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Literature 18 in my spriyatti. Signal characteristics of the literary process in Russia

"Chelyabinsk State Pedagogical University

essay

on the topic: Peculiarities of the literature of the 18th century

visonal:

4th year student

Faculty of Education

UNK, gr. 41

M.Yu. is healthy.

Chelyabinsk

1.Features foreign literature 18th century ........................ 3

2.General characteristics of the literary process in Russia .......... 5

2.1. M. V. Lomonosov ............................................. . ......... ... nine

However, the fate of the new form of the new advertisements was clearly linked to the financial camp of the readers. If I want a literary awareness of not guilty of playing a part in a reading community, membership in such suspensions of transmissions, as it is possible to add books, as there will be negotiation, and to allow the theater to open.

Slid also means that when reading the publication of the capital, it is not dependent on the texts of Education, but in the meaning of the world, it turned out to be a literary about the launch, as there is not a small amount of information before the main idea of the Prospectus itself. Tsi podії also infiltrated a large book market, which has become more commercial. The role that the writer saw from them changed, and a new profession appeared - the type. Winning the heart of the patron, all the more feeling the relish of the Kintsev rescuer.

2.2. D. I. Fonvizin ................................................. ........ ..12

2.3. G. R. Derzhavin ............................................. ............ ..fourteen

2.4. Visnovok ................................................. ............... 17

2.5. Literature ................................................. .............. .eighteen

Features of foreign literature of the 18th century

The most significant cultural phenomenon of the 18th century, which gave the name of the era, is Education. Tsey term means a wider ideological ruh. "Osvita is a tse of people 's wickedness because I will become my own disagreement, in which wines are known from the power of the will", - wrote the Nimetsian philosopher I. Kant.

The scribe is no longer a patron of funds and finances, but rather a visitor. These changes also wicked the appearance of literary criticism in the Nimetsian regions. The order of the increasing number of readers, the number of materials being read also increased. The book market is growing at a fast pace. Book production grows more and more industrialized to the level of other and paper production. For the help of the look around, published in magazines, read the next page, propony look around the numerical novelties.

Ale, from looking at a number of new magazines, reading it brought me a new glance. The critic is guilty of being the mouthpiece of Prosvitnitstva, the mediator between the literary practice and the reader. 9 Prikilniks elucidate the reasoning of the criticism as for the expansion and ensuing of the reason for the critical approach to the community.

Education is based on activeness, critical instillations to the point of being effective in the future with a positive program, stay awake. Critics were given to all the institutions of the suspension.

Naybіlsha podіya epoch - vikіd from France the first volume of "Encyclopedia". They have a new star of knowledge and educational phenomena about nature, suspicions, science and art, which is known until the 18th century. The French Osvita most recently had the main tendencies of the European educational ideas.

Two houses of the most important literary critics, the most important and the most important of the boule years, Johann Christophe Gottshed and Christophe Friedrich Nikola. Johann Christof Gottsched being a professor at the Leipzysk University, he develops poetry, physics and logic. Zagalom, having fallen asleep five magazines at the sight of fashionable tizneviks, such as "Reasonable Tadlerinnen". Nowadays, the robot is in the capacity of a cured one, having looked at the strict rules of the poetics of the rules. Win buv perekonaniya, so be-like judging judgments, but true to the rules of the rosum. Yogo readers are guilty of knowing the value of their judgment through their rationalistic ministry, rather than by authority, which is what they are for.

Literature on the education of visual trends, linked to the development of educational philosophy and science. Scientific report i artistic creativity - characteristic of rice culture of the era, attracted by Defoe and Pope, Montesque and Voltaire, Didro and Rousseau, Lessing and Goethe, which expanded the whole system of genres, as they realized a particularity: a novel-treatise, philosophy, philosophy, etc.

The axis of chomu was published anonymously. 10. U: History of the Nimetsky Literary Criticism. Edited by Peter Uwe Hohenndahl. Bergkhan: from classical to classical literary criticism, str. 16. Neuhaus, Stefan: literary criticism... Two of the most prominent literary manifestations of the period є the consolidation of the novel on the way to happiness and pre-romantic approval.

Golden vik of the English thought

Thomas Hobbes, a pesimist about human nature, conquering absolutism in his treatise Leviathan. However, John Locke declares that goiters are bound by the power of the field in a safe way, such as, wines and іvnі, are grouped into suspensions. This doctrine, like being called liberalism, is revealed in "Yes about the community of uryad". The whole philosophical current gate of all speculation is the pose of sensitive reality, which stimulated the image of specific human problems, such as social and political thinking.

In the first half of the capital, the great achievement in the mystery is tied with educational classicalism, the first for everything in the genre of tragedy, which was given to Danin by Voltaire, Addison, Gotshed. New polyagaє persh for everything in that educational classicism, but not an anthropocentric emphasis, I will respect not for specialness, but for suspicion.

From his side, Isaac Newton's scientific genius has revolutionized physics. The practical inheritance of the whole is infused into the industrial revolution, which has become a reality in the other half of the capital. The very denomination of the whole period will clarify their classic cultural roots, ideal for an equitable and ideal for English character... One of the most popular genres of literature is the genre of literature about the rise in price, purely evidence or victorious as a way to criticize the power of reality from the other points of view.

One of the number of books, use the injured ship Robinson Crusoe Deniel Defoe, a little majestic success. If I want to read this year as a youth book, it’s like a young book, it’s like it’s earlier, and it’s uncommon for rational people to fight for nature. Іnsha vіdoma of the robot yogo author - Moll Flanders, a novel with p'yanim vіdtіnkom.

The order of the enlighteners is the principle of the tragic, and the optimistic principle is put on the spot. At the tragedy, which revives the interest to Shakespeare, shirsh vikoristovuyutsya straight show of the show, won’t become more malovnichiy, and it is often transferred to the Skid, which is not known for the European farbs. Skhid privablyuє not only with my exoticism. Pictures of common despotism and religious fanaticism see the significance and suspicious significance of educational ideals.

Irish Jonathan Swift boozhlivy satirical spirit. Yogo Gullivor's rise is a parody of literature about the rise and the criticism from the point of view, human suspension... Tsіkavo, yogo yogo zvvychay read like a child's book, assimilate the remaining two parts, the most frightening.

The third important author, the satirical one, is Oleksandr Papa, the author of the burlesque epic "Cradle of Curl". Recorded from the stage good welcome European on the Pacific Island. In the other half of the capital, there is a more adventurous type of novel, in the center of which there is a love theme and a bourgeois setting, as it looks like it accepts the bulk of it social class.

The tragedy of nabuvak is more and more philosophical in nature. It should be manifested in її structures: every hour and every hour we become absolutely clever. The main thing for the authors of new tragedies is to develop a singing philosophical thesis, and not to describe the character, for I mean a specific era. To this, the principle of modernization of the victorious material has been widely adopted.

The first croc is given by Samuil Richardson with Pamela or the Recompensation of La Virta, a sentimental epistolary novel with a happy little man, which is the origin of the whole primh. The robot is parodied by Henry Filding in Joseph Andrews, who follows the model of Cervantes. Fіlding is the author of the great novel Tom Jones.

Vin also wrote Sentimental Rise in France and Italy. The great Jane Austen is within reach of the culmination of that hour. Yogo Romani is described with a clear elegance and ironic psychological confrontation, retrospectively analyzed in the bourgeois provincial middle ground. Create yogo nividatnіshі - esteem and sensitivity, pride and anticipation, and persh for everything Emma.

Fair masterpieces bouly set in the comedy genre
(Goldoni, Gozzi, Beaumarchais). Otrimu development of a new type of comedy - "tear comedy", which gave rise to the genre of dramas (Didro, Lessing).

An important cultural foundation of the era, it became a development of the novel genre, which developed the confusion of classical aesthetics. English writers - Defoe, Svift, Richardson, Filding - took over most of the leading positions here.

Pre-romanticism of the other half of the capital

Before the death of romanticism, there is a trip, like Edward Young's skarza, in which a new element is introduced, or in Odi William Collins at the entrance. At the same hour, there is a middle-of-the-century fashion that spawns the culture of literature: James McPherson publishes Pois de Ossian, the old-time Celtic poet's shmat, which will be the most honorable hour.

Nayvidatnіsha is a poetical figure - William Blake, who is also an artist. Lewis and the first for everything, Dr. Frankenstein Meri Shell. Reverse the form fields. The article has been edited correctly. Yaki badges "Submit"? Tsi services allow koristuvachev, for example, clasify, exchange, assess, comment, or take advantage of being on the Internet.

The re-establishment of harmony in the culture of Europe could easily have been deprived of what alternatives were introduced in parallel with the cult of Rozum, which became the cult of Pochuttya. Win a mind to form sentimentalism. Sentimentality was breaking up the concept of Pochutty, highlighted by Rozum. Feel like sentimentalism is described as “natural people”, “natural people”, addictions to be ennobled by a rose. (1)

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Signal characteristics of the literary process in Russia

In the last century of literature, see the coming period:

1st Period-Literature Petrovsky Hour. It must be of a transitional nature. Її special є replacement of literature with religious literature.

2nd period (1730-1750) pp. characterized by the form of classicism, the roots of the new genre system, Literary Movies.

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3rd period (1760 - Persha half of the 70s) - a gift of evolution to classicism, the development of satire, a change of mind before the inception of sentimentalism.

The 4th period (the last quarter of the century) is an ear of crisis to classicism, framed by sentimentalism, to the strength of realistic tendencies.

Vivchennia of the Russian literature of the 18th century is not to be seen, since she put on, according to the power of the day, she had a lot of food in her hour. Vona richly in chomu p_gotuvala blisky until the 19th century.

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Rosіyska Literature XVIII the capital passed a great way at its own development: from classicism to sentimentalism, from the ideal of the sanctified monarch to the intimate experience of the people (naturally, a nobleman).

ear XVIII stolittya bulo burhlivim for Russia. stem vlasny fleet, Vіyny for vyhіd to sea routes The development of industry, the development of trade, the development of new places - everything could not fail to be seen on the growing nationality. The people of the Petrovsky Hours saw their honor to the historical days, the great stench they saw in their gardens. Boyarska Russia went in the past, with Peter I came to the power of inheritance by European people, and at the same time with them, and European ideals. Rinuv to the land, he started to become the sovereign of the Earth Fakhivtsiv. Russian classicism has appeared and has begun its development in the epoch of Education.

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Modern methods of reading the old Polish religious literature. Take it to the point of respect, but in the old days of Polish religious literature, it’s like to become a bigger part of the backbone literary virobnity, a bit of a life that came along with the most important, to see the history of old Polish religion ... You can just ponder over it, so that it’s right to learn, and how to use the tools, if the relevant text of a colossal literary history goes into the mainstream.

Oskilki in the land flourished the cult of science, intelligence, education, and in the literature the main heroes of the sanctification are the monarch, or the ideal huge man, who is like the idea of Peter. Ideal for classicism - string order and harmony, integration into the singing of the hierarchy. The will, feeling the immense bondage, patriotism was handed down by classicist poets. The stench glorified the reign of the sovereign over the special, the rozuma - over the respect, order - over chaos, civilization - over nature. The architecture was manifested in the literature itself. Classicism has been sharply divided into the genre. The Hromadyanska theme was overpowered before the formation of the lesson of one, and the description of a private life was more "low" genres.

With such a rank, pragmatism and intent is even more modest; it will be set only to the singing tendencies in the whole of the current and practical to the actions it is unwise. Yak rightly said Stefan Savitsky, not only the relevance to literature, but the literature about the relevance and relevance. A whole other sound, ymovirno, is of particular interest for religious historians and sociologists of religion. Ale at the literary historian є a chance to competently fit in with the first glimpses. First and foremost, on the methodological basis, it is recommended for everything to be victorious about the old Polish religious literature, which, mabut, is absolutely obvious when identifying.

Naturally, the leather genre has its own "set" of stylistic abilities. This kind of genre had little more progressive meaning, and some of it allowed the literature to depict the development of life. They were written in book vocabulary from the vicarians of Old Slavicisms, in elegy - with the singular number of church-language vocabulary and rosy, tales and comedy - in vernacular (cited as the theory of "three calves" MV Lomonosov). (3)

Not less important for the development of the Russian literary movement is small and the reform of the Russian literary revolution, as it allowed the Russian revolution to be brought to the Russian developmental movement. (Read more about the reform in the materials dedicated to V.K.Trediakovsky and M.V. Lomonosov).

The most unprecedented phenomenon for the Russian journey appeared at the Petrovsky hour, the lyric poetry, which was added to the old tradition. Kokhana compete with the "goddess", "zirkoyu", with quotes and expensive stones. Itself in the love lyricism of the newest, the lexical line was manifested, characteristic of the move of the Petrovsky hour.

All the slopes of the literature of the transition period were seen in a larger and smaller world of moving lines. At the same time with the Old Slavicisms, spokonvіchno Russian moving bells and whistles are used to create barbarisms. “At Slavi Sumnoyu”: “Father Sovereign”, “avdіetsis”, “it’s not dumb in vus”.

Therefore, for the writers of the offensive generation, it has become an outrageous requirement for an unprecedented fate in the development of literary language, of lexical and grammatical norms.

The rest of the 18th century is a period of stress in the history of the Russian people. The huge life of the Russian nation protested in the atmosphere of social vibuchs and shook: the ear of this period was buoyed by the village’s life owing to Pugachov’s kernel. They were the indigenous leaders of the autocratic-krіposnіtsіkі pіdvaliny of the Russian state and they also witnessed about the unpretentious, feared people who were eager to hear.

Under Katherine II, the Russian absolutism of the unprecedented potential. The nobility got rid of the lack of privileges, Russia became one of the first world powers. Ale selyanska vіyna 1773-1775 rokiv, ocholyuvana Є.І. Pugachov, showed those uncompromising rubbish, as they were snubbed between the ruling camp and the unrighteous people. The basic principle of educational ideology is about absolutism, like a single intelligent power, conceived of collapse.

The period is new literary direct- sentimentalism (M. Kheraskov, M. Muravyov, M. Karamzin, I. Dmitriyev and I.), internal light people. Sentimentality was respected, that people for their nature are kind, for the merriment of hatred, permissiveness, zhorstokost, and that on the basis of the genesis of honesty, suspicious and social instincts are formed, as to unite people into suspense. The sentimentalists feel like they are naturally sensitive and the good inclinations of people є by the hindrance of the ideal suspension. At that hour, the minds of the creatures began to be brought to the mind of the soul, the moral insight. The sentimentalists respected sensitiveness with the first bit of garbage; The genres have changed, and the passages have changed. On the first place there were messages, sent, songs and romances.

The main hero is a zvychana lyudin, who is pragmatically angry with nature, to know peace in it and to know happiness. Sentimentalism, like і classicism, also suffering from singing intercourse and weaknesses. In creators, sensitivity grows directly into melancholy, supra-juvana zithannyi and vividly sniff with tears.

Nadal The European literature of sentimental straightforwardly successfully won Russian magazines, a book market and respect the reader.

Sentimentalism is also generated by the genres of "tearful" dramas and comic opera, which are rich in savoring the delights of a democratic glance. (4)

And once again, the Russian action has invaded the light of the journey and has shown that it is only in the one of the zaghalny and the special one, moreover, when ordering a special zaghalny one, one can see a large man and a ludin. Tse dovіv in his creativity "father of the Russian poets" G.R. Derzhavin, who zoomed with his creations to show that all sides of the life of the journey.

Ale in the poetry of the 18th century, the understanding "Russian lyudin" was deprived of the understanding of the "Russian nobleman". Derzhavin shot only the first croc in a rosy national character, showing the nobleman and at the service of Batkivshchyna, and at home. The integrity and intensity of the inner life of the people have not yet been discredited. (3)

The wide range of educational activity in the 80s of rock. Designed by the viewer of the "Drukarsky company" for the creation of the most famous Western European writings. There are such periodical views, such as "Miska and Silska Library" (1785-1789), the newspaper "Moskovskie Vedomosti", the magazine "Childish reading" (1785-1786). Let us signify є contributions by M.I. Novikov, who has seen the books, and in the development of the school please.

The first journal N.I. Novikov bouv "Truden". "All sorts of things" and "Truden" were two fundamentally anti-suspension-political programs. The insight into the position of these magazines showed a persuasion for everything in looking at the character and enlightenment of satire.

The magazine recommends that you do not lightly criticize the vices of the people, or do not conceal specific noses of evil, especially do not tangle in the shortcomings of the social-community system. Zokrema, "Anything and everything" presented such a contemporaneous theme of Russian satirical literature, like vicritty habarnstva.

The main lawlessness, against the yakim fought "Truten", buv Mіliceyska. Not zazihayu on the basis of the monarchy and the very institute of krіposnitsky vіdnosin, Novikov starkly opposed evil by the statute, declaring critically about his spіvchuttya to the villagers.

Throughout the last ten years of the 18th century, romanticism and realism were rapidly developing in our literature. Fonvizin, Derzhavin and Radishchev have achieved the greatest success. Їх creativity є the result of a national traditions, And at the same time they will insure the new conquest of European aesthetics (Voltaire, Dydro, Lessinga, Mersє and іn.) (3)

^ LOMONOSOV, MIKHAILO VASILYOVICH

LOMONOSOV (1711-1765), a Russian educator, an encyclopedic scholar, sings, transcriptions. It was born on 8 (19) leaf fall in 1711 in the village of Denisovka (in the village of Lomonosovo) near Kholmogory, Arkhangelsk province. in the family of a peasant-Pomor.

At a thousand seven hundred and thirty-one Lomonosov, having seen himself for a noble sine, entered the Moscow Word-Greek-Latin Academy, having deducted a good preparation from the old schools and the world's humanities. I knew Latin thoroughly, with the help of one of the most famous Latinisms of Europe.

On the cob in 1736, one of the most popular students in Lomonosov will be directed to the university at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, and in the future - to Nimechchina, to the Marburg University, in which three natural sciences and humanities have emerged. In 1739 he went to Freiburg, he went to the chemistry and girnich on the right in the Girnich Academy. At the end of the hour the first poetic and literary-theoretical memories fall.

In 1741 Lomonosov turned to Russia. In 1742 he was awarded the title of Adjunct of the Physical Class, and in 1745 - Professor of Chemistry (Academician) of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Immediately raising the fight against the "vorogiv of Russian sciences" from the number of foreigners. The creativity of Lomonosov was well-known. In this robots, they rejected the visibility of all the hallucinations of the current knowledge of natural science, general information about metallurgy, mathematics, history, philology, motivational knowledge, mystery, literature.

In 1742, Lomonosov was first in Russia to read public lectures of the Russian language at the Academy of Sciences. In 1755, for the initiative of Lomonosov and for his project, the Moscow University, "an opinion for all individuals, built up to the sciences", and not only for the nobility. Lomonosov was the organizer of scientific, technical and cultural repairs, which played a great role in the development of Russia. In 1758, the yomu was assigned to "look" for the Geographical Department, the Historical Zbora, the University and the Himnazyu at the Academy of Sciences.

The first cheese of Lomonosov, as I have problems with movi, it was written in Nimechchin ^ Sheet about the rules of the Russian policy (1739, published in 1778), de vin the priming power of the storage to the Russian language and the strong-tonic change.

Lomonosov's head cheese for my bullet ^ Russian grammar , Written in 1755 and showcased 14 vidan. Tse Bula Persha has neglected the wide popularity of the grammar of the Russian language, established in Russia. Having victorious a number of ideas of the ancient grammar of Meletiya Smotritsky (bld. 1578-1633), Lomonosov followed a number of original ideas. Zberigayuchi acts of archaic evidence (for example, according to the Latin etalon scheme of parts of the mov), before the bagatoh food came in a new way, in the spring, the sounds of letters and sounds of the sound of power. V grammar give the persha of the classification of the main dialects (talk) of the Russian language. Clearly spaced Russian and Church-speaking language, this is the main indication of the organization of the sound system.

Great value little viroblen Lomonosov stylistic norm of Russian language. Ideas about the styles of Russian movi Lomonosov for the first time short curriculum before redness ...(1748); write about it in Russian grammar and more details in the work About the corny of the books of the church in the Russian mov(1758). Here Lomonosov opened up to the wide popularity of the concept of "three calm" of the Russian movement, because of the motivation and the need for the general codification of the Russian functional movement in the popular style.

Zg_dno Lomonosov, skin literary genre is guilty of writing in the singing "calmness": "high calmness" is "demanded" for heroes we sing, odes, "prosaic speeches about important mothers"; middle - for the great message, elegy, satyr, descriptive prose and in.; low - for comedies, epigram, pisen, "writing zvychaynykh sprav". "Calm" was in order in front of them in the field of vocabulary, in the fallowness of the way of speaking neutral (foreign for the Russian and Church-speaking languages), Church-Slovenian and Russian widespread words. "High calm" is characterized by the words of Slavism with neutral words, "middle calm" will be based on neutral vocabulary from the given number of words and common words, "low calm" and a combination of neutral words. Such a program provided the opportunity for a little Russian-Church-Slovenian diglossia, which I will remember in the first half of the 18th century, to create a single stylistic differentiation of literature. The theory of "three calmness" is a small inflow for the development of Russian literary movement in the other half of the 18th century. right up to the greatness of the school of N.M. Karamzin (from the 1790s), she set a course for the approximation of the Russian literary movement from the rosy.

The decline of Lomonosov is poetical, including the tracts of odes, philosophical odes ^ Rankove thought about God of greatness (1743) i Evening contemplation about God of greatness(1743), transcribed psalms and primed before them Ode, I will pick up from Iova(1751), didactic A sheet about cinnamon skla(1752), unfinished heroic poetry Peter the Great(1756-1761), satirical verses ( Hymn beard, 1756-1757 ta in.), Philosophical Rozmova with Anacreon(Shift of anacreontic odes in the history of the powerful views on them; 1757-1761), heroic idyll Polydor(1750), two tragedies, the number of episodes from the holy days of the Holy Fathers, epigram, parables, transcripts.

top poetical creativity Lomonosov є yogo odi, they were written "in vipadok" - in conjunction with the remembered podіy in the life of the state, for example, before the descent to the throne of Empress Ilizaveti and Katerini II. Lomonosov vikoristovuvav the urochisti bring for the stem of the yaskravikh and great paintings svitobudovi. Odi explicate metaphors, hyperbole, alegoria, rhetorical food and n. With stitches, they create the inner dynamism and the sound richness of the verse, taken over by the patriotic pathos, thoughts about the future of Russia. V One for the day of convergence to the all-Russian throne of Alizaveti Petrivna(+1747) he wrote: "To live the sciences of the young, / Give joy to the old, / To embellish the happy life, / To take care of the bad luck". Yak sings Lomonosov who has spoken those over which he praised yak naukovets: "great pivnichne syayvo", "cinnamon skla", "rewiring new artillery before the old", etc. At the same time, he did not re-translate his verses into the Roman treatises. The stench of great images - for example, the sun sings calling it “The Burning Ocean”, and about the heavenly sky, saying: “There was no one day; / Zirkam numbers are dumb, without one bottom. " The peculiarity of the poetical sight of Lomonosov, recalling Gogol for years: "The power of drowning transformed the naturalist into a poet."

^ Fonvizina, DENIS IVANOVYCH
Fonvizina, (1745-1792) - playwright, publisher, transcript.

Born on 3 (14) April 1745 in Moscow. Having walked around the old noble family (the Livonian person von Vizin was full of hands under Ivan IV, then becoming a servant of the Russian tsar). D 1755 Denis Fonvizin was listed in the school at the Moscow University, de successfully vivchav Latin, nimetsku that french moviі having entered the urochistic acts with promises to the Russian і nimetskoy movami... In 1760, Fonvizin was taken to St. Petersburg as a gift to the curator of the university, II Shuvalov, and was “made a student”. On the literary field, the debut of the yak of transcriptions: the re-translation from the famous book of the popular European Danish writer Lyudvig Golberg Baiki povchalna (1,761). Some of Fonvizin's other transpositions appeared in the university publications in 1761-1762 (including in the magazine M.M. Kheraskov “Corisné rozvagi”, deduced and revived by Fonvizin’s older brother, Pavel); the transfer of the tragedy of Voltaire Alzier (one thousand seven hundred sixty-two) to the hour of publication was not published, but rather widened in the lists (published in 1894). Todi zh vin pochav translate rosy, in chotir'h volumes, the adventurous didactic novel of Abat Jean Terrason Geroyska garnot, or Life of Sif, the Egyptian king, from the tamnichi witnesses of the Old Egypt uzyat (1762-1768).

In 1762 Fonvizin pishov from the university and having entered the collegium of the transcordian refs.

The whole self-made and innovative creation was the comedy Brigadier (1768-1769, post. Thousands of seven hundred and two, publ. 1786). Tse persha in the Russian literature "the comedy of morality", on the view of the panuyuch earlier satirical "comedy of characters", since personified vices ("greed", "greedy") were introduced on the stage. The Brigadier has vices, peculiarities of movement and behavior diyovykh osіb socially informed. Reach tse beyond the help of "verbal masks". For the virahuvannya of the new characteristics, there is no need to miss out on individual, individual human rice "(GA Gukovskiy). "Moving" in the comedy rewires over the "dyu": drinking tea on the stage, playing in a picture, discussing what books are needed for a vikhovannya, etc.

In the 1760s, in the era of the Communist Party, for the folding of the New Code (1767), Fonvizin became more inclined and favored all the rights and privileges of the nobility.

The virtue of Fonvizin is the re-translation of artistic prose, having completed the re-translation of Paul Jeremiah Bitobe's story to the biblical plot of Josip Bonaparte (1769): sentimental, re-interpreted by lyricism, in a rhythmic manner. Piznishe Fonvizin wrote with pride that the life “served me until the tears of sensitive people. Bo I know bagatiokh, yak, when reading Josip, which I translated, they shed their words. "

The comedy Natalka (1779-1781, post. At Veresna one thousand seven hundred and fifty-two, published in 1783) brought glory to the world of Fonvizin. The author of the "dramatic vocabulary" (1787) is unaware of the unprecedented success of p'usi during the first staging on the court scene on Tsaritsin's lusy the author of the "dramatic dictionary" (1787): home will be beaten by wild and dark families of provincial companions. The maternal vikhovannyu is growing up, rude, unrequited and absolutely unapproachable to some extent. Milon vvazhayut, that the virtue of the nobleman of the Polyagus is in the right, and then serve the suspension with his mind and knowledge, and in truth the nobility of the nobility. іnals to come in payment: Prostakov's usunutius in his wrist and thrown into a lusty blue (the theme of the savage, which is known to his addictions and to ruin the children of a tyrant to the side of Fonvizin's comedy with the tragedies of A.P.

V the rest of the rock Fonvizin's health was badly lost (in 1784-1785 he saw a squad for a trip to Italy) and at the same hour of maturity his religious and penitential attitude. The stench was seen in the autobiographical creation, written "in the footsteps" of Spovidi J.-J. Rousseau, - Shyro-heartfelt knowledge in the right of my thoughts (1791). The rest of the comedy of the Governor's Vibir (between 1790 and 1792) was saved, which was assigned, as a lot to Natalka, the food is wicked, protesting strongly from the rest of the artistic experience.

Pomer Fonvizin 1 (12) breast 1792 in St. Petersburg during the evening, spent at the guest of G.R.Derzhavin, de, for the attendants, buv merry and hot. Pokhovaniye on the Lazarevsky tsvintary of Oleksandro-Nevsky Lavri. (5)

^ DERZHAVIN, Gavrilo Romanovich
Do what you do - great, energetic and unsuitable for the other half of the eighteenth century - it was necessary to continue to invest in the development of the Russian journey until today.

Derzhavin resembles a non-rich, ale of an old-fashioned family, like his appearance from the Tatar Murzi Bagrim. New Buli has brother Andriy and sister Anna, who died in a child's life.

Derzhavin, who was born as a rule, was weak, but for the folk name they put it in khlib, to be trimmed in a kind of incubator. old-fashioned Narodny zasib helped. Ditina saw. I didn’t just see it, but after living it, we have no life.

Until the end of the 70s. Derzhavin buv has already finished the good news in literary stakes yak sings. However, the glory of honor has come to a new deprivation of going into the world in 1783, when the ode "Felitsiya" was dedicated to Katerina 2.

First zbirka of virshiv viyshov at svit in 1776r. under the title "Odi, shifted and stored at the Chitalagai mountains." All the creatures see a strong inflow of M.V. Lomonosov, even if the power of the mature Derzhavin manifested itself in the power of the mature Derzhavin, a satirical smile, sharpness and aphoristic clarity and a certainty of the environment. Take, for example, famous chotirivirsh from ode "On nobility"

Already soon the Derzhavin will begin to make a sound from the inflow of Lomonosov, spinning its "handwriting". Vіn is seen in deyakykh creations of the zychayy genre, the commendable odd chotiristopic iambic. So for his ode "To the People in Pivnochі Porphyrogenous Youth", the choice is the chotiristopny trochee. (2)

Create, as you made Derzhavin famous, such as ^ Ode to the death of Prince Meshchersky , Ode to Felicia, the God, waterfall boules were written by the unknown for that hour of my life.

Derzhavinsky MOV is wonderfully sonorous. So, ^ Ode to the death of Prince. Meshchersky From the first rows, they are hostile with dull and dazzling rows, as they create the zenkit of a pendulum, they see it for an hour: The word of the hour! metal dzvin! .. Tvіy terrible voice me to flee ...

Created as a poet, images of the sweetly hot and emotional for the spoky and rational era of classicism, for example: ^ Death is faster with teeth ... my, yak cereal, siche.

Not a little unsatisfactory and a picture of one. The traditional classical system of values was established by the community, the state interest in the special people. The very genre of tracts of ode, zdavasya b, not allowing any kind of intimate level. Derzhavin, however, will end his day with thoughts about the permanence of earthly life, wonderfully special, how to walk from the heart of the world in rows:

^ Life є heaven mittєviy gift;

Vlashtuy sobi until calm,

І with your pure soul

Bless long blow.

In one the God, With passing and simple stanzas, to express the divine magnitude, to describe the special experiences and thoughts of the author:

^ A piece of the whole I am all the same,

I think it was put on the top priority

The middle of the country I am,

De skіnchiv tvaryuk tіlesnykh,

Having received the spirits of heaven,

І lance іstot having tied them all by me.

New rice, which manifested itself in the creativity of Derazhavin in the 70-80-і rock, meaningfully did it in the last ten years of his life. Sings to see from one ode, in yogo creative works the lyrical ear is clearly overgrown. The middle of the verges, formed by the Powers in the end of the XYIII - the ear of the XIX century. - friendship messengers, hotties, love lyricism - genre, which was changed in the classicist architecture of the lower-odd poetry. To grow old a poet, having become a classics for life, is not an antiquity, so it is with such a rank that one can visibly show one's own individuality among the verses. Winning life is simpler with joy, friendship, love, mourning for the shortness of time, the sum of the loved ones gone by.

Shirim and mournful sentiments taken over by yogo virsh Lastivka In honor of the memory of the early death of the first squad:

About Domita Lastivka!

^ About the little bird !…

Disregarding the innovative nature of the creativity of the State, in the end of the life of the literature, they became the main supporters of the preservation of the old Russian movement and the opponents of that light and sophisticated style, like on the tip of the 19th table. In 1811, Derzhavin got in touch with the literary partnership "Conversation of amateurs in Russian literature", having seized the archaic literary style.

The price did not give Derzhavin an intelligence and a high appreciation of the talent of the young Pushkin, who felt good for his drink in the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. The symbolic sense of the society of the minds of the minds is just a little bit more - a literary genius and an innovator having inoculated his young offender.

visnovok
During the last century, Russian literature has gone through a great and folding path of development. Vіdobrazhayuchi osnovnі Etap neuhilnogo Process of Becoming rosіyskoї natsії i derzhavnostі, bezposeredno vtruchayuchis in rіshennya relevant polіtichnih, sotsіalnih i moral power Svoge hour, rosіyska literature, skinuvshi s Statement relіgіynu Ilya Obolonkov became bearing-down znaryaddyam away zrostannya natsіonalnoї culture i samosvіdomostі, nayvazhlivіshim factor іdeologіchnogo vplivu on suspіlstvo ...

Great successes reached the middle of the 18th century, until the hour of completion of the formulation of classicism. This success is the result of an organic synthesis of creatively refined foreign aesthetics with short information from the modern literature. The literature of Russian classicism in its satirical and anticlerical straightening spirals into the meaning of the world in front of tradition.

Literature to classicism has become a new stage in the development of a vichiznyanoi literature. Inspiring the vimogs of the era, won the image of a new people - a huge man and a patriot, who was transformed into "for the corysty of the suspension, if it is radically successful"

Major mood, shaping in the journey until the middle of the century, bindings with written writers to date, reading the butt of the servant of the batkivshchyna, a great experience.

The great conquests of the literature of the 18th century were confirmed by the firmness of the extra-class value of the people, the fight against evil by the law, the zashist of the interests of the broad masses. (3)

literature

Foreign literature from dzherel to our days: Textbook. posibnik for stud. whish. navch. pawns / Volodymyr Andriyovich Lukiv. - 2nd ed., Rev. - M .: Vidavnichy center "Academy", 2005. - 512 p.

Russian writers, 19th century: Biobiblіogr. Sliv. / S. A. Dzhanumov, V. I. Korovin, S.N. Order. S. A. Dzhanumov. - M .: Education, 2002 .-- 224 p., 2 pages. Іl.

History of Russian literature 19th century: Pidruchnik for students ped. ін-тів by special No. 2101 "Rus. lang. i lit. "- M .: Education, 1982. - 335s. \

Singingly, it is a lot of people to love an hour. It is an hour to teach people all the wisdom of life, wounds of the soul. “Hour is a rukhomiy image of a frail vichnosti”, as the French singer Jean Baptiste Rousseau has said of the celebrations.

Ale є I have a very bad vice: being a teacher of the wise men, they drive their own scholars, at the same time they burn and flourish ...

Alone, you can’t perish and transform into dust the hour - the whole book, the immeasurable foliage of the coli-ness and the new culture, which you can keep in your history of the thousand-year-old.

Books were written every day. We saw in the song Nebutta the doom of rock, the epoch was changing the epoch, the literature was changing, and the sense ... the sense was getting lost in the same way. Love, nadiya policy ... І in the XVIII, і in XXI centuries people were mischievous and don’t think about similar speeches, and even the stink and revenge in themselves LIFE - that is, how to conceal the sense of human sensibility.

Ale not care about a subtle "plot", which is known to all ideas, in a modern light, smoothly take the literature past the table. Classicism, which fosters the harmony of form and wickedness, sentimentalism, in which the nature is maddened at the same time with the heroes of the creatures - all the time to be deprived of the kazkoy, the mirage, the vigorous genial capital, calls the XXI different from the life.

However, it is impossible to judge the literature of the old hour only from the "problem" side. Vizmemo, for example, the miracle of N.M. Karamzin " Bidna Liza". Nizhna history about hot love, the apogee of which is death head hero, Conceive the soul of the skin reader. Trying to clear the quivering rows, I am not thinking only about the share of the villager Lizi, but about the people of the village who saw their life, but did not survive the love of love. І peace yourself - hіba in our hour there are no similar tragedies? Life, zmіnyuchi era, mayzhe nіkoli do not change their course. Take it, leave.

Books written in the 18th century are truly hostile. Spravzhnya friendship, noble vchinki ... A bouquet of emots, written by a writer, smells until the whole day. Dani literary quit nikoli will not dry out, even this wickedness, morality, add to the happy people of the same rock, and, of course, it’s not between ...

Writers and poets of the XXI century do not even reach the high bar, but if they were set by their supporters - the genial people who wrote the most important things. I think it’s a good idea to take the time. Adzhe tilki vono virishu, what a tvir in the literature of LIFE.

"The word is the commander of human strength ..." V.V. Mayakovsky. Russian mova - what kind of wine? Yakshcho vidshtovhuvatisya from history, occasionally young. Independent wine became at the 17th century, but it was formed until the age of 20. Already at the age of 18 and 19, we can drink richness, beauty, melody. In the first place, the Russian language has taken over the traditions of its predecessors - the old Russian language and the old Russian language. Bagato was brought into writing and sleep by writers and singers. Lomonosov's okremo stand and yogo vchenya about [...]
Є bezlіch miraculous professions, і skin from them, madly, є our necessary light. There will be booths, there will be vidobuvaє of the country's land resources, there will be additional help for people to dress up stylishly. Whether it’s a profession, or whether it’s a lyudin, it’s absolutely wonderful, but all the stench is not unmistakably guilty. This very profession appeared, like a cook. From the first glance, you can build, but the kitchen is an awkward area. What is important in preparing a meal? Ale for the sake of justice gotuvannya - one їkh [...]
Mova ... Skіlka meanings carry in sob one word of five letters. For the help of moving a person from early childhood, I will take away the ability to learn lights, convey emots, talk about my consumer, spilkuvatsya. Vinik Movu in a distant prehistoric period, if there was a need from our ancestors, before the hour of the social life, to convey their thoughts, feel, bazhanya their relatives. With this help, we can now vivchati be-like objects, appearances, navkolishn_y light, And in an hour, improve your knowledge. We have [...]
Buv a beautiful day - 22 worms 1941 rock. People were busy with their own wicked right, if a terrible sound sounded - there was a fault. On a whole day fascist Nimechchina, Yaka conquered Europe up to the moment, attacked Russia. Nichto is not aware of the fact that our Batkivshchyna can overcome the enemy. The directors of patriotism and heroism are our people who have lived through this terrible hour. In the period from 41 to 45, the rock of the last century, the land has lost millions of people. Stinks became victims of merciless battles for territory and Vlad. Ні [...]
For a long time, I have helped people to understand one thing alone. Lyudin repeatedly swooped over Tim, most of the time it was needed, who came up with it and if? And why should one see the creatures of those other peoples. In response to the signal cry of the creatures, for the help of people, you can convey the message of emotions, personal settings, information. False from the nationality, the skin people have their own mova. We live in Russia, so our ridna mov- Russian. Our fathers, friends, and also great writers - [...]
All our life is governed by the singing crypts of rules, the presence of which can provoke anarchy. Tilki understand, how to say the rules of the road traffic, the constitution and the criminal code, the rules of behavior in the community's mice, chaos will come to pass. They should be embarrassed by the etiquette. On the present day, there is no great significance of the culture of movement, for example, in social framing it is more and more possible to write young people illiterately, on the streets - to write illiterately and rudely. I mean, it's a problem, [...]
I live in a green and garnished land. Vaughn is called Bilorus. It’s not an ordinary thing to talk about the purity of the people and about the unprecedented landscapes. From them there is calmness, spaciousness and kindness. First of all, I want to be robotic, enjoy life and love nature. Near my land, there is a lot of richok and lakes. The stench is splashing gently. Hanging moon Take the mirror-like smooth surface to drive your lovers with katannya on kovzans. Take a ride on the water chew the leaves... Stink of talking about shvidka cold weather and maybutnyo dying. [...]
Call my grandmother Irina Oleksandrivna. Vona lives in Krima, in the village of Koreiz. We are happy to see her at a party. I should be like the life of a grandmother, walking along the high streets and green alleys of Mishkhor and Korea, wandering around the beaches and swimming in the Black Sea. My grandmother is retired, and earlier she was a nurse in a sanatorium for children. Inodi Vona took me to her robot. If the granny put on a big robe, then she became a stranger's suvor and three-ruble. I helped the children get the temperature - carry them [...]
From the very dynasty, daddy said to me that our land is the greatest and strongest in the world. At the school, in the classroom, with the teacher, we read a lot of verses, assigned to Russia. And I vvazhayu, that the skinny Russian is guilty, the goiter is written with his own Batkivshchyna. The pride of our grandmothers and teachers is victorious. The stench fought against the fascists so that we could live in a quiet and calm world, for us, both children and onuks, the arrows of war didn’t pop. My Batkivshchyna didn’t play any war, but if you please, bothers, Russia is all the same [...]
Our mova will be stored from without words, you can transfer a thought to someone else. For vikoristannya all words are subdivided into groups (parts of movi). The skin of them has its own name. Іmennik. The part of Movi is also very important. Vono means: an object, a manifestation, a speech, a power, a process and a process, I will name that. For example, a board is a manifestation of nature, a pen is an object, a big is a dia, Natal is a life, a tsukor is a speech, and temperature is a power. You can bring a lot of other butts. Name [...]
Autumn redness in sweet vbranny. A bit of a hump is uncomfortable. Vona get angry with the trees. Dawn, if the tree is put on in the pick, її can be found nearby. Yaskravі chervonі berries to screw up the respect of people and ptahіv. People adore the tree. Birds caress yogi with gifts. Hover in the direction, if everywhere there is a bunch of snig, the mountain is happy with its juicy grones. The images can be viewed on new leaflets. Artists love humpbacks, they are more cheerful and yaskravish in winter. Love the tree and sing. Її [...]
What kind of light? Life in the world is a real life, which can be on Earth. Zhodna is not guilty not to make people happy, and to win overwhelming territory, at the cost of guilt, the stench does not become morally rich. Aje zhodna vіyna cannot do without death. First and foremost, de-consuming their blues, choloviks and fathers, let them know, how the stench of a hero, all one nicholas can’t get a little cold, having wiped away the loss of something close. Only with light you can reach happiness. Only by peaceful negotiations, the rulers are guilty of rіznih lands with the people and [...]
Lake Baikal is visible for the whole world. Seems like the greatest and greatest lake. The water in the lake is suitable for pitt, it is even more valuable. The water in Baikal is not only clean, it is more and more efficient. Vona is full of minerals and sour, which positively influences the health of people. Baikal is located in glib depressions and from the sides of the discharge by the mountain ridges. The landscape of the lake is even more beautiful and rich in flora and fauna. Also, in the lake live a lot of vidiv ribs - mayzhe 50 [...]
Children go to school and vivchaєmo development subjects. Deyaki vvazhayut, but the price is not needed on the right and only takes away the hour, which can be vitriolic on the computer and it is still. I think differently. Є this is a rosіyska order: "Navchannya is light, and unscheduled is darkness." Tse means that for quietly, who knows something new and pragmatic, before the road to maybut is seen lightly. And that is, who should go and not study in school, abandon all his life in the twilight of foolishness and ignorance. People who shudder to [...]
There was a fog of foggy wounds. I was a fool, nervously at the head. I’m generally, not asleep, but rather developed my scarf and hung from the lofty heads of the leaf. The stench smelled in vіtri and nіbito forgiving peacefully they spoke. About whispering the whole leaf? But maybe the stench whispered about the summer, how it went and the hot turns of the sun, without any now the stench has become so fresh and dry. But maybe the stench was reddened by the cool little streams, which could have been drunk and turned to life. But maybe the stinks were whispering about me. Ale tilki whispers [...]
Syogodnі, іnternet є mayzhe in the skin booth. In the Internet you can know much more corian information for navchannya or for someone else. There are a lot of people to marvel at the Internet and play in іgri. Also, in the Internet you can know the robot or find new friends. The Internet will help you not to get in touch with your relatives and friends, who live far away. Those who are on the Internet can get in touch with them. Mom often got used to savory stravi, as she knew on the Internet. Also, the Internet will help you to love to read, ale [...]
Friendship is a price for me, yaskravae feel, in which love should not be compromised. Friendship is not only necessary, friendship is simply necessary. Ajah zhodna lyudin in light cannot live all life on her own, people, as for a special growth, and for the spiritual it is simply necessary to spilkuvannya. Without friendship, we will begin to become confused in our own, suffering from unreasoning and discontent. For me, a close friend will get used to my brother, sister. Such common people are not afraid of any problems, life of hardships. Kozhen, in his own way, the intelligence of the witness [...]
What is history needed for? Even all those podії, about yakі vona rozpovіdaє, have already passed a long time ago, and it is better for everything, nothing more will not be repeated. So why would you need to read about those who don’t want us? That is why history is also very important for people and science. Take revenge in your opinion on the food. History is the main source of information. All dates, stories and knowledge have passed through the table, carefully selected and recorded by the historians. At any moment we can learn about those who have seen [...]
The poetical boom of the sixty rocks of the 20th century The sixty rocks of the 20th century are an hour away from the Russian journey. Nareshty came vidliga, the bully knew a lot of the fence and the author could see the critique, do not be afraid of reprisals and vignan, hang your thoughts. The picks of travels have become a frequent occurrence, well, mabut, such a "kind of boom" in the field of travel has not boomed either before or before. "Visiting cards" for the whole hour - B. Akhmadulina, Є. Yvtushenko, R. Rozhdestvensky, N. Rubtsov, і, very well, the rebel bard [...]
Ridna and the most beautiful in the world, my Russia. I’ve spent a whole lot of time with my fathers and my sister, having traveled to see the sea in the town of Sochi. There, de mi lived, there was a cluster of seven. A young couple (the stinks have recently become friends) arrived from Tatarstan, talked, got to know, if they had been working on sports events before the Universiades. At the common room with us lived a family with small children from Kuzbass, that is, they have miners, vidobuvah vugilya (who called yogo "chorne gold"). Another family came from the Voronez region, [...]