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Natural resources European table. Korisny kopalini Evropi

1. Vikoristovyuchi the text of the handler, the picture to the atlas, the visitor to the friendly and unfriendly rice of the EGP Western Europe.

The EGP is designed to be a seaside camp of large lands, as well as on the head of the sea routes, to lead from Europe to America, a small, compact country in the world, one to one; Closeness to Bagatyokh regions means closeness to Dzherel Sirovini. The land of the region is roztashovani in friendly natural minds: garnishing of rural and girsky forms of relfu, conciliatory climate, rosy soil.

The characteristic rice of the region є practically increases the visibility of natural landscapes. Zap. Europe is one of the most urbanized regions of the world. Londonska and Parizka agglomeration lay down to the best in the world.

Zap Europe - one of the economic centers of the world; є an important financial center. At the pace of economic development of the region in the rest of the rock becoming the United States and Japan. Renovation came to us in front of science-based galuzy - microelectronics, biotechnology and in. Transport is highly developed. Є Dense car roads. The role of sea transport is great (Rotterdam, Marseilles, Le Havre, Antwerp, Hamburg are the most important). Growth in the value of pipeline and rotary transport. Great significance is the tunnel along the English Channel.

negative rice EGP vropiє The safety of natural resources is not uniform. Industrial reserves є in the Netherlands, France; vugilla - at FRN (Rursky basin), Great Britain (Uelsky basin, Newcastle basin); gold ore- from France (Lorraine), Sweden; ores of kolorovyh metals - in the Federal Reserve, Spain, Italy; caline salts - from FRN, from France and in. I’ll look back at those countries of Western Europe that have long been on the road of promislovy development, rich in ancestry close to visnazhennya. In the outskirts of the country there is a problem of primary energy resources. Zakhidna Europe is safe mineral syruvina girshe, nizh Pivnichna America, which grows deserted due to the import of Syrovin. The winter and western parts of Western Europe are not completely protected by the resources of the fresh waters. Great small arteries - Danube, Rhine, Loire. In Norway, 3/4 of all power plants are provided by hydroelectric power plants.

5. Analyze Figure 15 on p. 42 assistants. Yaky visnovok you can zrobiti about the distribution of the population of foreign Europe?

Foreign Europe is growing up to a high average population size and more equal distribution in some of the great regions. There are many great sparsely populated and many uninhabited regions. The visibility of the population in the Foreign Europe is mainly based on the townspeople, a part of those who are constantly growing and in the whole replacing 70% of the population in the region. Belgium, Switzerland and Nimechchin have 80% of the population in the small region. In the provinces of European Europe, they are weakly rooted in industrial relations, and the part of the population of the city is significantly smaller (in Portugal and Greece it is close to 40%). True, it is true that not all the figures can be taken into account, so as to the small settlements in some countries (Netherlands, Belgium, Austria), there are five populations of 5 thousand inhabitants and more, in the last few (France) residents, and in third (Daniya, Shvetsiya, Finland) - in 200 and more residents. In the Danish hour, Zarubizhna Europe is the most urbanized region of the world. The middle level of populations by localities is quite large here, but not in the USA and Japan, but there are more differences in the urbanization of coastal and inner regions. typical rice European urbanization - a great concentration of population in the most great places. Half of the population of Zarubyzhnoy Europe is located in places not less than 100 thousand rubles. Residents.

6. Analyze Figure 17 on p. 44 employees of the "Promislovi Center of Foreign Europe". Explain to the cordon "Central axis of development".

The development of the inter-central axis is economical European countries: Nimechchin, France, Great Britain, Italy.

8. Explain why in the Names of the Designs you have designated specializations.

The name of the region was rooted in the center of Europe at the crossroads of the most important trade routes, so that it would not allow for the purchase of the necessary resources, in the region there was a science that allowed the galloping of high-quality machines for the production of products.

9. Analyze the map "Rurskiy promisloviy district" in the atlas. Visit the main industrial center in the area of the same industrial center.

In the Rurskiy region, they reload the galuzi of black metallurgy, heat and power engineering, machinery and chemical industries. the most industrial centers Dortmund, Essen, Bochum, Gelienkirchen.

11. For additional cards, give the text of the handler EGP assessment Great Britain. It should be noted that the island of the country has infiltrated the development of the country.

Roztashovuyuyuyuyuyuyuyunaval and і astrakhan transport routes Pivnichnoy America, Great Britain has a great economic and geographical position. Ostrіvne roztashuvannya kraїni infused on the development of sea transport and sea links with the other powers.

13. Save the gaps in the propositions:

The area of France is 643,081 km2, the population is 66 million Chol.

State capital - Paris

At the winter and at the wine visit of France, they are surrounded by the Wine and Celtic seas, at the private - Seredzemne.

The English Channel was distributed to France and Great Britain.

On land, the won between Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Andorroy.

On the territory of the region there are reserves of gold ore, bauxite, high-value salts.

The demographic situation is characterized by the sound of the population.

In the economy of the country, the priority is the galus of industry, automobile production, perfumery, food industry.

Silske the statehood is represented by the vyrobnytvom of meat, milk, grain and red beetles, as well as vinoorism itself.

France is a leader in tourism development.

14. Vikoristovuchi the text of the handler, atlas, explain why Franzia's development was discussed: a) black metallurgy; b) cheery promises; c) machinery.

The development of black metallurgy and chemical industry from France is backed up by the presence of government power, cheap energy, and electricity from nuclear power plants

15. Describe the structure: 1) export of France: agricultural and food products, automobiles, machinery and possessions, chemical products and pharmaceutical preparations. Prior to important articles of export, there is also the possession of astronautics and countries.

2) import to France: energy resources, automobiles

17. Explain the specialization of the economy of Italy on quiet galuzy, as they said in the factory 16.

ITALY MAє INDUSTRIAL AND HIGH DISCLAIMERS IN INDIVIDUAL AND BIDNY, AGRICULTURAL PIVDAY. A large part of the territory is unauthorized for the Silskoy government, the land is an importer of food. It should be entered up to the number of the most widespread brands and manufacturers on the market of cars, bicycles and mopeds, tractors, handheld machines and refrigerators, radioelectronic products, industrial goods such as steel pipes, plastic , sir, olive oil, wine, fruit and tomato canned food.

18. Name the country, which is included in the region of Central-Skhidna Europe.

Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ugorschina, Rumunia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Serbia, Kosovo, Albania, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia.

23. Vikoristovuchi picture atlas and handler, distribute the land of Zakhidnoi Europe for the stage of urbanization. To create new cards on the basis of the results.

Highly urbanized regions, more than 80% of urbanization in May: Great Britain, Switzerland, Iceland

Average urbanization, the rate of urbanization from 65 to 80% May: Italy, Nimechchina, Ukraine

Low level of urbanization, less than 65% May: Rumunia, Portugal

27. Give according to the characteristic two lands of the "Great Family" (by choice).

1. Economic and geographical position of Nimechchina and Great Britain.

Nemechchina and Great Britain are borrowing from the EGP, if they want more information. The FRN has been rooted at the crossroads of transport routes, which are located in different latitudinal directions. It is especially significant for the country there are straight routes to the Pivnichny Sea, on the Uzbek coast there is a small port of the holy value (Hamburg).

EGP Nimechchini and Great Britain

Great Britain is an island state. Vona roztashovana on the retinue of international sea shlikhiv... The EGP of the country has been turning for the completion of the construction of the tunnel, which is the laying in the nyvuzhchuyu of the channel of the English Channel and the outside. Great Britain from the mainland.

Porіvnyannya Nіmechchiny and Great Britain

FRN - Federation of Historical Nimetsky Lands. In 1990, two Nimetsian territories were united into one power. 16. The skin of the lands has its own constitution, its own parliament and order, and all the power of the legislative power in the state is to lay down the bicameral parliament, and the vikon For the sovereign structure of the FRN - the federal republic.

Offended by the country є EU and NATO members.

2. Natural mind and resources of Nimechchin and Great Britain

The natural resources of both countries are interconnected and visnazheni, the fragments are exploited for a trivial hour. In both countries є significant stocks kam'yanogo wugillya, Dobre vugillya. New naphtha is added to Great Britain from the shelf of the White Sea natural gas, And in Nimechchin, krym kam'yanogo, as the razroblyayut ancestors of the brown vugil. The land is rich in stocks of healthy and kitchen salts.

The genera of gold ore is practically cultivated and in this hour it is not of great importance. Great Britain has only a few genera of lead-zinc, middle and tin ores.

3. Population of Nimechchin and Great Britain

On the number of the population of Nimechchin, on the view of Great Britain, in the significant world, she infused a Friend svitova vіyna, For every hour, 10 million people have gone down. However, the land of Shvidko has renewed its population of 11 million. Infectiousness of the turn to the Nimechchin of the people from Russia and Kazakhstan. The natural habitat is near Great Britain, and in Nymechchina it is even low, as the number of rocky navies has increased at a faster rate of population.

FRN - one-national land, and in Great Britain, Crimean English (80%), live Scots, Welsh (Wallians), Irish. All peoples have preserved their name, culture and religion. Great Britain is home to a large number of vicissitudes from large colonies.

The population is growing unevenly, the most concentrated in the industrialized parts of the country. The average area of the population mayzhe is the same - close to 230 os / km sq. At the same hour in Ruhr (FRN) the population density reaches 2000 chol / km sq. Great Britain has a densely populated area of England (350 inhabitants / km2).

The offense of the country is seen as a superbly high level of urbanization. About a third of the townspeople live near the great places and agglomerations. Megacities were formed in both regions.

The structure of occupation of the population is approximately 60% in Nimechchina and 70% of the UK work in the sphere of services, a part of the most efficient in the industry has moved up to 37.7% in Nimechchin and 27% in the UK, in the Russian government, 2% are borrowed.

29. Describe one of the regions of Central Skhidnoi Europe(For a vibor) For a plan:

Country: Czech Republic

Geographical location: The area of the warehouse edge - 78.9 ths. Km2. At celebrations, Czechia is between Poland, at the entrance - at Nimechchino, at the descent - at Slovakia, at private - from Austria.

Population: 10, 5 million Cholovik

Population area is 134 people per m2.

Demographic situation: In the country, there is a different type of creation of non-population. However, the number of the population grows behind the rakhunok of emigration.

Rivne of urbanization: Medium, close to 73%

National warehouse of the population: 81.3% of Czechs, 13.7% of residents of Moravia and Silesia, 5% of nationals of the population, including: Nimtsi (50 thousand Chol.), Tsigani (300 thousand. Chol.) . chol).

Natural resources: the genera of cinnamon copalins are widely distributed across the territory of the country. There are great reserves of kam'yanny vugil. The land of richness with high-quality kaolin, magnesite, graphite, quartz peels, awakening and vibrant stone. Vidobuvayutsya kam'yane and the storm of the vugilla, the ore is zalizna. The popularity of the world may be very minimalistic dzherela

Specialization of industry: Stable production of enterprises of kharchiv industry, electrical engineering, lacofarbovoy, by-flow chemistry, aviation, automobile industry. Newest galuz of industry - sklyana and porcelain. Everywhere there is a production of kharchovoy industry. The role in the economy of the Czech Republic is to establish the development of industry and machinery. Zokrema, virobnitstvu automobiles, silskogospodarnyh cars, verstats, etc. Metalworking, electrical, chemical, textile and sewing industry to complete the development in the Czech Republic. Cheska industry is equipped with modern possessions and high-quality work force.

Specialization of the Silskoy government: traditionally rozvinno dairy and meat, wine production, roslinstvo, ribalism, wine making and brewery galuz.

Participation in the international trade: Goods that can be exported: vehicles and transport, electric power, light, sklyano-ceramic, food industry

Ecological problems that paths їkh virіshennya: I want Czechia and not to get involved in the land with an uncomfortable ecology, say, that there are no problems with the cim, it is not possible to imagine it. On this year's day, the uryad of the land of the report of the majestic zusils, schob virishiti ecological problems Czech and do not let the situation go wrong. The main problems of the Czech Republic in terms of ecology are the hardening of water and water, as well as acid boards.

30. Great Britain and the Nicholas may be in power, as they roar. However, the countries of the country also import countries from the United States and Australia. Explain what the price is tied to.

For the prominence of the cich of the country, there is a lack of moisture in the syruvin, so you can see it, so the smell of the snake is so and the purchase of the syruvin

31. France and Great Britain are characterized by the dominance of metropolitan agglomerations in the economic life of the land. Explain why.

What are the inheritances of such a situation?

The price of the oldest promises and political centers of their lands and Europe as a whole. The very tsim is historically amusing the overhaul of the metropolitan agglomerations over the іnshim great places... And also the capitals of France and Great Britain є the largest agglomerations of Europe. The inheritance of such a situation can be attributed to the removal of some parts of the regions in the economic plan, showing a heterogeneous economic development.

32. I call it the Koliska of the Holy Civilization. A map of the current history of the world, with which tourists can get to know. Referring to the materials of the Internet, travel guides, magazines and information diversification, to store a 12-day tourist route, one by one the tips and a look at the important memorials. Visnachte: 1) place, de vie zupinite; 2) cultural and historical ob'єkti, with which you are imposed for the necessary knowledge; 3) what kind of food you want to try; 4) how to recognize with you in fallowness from time to time and in.

2) Coliseum (Rome), Palatine (Rome), Michelangelo (Florence) square, Marcus Aurelius' column, Signoria (Florence) square, Quarto-Canti square (Palermo)

3) In Italy, I went to try Porushto shinka, Minesterone soup, ravioli, gelato, sir Parmesan, Risotto, Lasagne, spaghetti and pizza.

4) In Italy, it’s hot in spring, so it’s going to be warm in the whole month, but it’s not hot, and you can take it easy with you.

33. Viber is correct firmness:

1. Nimechchina is the most important power of the world.

2. Machine-building, cheeky and foolish industry - galus of special sales of Nimechchini.

3. The most promising companies of Nimechchini - “Siemens”, “BMW”, “Hohst”, “Bayur”.

34. Viznachte, about yaku land of id mova.

The form of government of the country is the constitution of the monarchy. The land is located at the crossroads of the most important sea nobles; I have a lot of history. Significant reserves of naphtha and natural gas on the shelf of the sea and on the coast. Tse is itself an urbanized land in Europe. Vona enter before the most important powers of the world, the largest exporter of capital.

View: Great Britain.

35. Recognize: UK Area

1) Pivdenna England;

2) Central England;

3) Pivnichna England;

4) Scotland;

6) Pivnichna Irlandia.

A) Cardiff; B) Belfast;

B) London; D) Midland; E) Edinburg; E) Manchester.

View 1E, 2B, 3E, 4D, 5A, 6B.

36. Establish a statement: District of France Misto

1) Північний; A) Bordeaux;

2) Pivdenno-Skhidny; B) Paris;

3) Outdated. C) Lion.

View 1B, 2V, 3A.

37. Establish a statement:

2) Bretons;

3) corsicans;

4) Flemish.

A) they inhabit the Brittany region; B) live with France and Spain;

B) live in Belgium and Netherlands;

D) according to the growth of movement, culture, it is close to the Italian.

View 1B, 2A, 3G, 4V,.

38. Yaka land is not located in the Central-Skhidny region? 1) Ugorshchina; ... 2) Nimechchina; 3) Bulgaria; 4) Poland.

39. Are you not highly urbanized from significant lands? 1) France; 2) Portugal; 3) Bulgaria; 4) Great Britain.

40. For which lands is not typical subtropical farming? 1) Іtalia; 2) Great Britain; 3) France; 4) Latvia.

41. Should the US and Japan be deprived of the choice of cars because of the significance of the country?

1) Nimechchina; 2) Іtalia; 3) France; 4) Great Britain; 5) Spain.

4. Cinnamon kopalini of foreign Europe: change stocks and regularities of distribution

The distribution of the brown copalines by the territory of the foreign Europe is characterized by significant unevenness, as it sounds like geological - the persh for all the tectonic - peculiarities of the future and the territory of the region. In this boundary, you see five main tectonic structures: the Baltic Shield, the Caledonian folding belt, the European-Western European depression, the European platform and the Alpine folding region. However, in case of a large generalized approach, it is possible to combine them in two main groups, so that they can join the private and new parts of the region (Fig. 2).

The main specialty private part of the region Polyagaє in that, there is more than a platform for Budova, although it is far from the same. Found and style of territory in the border, folded by crystalline rocks, approved, like a vidomo, Baltic shield. At the descent in the inter-foreign Europe, one can also enter the ancient Precambrian Skhidno-European platform, covered with a stranglehold of siege rocks. A large part of the loan territory is more young, so is the name of the Epighertsian platform, which was established at the Hercynian folding, as it passed into the Kamyanovugilny and Permian period. It is characterized by a mosaic formation of platform dalyanoks with intermediate depressions and marginal valleys. The special features of the tectonic budov and the first place to serve as a warehouse for the parliament and the distribution of the Korisny copalins. Uzagalnyuchi, it is possible, mabut, stverdzhuvati, which genetically stink tied, in Perche, with the crystalline foundation of the platforms, in another way, with the її siege і, in the third, with the edge і intermediate deflections.

Korisny kopalini, tied with a crystalline basement by platforms and may be magmatic, which is most characteristic of the Baltic Shield. Yak butt you can bring the genera of gold ore in Pivnichniy Shvetsiya - Kirunavar, Ellivare and іn. Mineralization here extends from the surface to a depth of 2000 m, and instead of gold in the ore is 62-65%. In the boundaries of the same shield on the territory of Finland, Switzerland and Norway, there are also genera of color metals. rіznomanіtnі ore genera magmatic and metamorphic hiking is being developed in the boundaries of the Epighertsian platforms on the territory of FRN, France, Spain and other countries.

Cinnamon digs, craws tied to their campaigns of the siege chokhal by platforms, are even more great and versatile. So, in the Paleozoic (Perm), the copper ore basin of Poland and the FRN was established.

At the Polish Lower Silezia, the load of the honey ore bullets came out in 1957; in addition, ore to take revenge on silver, nickel, cobalt, lead, zinc and other metals. foreign stocks middle ores estimated at 3 billion tons, which is equivalent to more than 50 million tons of metal. It's worth putting Poland on the first month in Europe and the fourth month in the world. In the wake of the Permian wines, deprived of the so-called Zechstein sea, there are also numerous genera of Kamyan salt (salt domes) in Poland, put hot salts at the FRN and French Elsas.

In the Mesozoic (Jurassic), in the trough-like depressions in the territory of Lorraine (France), the deposit of gold ore is estimated at 4 billion tons. All in all, it is only possible to compensate for the small amount of lagoon, which allows you to keep the video in an open way.

The head is a copaline of the Cenozoic Viku, tied to the besieged chohl platforms, - the storm of the vugilya, which is the age before us in the numerous basins of the Paleogene and Neogene viku on the territory of the FRN (Nizhniy Reynesky, Lausian), Czech) ...

In the midst of brown copalins, craws tied to their walks of the marginal depression, the leading role is played by vugilla, naphtha and natural gas. Kam'yanovugilny basins of the region will establish its own kind of latitude, simple to go from Great Britain through the basins of the Great Française and the Pivdens of Belgium, the Rurian and Saar Basin of the FRN to the Czech Basin, to the Czech Basin (Dodamo, we went to the same axis to find the Donetsk Basin.) coal accumulation belt, Let me explain that in the Kam'yanovugilny period here I passed the northern edge of the valley by the Epighertsin platforms. There is a great similarity in the structural-tectonic evolutionary basin of the belt, which can be done on the stocks of the largest of them - Rursky (the general geological reserves are close to 290 billion tons, an area of 5.5 thousand km 5 thousand km 2).

The offense to the pool is referred to the type of Primorsky, which was settled in the great tectonic depressions. Throughout the entire period of time, the depressions of the depressions, as well as the intensive opadon accumulation, as well as non-one-time marine transgression, were added.

Small. 2. Main Figures of Tectonic Budov and Territory of Foreign Europe

However, the education of the Kam'yanny Vugilla is tied only with the Upper Carboniferous, which in the Rhursky Basin can reach the pressure of 5000-6000 m, and in the Upper Silesian 3000-7000 m. Before that, there was a lot of rozroboks in a new smaller place, now in Rurskiy. However, for the quality of the vugilla, and especially for the part of the coke brands, the Rurskiy Basin stands in front of the Verkhnyosilezkiy.

Oil and gas basins, developed in the private part of foreign Europe, as a rule, are even smaller in size. Genetically, the stench is tied with small interstitial depressions of the Epighertsin platform. One great pool of the region-Sєvєromorskiy. Vinik in the boundaries of the North Sea syneclise, children of the sedimentary deposits of the Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic for the reach of 9000 m.

The main specialty paved part of the region In fact, it is located in the boundaries of the geologically more young fold zone, which can be entered up to the warehouse of the great European-Asian geosynchronous belt. Evidence of the community of a part of the region from the past: a significantly larger young geological age of the large brown copalins, the similarity of which is not related to the era of the Alpine mining; re-digging of ore digs of magmatic and metamorphic nature; minor territorial concentration of mineral resources.

Ore basins and genera of the ancient part of the region (chromium, medium, polymetallic, mercury ores) may be magmatic and very related to volcanic intrusions. The win is to become boksiti, the ancestors of which form the wide Mediterranean belt, which stretches from France to Greece. The stench was established here in the lacustrine and sea minds during the panuvanna vologic subtropical climate and crocheted with the eluvial chervono-color breeds - laterites (in Latin Later - tsegla).

In the siege accounts, the same kind of genera and pools of vugilya, oil and gas, and native sirka were formulated. Among the vugilnyh they cross the pools of the brown vugilla, the first for all the lowest-grade species - lignita (for example, Kosivsky in Serbia, Skhidno-Maritsa-kiy in Bulgaria). In a large variety of vapors, the stench settled in small inter-mountain and inner-mountain depressions in the minds of the lake opadon accumulation. Small naphtha and gas basins are also found in the middle and inner-mountain depressions, and the largest of them is the Peredkarpatsky basin in Rumunia - having settled in the boundaries of the great marginal valley, where the bridles of the Carpathians and Shiddogs stand. In the whole basin, 70 genera of oil and gas have been developed, which are used for the entire period of the Cenozoic and Mesozoic. However, a vid of naphtha appeared here still in the middle of the XIX century, the first generation of naphtha was heavily hung. The shape of that videobutk of naphtha has long been straightened not in the "wide" style, the "in the glib" style, and the depth of the upper reaches of 5000-6000 m.

The land of foreign Europe can serve as a quick butt "incompleteness" to a set of brown copalins. So, in Poland there are large reserves of kam'yanny ore, middle ores, sirka, ale mayzhe neman naphtha, natural gas, gold ore. Bulgaria, navpaki, a lot of kam'yanny vugilya, I want stocks of lignites, miner ores, polymetals to reach the value.

5. Poldery and dam in the Netherlands

The name "Niderlandi" means "lowland land" head particularity Budovi surface, the part of which (behind the small dzherels from 1/3 to 2/3) is located below the sea level is indicated. The same size, all the rhymes of the territory do not rise above the zero point more than 1 m; only at the extreme end of the country є for the greater period of time.

Before the ear of active involvement, the people of the coastal lowlands were a great amphibious expanse, which lay behind wat, which was flooded with the sea in case of skin pores, and marches, as they were flooded only when there were tides and storms. Just on the cob of our er, the Roman historian Pliniy the Elder wrote: “Even here, the poor tribe has ruled its settlements on natural heights, or piece-by-piece pagorbakhs, the tops of which are rising over the ridges of the most sickly, which have died. If the water of the bay is near, then the huts will be forgotten in the sea to the court. "

The proximity to the sea means all life in the Netherlands stretches over a thousand years. At the XVII century. Tsya Krajina has transformed into the most powerful sea and trade power of Europe. Vona is the smallest fleet in the world, made a great contribution to the Great geographic view, I made one of the first colonial empires, reached great successes in science and technology (winhid of a chronometer, telescope, sextant), in cartography (G. Mercator). Itself in the Netherlands were born such became international marine terms, yak sailor, boatswain, skipper, cockpit, gangway, longboat, nord-west, nord-ost.

Ale overnight, the history of the city of the land is the history of the uninterrupted struggle of people against the sea. True, nature itself came here to the aid of people, having seized a part of the Uzbek coastline to fill it with a wide belt of perennial dunes. The ale tsei belt is unsuccessful, and before that, there were majors in vіtrami. Todi people became dunes with small plantings, and in times of development they built earth dams and rowing. The same dams and rowing stinks began to build on the rivers. Sounds, before the speech, it is considered and the numerical geographic name from the end “ladies” (dam, rowing), for example Amsterdam (“rowing on the Amstel river”) or Rotterdam (“rowing on the Rotte river”). At our days, the length of the uninterrupted lance of dams and hardened dunes is 3000 km long! This will not be from stone, but from concrete and steel structures.

Having seen the city by the sea, the Dutch took up stem polder_v. This is a Dutch term, which means the reconciliation of land by the sea, the seizures from our sides by dams, and vicorization for the spreading of people and different forms of government. Even more polders have become a winemaker in places of drained lakes and peat fields, which are transformed into dear fields. Already in the 60s. XX Art. on the site of one of the drained lakes for a week from Amsterdam, Vinik Golovny is the international airport of the country - Schiphol, one of the most popular in Europe. In the middle of the century, vіtryanі mlini were used to drive the victors, in the 19th century. steam pumps began to be used, and in the XX century. - electric pumps. Whole to the ear of the XXI century. in the country already installed 2.8 yew. great and malikh polders behind-the-scenes 20 yew. Km 2, about 1 / 2 territory of the country.

The main area of the chain of polders in the Netherlands will be overlooked. E y z z e l me r, winked at the place of the Zeyderze river inlet of the Pivnichnaya Sea.

Historical documents inform about those who are 1282 rubles in chergovy time The Pivnichne sea in decilkoh mіstsyah broke through the dunes і, leaving from the lake. Flevit, created the great sea tributary of the Zeyderze. The expansion of the coastal line of the Dutch was also victorious. On the birch inlet of the vine, the great port Horn (Horn), the stars were heading for the sailing expeditions of the Dutch seafarers. Tsikavo, the first edge of the mainland Of America Bula is named Mys Horn in honor of the whole Dutch place: vidkriv mis 1616 r Willem Schouten Bouv is from Horn. The Dutch seafarer, Abel Tasman, was immediately born. In an hour, the sea brought the Horn to the sea, and lost its meaning. (It's amazing, but also the share of the sport is the Belgian port of Bruges, the Italian port of Adriya in the Po river, deyaki іnshi sea port.) And the shortage of the living space is getting stronger and stronger.

Even in for example XIX v. the young engineer Kornelius Leli was hanging out even more smilivy for this hour, the project of draining the inflow of the Zeyderze, ale todin not hardening. Zd_ysnennya the project only started in the 20s. XX century, and moreover from the same K. Leli. The dam was prompted to join the pool, the inflow from the aquatoria of the Pivnichnaya Sea and the inflow into the lake. Ejsselmer. The Tsya dam, which is 32.5 km long, is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the best sea dam from the most visible near the sights. Then, according to the project, the draining of the lake is overdue. Eisselmer and the root of five polders (Fig. 3).

Small. 3. Poldery in the Netherlands

First, in the 1920s, in the 1920s, Polder Weringermer was cultivated, 500 farms were built. (However, at the end of 1945, before the very end of the process, there was no end of the day), when the capital was approaching, the dam came, and after 48 years the entire polder was marked by the five-meter round of water. skidny polder, and in 1950-1960-i pp. poldery Skhidny and Pivdenny Flevoland. The first in our days is a trivial robot on the best polder - Markerward. The back area of five polders perevischuє 220 yew. Ha. Oh, absolutely equal surface, pereichnuyu channels, vikorystovutsya persh for everything for the Silskoy dignity. Inspired by small, altogether modern towns. After the stem of the Great and Blessed Flevoland, a new one was set up on the territory of cich polders, a new one was set up, two twelve for rakhunk, the provinces of the country - Flevoland. And Lelystad ("Misto Leli") became the administrative center.

The work of such great polders - on the right, is a vinyatkovo foldable and labor worker. Some people need to build a part of the lake with a high and michnoy embankment - a dam. We use the pumps to draw water from the power of the polder. All the soil, splinters of salinization sea water, And the whole space will be covered with new earth. As soon as the operations are carried out, for the help of the helicopters and helicopters, there will be a landing of some crops that are draining and changing the ground. Drainage pipes are also laid. As soon as the ground horizons are formed, the polder is in the hands of the state. And only in ten, if before that there will be roads prompted, farms and small settlements, the land is already expected to be leased to farmers. Mabut, the very same process, like taking out in geography the naming of the “landscape design”.

Another direct activity of the Dutch, tied to the devices of the sea element, struggle with the wages. Wono also knew how the Persh was turning for everything in one main project Delta Plan.

The great zganyannya (from the sea) life in the Netherlands is not a rarity. For example, already in the XX century. stink mali misce in 1906, 1912, 1916 p. Alas, it became in the very end of the present - the ear of the fierce 1953 rik, for its strength, more than the previous ones surpassed. At the edge of the unfriendly, a 10-point storm with a strong wind and midday tide called before the water in the coastal part of the sea had risen by 3.5 m. sea water downright swept over the spіlna delta of the Rhine, Meuse and Sheldi. As a result, some 1,500 km2 of land were flooded, close to 2,000 individuals and tens of thousands of heads of thinness were flooded, and 50,000 tons were flooded. Budivel, roads, bridges. In general, at least 750 thousand people suffered. Cholovik, and materials from all bouquets of estimates of 1 billion dollars. In a word, the whole thing is a national tragedy. For the renovation of zirined dams allied vіysk in Normandy in 1944 r) went close to fate.

Along with that, in 1953, a capital project was born, a kind of maw on the side of the relief of the inhabitants of Zeeland and Pivnichny Brabant from the contamination of such catastrophic events. The whole project has taken away the design of the Delta Plan, and the sense of it, having fenced off the rychok, will flow into the Pivnichne Sea for a day out of Rotterdam, with dams and rowing, rewinding them with water in the water itself. In the course of the plan, the boules were equipped with: gateways for the out-of-town polders, five primary dams, which closed the Maas and Sheldi (Fig. 4), five additional dams that were opened on the gateway to the canal, as well as a bridge , avtodorіg. The backbone of the dams was laid close to 30 km, and the stench passed the coastline along the coastline by 700 km, straightening the coastlines of the sea.

Small. 4. Project "Delta Plan" in the Netherlands (according to A. B. Avakyan)

Chi is not the most common The best part All the "Delta-plan" became a crossover of the wide estuary of Skhidnoi Sheldi. They allowed a spate to start rowing here, but when they became a miserable water exchange between the sea and pretended to row with my water. To that, rowing in the arm of the Skhidnoi Sheldi was replaced by a special protivonagonny crossroads with a height of 30 to 50 m, which is stored from the hardened concrete supports with steel gates-bolts between them, as in case of a danger of the wind it is possible to shut it down. On June 4, 1986, Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands lowered all 62 steel shutters (45 m wide for leather) at the pressure of the button, having introduced the gigantic hydraulic sporder into operation of $ 2 billion. And access for ships to the Belgian port of Antwerp is secured along the Zakhidniy Scheldt.

The Netherlands has another major project, such as the drainage of the Baddensee water area, as well as the Western Frisian Islands from the mainland. For the whole, it is necessary to spend the main rowing for up to 100 km and until the end of the water, split the main lake into a few pools, up to 150 km. It is impossible not to wait with a visit from the geography of the Netherlands L.R. free-spirited birds.

6. Overseas Europe: Problems of Population Development

Zarubizhna Europe - region with folding and in whole uncomfortable demographic situation. On the light aphids, we see the lowest population and lowest natural population growth, in a word, the camp of “demographic winter”. The proof of the principle of thesis can be the service of the tribute indicated in Table 3.

A selection of indicators people of juvenility. Pislya of the occasionally non-trivial "baby-boom", characteristic of the end of the 40s-50s. XX Art. і as well as being an independent demographic inheritance of the Other world history, lowering the level of the people of the people. As a result, in 2006, the average for the region has fallen to 10 individuals per 1000 inhabitants, i.e., Vyavivya is 2 times lower than the average (20/1000). For a whole indicator of such a level of fertility (fertility), with a woman stretching out a reproductive period, it should be brought to light in the middle of 1.5 children; with a new expansion of the production, it will not be taken care of.

The reasons for such a decrease in the level of the people of the people of life and development. The leaders in the middle of them, obviously, take into account the natural demographic processes: the improvement of the average triviality of life, the deeds of the old population, entering the new stage of the demographic transition. However, it is necessary to establish such social and economic factors, as the growth of the “price of a child”, infusing a different kind of economical and political shocks, the Germanicity of the family and inn.

Table 3

RESIDENTIAL POPULATION IN FOREIGN EUROPE U 2006, number per 1000 inhabitants

In table 3, I especially respect those countries, which may be the lowest among the population, in between 8-9 people per 1000 inhabitants (8-9b), - Latvia, Lithuania, Czech Republic, Italy, Slovenia, FRN, Austria, Croatia. In the cich powers itself, the demographic situation is growing in a special fold, and the level of fertility is very low. It is possible to give, that the indicators of the people in them are also the lowest in the light.

Table 3 mortality, which in the middle for the whole region to become like 10 people per 1000 inhabitants, that is, I change the middle class. Explaining a certain fact requires a shukati persh for everything in quiet extravagant processes the improvement of the middle triviality of life, the old population, the destruction of the statuesque warehouse in the period of two wars. Ale can’t help but vrahovuvati і such reasons, as a professional discomfort, viral trauma, Nasty vipadki, pouring into alcoholism, curiosity, drug addiction. For example, on the roads of foreign Europe, it is normal to drive more than 100 yews. Cholovik and close to 2 million will get the wounded and calories. Oskilki all the time in the first place are carried to the number of the population, the mortality of the middle of the population, as a rule, is significant.

Nareshty, with a quick guide to the analysis of tables 3, you can use the knowledge of the data in the column about natural growth the population, as it allows the creation of the offensive visnovka. In Perche, about those who are all countries of the foreign Europe and be admitted to the first type of population. In a different way, about those in our days only in the decile powers of the region (Albania, France, Ireland, Iceland, Norway, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia), it is really possible to get a bigger population in the region. In the third place, about those who are in the big lands of the foreign Europe, and they are making a difference in the country (Great Britain, Netherlands, Denmark, Switzerland, Poland, Serbia), or "zero Belly", who will not forget to replace , Spain, Grecia, Slovakia, Slovenia). Quarterly, about those who will approve the best group 11 countries with negative natural population growth(Austria, Bulgaria, Ugorshchina, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Rumunia, FRN, Croatia, Czechia, Estonia), in fact, have already entered the stage of depopulation. You can serve the little ones with a simple illustration of what was said 5.

As a result, the average indicator of natural population growth for the current foreign Europe appears as “zero”. As early as 1950, the absolute growth of the population became as high as 5.5 million individuals, even in 1990, the growth rate was 1.3 million, and in 2000 it was insignificant. This entire population of the region from 1990 to 2007 has grown from 488 million to 527 million people. As a matter of fact, the part of foreign Europe in the population of Russia has changed, as it has already begun, from 15.5% in 1950 to 8% in 2007.

Great interest is presented by the analysis of the main demographic indicators of foreign Europe in the development of chotiroh її subregions(Table 4).

From table 4, with the strong evidence of viplivay, that the most important demographic situation is prevailing in the lands of Europe. The most characteristic of them are the lowest indicators of the population, the highest level of mortality, the highest natural habitat of the population, the highest child mortality (the "record holder" of Europe at all times, not to take fertility), the most respected Albanian (in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic - 1.3 children per woman for the reproductive period) and, nareshty, the lowest average triviality of life (62 choloviks and 74 females). Such a demographic situation, except for purely demographic officials, is explained by social and economic difficulties, such as supervising the transition from one suspension systems to іншої, and in the lands of the past (Yugoslavia colishna) also trivial political instability.

light... -2006. -480 p .: A-il. 1 Maksakovsky, Volodymyr Pavlovich. geographic paintinglight: [Textbook. posibnik]: V 2 book./ V.P. Maksakovskybook.2: Regionalcharacteristic ...

Overseas Europe can be supplied with a versatile set of burned, ore and non-difficult cinnamon copalins. However, stock up on leftovers from them for their meanings can be brought up to the categories of zalnosvitovyh or hocha bogalnoeuropeyskikh. So, according to the assessments of geographers of Moscow State University, in the light reserves of the whole region, the most visible are for ooze (20%), zinc (18%), lead (14%), medi (7%). Part of the amount of oil in the world's reserves of oil, natural gas, gold ore, bauxite becomes 5-6%, and the sieve of the kind of mineral oil is represented in the foreign Europe by the lesser amount of resources. When characterizing the resource base, the region needs to take up the respect and the furnishings that in its large pool and genera of the mineral syruin in foreign Europe have been mastered for a long time already, and in the Danish hour it is very hungry. This region is more likely to deposit from the import of mineral water species - naphtha, natural gas, manganese and nickel ores, minerals, bauxite, uranium concentrates and in.
The distribution of the brown copalines by the territory of the foreign Europe is characterized by significant unevenness, as it sounds like geological - the persh for all the tectonic - peculiarities of the future and the territory of the region. In this boundary, you see five main tectonic structures: the Baltic Shield, the Caledonian folding belt, the European-Western European depression, the European platform and the Alpine folding region. However, in case of a large generalized approach, it is possible to combine them in two main groups, so that they can join the private and new parts of the region (Fig. 2).
The main peculiarity of the private part of the region of Polyagu is that it’s quite a platform, but it’s far from the same. Found and style of territory in the border, folded by crystalline rocks, approved, like a vidomo, Baltic shield. At the descent in the inter-foreign Europe, one can also enter the ancient Precambrian Skhidno-European platform, covered with a stranglehold of siege rocks. A large part of the loan territory is more young, so is the name of the Epighertsian platform, which was established at the Hercynian folding, as it passed into the Kamyanovugilny and Permian period. It is characterized by a mosaic formation of platform dalyanoks with intermediate depressions and marginal valleys. The special features of the tectonic budov and the first place to serve as a warehouse for the parliament and the distribution of the Korisny copalins. Uzagalnyuchi, it is possible, mabut, stverdzhuvati, which genetically stink tied, in Perche, with the crystalline foundation of the platforms, in another way, with the її siege і, in the third, with the edge і intermediate deflections.
Korisny kopalini, tied with a crystalline basement by platforms and may be magmatic, which is most characteristic of the Baltic Shield. Yak butt you can bring the genera of gold ore in Pivnichniy Shvetsiya - Kirunavar, Ellivare and іn. Mineralization here extends from the surface to a depth of 2000 m, and instead of gold in the ore is 62-65%. In the boundaries of the same shield on the territory of Finland, Switzerland and Norway, there are also genera of color metals. Riznomanitni ore genera of magmatic and metamorphic trekking are developed in the boundaries of the European platforms on the territory of the FRN, France, Spain and other countries.
Cinnamon digs, craws tied to their campaigns of the siege chokhal by platforms, are even more great and versatile. So, in the Paleozoic (Perm), the copper ore basin of Poland and the FRN was established.
At the Polish Lower Silezia, the load of the honey ore bullets came out in 1957; in addition, ore to take revenge on silver, nickel, cobalt, lead, zinc and other metals. The headquarters reserves of middle ores are estimated at 3 billion tons, which is equivalent to more than 50 million tons of metal. It's worth putting Poland on the first month in Europe and the fourth month in the world. In the wake of the Permian wines, deprived of the so-called Zechstein sea, there are also numerous genera of Kamyan salt (salt domes) in Poland, put hot salts at the FRN and French Elsas.
In the Mesozoic (Jurassic), in the trough-like depressions in the territory of Lorraine (France), the deposit of gold ore is estimated at 4 billion tons. All in all, it is only possible to compensate for the small amount of lagoon, which allows you to keep the video in an open way.
The head is a copaline of the Cenozoic Viku, tied to the besieged chohl platforms, - the storm of the vugilya, which is the age before us in the numerous basins of the Paleogene and Neogene viku on the territory of the FRN (Nizhniy Reynesky, Lausian), Czech) ...
In the midst of brown copalins, craws tied to their walks of the marginal depression, the leading role is played by vugilla, naphtha and natural gas. Kam'yanovugilny basins of the region will establish its own kind of latitude, simple to go from Great Britain through the basins of the Great Française and the Pivdens of Belgium, the Rurian and Saar Basin of the FRN to the Czech Basin, to the Czech Basin (Dodamo, as far as the road to the same axis is located and the Donetsk basin.) platforms. There is a great similarity in the structural-tectonic evolutionary basin of the belt, which can be done on the butts of the largest of them - Rursky (the general geological reserves are close to 290 billion tons, an area of 5.5 thousand km2 billion) yew km2).
The offense to the pool is referred to the type of Primorsky, which was settled in the great tectonic depressions. Throughout the entire period of time, the depressions of the depressions, as well as the intensive opadon accumulation, as well as non-one-time marine transgression, were added.

However, the education of the Kam'yanny Vugilla is tied only with the Upper Carboniferous, which in the Rhursky Basin can reach the pressure of 5000-6000 m, and in the Upper Silesian 3000-7000 m. Before that, there was a lot of rozroboks in a new smaller place, now in Rurskiy. However, for the quality of the vugilla, and especially for the part of the coke brands, the Rurskiy Basin stands in front of the Verkhnyosilezkiy.
Oil and gas basins, developed in the private part of foreign Europe, as a rule, are even smaller in size. Genetically, the stench is tied with small interstitial depressions of the Epighertsin platform. One great pool of the region-Sєvєromorskiy. Vinik in the boundaries of the North Sea syneclise, children of the sedimentary deposits of the Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic for the reach of 9000 m.
The main peculiarity of the new part of the region of Polyagu is that it is located in the boundaries of the geologically more young fold zone, which can enter the warehouse of the great European-Asian geosynchronous belt. Evidence of the community of a part of the region from the past: a significantly larger young geological age of the large brown copalins, the similarity of which is not related to the era of the Alpine mining; re-digging of ore digs of magmatic and metamorphic nature; minor territorial concentration of mineral resources.
Ore basins and genera of the ancient part of the region (chromium, medium, polymetallic, mercury ores) may be magmatic and very related to volcanic intrusions. The win is to become boksiti, the ancestors of which form the wide Mediterranean belt, which stretches from France to Greece. The stench was established here in the lacustrine and sea minds during the panuvanna vologic subtropical climate and crocheted with the eluvial chervono-color breeds - laterites (in Latin Later - tsegla).
In the siege accounts, the same kind of genera and pools of vugilya, oil and gas, and native sirka were formulated. Among the vugilnyh they cross the pools of the brown vugilla, the first for all the lowest-grade species - lignita (for example, Kosivsky in Serbia, Skhidno-Maritsa-kiy in Bulgaria). In a large variety of vapors, the stench settled in small inter-mountain and inner-mountain depressions in the minds of the lake opadon accumulation. Small naphtha and gas basins are also found in the middle and inner-mountain depressions, and the largest of them is the Peredkarpatsky basin in Rumunia - having settled in the boundaries of the great marginal valley, where the bridles of the Carpathians and Shiddogs stand. In the whole basin, 70 genera of oil and gas have been developed, which are used for the entire period of the Cenozoic and Mesozoic. However, a vid of naphtha appeared here still in the middle of the XIX century, the first generation of naphtha was heavily hung. The shape of that videobutk of naphtha has long been straightened not in the "wide" style, the "in the glib" style, and the depth of the upper reaches of 5000-6000 m.
The land of foreign Europe can serve as a quick butt "incompleteness" to a set of brown copalins. So, in Poland there are large reserves of kam'yanny ore, middle ores, sirka, ale mayzhe neman naphtha, natural gas, gold ore. Bulgaria, navpaki, a lot of kam'yanny vugilya, I want stocks of lignites, miner ores, polymetals to reach the value.

Overseas Europe is able to provide the resources of fire-fighting, mineral and energetic syruvny with the developmental resources.

But it is necessary to vrahovuvati, since it is practically all kind of put the corny copalins on the European territory for a long time and they have been located on the border of the day. To this end, the region is more demanding for the import of resources.

Peculiarities of Relєfu Europe

Relief of foreign Europe and finish the riznomanitny. At the descent, they cross the lowlands, as they stretch out in a wide swamp Baltic Sea to Chorny. At the beginning of the day, there is the dominance of the city: Oshmyansky, Minska, Volinska, Krymski Gori.

The territory of the backyard part of Europe is highly dispersed. Here, in the world of ruku from winter to evening, girski masivi are swarmed with swarms of rivnin and lower valleys. At the wedding ceremony Scandinavian mountains. Dalі for every day: Scotland nagіr'ya, middens іvnini (Norland, Smoland), lower regions (Serednoevropeyska, Wielkopolska, Pivnichno-Nimetska and in.). Let me know again the girskaya smuga: tse Shumava, Vosges and іnshі, whichever way to swallow the rivnines - Malopolska, Chesko-Moravskoy.

At pivdni - new European girski masivi - Pirenei, Carpathian, Alpi, then again the village. On the very edges of the foreign countries of Europe, there is one more girskiy belt, which store such masivi, as the Rodopi, Apennini, Andalusia Gori, Dinari, Pind.

The price of versatility and this was the reason for the inconsistency of the cinnamon copalins. In the mountains and on the Scandinavian Peninsula, there are reserves of saline, manganese, zinc, tin, honey, polymetallic ores, bauxite. On the lower valleys, there is a load of brown and cam'yan woolen, high-grade salts. Uzberezhzhya Europe, washed by the Atlantic and Pivnichnim Lodovitim ocean - the whole region of the lagoon of the ancestral naphtha and gas. Especially rich in burning resources for the winter season. Rocks on the shelf of Pivnichniy The icy ocean to this day become a priority.

See the cinnamon copalins

Unimportant on the versatility of cinnamon copalins in foreign Europe, the reserves of only a few of them can be estimated as significant portions in the light reserves. In numbers, the price can be seen in the following rank:

. Kam'yane and Bure Wugilya- 20% of light stock;

. zinc— 18%;

. lead— 14%%

. mid— 7%;

. naphtha, natural gas, gold ore, bauxite — 5-6%.

All of these resources are presented in small amounts.

behind the video kam'yanogo wugillya lediru Nimechchina (Rurskiy, Saarskiy, Akhenskiy, Krefeldskiy basins). Behind it go Poland (Upper Silesian Basin) and Great Britain (Uelsky and Newcastle Basin).

Naybagatshі pokladi brown wood also roztasovani on the territory of Nimechchin (Halle-Leucipg and Nizhnelauzitsky basin). Є Load a lot in Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Ugorshchyna.

Shorichno, for example, in Nimechchyna add 106 billion tons of vugil, in Great Britain - 45 billion tons.

kalіynі salts on an industrial scale, add in Nimechchin and France.

uranium ores- from France (ancestry: Limuzen, Forez, Morvan, Chardonnay) and Spanish (Monasterio, La Virgen, Esperanza).

zaliznі ore- from France (Lotarinsky basin) and Shvetsia (Kiruna).

mid- in Bulgaria (Medet, Asaral, Elatsit), Poland (Grodzetsk, Zlotory, Prejudicial ancestry) and Finland (Vuonos, Outokumpu, Luikonlakhti).

naphtha- in Great Britain and Norway (water area of the Pivnichny Sea), Dania and Netherlands. In Danish hour 21 oil and gas basins with an area of 2.8 million sq. Km. Okremikh naphtha genera - 752, gas - 854.

gas- in Great Britain, Norway, Netherlands. The most common ancestor is Gronigen. Here, it is shorter than $ 3.0 trillion. cubic meters

bauxiti- from France (Seredzemomorska province, La Rouquet), Greece (Parnas-Kyon, Amorgos), Croatia (Rudopolye, Nikshich), Ugorshchina (Halimba, Oroslan, Gant).

Natural resources of foreign Europe

The peculiarities of resource security in Europe can be explained by three factors:

1. The price is admittedly small natural resources small.

2. Europe is one of the most densely populated regions in the world, which means that the resources of the vicarist can be reached actively.

3. The Europeans who took the first step in the world went along the road of industrial development, which called not only to the significant cost of all types of resources, but to the destruction of ecology.

Land and forest resources... The land territory of foreign Europe is not large - about 173 million hectares, of which 30% is used for tree land, 18% is for pasture, 33% is occupied by forest. The high efficiency of the land register in Netherlands, Rumunia, Poland and Dania - 80%, France, Nimechchina - 50, and the axis in Italy and Portugal - 14-16%.

On 1 European landfall, approximately 0.3 hectares of fossil, at that hour, as the average indicator in the light - 1.2 hectares. Trivale vicorystannya called before that natural foxes were practically not overshadowed, that is, scho є - tse nasadzheni lisov masivi. In general, in Europe, they add about 400 million cubic meters of wood, mainly in the Scandinavian region. On the territory of the territory, they overwhelm the reserves of the fossil masivi, as the viruses do not stand for, and that means they do not have resources є.

Water resources. natural water- a scarce resource in Europe. More part of the water and vikoristovoy industry promisesі silske statehood... Dovgotrivale uncontrolled vikoristannya water resources called to їkh visnazhennya. Until the present hour, the environment was unfavorable - the majority of European rivers and lakes were very difficult. In all lands of foreign Europe, there is a lack of good water.

Korisny kopalini, tied with a crystalline basement by platforms and may be magmatic, which is most characteristic of the Baltic Shield. Yak butt you can bring the genera of gold ore in Pivnichniy Shvetsiya - Kirunavar, Ellivare and іn. Mineralization here extends from the surface to a depth of 2000 m, and instead of gold in the ore is 62-65%. In the boundaries of the same shield on the territory of Finland, Switzerland and Norway, there are also genera of color metals. Riznomanitni ore genera of magmatic and metamorphic trekking are developed in the boundaries of the European platforms on the territory of the FRN, France, Spain and other countries.

At the Polish Lower Silezia, the load of the honey ore bullets came out in 1957; in addition, ore to take revenge on silver, nickel, cobalt, lead, zinc and other metals. The headquarters reserves of middle ores are estimated at 3 billion tons, which is equivalent to more than 50 million tons of metal. It's worth putting Poland on the first month in Europe and the fourth month in the world. In the wake of the Permian wines, deprived of the so-called Zechstein sea, there are also numerous genera of Kamyan salt (salt domes) in Poland, put hot salts at the FRN and French Elsas.

Small. 2. Main Figures of Tectonic Budov and Territory of Foreign Europe