to the starch by reaching out to finish. Tiny grains are simple, foldable and semi-complex. Prost_ grains may have one center of starch formation, near which starch balls are formed. Folding grains in one leukoplasts have a splinter of centers, which may have their own power. In semi-complex grains, there are also centers of centers (two or more), ale crumb balls to starch, which are found in the skin center, along the periphery of the grain є to the back balls. Prost_ grains may be wheat, rye, corn, folding - rice, oats, buckwheat. The bulbs of cartoplas have three types of starchy grains.
Secondary exchange products. A part of the end products in the exchange of speech is seen to be called, a part of it is isolated in the most growing line. Some words are accumulated in wine juice (salt sorrel, acidic acid, tannins, alkaloids), and others - in special cells or special minerals (essential oils, resins, calcium oxalate). Calcium oxalate only in vacuoles at viglyadі crystals. There are single rhinestones, Rafida - packs of small crystals, crystalline sand - the purchase of free single crystals, most often friends are seen - the swelling of prismatic crystals. The presence of calcium oxalate crystals and ich viglyad crystals, as a diagnostic sign, is determined when determining the reliability and goodness of a polycarbonate plant.
Budova klitini. Klіtinniy sіk. - understanding and seeing. Classification and special features of the category "Budova klitini. Klіtinniy sіk." 2014 rock, 2015.