Rulers of the British Empire. British colonial empire. George III - the divine king of the British Empire
The British empire was the greatest empire, as if I knew history. The power and the infusion were forgiven throughout the whole world, molding it for their likeness. The British empire of nicholas did not pass in a static camp - it was constantly changing, developing and responding to the pod, which was being introduced.
The British Empire of the 1950s strongly resembles itself in the 1850s and, of course, in the 1750s and 1650s. The policy in the colonies in one part of the world could be strongly influenced by the policy in the other part. Moreover, in the її warehouses, there were some nameless participants for the rich rocky life. Some of them indulged in here through greed and hisism, but, however, there were little more humanistic motives, who would often be surrounded by social ambushes of their epochs.
The honor to the crown gave the throngs of new opportunities, but whoever won, brought them the deprivation of intercourse, the ruin and relief of freedoms and rights.
What period are you looking for the history of Britain?
However, at any hour it is not so easy to repair a British Empire video. As a rule, talk about two її periods. The first period (or the First Empire) of meanings, the leading rank, the hour of the colonization of America. They called them the "Thirteen Colonies", and in 1783 the stench knew its independence from Britain.
Another empire was built up from the surplus of the First, adding to India, and the bullet was expanded before the hour of the Napoleonic warriors, and at the same time it was extended through the 19th century and to go to the ear of the 20th. The same friend, it is important that the Victorian empire and associate with the majority of people with the British empire, they said about the yak: "Do not go over her!"
How often do you not work?
More and more of the two British empires are called Other and Third Empires. There is one more story in history: the hour of the Normandy Expansion. The Welsh, the Normandy Islands, the Isles of Men and the first outposts in Ireland will come from the whole period to England.
There is often a verdict of a plutan, why did the Normans themselves come from France, and as the intelligence, who was the Norman-French or the English empire? As a rule, the Normans resemble those of the Vikings, as they moved to France. Tsya Anglo-French empire, as it is possible to become so, if you will be called Anjou. Vona quickly began to fall on two lands - England and France - just one hour. I want to see the whole English small injected at the French festivities in Calais, while Mary Tudor, nareshty, did not lose control of her in 1558, I want the Normandy Islands, as a part of Great Britain would be technically lost earlier.
Technically, you can talk about Britain, as you can talk about the power, repaired only from 1707, that in the period from a thousand chotires ninety seven to 1707 ric and later called England, I want Welsh to be part of it. Britain often entered into alliances with the French in the 18th-19th centuries, with the Russians in the middle of the 19th century and with the few in the 20th century. The army regularly called for help on the continents, but after the end of the conflict, the stench did not take part in the regulation or colonization.
Europe is densely populated, it has grown to reach a high technological level, and the people have become more and more aware of their nationality and identity. And Britain, being an acute state, is a small straining vіyskovo-sea fleet In such a rank, she could be allowed to vibrate, in some campaigns on the continents, to take part, and in some of them, she was given more respect for sea trade with non-European markets.
How big is the British Empire?
Apparently, the British Empire expanded and developed at a high rate over the years. Vona significantly expanded by the American colonies in the 17th and 18th centuries, especially for the defeat of the French at the Semirichnii Vіyny. The most developed territory reached 35.5 million square meters. km. 
During the American Revolution, Britain lost a lot of territory, if not all, but compensated for the expansion of British interests in India. Achievement in medicine, transport and communes included Africa in the list of available lands, which changed European empire in the other half of the 19th century.
The First Svitova Viyna added even more colonies to the British Empire at the Mandate Territories - by the Treaty of Versailles, the League of Nations transferred the management of the British Territories. Until 1924, the Kingdom of the Kingdom grew more and more lands from four to a third of all land on the earth, and the area of which in more than a hundred and fifty times traveled to Great Britain itself.
The Pidsumkom of Another World War has become a waste of bagatories of imperial territories. Unimportant to those who bore the British side, the empire did not mention the geopolitical wreckage that was victorious, and entered the period of the residual fall. India was the first and the most important region, yaka threw off the panuvannya, and after it - Close Skid, and Africa. The Caribbean and Pacific Volodinia trimmed the trochies even better, but most of them also went their own way. Remained from the main types of colonies in Hong Kong in 1997.
Technological and industrial perevagu
The British did not have a monopoly on technological innovations. Gunpowder, drukarskiy verstat, navigating the possession of the bullets of destruction and vividness on the continent or far away. Since the fifteenth century, Europe has become a dynamical month, de new ideas are wrapped in a sly shyness. Britain rejected the vigoda from the era of Revival and Education, and all the time there was a bully in the camp, and as a result, it became the first nation, as it was victorious, it was driving a steam engine, a revolutionary goods flooded the markets all over the world. There will be a new technological development, and it will be important to compete in non-European countries.
Musketeers, guntines, kulemeti, locomotives for trips, steam ships gave the small British army not overturned passages. The stench stuck with the big strong (and, maybe, more smilivim) thief, but all the same they thrashed him, ordered him and strangled him. The British healthier was even more effective, and the system and the connection allowed him to save his merit of resources, and the medicine dwindled, so it allowed soldiers and sailors to penetrate all the more districts and importantly accessible areas. Britain did not become a single land, as it was corroded by a technological breakthrough over non-European countries, a long time ago of industrial potential, a commercial vein, and the sea was infused into the sea, which did not go through the tables.
sea perevagi
The king's navy, madly, having become ugly to the warriors, didn’t mean that Britain was going to be panuvati on the seas. Naturally, for the island state, ships will be an important industry in such a land like England. Ale, for example, Portugal, and then Spain reached more high results in the sea panu, repaired from the 15th century. The stench grew in the design of the ships, in the navigation and distance navichi, necessary for the development and commercial victories of evolved routes. The English directors were pleased with the information provided by the Portuguese and Spanish. At any time, for the first time they threw a wiklic on the Portuguese and Spanish control over the seas by the Dutch and French.
Such a situation was observed until the 18th century. Glorious is the revolution of 1688, since the Dutch king Wilhelm of Orange, having taken control of the English crown, changed, but did not shrink the Anglo-Dutch supernatural. However, from 1756 to 1763 ric) the Royal Navy having seized a bagat and might more possibly the Kingdom of France. As a result of the Glorious Revolution, the British took over a foldable banking system from the Dutch (including the form of the Bank of England), which allowed the English to borrow pennies, so that they could have a great fleet. The idea was to turn off the credits, as only the United Kingdom would change from the winners. The French fleet did not have such an infusion of investments, and that it was important to fit in with the staff of the Royal Navy, especially in the global scale of the one that was successfully carried out by the first "light war" so simple as the British earthly coo... The French rejected the possibility of avenging themselves, in addition to helping American revolutionaries in the 1770s and 1780s during the humiliation of the English. Alle tse the same, by itself, will be a merciful svitanka for the French Monarchy. The stinks put in great sums of pennies, throw a wick to the Royal Navy (and help the Americans to help them in the revolution), albeit without the need to drive out the vitrati. 
With such a rank, one of the main reasons for the powerful Revolution of France was the one that was born to help the American revolutionaries. Tse, wickedly, bit by bit, the Napoleonic struggle between France and Great Britain spurred. Napoleon zoseredivsya on his terrestrial campaigns, and he was constantly sent to the Royal fleet. For example, Nelson depleted Napoleon's fleet, if that anchored on the shores of Egypt in 1798.
Napoleon, having tried to combine the French and Spanish fleet, lure the Royal Navy across the Atlantic, and try to invade England. As a result, the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 became the initial naval battle on the offensive of the capital. The English did not fall for the bait and the French and Spanish fleets were blockaded in the Kintsev pid-bag. As soon as the fleets were fueled, Nelson brought down the whole mitz on them, and solidified the Royal Fleet by Vladika Seas and into the First World War and Flying. With a stretch of the 19th century, there was no sea power, Yaka could be close to the British panuvannya over the sea communes and trade routes.
Administration of the empire
British empire, obviously, was not an ideal organization. Vona stumbled into an absolutely unsystematic administration on the minuscule path of her development. At the early stages of management and approval, the companies' servants will be quicker to see them for the effective management of their distant points of sale. With a new butt of a large ball of the Ost-Indian Company, as it was found out, there can be a lot of business in a row, as there is a continuous flow of payments in the form of trade - at least in the short-term perspectives. By the year of the riot, the spontaneous dashing and the vicious expanded the financial capabilities of the people, and the companies got accredited early to the limit.
She made a precedent that the Koroni’s fighter would be widespread everywhere, if the stench didn’t live in the light. The whole principle of the promotion of Jacob I and usim by the monarchs who were given. However, the process was slowed down by great visits and an hour for filing trouble, as well as not knowing about the work of the King's court. Moreover, in an hour the Parliament had poured more and more inflow on the right in the colonies, the remnants of the Vlad of British monarchs were unrepentantly underestimated by the stretch of the closest capitals. The offense of the monarch and the British parliament themselves were denied, the rights of settlers and the rights of indigenous peoples are often superseded by one to one. Inodi the monarch has given the approval of one group, at that hour like the parliament - іnshy. At the same time, take a look at the rights and obligations of the bully, as soon as the colonies of settlers rejected their power parliaments in the 19th and 20th centuries.
Insanely, the British Empire has imposed an indelible video card on the development of all light civilization, having established a cultural, vital, economic basis, which was the basis I will arrange a sovereign great powers of the world.
Historically, it was so, that the capitalist synonyms in England originated earlier than in other countries. Industry expanded and demanded dzherel sirovini, penny catches and spat The English bourgeoisie began to actively fight for the replenishment of spheres, for the drowning of colonies.
English colonial policy in the 17-18 century. there is not yet such a swing as you wondered in the offensive of the capital. I am noticing the prospect of gaining profit from occasionally innumerable spheres of the trade bourgeoisie and the aristocratic elite of the English suspension. The profit was reached by the way of an irregular exchange of goods between European dalks and population of colonies, vivos of spices and valuable tree species from Asia and Africa and the sale of them in Europe by high prices, And also by way of direct robbery.
In England, there were special associations of the best traders and industrialists. Їх dіyalnіst pіdgotuvala runt for Vіyskovo-political approval of England in the small parts of the earthly kulі.
With the help of such monopoly private enterprises, the English state penetrated into Asia, America, Africa.
England has become overwhelmed with numerous islands in the Atlantic and Indian oceans, and has provided important points of support for itself on the sea shores.
This is how the majestic lance of the military and the sea-sea bases and support points was majestic, such as the British Empire that encircled the whole world. So they were preparing a bridgehead for a wide economic and political penetration into the world of Afro-Asian and American countries and reluctantly inhabit the peoples. Promislova revolution and connected with it in the expansion of the release of factory virobes winked at the glances of the English rulers on the whole of the colonial policy. Lands The descent has become increasingly important not only as a penny worthy nakhodzhen in viglyadі vіyskovoі zdobichі and tributes, altogether a leading rank in the quality of leading markets in the scoring of British goods. "The colonies began to serve as a dzherel of cheap syruvini ..."
In the other quarter of the 19th century, the colonial expansion became especially important for England.
Vis'kovo-political activity British Empire on the half of the mainland, it appeared in parallel with the expansion of the English in the other regions.
As a result of the aggressive actions of the colonizers, the leading rank of the English, even in the first half of the 19th century, there was a break in the division of the African lands between the capitalist powers and the hardening of all the people who live here.
Until the end of the 19th century, England was transformed into the most colonial state. "З 1884-1900 rr. England added 3,700 thousand square miles of new colonial territories. " They spent their time on all continents. The British stake governors ordered their panu a number of countries and peoples of Asia and Africa, for the whole of India, imposed onerous treaties and to please China, Iran and other countries, set up a system of the Atlantic and strategic bases , as well as the Seredland Sea.
In the last third of the 19th century in the leading lands of Europe and the United States, capitalism entered its last stage, the imperialistic stage. The colonial policy of the English bourgeoisie was especially active during the period. Colonial Volodymyr on this stage of development of capitalism was of interest for metropolises not only as dzherela sirovini and markets for goods, but as a sphere of storing capital, exploitation of cheap and efficient work. "The era of the industrial capital has gone to the world of the financial capital."
The order with all the more growing values of the economic exploitation of colonial and napolonial volodya in the new parts of the earth's fallow lands promoted the role of important and political life of the world,
In the late 19th century, the English bourgeoisie developed a boorish activity in expanding its colonial empire, and in expanding and changing its flow at the Descent.
At 70-80 pp 19 in the Colonial Expansion of England, there was a particularly great rush in Africa and on the Middle Outcropping.
Colonial policy of England in the period of imperialism
In the first time of the year, the British Empire went to its main warehouse. Tsia Viyna immediately served as the ear for the crisis of the British Empire. The previously growing centers of power were violated. During the first period of the Great Patriotic War, an insurrection took place in the Indian-African Union and Ireland, against Canada and Australia, and a widespread nationalist movement in India. The positions of England in the capitalist society were weakening, instantly changing the balance of power between England and dominions on the backwardness of the rest. Tim himself will bully pidirvani the foundations of the united national and international policy.
The news of the communication of the forces of the whole of the British Empire, which was going to start with the first revolution, knew its image in the new statute of the dominions. The food about the implementation of such a statute is already at the first war conferences. In addition, Balfour passed the establishment of 1923 r the right of the skin dominion to self-government, to take part in international conferences and to take part in international conferences and to arrange agreements with other foreign powers,
The term "British Sp_vdruzhnist Nats_y" was first introduced in 1926 by England and self-righteous dominions. The term "imperia" itself is a buzz of words and is replaced by the word "spіvdruzhnіst". The stagnation of the term "spivdruzhnost" made the political situation less important. "
Until other times, the British empire is small in respect of the union of England with dominions and colonies, and for Spyvdruzhnistu - England with dominions. Under the Westminster Statute, dominions became the rightful sub'ects international news with the rights of an independent diplomatic representative, the arrangement of agreements with the foreign powers, with the powerful forces of the blood, and with the right to deceive or unmistakably be violated. Colonies yak and earlier were deprived of rightsless objects of English policy. The dominions took part in the forefront of the Nimetsian colonies during the first holy days. With such a rank, "Persha Svitova Vіyna 1914-1918 led to the dreadfulness of Pіvtor Milyon Square Miles"
At the same time, with a growing force, the supernaturals of England and dominions began on the ground, the development of independent local-imperialistic aspirations of the dominions, on the ground of the out-of-the-way crisis of politics in the interim period. England lived in before the change of unity of the empire.
The system of imperial preferences served in the economy of the period, established at the Ottawa conference in 1932, and the stemming of the sterling zone in the 1930s, which spurred the development of internal empire ties, development
At the first stage of the foreign crisis, capitalism in the empire was already given about itself by the nobility from the center of power. Ireland was seen from the British pan and was seen from the naval crops of the European crop. The Indian subcontinent was shaken by the forceful blows of a nationally-viscous collapse. “Massive political attitudes of industrial robots and rural populations of Buli in 1918-22 pp. In the Bagatokh regions of India. The Anglo-Indian district was perceived as harsh repressions at the stage. " Had to give a thrill, kicked off as a result of the first holy war "British middle-class empire". “In 1919r, as a result of the Anglo-Afghan war, Afghanistan came to the conclusion of the unequal treaties imposed by England, becoming a sovereign state. Political independence of Turechchini Bula is fixed to all legal and economic privileges, given by the Turkish sultan of the Earth. England had a chance to bring its own way to Afghanistan, Turechchini, and Iran. "
The processes of revolution and ruin for the British Empire have re-developed in the course and as a result of another revolution, on a new stage of the capital crisis. At the first stage of the foreign capital crisis, the British Empire expanded greatly beyond the rakhun of the German colonies and parts of the expanding Ottoman Empire. “Until the end of the first light war, the British empire has passed at the pinnacle of its potential. The not unbearable adversary - Nimechchina - will be rozbitiy, and the colonial volodymy will be subordinated to the powers of the Antanti. England has rejected the whole lot in the middle of the world under the cover of the mandate of the League of Nation Pivdenno-West Africa, a part of Cameroon and Togo, Tangany and a number of islands in the Ocean. " In such a rank, “in advance of the other holy war, the British Empire with protectorates and fallow territories occupied an area, equal to four of all the surface of the earth, from the populations, the number of which became the population of the society”.
England. If conquered by the Romans, the whole Christian land and nation became one of the greatest and most powerful empires in history. Її inflow widened on all kuchuyu earthly kulі. Technologies, innovations, ambitions - with the help of various tools great imperia.
the stench gave rise to great british navy, Yakiy trimav in the hands of the entire light ocean. The King's Fleet 18-19 can be found everywhere.
The British Empire opened up massive symbols of panuvannya, which will inspire awe until the end of the day. But the foundation of the empire centered on Marnoslawism, bloodshed and unbeatable thirst conquest.
Wilhelm Zavoyovnik
410 rubles. Naypotuzhnіsha imperіya, vidoma svitovi, I was attacked. On the distant British Isles, go to hell Roman legions enter the coast... I’m going to write for myself, and I’m going to write it politically. For more than 400 rocky years, the island of Britain has been on its own. That will be the end of one empire and the ear of the best.
"It's a dream not to go over the British empire", - I feel a lot of words, I want the empire for a long time. For an hour of its development, the British Empire has occupied a quarter of the land - 36 million square kilometers.
How many islands in the middle of the winter Atlantic become a majestic empire? On the ear of 400 years, if the Romans fought with pressure, and the deeds of the marauding of the peoples became overwhelmed. You can, add a soft klimat. Through a small table, the stench was self-organizing, and the English people were born.
After the death of the rest of the Saxon king of spirits, he opened his way to the people of the people - like the bully on the sites of the Vikings, who inhabited Pivnichnu France.
... I will become the highest and most non-violent ruler in the history of England. Yogo was called.
about Appetite of Genrikha legends were told: win zhadav їzhі, zhіnok, vladi i sina, as if once to transfer kermo to vlady.
Great way of viconati sviy korolivsky borg - tse spend a fall... I just wonder at the portraits of the Choloviks-Tudors, it stinks to stand, legs spread wide, hands on the thighs, and it doesn’t look bad: the stink doesn’t seem like “I’m a cholovik, I can stink a fall”. Sin bouv is a proof of masculinity.
Wine without memory huddle in Anne Boleyn, Win bazhak її, so Ganna bully was a tad more adorable woman, and she knew about it. One problem - how can I let you see the squad? Chi is not hammering in, naturally. First type: disperse.
If Dad has seen Dati Genrikh phoned for separation, The king is disagreeing: since we cannot control the religion, we can simply replace it. vin zukhvalo rozіrvav usi links with Rome and having voted as the head.
Teper Genrikh mav absolute control over his land. Vіn parting with Katerina i having killed Queen Anne... Ale, if I won’t give birth to youmu shina, then she appeared in a rapt accused of health.
All bulo is done in such a way that you can't think of it better: there is nibito Spun more than one novel, And at once decilka. Yakis orgies were held at the palace, and Genrikh was ready in the chain of events. Genrich chastising Anna and in the direction of growth in London.
The whole complex occupies a territory of 7 hectares and is filled with unapproachable walls. The trees were replaced by stone blocks, the wall of the bulwark was reinforced with a series of towers, along the inner perimeter of the ring friend wall for more hope. They have virilized the gliboki ditches and stored them with water. The complex has become practical unapproachable.
For the rule of Genrikha the fortress became detached wadi and zhorstokosti, In total, in a dungeon, in a dungeon and in the city of the Bagatokh Yogi Thors.
Here Anna checked her share - kari through beheading... Beheaded, I will hide the booze with a greedy procedure, so that I will call you in a terrible way, it did not reach the point of the first blow.
Hannі Boleyn Genrikh saying: "For you, the road, is just more beautiful." To replace the fact that I’ll cut my head off, I’ll punish it, I’ll be quick and careful. sword.
19 May 1536 Anna was brought to a small courtyard on the territory of Tauer. One nimble blow, i Genrikh Bula's problem.
Ale bazhannya zrobiti spadkoєmtsya bulo lishe one of the ambitious ideas of the king: from the very cob the rule of wine eager to become famous, Reconsider England in May Empire.
The idea of the mainstream of the empire, how to hunt the whole of Europe and if it were drawn to the boundaries, did not leave Henry VIII. Reality in the middle of the road with the world about.
Along the way of Genrikh, two European superpowers stood up to the end of the empire. Yogo plan - to direct in the distant seas buoyant to the brink of mass destruction.
Leto 1510 rock. The army of working people went through the footsteps of England in writing material for the awakening of what, in addition to the help of England, to establish the empire. Before Tim, Yak to conquer the land, Genrikh VIII Mav admit the sea... Vіn virіshiv radically change the strategy of warfare, transforming their ships into a deadly zombie.
Vin buv pershim, hto pochav get on board the ships: Those knowers, who previously stopped for a while only for an hour, were important for them to make a ton and build a ship.
Massive wizards of great ships. Genrikh ordered his engineers to build a new fleet. Perlin yogo becoming a flagship ship, one of the first battle ships in the world. Yogo was named.
The ship became a part of the Engineering Duma of this era. Place on board the yakomog more znryad, straightened in the ribs - the cim and became "Meri Rose", platform for garmat.
On "Meri Rose" there is a fundamentally new thing - bijnitsi for garmat... Open the boules of virizan from the sides of the ship and shut the hatches. Wine was allowed to shoot from the garmat from the sides. The shipbuilders brought in the harness of the deck. The reaper was reworked "Meri Rose" in death machine... respected ship revolution, І "Meri Rose" became the first lust.
Until the middle of the 16th century, England became shlyakh pidkorennya sea... Ale nezbarom Genrikh stumbled upon the problem: the expensive bronze armor, which were equipped with ships, shvidko Visnazuvali the king's belongings... Guilty for having come up with the best way to build important artillery, as it destroyed the army and the fleet with irreversible changes in vitrates. Ideal solutions boulo chavunna garmata: Vona Bula is 50 times cheaper, less than bronze.
Pracezdatnu chavunnu harmata was not yet shot, ala Genrikh knew, how to speed up the process: win guessing about the great iron-bearing region of the country uylda, I gave the order to the engineers.
The foldability of such an element, yak garmat, was due to the fact that it was necessary to melt a lot at even higher temperatures. Buv only one way to trim the required temperature - engineering marvel of that hour with forced thrust.
A handful of robots put a tree i zaliznu ore to the top of the 6-meter stone oven. The water wheel led to the ruins of the majestic khutra, as they razdmuhuvali in the fire until quiet feast, until the temperature did not reach 2200 degrees, sufficient, to melt zalizo. Todi robots raised a crane for the base of the oven. Potik baked zaliza twisted into a form, buried gliboko in the ground.
I’ll honestly say there’s a lot of new resources: they needed a lot of stoves for the production of wood, people who procured the wood, work, equipment, the ore was collected from the land, the crews, who brought in and out of the woodwork.
For the onset of the capital of the chavunni harmati from the world of steel about the wickedness of all European rulers.
The price has changed the alignment of forces: the brass gave England vlada i tekhnologichnu perevaga There is a lot of land for the country.
For the last 30 years of Genrikh staying new fleet... Ale you have not been judged to go to your old world - to conquer: an uncompromising appetite for serving the obese people who are obese. vin died in 1547 rock Having lined up on the sites the memory about the horror and the wine, they went ahead of the era. Having sown today, in which virtues can be empire.
Genrich laying the foundation Having stayed in the fleet, to give the intelligence, so Britain will become empire, having declared itself svitovi.
George III - the divine king of the British Empire
The coming 150 years of Britain will expand through the colonies and conquest, victorious I am growing my fleet... Until the middle of the 18th century, Britain controlled part of Інії, Africa, and Pivnichnoy America.
A little on the horizon loomed two seryoznі, and the king, who is to be beaten with them, will fight with his demons.
Everyone was talking about yogo bozhevili, The physical ailment was recognized on your brain. The first attack of insanity was trapped at George's in 1788, after 7 rockets, after a serious blow. The small territory in this part of the world overcame some British people. Qia kraina called herself.
If the British visitors left the city of York, if the stench was far away, light, hey, stood up on his head. So there і bulo: light, in which barrels there is a change - tse divine light.
The onset of ten years of St. George's day, altogether, change. In 1804, the king and his empire had a new body: the French emperor.
On the cob 19 stolittya the tyrant-conqueror shvidko opanuvav Europe. Anglia Bula is a single pereshkoda on the way to the continental panuvannya. Vіn buv the same threat, like the Nazis at the Other Svitovіy vіynі, і vіn gotuvav vіyska before the invasion of the British Isles.
The British Royal Navy became the head of the naval force and in 1805 it was established with the aggressor Napoleon in vidomoy. Victorious, fearless tactics and the most technically sophisticated ships of the era, England defeated the French and Spanish fleets.
The battle of Trafalgar changed the encampment of England, having destroyed the main sea power. British steel not overturned by the ships.
Ale to the moment of the residual thrashing of Napoleon in 1815, the rozi of King George III madness: Win residual z'yhav s blind and mayzhe at the expense of zir. The king wandered along the corridors, not at once independently, growing his beard, not knowing what this day was.
Velika Zakhidna zaliznytsya
Until one o'clock, England has been transformed into superpower, Perevaga yakoi ґruntuvalosya on the ship buduvannі. Alle, the іnsha technology appears, how to bring the British empire up to the light panuvannya. On the 19th century, the axis-axis is guilty of bringing the blame for the significance of the history of the Romans.
Until the 19th century, Britain was transformed into a industrial giant... The colossal successes of the crows were tied to the stupid wine-lovers in the field of technology, who hunted a lot of empire, and then the whole world.
Foldable to make the first period of history, dressing with such pidyom in the field of technology For such people, they experiment with machines, provide new methods of building, bring new things to architecture.
At the last empire, they would be held by their hands, and the British conquered their territory for the help of cars. Such an innovation, like a litta metal and a conversion of a battle ship into a single car with garmat, changed the English fleet, and navy transforming England into empire... І tsya vіyskovo-economic empire expanded from Europe to Asia, from America to Africa, panuyuchi in. Ale yak shodo sushi?
By the ear of the 19th century, Britain experienced a productivity streak, ale not in the beginning of land transport... U 1782 rotsi yakis udoskonaliv dvigun, how to collapse by steam After 40 years and after 40 years, the blue took the engine for an additional firebox, boiler, piston, and put it on the slats, and put it on the slats, developing the name-shifting speed of 47 km / h.
"Raketa" was not a first steam locomotive, even more unique specialties were said about those who steam engine is the power of the great. The key is to lie in motion.
A number of small pipes transferred the hot gas from the furnace to a reservoir with water, bringing it to a boil. Steam appears, which flows through the valve into the cylinder. The strongest grip of steam, the piston rod collapsed, tying the wheels of the locomotive, moving forward. Vypuskayuchi steam through the pipe, and not through the cylinder, secured the access of fresh food into the firebox to feed the fire. With such innovations, "Raketa" could fly to the majestic shvidkistu.
With less steam locomotives, you can see your own at that hour, which is the most similar to the one that sounded like buggies. Zychayno, yogo will prodovzhuvati udoskonalyuvati, ale tsya the basis of a steam locomotive on the offensive of 100 rock.
Now it is necessary to beat the British borderland, and in 1833, the son of a general engineer entered the race and became famous. Yogo was called.
Brunelle is a good showman: good clothes, red-squad, he is famous and famous, like a tsim koristuvatisya. And yet I’m a workaholic, it’s never been an hour.
Brunelle has boules of grandiose plans: she will become the most ambitious project in history, a whole lot of all the cuts of England. Brunel has named її і mav namіr development the best in the world.
Vin hodiv, the road is small, the smallest kut nakhilu, that is, go can drive along these nabagato shvidshe. Zhaga shvidkostі vimagala passing kryz gori, And not according to them, і in conjunction with the tsim declared yo the best technical support – zaliznichny tunnel.
Obviously, you need to prodovbati in stone tunnel burned for the entire period of time, and the won became 1 km 200 m. At that part of the time, it was simply unimaginable! Navigate for the current standards of the priceless tunnel.
Brunel Zibrav hundreds of Irish diggers, Schob cut the tunnel. They thought it was because they saw a number of mines in front of the surface of the mountain. For the visualization of solid breeds, vikoristov powder... Then the robots descended into the mines in cats and knocked the ulamks practically with their bare hands. By the power of the horses, the winches were driven to the surface by the help of the winches.
It’s tough, folding and taking an hour to finish the process, and it’s hard to get the tunnel going without sacrifice for an hour: a lot of saws, soot, and for an hour the vibrations of the robots ripped up the stones.
Through 4 rocky tunnel, scho taking a hundred lives, buv endings. Great Zakhidna zaliznytsya, nareshty, was born in 1841 rotsi... Pulls still pass through the whole tunnel.
Zaliznichna mania, Yaku Brunel dopomіg rozpaliti, as a result hunted the whole empire, even more powerfully injecting England into the whole world. Opportunities, which appeared on the cob for 19 centuries on the cob in England, and then, in all light, were the subject of drowning: the stench of dovgy, guchny, brute, stinks, the stink of the taste and the sweetness, the simplicity of the root!
Perevaga, renounced by the English as a state of affairs, allowed for ten years to go ahead of the country. Іmperіya reached its own design.
Ale the strongest blow, striking the center, zmusit empire zdrignutsya to the very foundation.
Zhovten 1834 rock. Dark nights in London in the heart of the British Empire in the Westminster Palace strong burning... With a hand, the complex will be the command center of Britain and a symbol of the power of freedom. Now half the mind has re-made the palace of the Vognian Genna, and thousands of people thought about those who could now be in a row.
Pozhezha 1834 rock was given the strongest blow to the political center of the British Empire... The Westminster Palace in that one viglyad has been standing since the end of the 11th century, and now only ruins have been lost, and the British asked their food: why should there be parliament in the whole place? How can you get yo voiceovers in silence, because there is a modern political system?
The price is guilty of the Bula Virishity of the Special King's Commissariat, and the statement was made "like this": the Parliament will be reconstructed. Ale vinik bilsh hard food: What will you see if you will be watching? Being in French or English style? If so, then in style Єlizaveti Tudor what about English?
Two rocky food prices did not give anybody a chance to sleep quietly, while in 1836 the royal committee didn’t vibrate for 97 projects, Shanuvalnik Italian Renaissance... I came across a few neo-Gothic ones, and it was just awesome for the parliament, a hodgepodge of styles, ale vrazhayucha.
From the ruins of the old parliament to the British architects to build a truly gigantic budget: twice as much, not American. Incentives from the zhovtuvaty siskovik the palace to occupy an area of 32 thousand square meters. Yoho vezhі grows by 98 meters.
Big-Ben, abo Vezha Alizaveti
Bulo is viral, so on one of them to install majestic year... Qia vezha, they called yaku the last hour Big Ben, In 2012 the rotsi bula was renamed to Vezhu Єlizaveti in honor of ЄlizavetiII.
At 19 stolіttі it is possible to finish exactly in an hour, and it has become an even more valuable resource: an hour is a penny. The first in the 19th century will see the celebration of the revolution in the whole world. It’s like a grandiose prosperity, one cannot do without a year.
If the king's astronomer has voiced vimogi to the gods, all the enemies will be the most and most accurate year in the world.
Vimogi Eiri bouli duzhe suvorimi. For example, one of them has been written, maximum error 1 second for additional, І look about the accuracy of the guilt of the bully virus in two a day. That is not the 21st century of informatization, for those of the 19th century, setting up a giant mechanism, the same in the basht, the heavy mechanics and arrows, with such precision, the smell showed the correct hour in a second, a year in a year , at the same time, the stench will be strong until the day, the board, snig, vіtru - all tse bulo fair divom, Nastіlki are nezuvanim, yak fly to Misyats.
The first parliament asked Eiri, why can't we propose a plan that is more real and less expensive? Ale Eiri is not good-for-nothing, so Vezha Alizaveti, who I will call Dzvoni, became in terms of accuracy for all the light.
It's wonderful, ale of celebrities, the project was laid out for a year-old amateur by name Edmund Beckett Denison... Yomu into the distance to seek the necessary accuracy, because the experts did not fit because of the staff.
Yak and all year olds of this type, the stench will be brought to ruff by vantazhs, gears and a pendulum. Ale at Big-Ben show up fundamentally new element As soon as you seize the pendulum from the inflow of inviting forces. Two metal vazhalya control the wheel with three spokes. With the skin swing of the pendulum, one of the most important things is swelled, allowing the wheel to turn one unit. Tse regulate the years. If you can squeeze the boards on the arrows of the year, it is important to isolate the pendulum, and if you go on going without changes.
Schob nalashtuvati a year, the zberigachs needed an hour to get into the bush. Coins: If you do it, or if you know the pension of the old eye of the pendulum, you can do it or take 2/5 seconds into it. The master of the genial, simple method has become a light standard of accuracy.
Bashta with a year over the awakening of the parliament in the center of the empire is of great symbolic significance, as none of the British cherish the hour itself.
In time, it is necessary to ring the bell, as it will take an hour. Calling gigantsky central dzvin... Vidlivalnik dzvoniv, George Meias Having created a giant giant, it was prior to Denison's orders. Thus, Big Ben was born in 13 tons.
In 1858, more than a thousand people went to the streets, to be amazed, like Big Ben to put on a year with a year. For the third time, the ring is regularly carried over London.
London is badly viral. The first in the light of the place from the front, and in the new guilt, the symbols appear, the head of the "Father of All Parliaments"- awakening to parliament with Big Ben, symbol of strength and power of the British Empire.
Vіktorіya - dvchinka-pіdlіtok at the cholі of the British Empire
Until the middle of the 19th century, Great Britain high standards in the area of new technologies. Ale in the rule of the young and new queen of London to oppose crises, Yaky little will not become the cause of the disaster.
In 1837 rotsi kermo, the lords of the most powerful empire on earth passed to the little girl-child. Її the descent to the throne gave rise to I am unhappy: First time, the squad marveled at her, like a child, not ready to rule the land. The name was queen.
It was only 18, since she went to the throne, and the first two fateful things turned out to be extremely important for her: її badly took... Todi smoothly booted up, so that the little girl would transform herself into a symbol of power of empire.
Vona began to sleep when she married her cousin in 1840. Vіktorіya zakhala practically from the first glance. I wanted all my life, so it’d been on someone to hide, including literally. I Albert Vykonav tsyu role: win priyshov and dopomіg їy grown up.
Until the end of an hour, the empire was prostrated throughout the whole world from Pivnichnaya America to Australia. Albert i Vіktorіya technology development and business development They knew the smells, as it is very important for їх growing empire. I is one of the priority directions of the boulevard.
The empire stretched out over the whole earth. We went to talk about podolannya space and an hour for an additional electric telegraph. 3 British submissions the same innovation, yak telegraph, flooded the whole world... In the middle of the 19th century, 155 thousand kilometers of steel telegraph wires were pulled across. It is possible to send a message from England and reject it in India in a few years.
Tse bula persha in svitі information supermagistral... With the help of the empire, she could use her territories more efficiently, not before.
Pose with all sorts of sums, at the most reaching, about the same earlier and think about it without getting overwhelmed.
London's grand canalization system
Reaching technology didn’t just understand the empire, the stench provoked non-smoking spy boom... People left the village and converged in places in jokes short robots... The productivity of the pratsi grew rapidly, yak population of the capital- London.
As soon as the 19th century of the population became a million inhabitants, until 1850 the rock became 2 million, and London did not have any significance for such a large number of people: in a new renovation, people lived like at a magnificent chicken house.
Thames. The situation did not see anything except a catastrophe.
Do you think that the Thames is a majestic river, an inward way of getting out of London? It’s a pity, but London got sick of water. Just to see: two millions of inhabitants came to the Thames, and then they drank water from London.
1848 rik. London was hit by a catastrophe: the overpopulated place swept through Epidemic cholera, Lost 14 thousand OSIB. Three rocks piznish Epidemiya repeated, Taking away the life of more than 10 thousand victims. Stores buli re-raised. One of the most advanced places of light has appeared in the minds that have not been back in the middle of the middle of the episode.
For 30 years, 30 thousand Londoners died. The reason for this was the epidemic of cholera, which was spreading through the obstructed water.
Robiti was needed. England has turned to an engineer by name. Yogo project to break coup in the Moscow plan... For the help of a thousand working wines, I will find a canalization system of this era.
Bazalgett's Innovation Pidhid letting in the installation of collectors with pipes, which were to blame for the parallel channel of the Thames in the gates of London. And I will tie the trumpets with two thousand kilometers of old pipes of the Misky canalization, picking up and not letting them go to the river.
The geniality of the system is due to the fact that for the flow of waste from London, according to the opportunity, the vicorists power of heavy: Pipes roztashovuvalisya pіd uhilom.
There, de sily, the heavy was inadequate, Basalgett would be great pumping stations... There, the majestic steam of the movement went up to that level, if the force of heavy work had stopped again.
Behind the tubes, they walked through the giant tanks, de-trimmed until the tide, if nature could neatly see them.
Tsia channelization system was one of the wonders of the 19th century. On її Budivnistvo came 300 million tsegli... Great project! Їm far into the distance, it is colossal. Genially and simply!
The implementation of such a large-scale project has transformed London into a very clean capital. The European place with reverences of the system and place.
Tauerskyi Mist
However, the episodes of the crisis of the era of the rule of Viktoria did not go around. Yaksho vi read "Vazhki chasi", pavements, well, once started, squeezed by the power of success.
Requires a friend for a ferry, a traditional place to block the routes of the great merchant ships. London needs buv developed misst.
Tsei razvіdnіy mіst will become the largest and most common in its kind. Name Yogo. The frame of the crushed from the steel and the lining of the stones, the schobes are not contrasted with the London Tower.
If there’s a buv incentive, 1200 tonnes of krill, anyway fermi, Pidnimalisya for additional help steam engines... The steam turned the majestic gears of the steel girders. Stir from hard metal wrapped itself in the world, like a gearwheel pіdnіmala part of the bridge. The krila zupinyalyas on the edge of 83 degrees, passing ships. The world is all out of the blue, unrepentant in the hallucination of life.
The Tauerskyi Mist was 400 robots for 8 years. This year is one of the most famous and popular bridges near the light.
Mayzhe spent 10 rocky won alone. Ale if, nareshty, turned to a suspicious life, you won’t be strong and can, if only. Foolishly, she transformed herself into a fortunate ruler and took the right of beholding the queen's life.
In all the light, memorials were erected in honor of the Victory, the Guchny svyatkuvannya took place and often they took the part of the colonized people. Vaughn buv a fabulous love affair.
Queen Victoria has become a symbol of greatness and power of empire. Governance of the Vіktorії stan the culmination point in the development of... Now the British Empire is small on all continents, and the population has become 400 million people. Zhodna іnsha kraina could not oskarzhiti її can, tse bula the very great empire in history.
Queen Victoria died in 1901, at the dawn of the 20th century. Vaughn is a majestic power, singing with her hand, directing him along the road to progress.
The British Empire drew people into a new era: the rise of mass media, news and information. Svit already nikoli will not become kolishnim. British ideas and victorious successes have been won over by all.
Mauzhe Sonce, vreshti-resht, і has hovered over the British empire, even if you take miracles before nove storichya, Vono nikoli was not dull.
BRITANSKA ІМПЕРІЯ (The British Empire), Great Britain and її overseas volodinnya. Naybilsha empire in the history of people. The name "British Imperia" disappeared from vzhytk in the mid-1870s. Since 1931, the official name was changed to the British Social Friendship of Nations, when the 2nd Society of the Nationalities and the Second Socialist Party were named.
The British empire took shape as a result of the rich colonial expansion: colonization of the territories of Pivnichnaya America, Australia, New Zealand, islands in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans; the order of the powers or the trade in their regions; drowning (in the main way) and forgiveness to the British colonies of the European countries... The establishment of the British Empire was brought into the hospitality of the struggle of Great Britain for the sea panu and the colonies of Spain (the marvel of the Anglo-Spanish wars of the 16-18th capital), the Netherlands (the capital of the Anglo-Dutch) also from Nimechchinoyu (end 19 - ear of 20 th century). The supernatural for inflowing into a number of districts of the Asian continent was the reason for serious problems in the UK and Russian empire... In the process of shaping and developing the British Empire, the British Imperial Ideology has been applied, as it has put a bright video card on all sides of life, internal and external policy of Great Britain.
The development of the British Empire reigned in the middle of the 16th century, with the transition of England to the policy of the growing roots of Ireland, Shidne uzberezhzhya What a bucket was dumped by her in the 12th century. Until the middle of the 17th century, Ireland was transformed into a colony. In 1583, England voted sovereignty over the island of Newfoundland, which became the first overseas Volodymyr and a base for conquest in the New World.
The outbreak by the English in 1588 of the "Impossible Armadie" loosening the positions of the Spanish as a provincial sea power and allowing them to join in the struggle for the colonies. Most importantly, the conquest of positions in the West Indies was given, as they gave the opportunity to control the sea routes, and they called Spain with the colonies in the Central and New America (transporting gold, .) І on the lands near the Banner to independently pick up their wines. In 1609, the British established themselves in the Bermuda Islands (the official colony from 1684), in 1627 - on the islands of Barbados (the colony from 1652), in 1632 - on the Antigua islands, in the 1630s - in Belizi (from 1862 colonies of the British Honorable) , in 1629 - in the Bahamas (colony from 1783), in the 1670s, in the 1670s, they officially crossed the islands of Jamaica and the Cayman Islands. One hour the English merchants changed their position on the Golden Berez in Western Africa (the Persha English factor was established there in 1553). In 1672, the Royal African Company was founded by a rotsi bula, which took in its hands a part of the trade in gold and slaves. As a result of the war for the Spanish recession (1701-14), the English sought the monopoly right to trade in slaves in the Spanish colonies, and, having seized the Gibraltar (1704) and the islands of Menorca (1708), took control over the communes without the Soviet Union. Until the middle of the 18th century, the economy and trade interests of Great Britain in the "Atlantic triplet" (Great Britain - West Indies - Went to Africa) Mali is the most important for the development of the British Empire, which was led for the development of the position of Spain. On the ear of the 18th century, after ordering their own inflow to Portugal (Metuen's astonishment of the treaty of 1703), the English also joined in the exploitation of the great colonial powers, the first for everything in the Holy America.
Since 1607 the settlement of Jamestown and the Colonies of the World have been restored to the end of the English colonization of the Atlantic Uzbeks and adjoined to new districts of the Pivnichnaya America (wonder of the Pivnichnaya American colonies of England); New Amsterdam, converted by the English to the Dutch in 1664, but changed to New York.
The English penetrated into India overnight. At 1600 London merchants fell asleep in the East Indies Company (marvel the East Indians). Until 1640, the rock won the edge of her factors not only in India, but in Pivdenno-Shidniy Asia, on the Distant Descent. In 1690 the company began to build its name in Calcutta. As a result of the Great Patriotic War of 1756-63 years of Great Britain, France was victorious from India (wonder of the Anglo-French struggle for India) and in the meaning of the world Pivnichniy America(Marvel at the same Anglo-French vіyny in Canada 17-18 centuries).
The first crisis the British Empire became aware of, having lost 13 of its colonies as a result of Viynya for independence in Pivnichniy America 1775-83 years. However, after the approval of the United States (1783), tens of thousands of colonists moved to Canada, and there the British presence was perceptible.
In the middle of the 18th century, the British penetration into the coastal regions of New Zealand, Australia and the islands The Pacific... In 1788 there was a victorious British settlement in Australia - Port Jackson (Maybutniy Sidney). In 1840, a number of British colonies appeared in New Zealand, for which they were included in the warehouse of the overseas Volodin of Great Britain. Opіr mіstsevogo population bulo strangled (marvel at the Anglo-Maori Vіyni 1843-72). The Viennese congress of 1814-15 founded the Cape Colony for Great Britain (Pivdenna Africa), Malta, Ceylon and the first territory, seized in the 18th century - the 19th century cob. Until the middle of the 19th century, the English had largely completed the conquest of India (marvel at the Anglo-Mysurian war, the Anglo-Marathian war, the Anglo-Sikh war), the establishment of control over Nepal (marvel at the Anglo-Nepalese war). In 1819 the port of Singapore was built. In the middle of the 19th century, as a result of the Anglo-Chinese war 1840-42 years and the Anglo-French-Chinese war 1856-60 years in China, the ). Immediately Great Britain went over to the politics of colonial drowning on the African continent (marvel at Anglo-Ashantian war, Anglo-Buro-Zuluska war in 1838-40, Lagos-English war in 1851).
During the period of the "colonial suburb of the world" (the last quarter of the 19th century) Great Britain seized Cyprus (1878), gained new control over Egypt and the Suets Canal (1882), completed the conquest of Birmi (wondered about the Anglo-Afghani, Anglo-Afghan agreements, please), imposed unequal agreements on Syam and agreed to trade in a number of territories (marvel at the English-German agreements). She has won vast territories in Tropical and Pivdenny Afritsa - Nigeria, Gold Coast, S'orra Leone, Pivdenna and Pivnichna Rodezia, Bechuanaland, Basutoland, Zulandis , Opobo-anglіyska vіyna 1870-87, Brochemi-anglіyska vіyna 1894, Sokoto-anglіyska vіyna 1903). Pisle of the Anglo-Bourgeoisie 1899-1902 years of Great Britain came to its colonial lands of the Bursk Republic Transvaal (the official name is the Pivdeno-African Republic) and the Orange Colonial State of the Colonies (anecdotes) opened the Pivdenno-African Union (1910).
The British empire was formed from the powers and territories, as well as from the small age (at least one hour in Bagatyokh in the last years) international legal status: dominions, colonies, protectorates and mandate territories.
Dominion is a land with a great number of victories from Europe, but there is little or no reason for wider self-discipline rights. Pivnichna America, and overseas Australia and New Zealand boomed with emigration from Great Britain. Smell mali bagatomilyonne "bile", in the main Anglomovna, population. His role in the economy and politics became more and more important. As the United States conquered independence, then the overseas British Volodymyr from the "bily" populations steadily solicited self-righteousness: Canada - in 1867, the Australian Union - in 1901, New Zealand - in 1907, New Zealand - in 1919 - 17 in 1949 they were transferred to the warehouse of Canada), Ireland (without a private part - Ulster, which was lost in the warehouse of Great Britain) - in 1921. For the developments of the Imperial Conference in 1926, the number of companies became the changing houses. The independence of the internal and external policy was approved by the Westminster Statute of 1931. The economic links between them, as well as between them and the metropolis, were closed to the stems of sterling blocks (1931) and the Ottoman pleasures of 1932 about imperial preferences.
The colonies (їkh Bulo is close to 50) were home to a large majority of the population of the British Empire. The skin colony was ruled by the governor-general, who designated the British ministry at the right of the colonies. The governor has formulated legislation for the parliament of officials in the colonial administration and representatives of the local population. In the colonial colonies of the traditional institute, the government has been reorganized and integrated into the system of colonial administration in the capacity of "tubular" administrations, the religious nobility of the Bula is deprived of the income of the owners again and again. Most colonial volodinnya - India - officially went to the warehouse of the British Empire in 1858 (before it was managed by the British East Indian Company). In 1876, the British monarch (at that hour - Queen Victoria) became also the Emperor of India, and the Governor-General of the India became Vice-King.
The nature of the management of the protectorates and the stages of fallowing from the metropolis of Bully Colonial vlada allowed the deyak the independence of the religious feudal or tribal leadership.
The mandate of the territory is a part of the collegiate Nimetsky and Ottoman empires, handed over to the letter of the 1st Great Patriotic War of the United Kingdom on the basis of the so-called mandate.
In 1922, in the period of the greatest territorial expansion, the British Empire included: the metropolis - Great Britain (England, Scotland, Wales, Pivnichna Ireland); dominion - Ireland (without Pivnichnoy Ireland; until 1921 as a rock colony), Canada, Newfoundland (dominion in 1917-34), Union of Australia, New Zealand, Pivdeno-African Union; colonies - Gibraltar, Malta, Ascension islands, Holy lands, Nigeria, Golden Coast, S'orra Leone, Gambia, Mauritius islands, Seychelles, Somaliland, Kenya, Uganda, Zanzialibar, Nigeria Bechuanaland, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Cyprus, Aden (with the islands of Perim, Socotra), India, Birma, Ceylon, Straits Settlements, Malaya, Sarawak, Pivnichny Borneo, Brunei, Labrador, British Gonerm Island , islands of Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago islands, Navitryan islands, Pidvitryan islands, Turks and Caicos islands, Falkland islands, Barbados islands, Papua (colony of the Australian Union), Fiji islands, Tongan islands, other islands mandated territories - Palestine, Transjordan, Iraq, Tangany, part of Togo and part of Cameroon, Western-Western Africa (mandate of the Indian-African Union), islands of Nauru, number of Nimetsky New Islands of Guinea, New Zealand). The United Kingdom's panu is actually extended to Egypt, Nepal and to China Xianggang (Hong Kong) and Weihaway (Weihai).
The struggle of the Afghan people hardened Great Britain in 1919 to recognize the independence of Afghanistan (marvel at the Anglo-Afghan treaty of 1919, 1921). In 1922, Egypt became formally independent, in 1930 - an English mandate for the administration of Iraq was given, so that the insults of the country were lost in the sphere of British panuvannya.
The fall of the British Empire was the instruction of the 2nd Holy War as a result of the strenuous anti-colonial struggle inhabited by the 2nd peoples. Try to save the British Empire with a way of maneuvering or storing vіyskovoі power(Colonial Vines in Malaya, Kenya and other British Volodinia) have known failure. In 1947, the United Kingdom was overwhelmed by the independence of the largest colonial state - the Indian. At the same time, the land was divided by regional and religious signs into two parts: India and Pakistan. Independence was voted by Transjordan (1946), Birma and Ceylon (1948). In 1947, the UN General Assembly adopted a decision about the assignment of the British mandate to Palestine and the establishment of the two powers - the Jewish and Arab states. In 1956, the independence of Sudan was ruined, in 1957 - Malaya. The Golden Coast was the first from the British Volodin to Tropical Africa, becoming in 1957 a rozi independent power, taking the name Ghana.
1960 Rik uvіyshov in history yak "Rik Africa". 17 African colonies coveted independence, including the most British one in Africa - Nigeria, as well as Somaliland, which, having united with a part of Somalia, has passed through the governing bodies of the Republic of Latvia. Upcoming most important decolonization events: 1961 - S'orra Leone, Kuwait, Tanganyika; 1962 - Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda; 1963 - Zanzibar (in 1964, having united with Tangany, having established the Republic of Tanzania), Kenya; 1964 - Nyasaland (became the Republic of Malawi), Pivnichna Rodesia (became the Republic of Zambia), Malta; 1965 - Gambia, Maldivi; 1966 - British Guiana (became the Republic of Guyana), Basutoland (Lesotho), Bechuanaland (became the Republic of Botswana), Barbados; 1967 - Aden (Єmen); 1968 - Mauritius, Swaziland; 1970 - Tonga, Fiji; 1980 - Pivdenna Rodesia (Zimbabwe); 1990 - Namibia. In 1997, Hong Kong became part of China. In 1961, the Pivdeno-African Union voted for itself the Pivdeno-African Republic and Wiishov in Spydruzhnosty, and instead of sending it to the apartheid regime (1994), with the knowledge of acceptance to its warehouse.
The breakdown of the British Empire did not mean, however, a renewed breakdown of modern economic, political and cultural ties among parts of the country, which have been spreading out over ten years. The British Sp_vdruzhn_st of the nation itself has learned of the pre-native changes. The history of India, Pakistan and Ceylon (from 1972 to Shri-Lanka) and its entry to the British Socialist Nationals (1948), it became common not only in the metropolitan area but in the old times imperii. From the name "British Spіvdruzhnist national" the word "British" was used, and in general they began to name "Spіvdruzhnist". There were 53 members on the ear of 21 centuries: 2 - in Europe, 13 - in America, 9 - in Asia, 18 - in Africa, 11 - in Australia and Oceania. At the Spіvdruzhnіst Buv Acceptance Mozambіk, which is not a part of the British Empire.
The turn of the 20th and 21st centuries marked by the exit from Great Britain fundamental doslіdzhen from the history of the British Empire, including those dedicated to the problems of interculturality of peoples of the Empire, different aspects decolonization and transformation of the empire in the Spivdruzhnost. The project of the rich-volume vision "British documents about the end of the empire" was completed and soon after.
Lit.: Cambridge history of the British Empire. Camb., 1929-1959. Vol. 1-8; Єrofєєv N.A. The empire was developing like this ... English colonialism in the 18th century. M., 1964; win the same. Zakhid British Empire. M., 1967; win the same. English colonialism in the middle of the 19th century M., 1977; Ostapenko G.S. British Conservatory and decolonization. M., 1995; Porter B. The lion's: share: a short history of British Imperialism, 1850-1995. L. 1996; Oxford history of the British Empire. Oxf. 1998-1999. Vol. 15; Davidson A.B. M.; Smolensk, 1998; Hobsbaum E. Stolittya Imperii. 1875-1914. Rostov n / D., 1999; Empire and others: British encounters with indigenous people / Ed. by M. Daunton, R. Halpern. L. 1999; Boyce D.G. Decolonization and the British Empire, 1775-1997. L. 1999; The commonwealth in the 21st century / Ed. by G. Mills, J. Stremlau. L. 1999; Cultures of empire: colonizers in Britain and the Empire in the nineteenth and twentieth century: a reader / Ed. by S. Hall. Manchester; N. Y. 2000; Lloyd T. Empire: the history of the British Empire. L.; N. Y. 2001; Butler L. J. Britain and empire: adjusting to the post-imperial world. L., 2001; Heinlein F. British government policy and decolonisation. 1945-1963: scrutinising the official mind. L., 2002; Churchill U. Svitova crisis. Autobiography. Speech. M., 2003; Seeley J.R., Cremb J.A. British Empire. M., 2004; James L. The rise and fall of the British Empire. L., 2005; Bibliography of imperial, colonial and commonwealth history since 1600 / Ed. by A. Porter. Oxf., 2002.
The colonial policy of England goes down to the era of feudalism. Allegedly, the bourgeois revolution of the 17th century has earned an ear of widespread colonial expansion. Already in the middle of the 17th century, England, as a result of the aggressive wars of Cromwell, seized a number of islands of the West Indies, changed and expanded its capacity in the Great America, and left the remainder of Ireland. The revolution brought about changes in the economic and political challenges of Great Britain among the colonial territories: Spain, Portugal, France and Netherlands. Zdobuvshi mountain over their European superniks, the English bourgeoisie in the XVII - XIX centuries. Significantly viperidila їх in the colonial captivity.
Until the middle of the 19th century, Great Britain drowned in magnificent territories in all parts of the world. Їy lay: Ireland in Europe; Canada, Newfoundland, British Guiana and the West Indies in America; Ceylon, Malaya, part of Birm and India in Asia; Kapska Zemlya, Natal, British Gambia and S'orra-Leone in Africa; the whole Australian continent and New Zealand. In 1875, the power of the British Empire became 8.5 million square meters. miles, and the population of the empire is close to 20% of the total population of the earth. Gromiko A. Al. Great Britain: the era of reforms / Ed. A. Al. Gromiko.-M.: All light, 2007.- S. 203.
Throughout the greater part of the 19th century, the British Empire was going to the provincial land for the period of economic development. Leadership, won in the course of the industrial coup, manifested itself before the industrial transfer, in 1870, 32% of the industrial revolution was brought to a part of England (USA - 26%, Nimechchina - 10%, France - 10%, Russia - 4%, --in. eighteen%).
England mitigated the leading position in trade, de їy belonged to the first place, and її Pitoma Vaga in the sales of goods became close to 65%. Stretching out to finish a trivial hour won, she carried out the policy of free trade. The breeders of their own quality and cheapness, the English comrades did not demand a protectionist, and the district did not fence the import of foreign goods.
The victorious people in the history of the robbery of colonial peoples, the unqualified trade, the practitioners of work, the development of the primus practice and the development of the colonial exploitation, the English bourgeoisie accumulated capital of great The colonial empire played a role in the fact that in the 19th century England was transformed into a promiscuous capitalist land - “the mainland of the US world”.
Great Britain took over the first place and won capital, and London became the financial center of the world. The English currency played the role of small pennies, which appear in the quality of the rosary unit in the trade pleasures of the world.
In the minds of the fierce struggle for economic leadership in the world between the old and industrial regions (England and France) and the young powers (USA and New York), Great Britain could not save its unreasonable length of time. Over the resources of the country, they considered industrialization. In the general sense, the fall of Great Britain is inevitable. Konotop M.V. History of the economy foreign lands M. V. Konotop, S. I. Smetanin.-M.-2001-S. 107.
Reasons for increasing the rate of economic development:
Growth of colonial power and growth of capitals from the country;
Morally and physically older than vigilante strains and amalgamation of electrical energy;
Strengthening the policy of protection in the USA, Nimechchina, France and other countries;
Archaic system of education;
Lack of activity of English industries and more and more new technologies.
The loss of light hegemony is generally seen and practically uncomfortable for the fellows. Unimportant for the reassurance of the pace of economic development, the UK has lost a lot of blame, naybagatshoyu land light. Kashnikova T.V. History of the Economy / T.V. Kashnikova, O. P., Kostenko O.P.-Rostov n / D.- 2006.- P. 221.
In the world of empire, a system and tips for managing colonies have been rolled out. The headquarters of the administration of the colonies for a long time passed in the districts of Great Britain from one province to the other. First, in 1854, a special ministry of colonies was opened in England;
Kerіvnitstvo znosinami metropolis with colonies;
Awareness of the rights and supremacy of the metropolis and the protection of interests;
Appointing zsuv governors and other settlements of colonies;
Seeing instructions and instructions for managing colonies.
In addition, the Ministry of Colonies is socially connected with the Ministry of the Interior Zbroyny strength for the protection of colonies and controlled the formation of colonies, as well as their own army. Zhidkova O.A. History of the state and the rights of foreign countries. / Ed. prof. P.N. Galanzi, O.A. Zhidkov. - M .: "Legal Literature" .- 1969.-P.-161. Seeing an appellation test for the judges of the colonies of the Bureau of the Judiciary Committee of the State for the sake of Great Britain.
Repairing from the XVIII century. the backbone of the colonies went into "conquest" and "resettlement", two types of British colonial administration were steadily deployed. "Conquered" colonies, as a rule, from "color" populations, not a little political autonomy, but keruvalis from the name of the crown through the organization of the metropolis by the British district. Legislative and vikonavchі functions in such colonies zoseredzhuvalysya without the middle in the hands of the most powerful official - the governor (governor-general). Established representative organizations in the cich colonies really represented the only insignificant prodigies of the inhabitants of the population, and in all the stench they played the role of a precocious organ under the governors. As a rule, in the "conquered" colonies a regime of national, racial discrimination has been established.
The second type of management is located in the colonies, for a large part of the population was made by immigrants from Britain and the other European countries (Pivne American colonies, Australia, New Zealand, Kapska land). For a long time, the form of management has been little seen from any of the colonies, but they have steadily added political autonomy.
Representative bodies of self-righteousness reigned in resettled colonies in the middle of the 18th century. However, the colonial parliaments did not have a real political power, but the lawmaker, the viconavcha and the court vlada fell into the hands of the British governor-generals. In the middle of the XIX century. in a number of provinces on the territory of Canada, there is a research institute for the "advanced order". As a result of the vote of dissatisfaction, guilty by the assembly, which the Rada is appointed under the governor, which is the role of the colonial order, which will be released. Nayvazhlivіshі actions of the resettled colonies have become ruined in the other half of the XIX - the ear of the XX century, If the stench one by one solicited for the second expansion of self-production and was taken away as a result of the special status of the dominions. In 1865, the Act on the Operation of Colonial Laws was adopted, for which acts of the colonial legislative bodies were not recognized in two ways:
How much the stench in any kind of allegation was passed over to the acts of the British Parliament, we will expand it to the colony;
As if the stench was overwhelmed by any instructions and provisions, we see on the presentation of such an act, because it might cause such a kind of act in the colony. At the same hour, the laws of the colonial legislatures could not be made unavailable, as the stench did not conform to the norms of the English "foreign law". Legislative organizations of the colonies denied the right to judge and view acts, which regulate their activity.
The idea of establishing the dominance of the policy and the "nutrition of the defense" has fallen into the competence of the British district. Repairing from the end of the 19th century. One of the forms of debt with dominions became the so-called colonial (imperial) conferences, which were held during the era of the ministry of colonies. At the conference in 1907, the representatives of the dominions of the boule viroblen the new organization of the form. Imperial conferences for the blame of the boule are held with the heads of the Prime Minister of Great Britain for the participation of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
V for example XIX- ear of XX century overnight, from the floods of the great territories in Africa (Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya, Somalia and іn.), the English expansiveness in Asia and the Arabian Descent began to work. Institutions, as here the sovereign powers were actually re-created on the basis of the protectorate colonies (Afghanistan, Kuwait, Iran, etc.), the sovereignty of the sovereignty of the countries imposed by the English treaties and the presence of all British ones.
Colonial law in British Volodinia was formed from the acts of the British Parliament ("statute law"), "legal right", "justice law", as well as decrees and regulations of the Ministry of Colonies and normative acts adopted in the colony itself. The widespread implementation of the norms of English law in the colony dates back to the other half of the 19th century, since the colonies became trade "partners" of the metropolis and it is necessary, to ensure the stability of commodity exchange, safety of the individual and the power of British food.
Interlaced with the traditional institutes, the civil law of the conquered lands, depicting both power, and imposing on the basis of the suspension, the colonial law is a foldable and super-articulate manifestation. In India, for example, the lawmaking practice of British courts and colonial legislation set the stage for an accelerated system of Anglo-Indian and Anglo-Muslim law, which extended to the inhabitants of the world. These systems were adapted to the eclectic changes in the norms of English, traditional, religious law and court rules. In the colonial rule of Africa, too, they did little to restrict themselves to the norms of European law, civil law and colonial laws, which are copies of the colonial code of India. Evidently English settlers in any part of the world, the English law. At the same time, in the resettlement colonies, the "zagalne right" was stagnated in Pershu, and the English legislation could not have been stagnated, as there was no special order in the act of the British parliament. Krasheninnikova N.A. History of the state and the rights of foreign countries. Part 2: Pidruchnik for universities? Pid ed. ON. Krasheninnikova and prof. O. A. Zhidkova - M.-2001. - S. 19.
The British Empire had a few types of colonial powers. "Bili" dominion ("dominion" in English means "volodinnya") - Canada, the Australian Union, New Zealand, as well as the Pivden-African Union - were becoming independent, as they steadily changed. Stinks are not only small government parliaments, uryadi, armies and finances, or even colonies themselves (for example, Australia and the Pivdeno-African Union). Colonial lands became protectorates of the heirlooms with the apparently rooted sovereign rule and suspicious vidnosins. They had two equals of colonial administration. The Supreme Vlada belonged to the British governors-general; Smells in the minds of the governors of the dominions, as they represented the interests of the British crown, but they ruled from now on, they were blamed by the governors of the old lands. This is the name of the tubular administration (the masses of rulers, leaders), who was crushed by the intermingled independence, the bully was overpowered by the judges and police, the right to the collection of money, the budget is small. The tubular administration vikonuvala the role of a buffer between the supreme rulership of Europeans and rotting populations. Such a management system is called indirect, or indirect. Vona Bula most expanded in the British Volodinny, and the English colonial policy became called the policy of indirect (indirect) control.
The English practiced and so called direct management in the colonies. Such colonies were called crown ones, so that they would be without the mediocre order to London, in order to have minimal rights to self-ordination, or not to have such rights. The winyatoks became the crown of the colonies with a significant prodigy of the white population, for great privileges and the creation of the powerful colonial parliament. In some cases, in one country, the Vikorists used both direct and indirect methods of rule. For example, India, before the Other Holy War, was split into the so-called British Colony of India, which was stored in 16 provinces and kerovans from London, and a protectorate, which included over 500 feudal princes of the system. The development of the governing body immediately settled in Nigeria, Gania, Kenya, and other regions. Zhidkova O.A. History of the state and the rights of foreign countries. / Ed. prof. P. N. Galanzi, O. A. Zhidkova.-M.: "Legal Literature".-1969.-P.-179.