Vіyskovo-morski sili in the first svitovіy vіynі. First dreadnoughts on the first war of the Russian battleship before the 1st war

Ten years, which overwhelmed the light of day, may be due to the development of naval forces by three facts: the growth of the German Navy, the renewal of the Russian fleet in the midst of the catastrophic fire of the Japanese fleet.

Sea preparation before the war in Nimechchina was carried out directly to the fleet from the great battle ships (in the amount of rock it was stained at a price of 7.5 billion gold marks), which was more politically charged, especially in England.

Russia has developed its fleet with active defense facilities in the Baltic and Black Seas.

For the submarine fleet, the greatest respect was shot in England and France; Nimechchina, the center of the severity of the sea struggle, has moved to the next hour of the day of self-destruction.

The proportional strength of the fleets of the belligerent powers

The relative strength of the fleets of the belligerent powers is given in the table. The old court, which served 10 years and more, is not included in the table.

Before the naval forces, the Turkish fleet was ready to give up to the Trinity Union, which was formed, in addition to the decimated old battleships purchased from the Germans, from 3 cruisers and 12 mini-carriers, which were known in a good camp.

Rozpodil naval forces of both sides in front of the ear of war

In the outlying balance of the naval forces of the belligerent powers, the British and German fleets are of great importance for their exertion, the battlefield of those who were caught up with a special tricky leg in the world from the first day of destruction. It could have been a mother's inheritance for one of the parties at once. For the first time, the deafening was out of the question, since after the actions, such an act was included in the list of the English Admiralty. Already, having repaired the British naval forces from 1905, until that hour they were deployed on the most important naval routes, they began to pull up to the coast of England to the warehouse of three "home" fleets, to be used for the defense of the British Isles. During the mobilization of three fleets, they merged into one "Great" fleet, which in 1914 had 8 escadrons of line ships and 11 cruising escorts all at once with the other ships 460 vimpels. On the 15th of 1914, the mobilization was admitted to the rock of the Bula, which was completed with maneuvers and a royal look around. At the call of the Austrian ultimatum, the demobilization of the fleet was pinned, and at the end of the 28th the fleet took orders from Portland to Scapa Flow (channel) near the Orkney Islands in the northern coast of Scotland.

At the same time, the Nimetsky Fleet of the open sea was going to cruise in Norwegian water, the stars of turnings 27 - 28 lindens to the shores of Nimechchin. The English fleet from Portland on the island of Scotland is not on the fast track - to the west of the island, but on the western coast of England. The offense of the fleet passed in the Pivnichnoe More in opposite directions.

Until the earliest days, the English Great Fleet has been roaming in two groups: at the extreme winter of Scotland and in the English Channel near Portland.

Near the Seredzemny sea, on the Anglo-French land, the security of the sea panuvannya Antanti laid down on the French fleet, which in the warehouses of the shrinking units of their own units near Toulon. On the lining of the yogi lay the security of the nobles in the connection with Pivnichnaya Africa. At the island of Malta, the English cruiser escadra has passed.

The English cruisers also carried the service of protecting the sea nobles in the Atlantic Ocean, for the shores of Australia, and, moreover, significant cruising forces were transferred to the western region of the Pacific Ocean.

At the English Channel, beside the other English fleet, at Cherbourg there is an easy shot of French cruisers at Cherbourg; The won was stored from the booked cruisers, from the fleet of small ships and from the submarine chambers. Tsia escadra guarded the walk to the English Channel. There were 3 light French cruisers near the Pacific Ocean in India.

The Russian fleet is divided into three parts.

The Baltic Fleet, immeasurably acting in the enemy's forces, after taking suppression, took a completely defensive image, hovering on the Revel - Porkallaud line, at the world of mobility, advancing the enemy fleet and landing force into the sea of ​​Finland. There is a lot of possession in the whole region of the strengthening of the minor position, until the moment the cob is far from being finished (virnish, just okay). On the flanks of the so-called central position, on both banks of the inflow, on the islands of Makilot and Nargo, a battery of distant harmas of the great caliber was installed, and by stretching the longest position, the boulevard was placed in a small line of the outskirts.

The Chornomorsk Fleet went to the Sevastopol roadstead and did not act, didn’t make a sound to the landlord to enter the Bosphorus. However, the respect for the entire foldability of the Chornomorsk Fleet's encampment was not only due to the lack of combat forces, but in the sense of the presence of the largest operational bases, the territory of Sevastopol. Going to Sevastopol to watch out for the Bosphorus was much more important, and the operations to prevent the enemy from entering the Chorno More in the cikh minds were absolutely unbearable.

Distant escadra - from the warehouse 2 light cruisers ("Askold" and "Pearl") were set to cruise off the northern coast of Asia.

The Nimetsky fleet of the open sea was formed from 3 escadrons of line ships, cruising escorts and fleets of vinischuvachiv. During the cruise on the coast of Norway, the fleet turned to its shores, and 1 line and cruise ships became at Vilhelmsgafen on roadsteads, before the batteries of Helgoland Island, and 2 of the Ukrainian ships Until the end of the hour, the Kilskiy Canal had a bust for the passage of dreadnoughts, and such a rank of escadry from Kil could have come when consumed before the escadr of the Pivnichnaya Sea. In addition to the open sea designated for the Fleet, the Uzbeks of the Nimechchini redeployed the defensive fleet of the great warehouse, ale from the old ships. Near the Chorne Sea, the British and French cruisers of the German cruisers "Goeben" and "Breslau" slipped through the mains, as they thought it was better to endure the troubles of the Russian Chornomorsk fleet and the Uzbek coast. In the Pacific Ocean, the nimetsky court was transferred partly at its base - Qingdao, near Kiao-chao, and the easy escort of Admiral Spee from 6 new cruisers cruising near the Karolinsky Islands.

The Austro-Ugric fleet has been deployed on the roadsteads of Paul and Catarro in the Adriatic Sea and behind the coastal batteries on the cruisers and small ships of Antanti.

Rovnyuchi sea forces or both coalitions, it is possible, for example, to come:

1. The forces of one England overwhelmed the strength of the entire fleet of the Central Powers.

2. A large number of naval forces were built in the European seas.

3. The English and French navy of Mali will increase the possibility of a day in a social manner.

4. Nіmetsky fleet mіg otrimati freedom Act reasonably tіlki pіslya away bout Pіvnіchnomu morі, yaky Yomou brought b dati at naybіlsh nevigіdnomu spіvvіdnoshennі forces tobto factically nіmetsky surface fleet viyavivsya zamknenim in svoїh teritorіalnih waters mayuchi mozhlivіst ROBIT nastupalnі operatsії tіlki proti rosіyskogo Baltіyskogo fleet.

5. Maritime forces Antanti were the actual rulers of all water spaces, behind the blame of the Baltic and Black Seas, the de Central Powers had little chance of success, - in the Baltic Sea, while fighting the German Navy against the Russian Navy

 The table is taken from Wilson's book "Line ships in battle"

11 sickle 1914r. The Turechchina passed through the channels to Constantinople the famous cruisers "Geben" and "Breslau", which were bought by the Turks. The rejection of the Turkish fleet from the Nimechchin altered the entire strategic situation on the Black Sea: the appearance of the "Geben" more than fought against the forces of the Turkish fleet. "Goeben" lying down to the number of new liner cruisers, do not miss the supernicks of the middle Russian Chornomorsk fleet. The builders of their own great course (27 universities) are practically indifferent for old linen ships (mali hid 16 universities); the effort of the first artillery was overturned by the two "Evstafiyev" (lincor of the Chornomorsk Fleet). Leaving the dreadnoughts entered the camp, the ale new ships of the Chornomorsk fleet could become almost completely overwhelmed by the river.

Race of sea vozbroєn

First, the supernatural in the growing sea-sea potential flared up in front of the first holy war between Nimechchino and England. England, which has become great colonies on all continents, has occupied the first place in the world of the Russian-sea forces and the merchant fleet. The Vyskovo-naval fleet of the Nimechchin signifies a change to the English, as can be seen from the tables.

Unimportant on its Vyskovo-sea ferry, England prodovzhuvala noschuvati Vyskovo-sea forces. In 1889, the parliament adopted a law, which secured loans for the maintenance of the fleet. The basic law is based on the principle that the fleet of England is guilty of having overturned two fleets of the most powerful countries of the world (137).

Table. Warehouse of the fleets of England and Nimechchini until 1897 r*

tipi ships	Quantity (at that number will be)		spivvidnoshennya
	England	Nimechchina
Battleships I, II, III classes
Battleship coastal defense
armored cruisers
Cruisers I, II, III classes
minnі cruisers
Vinischuvachi Minorists
minonossi

* "Ratio tables of the European fleets of England, Russia, France, Nimechchina, Italy, Austria, the USA and the Republic of Of America". SPb., 1897, st. 66-71

Nimetskі imperіalіsty, which became in the last quarter of the XIX century. on the roads of the colonials there was a flood, they were able to develop their own sea-going fleet. Adoption in Berezna 1898 by the Reichstag of a special "Law on the Fleet" was passed on to the rise of this change. Stretching six rockets (1898 - 1903 years), there were 11 escorted battleships, 5 great armored cruisers, 17 cruisers with an armored deck and 63 mini-carriers (138). The shipbuilding programs of the Nimechchin were unhealthily expanded in 1900, 1906, 1908 and 1912. According to the law of 1912, the number of the Nimetsian fleet was transferred to 41 liner ships, 20 armored cruisers, 40 light cruisers, 144 small carriers and 72 submarines (139). Especially boosting the pace of life of line ships. Between 1908 and 1912, 4 liner ships were laid in Nimechchina (2 in the previous period) and the number of cruisers and minor carriers (140).

The English bourgeoisie rozumila, how the development of the nimetsky district in the development vіyskovo-sea fleet put a threat to the sea of ​​England. Not bazhayuchi indulge their persistence on the seas, England also managed the race of the Vyskovo-naval health. Vona put the mothers of the line ships 60% higher for the meta, but not more in the Nimetsian fleet (141). In addition, the English uryad started in 1905 before the development of new type of line ships - "dreadnoughts", which is not very important in the case of large ships. With the dreadnoughts of England, England let the great stribok grow in the development of its Vyskovo-sea potential and the power of the Dreadnought.
However, Nimechchina didn’t just look out of England for a number of ships, but she didn’t act in the same way, and “if the ships are like that, in the case of a conflict of stench due to the battle pressure of the ship, there was a bullet To that, only in England, after the first dreadnought, she started to equip the smaller ships and Nimechchin. Already in 1908, England was small with 8 dreadnoughts (some of them were going to be), and Nimechchina - 7. The number of battleships of the old type was as follows: 51 - for England and 24 - for Nimechchin (143).

I’ll look at how the English naval potential has grown up from the side of the Nimechchina. In 1909, England took two ships for the skin of the mortgages of the Nimetsian ship (144). Accepting in the birch 1909 r a budget for the 1909/10 r allowing a row to stay up to eight dreadnoughts, without a large number of other ships. In fact, nine dreadnoughts were laid down - one ship of the same type will be on the coast of New Zealand (145).
Its vіyskovo-morska cannіst England pushed to save and diplomatic way. The letter of acceptance in the Nimechchin of the Russian-Maritime Law of 1906, the English Uryad was introduced with the proposition about the interchange of the scale of the new ships of the Navy. At the Haas Peace Conference in 1907, English diplomacy made a statement about the intercourse of sea bourgeoisie (146). Ale tsei diplomatic croc of England will see Nimechchinoy. Nimetska diplomacy in the edge of the brutally and rudely obeyed against any kind of amicability.
Zmagannya in the buisness of the military-sea fleet between Nimechchinoy and English was trivial right up to the ear of the first holy day. Until 1914, the Nimetsian fleet motzno occupied another place in the middle of the fleets of the largest naval powers.

The race was announced, as the bullets of England and Nimechchina were hunted, signifying the approach of war. V. I. Lenin, introduced in 1911 in the article "Congress of the English Social Democratic Party", writing: "Vidomo, the rest of the rockі England і Nіmechchina it is possible to revive superstitiously. The competition of the cich countries on the light market is getting more and more fierce. It’s more and more sinister to get lost ”(147). Tse naukove transferred to V. І. Lenina was deprived of three fate.
The other powers (France, Russia, Italy, Austro-Ugorshchina) also pushed to the growth of their fleets for the rakhunok encourage new, more lucky ships. However, the financial and economic capacities of these countries were not allowed to be accepted by the shipbuilding programs. A characteristic butt in a wide variety of vehicles can serve Russia.
Tsarsky district, yake knew the second hour of Russian-Japanese war 1904-1905 rr. mayzhe entire Pacific escadru i beautiful ships The Baltic Fleet, sent to the Dalekiy Skhid, sent Zusilla to renew and develop the Vyskovo-Sea Fleet. During the period from 1905 to 1914, a number of shipboard programs were broken up, which were transferred to 4 escorted battleships, 4 armored cruisers, 4 gunners and 2 new ships, 8 new ships light cruisers, 67 escorted boats and 36 submarine ships. However, before the start of the process, the program was completed (148).

Classy ships

Dosvid the first warriors of the era of imperialism, especially the Russian-Japanese war, presenting new vimogues to the older classes of ships, fighting and fighting battles of the Russian-naval fleets.

For liner ships of the Vinikla, it is necessary to strengthen the artillery of the head caliber 305 - 381 mm up to 8 - 12 square meters and the minimum caliber 120-150 mm up to 14-18 square meters for the height of the middle caliber, the armor thickness of 305 mm. With the aim of increasing the survivability of the ship in battle, increasing the water tonnage up to 25 - 27 yew. t and speed up to 23-25 ​​universities.
The first line ship of a new type, called "Dreadnaught", was inspired in England (starting in 1907) and for its tactical and technical data, it was quickly developed during the escadrons of the Japanese armored vehicles. At first glance, the process is shown in Table 10.

Table 10. Tactical and technical data of the Russian escorted battleship "Borodino" and the English liner ship "Dreadnaught" *

	"Borodino"	"Dreadnought"
Rik will enter into tune
Water tonnage, t
Demand for cars, l. with.
Swimming distance, miles
Move speed, vuzli
ozbroєnnya:
artillery (number / caliber denomination, mm)
torpedo (number / caliber of torpedo devices, mm)
Bronyuvannya, mm
onboard
bashtov
deck

* A.P. Shershov. History of the Vіysk shipbuilding from the found hours to our days. M. - L., 1940, side. 144, 241-242, 346-347; S. P. Moiseev. List of ships of the Russian steam and armored fleet (from 1861 to 1917). M., 1948, side. 58 - 59.

The tables show that the English ship has significantly overturned the Russian battleship with the tightness of the vehicles, the fast track, the artillery of the head caliber and the armor.
As a result of England, they started before the development of line ships of the "dreadnought" type and those of the great maritime powers.
It means that in the development of the class of liner ships, two tendencies have been promoted, which most have manifested themselves in the English and Nice fleets. The stench was explained by the smart operatively tactful mirkuvanni. Nimtsi, ochikuchi attack of the strong, English fleet close to their shores, they turned up their heads until the armor was stronger and the number of people increased, they didn’t need to navigate the fast pace. The English gave the first priority to the speed and the caliber, so that it would be possible to free the enemy to initiate at the vibration of the hour and the point of battle. The simplicity of the tendencies is possible with the adjusted tactical and technical data of the English liner ship "Kuyn Elizabet" and the famous "Kenig" (Table 11), which were in one hour (1911-1914).

Table 11. Tactical and technical data of the line ships "Kuin Elizabet" and "Kenig"*

* F. Jane. Fighting Ships, 1915; V... Weger. Taschenbuch der Kriegsflotten, 1914; X.Wilson. Line ships in battle. Per z eng. M., 1936, str. 414, 422; "Operatively and tactfully look at the Nimetsky fleet." Collection of articles. M. - L., 1941, side. 16.

The French and Italian lines of the front-runner can also be used to achieve good tactical and technical elements. The characteristic feature of the Italian liner ships is the re-entry bullet in quick motion, while the energy security and armor are the same. The line ships of the Austro-Ugric fleet were treated as French and Italian.
The idea of ​​a stem for a new type of liner ship was first broken up by Russian veteran sailors and shipbuilders S.O. Makarov, A.N. Krilovim, I. G. Bubnovim. Ale through economics Tsarist Russia The idea was not immediately realized. The encouragement of the new liner ships in Russia was honored with great achievements and was carried out at an unprecedented pace.
First Russian ships-dreadnoughts ("Sevastopol", "Gangut", "Petropavlovsk" and "Poltava") were laid down in 1909 at the Baltic and Admiralty plants in St. Petersburg. leaf fall - brisk 1914, that is, it also sent an ear of white wine (149). Lіnіynі korablі type "Sevastopol", sproektovanі of urahuvannyam dosvіdu rosіysko-yaponskoї vіyni i dosyagnen peredovoї rosіyskoї korablebudіvnoї science perevershuvali not tіlki Pershi Dreadnought Anglії, Nіmechchini that іnshih powers and th lіnіynі korablі іnozemnih flotіv scho buduvalisya odnochasno of them abo navіt pіznіshe.
For the most part, a new type of important cruiser was born - a line cruiser, which is great at that hour's speed (up to 30 universities), strong artillery (up to 12 356 mm of head caliber) and I will strain armor (up to 300 mm). Cruisers of the type of mali turbine engines and took a large number of wild fires. The stench behind its battle yakens smelled far behind the old armored cruisers.
In Russia, the line cruiser ("Izmail", "Borodino", "Navarin" and "Kinburn"), designated for the Baltic Fleet (pledges in the chest 1912), bully needed in the light of artillery winter. The ale stench to the cob of wine has grown uncooked (150).
All fleets have a great respect for the development of light cruisers and escort ships. The increase in flight performance and the anti-artillery of line ships and cruisers has clamped down on a significant increase in performance (up to 30 units and food) and the improvement of artillery and light torpedo combat The old type of ships couldn’t even win their crews in a squadron battle.
In 1910, at the Putilovsky Zavod, a spore of new escadron mines of the "Novik" type was recovered, and in 1913, light cruisers of the "Svitlana" type.
Dosvid the registration of the mines in the Russian-Japanese viyaviv after the need for special ships for setting up and trawling mines of the city - mines of the mines and minesweepers

However, all fleets, for the blame of the Russian fleet, have no respect for the development of such ships. Vazhala, that with a cob of wines from such ships can be owned by a merchant ship. In Russia, two special mines "Amur" and "Onisey" were prompted to go out from the Japanese boule, and in 1910, the first in the world was the "Crab". I also experienced the development of special minesweepers of the Zapal type.
Lack of respect in the Western European fleets in the pre-war rocky came and went on a submarine chapel. Tse was explained by two reasons. In the first place, the panuvala todі vіyskovo-naval doctrine of "Volodinnya by the sea" led the submarine to one of the remaining missions in the struggle on the sea, In another way, in the forefront of the sub-water choven, she did not show her fighting powers. Tse became even more in the course of the first light of the day. The main participants of Mali in the warehouses of their fleets have a small number of submarines in the result before the earliest. France has 38, Nimechchina has 28, Russia has 23. First England is small, 76 people, even in the middle of them, they are very old. Some of the shortened underwater chapels of pre-war projects were the Russian underwater chapels of the "Bars" type, pledged in 1912

In the forefront of rock in the most great imperialistic powers, robots have sprung up from the start of the hydraulic system. Bulo designed and motivated by a number of types of such machines, even though all the stinks have not gone down to the cob from the stages of pre-production. Only in the course of the journey to the defense of the fleets began to come up the litaki, which came for the renewal of the battlefields, among them "Avro" (England), "Borel" (France), "Flugbot" (Nimechchina) (154).
Inakshe was on the right in Russia. Russian aircraft designer D.P. Grigorovich in 1912-1913 rr. having opened a spike of hydraulic models of type M (M-1, M-2, M-4, M-5), which immediately knew practical sucking at the fleet. Especially in the distance litak M-5 appeared. Vіn volodіv with high, discreet and tactful yakosti (polotny wag - 660 kg, corisne waggon - 300 kg, stele - 4450 m, speed - 128 km / year). In 1914, they took a yak of a marine distributor to rebuild the fleet. Vin was kept in the warehouse of the hydraulic aviation until 1921 r.

Russian engineers poked up about special ships - the nose of the guides. In 1913, the engineer Shishkov designed a high-speed air transport, which could take up to seven years. With the ear of war in the Chornomorsk Fleet, a decal of such air transport was possessed, the letters of which led the reconnaissance and lashed the ships of the escadry in the remote areas of the sea.
branch of different classes ships, an increase in the number of submarine chambers at the fleets' warehouses and their combat capabilities, as well as the inception of sea aviation, squeezed a little more insight into all kinds of fighting and the beginning of new battles. I especially respect the bulo that was made to polish the tactical and technical tributes of the sea artillery, and the oskil won the prodovzhuval became the head of the enemy fleet. Before the ear of the first light, important calibers have grown up to 356 - 381 mm, the opposite artillery - up to 152 mm; zenіtni zenіtni zryadda calibrom up to 76 mm appeared. The cob width of the projectiles also grew up - up to 950 m / s, the rate of fire of the great people - up to two builds in chilin, the range of shots - up to 120 cables (156).
Suddenly, the large shells were loaded, they moved through and through and explosives, as the shells began to be filled with strong vibuchovnye speeches; the methods of controlling the artillery fire were thoroughly understood. The mastery of control in the fire was the most important factor in the battle of surface ships.

Speaking of tse, then it means that the English fleet, having entered the Persha svitovu vіynu mensh, will prepare until the artillery battle is carried out, the nіzh nіmetsk fleet. For the long-range English and good names of the leading calibers, the boules are approximately the same. The ale of the explosive shells of the English, who were not very sensitive, did not penetrate the armor of German ships, and in times of penetration they did not ask the great people. Nimetsky shells pierced the weaker armor of the English ships and vibrated strong ruins. The English were not able to destroy the power system and control the artillery fire as well. Already in the course of the wandering, the stinks were changed, and they were introduced to the right, and they were rich in Russian methods of controlling the shooting (157).
A great contribution to the development of artillery protection was made by Russian engineers and artillery sailors. Before the war, at the Russian factories, they mastered the production of polyglotted naval patterns of caliber 356, 305, 130 and 100 mm (158). Withered vigotovlennya also three-gun ship towers. In 1914, the engineer of the Putilovsky plant F.F.Lander and the artilleryman V.V.

For the development of the torpedo and mines, there is an especially significant injection of a small Russian-Japanese viyna. Adequate torpedoes went along the lines of increased strength, range of shooting and speed. A 450-mm torpedo is widened in all fleets of the bullet, but the shooting range of 16 cables (close to 3000 m) is short, with a speed of 29 universities. For some fleets, for an hour, the ships were loaded with torpedoes of larger calibers (500, 530 and 550 mm), with a speed of 45 universities at a distance of 15 cables.
In Russia, in the pre-war hour, three new torpedoes were destroyed (1908, 1910 and 1912) ...
Before the war, a multi-tube torpedo unit appeared. The first such (three-pipe) apparatus for boiling in 1913 at the Putilovsky plant in Petersburg. Winning a salvo to the shooter with a weak, the torpedo operator's methods were broken and mastered by the Russians until the cob was destroyed.
The development of the minion was characterized by an increase in the charge of a mini up to 150 kg, which was formed from a more strong vibuhovoy speech (tolu), detonators, increased performance and staging glibs. In front of one of the warriors of the Malian fleet on the defensive shock and galvano mini. The antennas of the mini appeared in the course of the operation, and the magnetic mini appeared in the very end.

The first place in the development of the ministry was taken over by the Russian fleet. Before the light war in the Russian fleet, the bullets of galvanized and shock-mechanical mines were broken in 1908, and in 1912. For tactical and technical data, the minis were overturning the earth, especially in the impossibly In 1913, a floating mine "P-13" was constructed on a bucket, yak was set under water on a pedestal of a boat for an electric attachment. Little old people of the intelligent type were trimmed under the water for the help of the buoy, so that they could not get the stiffness of the mini, especially in stormy weather. "P-13" is a small electric shock detonator, a charge of 100 kg of tolu and could trimatis for a given dead three dobies. Zhoden from the land fleets is not like a minis. The Russian ministers shot the Persha into the light of the Richkov minu "R" ("Ribka").
The Russian designers of ministry and minerry-practices gave great help to the allied English fleet in organizing the production of a special warehouse on the cob, so they helped the allied English fleet A group of miners with a stock of 1000 pieces was sent to the inspection of the English Admiralty in England.

The Russian fleet is in front of the foreign fleets, as well as at the forefront of more detailed intelligence. In 1911, they hoped for the formation of snake and boat trawls. The stagnation of cich trawls signified the speed of thermal robots, as they spilled onto the surface at once. Earlier, the last minute was needed to be towed on a different place and there it was, it took quite an hour.
The Russian fleet has appeared with a ring of radio. The radio became wider by means of a call to the fleet in the zagala and in the winter, the wider control of forces in battle was known. Before the new Russian radio engineering, the radio direction finding was opened, which allowed the radio to be set as soon as possible.

Organization and management

Vіyskovo-naval forces or the largest imperialistic powers (England, Nimechchina, France, Russia and others) were built up from fleets (flotillas), which were rooted in the new naval theaters. The fleet (sea forces or the theater) was able to provide operational intelligence, as in the absence of a warehouse of its forces, the purpose and the nature of the destruction could not only be operational, but rather strategic.

The main operational assets of the line forces (line ships, line and armored cruisers) in all fleets, with the blame of the Turkish, bullet escadr. Eskadri could be one-sided, which were stored from ships of the same class (for example, lincores or cruisers), and changes, up to the warehouse of which included ships of the older classes (lincores, cruisers, escadrens). With the presence of decilkoh eskadr on one theater, stinks were produced in a large operational organization (for example, the English 1st, 2nd and 3rd fleets). From light surface forces (light cruisers, escorting ships, ships), submarines and ships of special designation (minesweepers, minesweepers, guards of ships, gunners of ships and ships) ) operational and tactical information - flotilla, division, brigade, division, corral. At a time of respect, the same type of spoluks in the new fleets were called different names. For example, the establishment of escalating minority carriers and minority carriers in the English, German, French and Austro-Ugric fleets were called flotilla, in the Russian - divinities, and in the non-Soviet Numerical warehouse ob'єdnan і z'єdnan buv nayr_znomoman_tnish.

The organization of the command of the military-naval forces in the rural lands of the Bula is also growing. In England, the main body of the fleet management was the Admiralty, in 1911 he was named U. Churchill as the first lord of the Admiralty (sea ministry). The Admiralty was engaged in plans for the development of the fleet and in combat training, in the development of plans for operations and in the management of combat operations on an operational and strategic scale. In the English naval forces, having withdrawn the post of the first sea lord, i.e., the head of the commander usim of the fleets. Tsey post zhovtnya 1914 r occupied by admiral Lord Fischer. In 1912, there was the Marine General Staff, who didn’t know his own mission in the fleet management system. The chief of the Morskiy General Staff on the ear of the buv vice-admiral Sterdy, and from 1 leaf fall in 1914 - Rear-admiral Oliv (163). The rights and obligations of the command of the ships around the same fleets are surrounded by a rosette and combat training on an operational-tactical scale, combat training of a special warehouse of ships and a zmistom in the military camp.

The supreme command of the naval forces in Nimechchina did not belong to the Kaiser, who was ordered by the Morske Ministry, State Secretary of the Imperial Naval Administration) , kerovirovanie by the admiral Pole. The Marine Ministry provided the organization, management and material security of the fleet. Bezposerednogo inflow to the core of the combat performance of the fleet for an hour, it did not fix it. The Marine Cabinet was engaged in the main rank of the catering for the completing and passing of the service by the office warehouse. The admiral headquarters, which is the organ of the supreme head commander (kaiser), having worked out the plans for operations, sent forces to the maritime theaters before being put in front of the fleet by the employers. The commanders of the forces on the Pivnichnoe and Baltic Seas were immediately ordered by the Kaiser. The equipment included combat training, completing, technical camp of the ship's warehouse, and at wartime, for the maintenance of combat operations of their fleets (164). As it can be seen from the structured structures of the fleet management bodies and their functions, in Nymechchina there was virtually no visible sea command, as I would increase the information about the loss of the sea. Tsia surroundings in the region unpleasantly started on the battle of the fleet.

At the number of management of the French naval forces, the naval minister stood with his operational body - the naval general headquarters. Youmu without a middle order took command in the fleet Midland Seaі command the naval forces of the Channel. The General Staff worked out the plans of the operations and the keruvs in the last days.

The head commander of the Italian fleet (also the commander of the first squadron), the Duke of the Abruzzian regiments, was sent to the chief of the Marine General Staff, Admiral de Rive, who had succeeded in doing this with a fierce fighting strength. The marine ministry, with its management and equipment, has given to the shipbuilders, to the complete set of this special warehouse and mobile equipment, all types of protection, the development of the coastal defense, as well as to the possession of the marine base of defense. foreign training for the fleet before war (166).
In the Austro-Ugorsk region, the fleet was in the order of the head commander with the army of the land. The Marine Ministry did not disappear. Yogo funktsii vikonuvav the maritime department of the vіyskogo ministry. The head of the department has great independence and was especially instrumental in advising the emperor from those who found the food supply, to regulate and manage the fleet.

In Turechchina, the fleet management system in front of the cob of vіyskovyh dіy on the Black Sea was destroyed. After the arrival of the German cruisers "Goeben" and "Breslau", we will command the naval forces by becoming the Nimetsian admiral Sushon, who often sent orders over the head of the sea minister Akhmet Dzhemal.
The governing body of the Russian-naval forces of Russia in the whole building of the Morska Ministry, since 1911, has been confronted with Admiral I. K. Grigorovich. Before the warehouse of the Marine Ministry included: Admiralty-Rada, head of the headquarters of the headquarters of the sea ministry, Head of the sea headquarters, Head of the sea-sea court, Head of the ship of the state control, Head of the ship for example and for children (169).

In 1906, the Naval General Staff was responsible for dealing with strategic problems, planning for the future of the fleet, carrying out this mobilization, and a critical training of the naval forces until the end of the day. The installation of Morsky to the General Staff was a positive factor in the renewal of the Russian Naval Forces. The functions of the Head Naval Headquarters have changed meaningfully, which now has a special warehouse for the fleet, construction, ordering and military units, as well as the legislative part of the Maritime Administration (170).
The naval command in England, Nimechchin and Іtaly of the Crimea naval forces

It started positively on organizing and conducting the defense of the Uzbek people in the cich lands. In the other powers, there was not a lot. France, for example, has a subordinate system of coastal defense ordering. Along with the Uzbek land, you will be smashed into the maritime districts, the leathers are divided into a number of sectors. A naval commander was standing in the area, and he was commanded by the land forces of his own district to be ordered to the ministry without a second command. The heads of the sectors were naval or army officers, in the absence of the fact that they were overtaken there. In the Austro-Ugorsk region, the coastal defense was at the jurisdiction of the Vіyskiy ministry. As for Russia, a single system of coastal defense on the scale of the country has not been established until the earliest. The land defense of the majority of naval forts and military-naval bases and ports was located at the jurisdiction of the military ministry. The commanders of the military-naval bases (ports) and the chiefs of the garnizons (commandants) bully one in one. Only in one Sevastopol the commandant of the fortress admitted to the head commander of the port (171).
set system
There was not a single system and completing a row warehouse for the fleets. In some regions, it was carried out by way of free recruitment (recruitment), in others - on the basis of military service, and in the third - for a change system, partly by way of recruitment, partly on the basis of military service.
In England, the fleet is equipped with an ordinary warehouse and is equipped with a path for hire. They wanted to serve in the fleet, signed a contract for 5 or 12 years, with further advancements of service with a positive attestation for 6 years for the first and 10 years for others. A contract for 5 years was immediately sent to ships by sailors of the 2nd statute, and then, at the same time, a contract for 12 years, they went to the school of the boy, for the end of which they were sent to the court and promoted the service there by the sailors, the officers were taken out. They were brushed at the non-commissioned office. For the preparation of young specialties of artillery and minor specialties, the schools of foremen were eliminated, and the schools of the junior were finished. For some of the specialties of some schools, not for the foremen, not for not waning. Kadri got ready with him on a practical path, right on the ships. For the delivery of the special services of the non-commissioned officer, they were carried out in the office. Special classes were trained for the advancement of the qualifications of artisans, miners and navigators. In England, there is a Vyskovo-Marine Academy, ale with a short term of Navchannia - only 4 months. She got senior officers and admirals.

Adopted in England, the system of completing the fleet is small that positive side, but as a result of the trivial service of a special warehouse, having cut off the great news and good seafood. Ale tsya, the system did not provide for the accumulated reserve. The axis of which, in the course of the movement of the English motives, will often introduce the guilt of the English.
The Nimetsky fleet was manned for military service, as well as for the rakhunok of the young and volunteers. The term of service in the fleet has three riches, for which the next step will be reserved for the reserve of new steps up to the 40th century. The young command warehouse and the fleet were completed from graduating from the Jung school and volunteers in the course of general training. Engineers-mechanics for the fleet were trained from specials, they finished secondary technical schools and had little experience of practical robots at shipbuilding factories. They were sent to serve on ships, and at the time of the richest navchannya in the class of naval engineers they were sent to the naval engineer-mechanics according to their inspiration. Vіyskovo-sea academy Nіmechchini mala dvorіchny termіn navchannya.

The officer's warehouse of the English and German fleets is completed according to the class principle - from the nobility and the bourgeoisie. Only the Engineer-Mechanics of the Fleet of the Nimechchin could be the twenties of the other classes.
France has a folding system for completing the fleet. We run a warehouse with a fleet completing on the basis of the so-called maritime record, recruiting "mislivts" and foreign service obligations. "Morska zapis" was based on the fact that all the population of the coastal smog of France in the period from 18 to 50 years, when the Russian service was closed for the fleet. However, during the practical "registration" they served in the navy for no more than 45 months, and sometimes they could for the bazhannya, either to continue the service, or to join the reserve. "Records" were accorded a number of privileges in rejected pensions, in the city and to take maritime ribalism. In 1912 r for them there will be a speeding term of obov'yazkovoj service up to 2 years. That is, who has become a servant of the distance, Mali has the right to go to the schools of naval officers for his choice and to get involved in service right up to the official rank.
With the recruitment of "mislivts", they signed a contract for 5 rockets for the naval specialties they had recruited. Lack of a number of new recruits sent to the reception of the "registered" and "misleading" newcomers to the nobility of duty due to the term of obligatory service 2 rocky. In the French fleet, as well as in the world's fleets, the school of the jung, yaka, gave the main contingent for the schools of young special forces in the fleet.

The Austro-Ugric and Italian fleets were manned on the basis of military service from the population of the coastal districts, as well as, before calling on the mali to travel to the sea (merchant sailors, fishing boats) or the fleet (ship-carriers). V the Italian fleet In addition, the school of the Jungs has started. Terms of service: in the Austro-Ugric fleet - 12 rockets, of which 4 rockets for operational services, 5 rockets in reserve and 3 rockets in the militia; in іtalіyskiy - 4 rock for active service and 8 rock in reserve. For the training of young specialties and official personnel, boules from schools and colleges (175).
The officer corps of the Austro-Ugric fleet was formed from the urahuvannya not only class, but the national principle. What matters is the bulk of the boules by the Austrian nimts.

The next warehouse is completed with a set of small nimts, from Ugorts, italians and representatives of the Slovenian peoples.
The system of completing the Russian fleet of the bullet is, more or less, based on the responsibility of the Russian fleet. Significantly from the provisions, consolidated in 1912, before serving in the fleet, all individuals, such as small ship calling and calling of ships, sailing vessels, and vessels sailing ships, and vessels sailing ships firemen. The distance was given to the recruits from the factory robots, as well as to the specialty of the salary-folding, turning, boiler and metalworking service, to mechanics, electricians, telegraph operators, and the smallest operators.

That middle-ranked in the fleet of the fleet was identified with the prodigy of the factory robots, who were very friendly and helpful for the development of a revolutionary movement in the fleet. The daily part of an ordinary warehouse was recruited from residents of the Primorsky and Prirochkovy districts of the country.
The zagalny term of service for a private in the warehouse of the fleet has been set up to 10 years, with 5 years of operational service and 5 years in reserve (177).
At the front of the battle for the Baltic Fleet, there was a school of young people in Kronstadt. The Ministry of the Ministry is not only small in respect to the advancement of preparation of a special warehouse for the fleet, but it has been forwarding the political processes. Through the school of the Jungs, they rozrakhovuvalo pidgotuvati introduced to the tsarist autocracy of the campaigners who could be victorious in the fight against the revolutionary collapse in the fleet. However, the rozrakhunks of the tsar's power and in the right did not work out. Unimportant to the horror of repression and try to start the singing prodigy of the well-to-do center of a special warehouse, the revolutionary collapse in the fleet grew more and more.

For the preparation of the staff of the non-commissioned officer on the Baltic and Black Seas, there were new corrals, in the warehouses of such boules of artillery and mini-schools. In addition, there were bully branches of business schools, classes and chief commanders, who did not enter until the chief corral: machine schools and steering schools and signallers of the Baltic and Chornomorsk fleet, a school of water swimming, a school of water swimming (schools for the capital) Kronstadt and Mikolaevi, chief commanders of the construction non-commissioned officers of the Baltic and Chornomorsk fleets and in.

The officer's warehouse for the fleet is completed with children of nobles, bourgeois, and officials. In the engineering school, the population was accepted from other vernaculars. The training of officers was carried out in the Marine Corps, special classes and the Marine Academy.
In the course of the first winter war in the Bagatyokh regions, the system of completing the fleets with private and office warehouses has become aware of significant changes. Vіyna wikklicala the great vitrata of the naval personnel. Nabir and navchannya newcomers could not be carried out according to the pre-existing norms and principles. Bullets of fast terms of preparation, censorship of censorship in the passed office by the office warehouse, expanded admission to the office building for communication from other bourgeois versions.

Boyova training

In the English and German fleets, combat training was carried out practically throughout the day. I was repaired by the end of the single preparation of the ship, at the same time the tactful work of one-sided and new-born ones followed, and in the bag, the final maneuvers of the great days and procedures were carried out. In England, maneuvers were of an overly operational nature; in Nimechchin, bilateral tactical operational maneuvers were carried out.
The Nimetsky fleet had a great respect for the artillery firing squad, which were fought at great distances on shields, even on the area of ​​ships. During the artillery training, the British navy made a significant move to the Nimetsky. Vіdomy the English Vіyskovo-naval historian X. Wilson became aware of the fact that "in the first period of the destruction of the British ships ...

In both fleets, the bombers carried out salvoes of torpedo firing, and some of the bombers, in addition, were practiced in daytime torpedo attacks. They were installed at the head of the suburban mines, and at the same time they were installed by minesweepers, possessed from the old minesweepers.
In the English and German fleets, a great importance was given to the sea preparation for a special warehouse and training in the special swimming pool. It was a great shortage in the battle of preparation of that one of the fleets, but the stench did not come to the sleepy days of land flights. If you talk about the level of combat training in general, then in the Nimetsian fleet there will be trokhi vishche, now in the English, especially in the field of tactics and victorious protection. In the second Western European fleets, the preparation of some of the most important operations was not small, it was carried out at the lower level in the fleet of Nimechchina and England.

A special camp for combat training took over the Turkish fleet. A row warehouse for the fleet was completed in the main for the rakhunok of the villagers of the Muslim religion. Kadri of young specials in the fleet and non-commissioned officers did not get ready. The staff of the office warehouse on the ships and in the parts of the boules are namelessly blown out. For 10 sailors, it was brought to the ear of 8.
For the witnesses of the Nimetsian officer Herman Loria, who served in the war in the Turkish fleet, the ships of Turechchini buli were "the head of the" floating barracks ", and the life on them was built up to the provision of food, the uniform of a part of the theoretical ships, she did not sail, but spent an hour in idleness in ukritikh harbors ”(180). Pislya vіyni from Russia 1877 - 1878 p. Turkish ships did not go from the Bosphorus to the Chorna more until the Balkan wars (1912-1913 rr.). “... To that, - prodovzhu Lorey, - a special warehouse does not sound to the sea and not a maw of any sea dosvidu” (181).

Distant ones mean great shortcomings in the organization of certain types of combat training (artillery and torpedo firing, safety of the ship's survivability in battle, navigating right and of End the characteristics of the Turkish fleet to the ear of the moment, Lorey write, that "before the arrival of the new ships, the mobilization was overwhelmed, but not on the ships, but at the shipyards it was not ready for the next 18 days." Bagato in chomu Lorey bouv, zychayno, maє ratsіyu. However, it is impossible not to vrahovuvati the fact that Lorey and іnshі nіmtsі, as they arrived in the Turkish fleet at the same time from "Goeben" and "Breslau", for the reason, magalized to send all Tulyako to play out their role in the "replayed" Boyoví diyi on the Black Sea in the course of the war showed that if the famous ships had gone to the warehouse of the Turkish fleet, then the rest even slightly pushed forward at their own capacity.
Kilka more in detail went to the battle for the preparation of the Russian fleet, since there are only a few characteristic features. The leading officers of the Russian fleet have experienced the tragedy of Tsusimi. The stench brutalized respect for everything for the boy's preparation for a special warehouse. I, need to say, reached in a whole straight line, most of the results, especially in the Baltic Fleet.

On the Baltic Sea, the combat training fleet Keruvav Vice-Admiral N.O. Essen, who was rich in what looked at S.O. Makarov. In 1906, he was in command of the 1st Mineral Division of the Fleet, which was based at the ice-free port of Libava. The ships of the division sailed for a whole period of time from the meteorological minds, and they took it from a special storehouse of vitality, vividness, innovations and intensity in the amount of money delivered, such as E. Quiet. The 1st Minna Division became a school for combat training, through which in the pre-war rocky there passed a lot of ship commanders and the fleet commanders (183). At the fall of 1908, N.O. Essen was appointed as the head of the foreign corrals of the Baltic Sea. With the first important call, which is a fault of the scale of the fleet, the construction of previously developed ships and corrals in spoluks, the construction of efficient and tactful staff.

A great shortage in the battle of preparation of the Russian fleet in the fight against a trivial period was the practice of overseas raids. Through the economy of material resources, the ships sailed into the sea, as a rule, only in the summer hour, that is not too good. Now the principles of war were introduced into the organization of combat training. The system of step-by-step navchannya was ignored: the preparation of a single ship was carried out at a time, tactful preparation was carried out (division, a brigade of ships), and a great knowledge (division of ships) was carried out, and the result was
Great respect in the Baltic Fleet, which went to the artillery training. Russian ships of the pre-war period for the efforts of their artillery defense of the keel were treated by the ships of the same type of the German fleet (184). To that, you can seek eagerness, or you can overrun the enemy, only for the rakhunok of the master of artillery fire. There was a significant increase in the number of practical firearms, and it was reduced for the safety of them with ammunition. In 1910, a special attachment was introduced for the artillery control in the fire of a single ship and for a quick charge of the ship.

An important place in the plan of war on the Baltic Sea was carried out by defense mines. For good health, a managerial and retailer training is required, and more so the Baltic fleet does not have enough special out-of-town facilities. Vosseni 1909 boulevard of moldings of the miner's zagorodzhuvachiv, since the spring offensive rock starting before the feasible combat training, aimed at the viconance of the mini-productions, based on the plan of the win. Ships to the corral and escadrens of the ministries of the 1st ministry of division were practiced in the production of the chief sailors in the areas of the military ministries of the city.
No less serious training in the fleet has been organized in the fleet for the victory in the event of a torpedo strike. On the revival of the bullets, the torpedoes of the new zrazkiv (1908, 1910, 1912) were taken, Yak vimagali of all-purpose viprobuvannya. The largest of them were the nose of the torpedo strike - the mine carrier and the submarine chapel. It is necessary to develop more thorough methods of torpedo shooting. The center of combat training from the torpedo strike force of the 1st Ministry of the Division of the Fleet. Here і bullets viprobuvanі new torpedoes and breaking up methods of salvo firing on the area of ​​three minibuses, filled with three one-tube devices. In 1910, the combat training for the torpedo strike was fired up also in the brigade of submarine crews of the Baltic Fleet.

U Pershu Svitovu vіynu (1914-1918), the enemy Russian Empire on the Black Sea Buv Nimetsko-Turkish fleet. I would like the Mladoturetska squadron to be confused about war, and about friendship and neutrality. Rosіyske Mіnіsterstvo Zakordonnih right (FHI) i rozvіdka, uvazhno sposterіgali for vnutrіshnopolіtichnimi podіyami in Turechchinі: vіyskovy mіnіstr Enver Pasha i mіnіstr vnutrіshnіh ref Talaat vistupali for the union of Nіmetskoyu іmperієyu and morsky mіnіstr, Head garnіzonu Istanbul Cemal Pasha for spіvpratsyu h France. The stinks informed the commander of the Chornomorsk Fleet A.A. Eberhard about the stand of the Turkish fleet and the army, their preparation, and how they could correctly respond to a potential enemy.

admiral A.A.Eberhard.

On the tip of viyny (1 serpnya of 1914, Nimechchina denounced viyinu Russia), the uryad gave Admiral A. A. Eberhard a request for unique aggressive actions, as it can be victorious against the Ottoman Empire of the Turkish Party. Chornomorskiy fleet mav pravo rozpochati boyovі dії only for the orders of the Supreme Head Commander (їm Buv Grand Duke Mykola Mykolajovych (young) from 20 April 1914 to 23 September 1915), or for the visit of the Russian Ambassador to Istanbul. I want the Russian-Japanese war (1904-1905) and showed the mercy of such a position, since the Japanese fleet attacked the Russian Port Arthur Squadron and immediately paralleled the Japanese air force, it was not allowed to The Imperial rank, after 10 years "instructed on the same rake", the command of the fleet by the directive of the order, with the orders of the general military command, and not being able to get in all, come in as soon as possible to improve the readiness of the fleet, As a result, the Chornomorsky fleet, I would like to be significantly stronger in support of the Turkish naval forces, bypassing the motions and passively check the enemy's attack.

Combat forces: Russian Chornomorskiy fleet and Nimetsko-Turkish fleet

Before the war, the Chornomorsk Fleet, for all the articles, will be able to pass over the city: і for a number of vimpels, for fiery exertion, for battle preparation, for officers and sailors. Before the yogh warehouse included: 6 line ships of the old type (T. -Tavricheskiy ", 1898-1905 rr. Sporudi)," Rostislav "(1894-1900 rr. Sporudi)," Three Saints "(prompts in 1891-1895 rr.)," Sinop "(1883-1889 rr. Sporudi); 2 cruisers of the "Bogatir" class, 17 escorted boats, 12 boats, 4 underwater chapels. The main base of the boulevard is Sevastopol, the fleet is mav its shipyard in Sevastopol and Mikolaevi. There were 4 more taut line ships of the dreadnought (dreadnoughts): "Empress Mary" (1911-linden 1915), "Empress Katerina the Great" (1911-jovten 1915), "Emperor Oleksandr III" (191711-rv .), "Emperor Mikola I" (from 1914 r, incomplete through the destruction of the political and financial-economic situation of the Lutnevo revolution of 1917). Also, the Chornomorsk Fleet is already in the course of operations - 9 ships, 2 air transport (prototypes of aircraft carriers), 10 submarines.

At the ear of 1914, the Turkish fleet went from the Bosphorus channel to the battle with the Russian fleet, making it fantastic. Ottoman Empire already two centuries in the West, and up to the 20th century, the processes of unfolding only became feasible. Turechchina played Russia in the XIX century three vicinities (1806-1812 p., 1828-1829 p., 1877-1878 p.) ; Already in the XX century, the bulwark was broken by Italien at the time for the Tripolitania (1911-1912 rr.), and in the Balkan war (1912-1913 rr.). Russia was a member of the p'yatirka of light leaders (Great Britain, Nimechchina, USA, France, Russia). Until the earliest days of the capital, the Turkish military-sea forces were just a species of species - old-fashioned ships. One of the main reasons for this is, outside of the bankruptcy of Turechchini, which was not a penny in the execution. The Turks have all the number of large-scale ships: 2 armored cruisers "Medzhidin" (prompted in the USA in 1903) and "Hamid" (England 1904), 2 escadrons of the Barrier armored carrier "Torguti Flight" type "Brandenburg", purchased in Nimechchina in 1910 r), 4 escalated minions from France (1907 r, type "Durandal"), 4 pieces of nimetsky equipment (purchased in Nimechchin "S 165"), Due to the peculiarity of the Turkish naval forces, it was practically possible to carry out combat training.

It is impossible to say that the Turkish uryad did not mind changing the situation into its corny: so in 1908 a grand program of updating the fleet was adopted, and it was ordered to purchase 6 new vessels, 12 additional ships, 12 new vessels. Ale vіyna s іtalієyu, two Balkan vіyny emptied the treasury, replacing bully zіrvanі. Turechchina took over other ships from France and England (the tsikavo are allies of Russia in the Entente, but they were going to ship ships for Turechchina, a potential enemy of Russia on the Black Sea), so in England there will be a lincor, 4 emblems and 2 parts. The price of the improvement could seriously change the balance of power against the Ottoman Empire, albeit as soon as England confessed the ships on the part of its fleet. Tilki came from the Middle-earth Sea 10 serpentine 1914 to the fate of two new Nimetsian cruisers: the important "Geben" (called "Sultan Selim") and the light "" Breslau "(" Mіdіllі "), the stench went to the head of the Turkish news boyovi diy in the Black Sea basin. The commander of the Nimetsky Seredzemomorskoy division, Rear-Admiral V. Sushon, has cleared the team of the Nimetsian-Turkish forces. "Goeben" was forced to be a Russian lincor of the old type, but at the same time the Russian armadillos were deceived, and when they were shut down with the help of the "Goeben" escadroy, they must be crouching with their high highs.

plan side

With the head mark of the Chornomorsk fleet, I will be able to take a panoramic view on the Black Sea, so that it is necessary to clean up strategically important objects by the sea, close the flank of the Caucasian army, and secure the transfer to the sea. Destroy Turecchini's shipwreck in one hour uzdovzh її Chornomorsk uzberezhzh... With the appearance of the Turkish fleet at Sevastopol, the Russian fleet is guilty of the future. In addition, if necessary, the Chornomorsk fleet got ready to carry out the Bosphorus operation - along the flooded Bosphorus channel, by the forces of the Chornomorsk fleet and paratroopers. Aleksandr Sushon did not intend to enter the battle with the head forces of the Russian fleet, but the corny forces of the Russian fleet put down the points of the sea.

German cruiser "Goeben"

In 1915, when the fleet went off new lines of the "Imperatricia Marya" type, the Bula fleet was given the task of all forces to bring in supplies to the Bosphorus region and press additional help to the Caucasus. At the same time, I mark the blades of 3 ship groups, the skin of the bullets by the straining of the German cruiser "Geben". Smells blame bully, zmyuyuchi one one, steadily move off the Turkish coast and by themselves, they are mostly dedicated to the fleet.

The strategic tenderness of the commander was shared by the German-Turkish fleet of Rear-Admiral Sushon, who flew to the head base of the Russian fleet in Sevastopol, the ports of Odessa, Feodosia and Novorossiysk. Sink, for serious reasons, there were battle ships and merchant ships there, as well as most of the most important ones and promises about birch trees, thus weakening the Russian Black Sea Fleet, eager to survive the hardships of the sea. Tim himself was the Nimetsian admiral, who planned to repeat the reports of the Japanese in 1904. Ale, unimportant on the success of the operation, the Russian fleet did not conceal any serious mistakes, Sushon simply didn’t have any hard work. If the fleet of the Turks was straining, the Chornomorsk fleet would take off an important blow, but the camp of the Russian Caucasian Army would be ruined and the Chornomorsk communes would be destroyed.

Ear of boyovyh diy: "Sevastopolska wake-up call"

Vice-admiral A. A. Eberhard, having made a sound about the departure of the Nimetsko-Turkish squadron from the Bosphorus on July 27. Win viv Chornomorsk fleet in the sea, for a whole day on the way to Sevastopol in the hope of making the gate. On the 28th, the order of the Supreme Command was sent to the headquarters of the fleet: "Do not make a mistake with the Turkish fleet and join him in every case in case of extreme need." The Chornomorsk fleet turned to the base and did not hesitate any more active actions. Admiral A. A. Eberhard would like to see the order, I don’t know any guilt for being passive, I think Admiral S.O.

Surely, the command of the fleet was taken to prevent the rapid attack of the Turkish fleet from being allowed. The development was carried out, on the steps to Sevastopol in patrol there were three minions, the heads of the fleet were in the base in readiness. Ale of all tsiyavilosya is not enough. The command did not make any decisions about the preparation of forces for the fleet, including the Sevastopol fortress, until the attack of the enemy was announced. The head of the raids' guard who wanted to turn on the minne field, Ale A. Eberhard, fenced off the chain, as well as cleaned up the pidhid of the landowner "Prut". Ale the chief of the raid, all the same, ahead of the commander of the artillery fortress about the mighty arrival of the enemy escadri. I coastal artillery bilsh-mensh visonal its own staff.

As a result, the Chornomorsky fleet did not visit its head department - it didn’t snatch the Russian Uzbek, letting go of the fortunate fleet, which spokyno pishov to the Bosphorus. On 29-30, the Nimetsko-Turkish fleet launched an artillery strike on Sevastopol, Odessa, Feodosia, Novorossiysk. Tsya podіya named it - "Sevastopolska wake-up call". In Odessa, the "Muavenet-i-Millet" and "Gayret-i-Vatanen" sank the gunboat "Donetsk", fired at the place and the port. The liner cruiser "Geben" went to Sevastopol and in a stretch of 15 chilines, without difficulty, went to our minefield, without a second, bombarding the place, the port and the ships, which were on the call roads. The electric pole of the mine field of the bullet is vimknen, and without any order, not including її. Kostyantin's battery was moving, checking if the Nimetsian cruiser left in the target square, ale when the fire came, it immediately hit the target. "Geben" secretly gave a new journey and retreated into the sea. On the ring road, the minniy zagorodzhuvach "Prut", which was checked in Sevastopol, was checked with a reversal of vantage. Namagayuchis vryatuvati "Prut", three colishmen in the patrol of the old men of the ministry ("Lieutenant Pushchin", "Hot" and "Tenacious") went to attack the "Goeben". They didn’t have a single chance of success, ale and “Geben” didn’t get away with it, “rose in peace”. The artillerymen of "Geben" easily saw the qiu attack. The commander of the mine zagorodzhuvach captain of the 2nd rank GA Bikov sank the ship, and the tsikavo "Geben" viv in the new fire - 1 year and 5 khvili, in a practically harmless ship. Ale tse bouv success, t. K. "Prut" went from a great part of the naval sea mines. The cruiser "Breslau", having put mini in the Kerch prototypes, on which the steam-melts "Yalta" and "Kazbek" sank and sank. The commander of the first headquarters is very guilty, especially the Supreme Commander, who, with his instructions, has called the initiative of A.A. Eberhard. But in the bag, the nimetsko-Turkish plan didn’t come up with one thing: it’s backed up by the bullets of the rosters, the first blow, that didn’t start any effort.

So Turechchina entered the Persha of the Holy War and the last war with Russia. On the same day, Russian ships started sailing to the shores of the gate. We will fire the cruiser "Cahul" in the boules of the dignified majesty in Zonguldak, and the battleship "Panteleimon" and the mini-carriers sank three navantazhennyh vіyskovyh transport. The Turks booted against such an activity of the Russian fleet, the stench was fucked up, I think so, that they played for an hour, the Chornomorsk fleet was alive and well.

The boyovi performances on the Black Sea were honored, unsupported for the Russian Empire. The Chornomorsk fleet of the floods of the zennatsk and only the abundance of the necessary laboriousness, the rossing of forces, made the German-Turkish fleet become the ruler of the sea. The main reason for this is the fear of the supreme command to provoke the Ottoman Empire and the lack of initiative in the command of the Chornomorsk Fleet.

Ale yak showed the history, for Russia it is often impossible to repent unsupported, but Russia is even more likely to “fail” in the process and override the strategic initiative of the adversary. The Chornomorsk Fleet did not take the "re-fixes", but immediately responded: 4-7 leaves of leaves should be put to the minis (all for the fate of the Chornomorsk Fleet, having installed 13 thousand hv) at the "Rostov-on-Don," They bombarded Zunguldak, zenischivi vugilny skhovishcha, 2 Turkish transport. On the ring road, the eskadra sank 3 Turkish minesweepers, a full 200 were taken. 15-18 leaves of the Russian escadra go to the whims of other ships, bombard Trebizond and fly to the ringing route with the famous cruiser "Goeben".

Biy bilya misu Sarich (18 leaves, according to Art. S. 5)

Being the main base of the Chornomorsky fleet - Sevastopol, from the Bosphorus did not allow the establishment of a permanent blockade of the Turkish fleet. The Russian escadra Bula was interrupted from time to time to turn around for repair and repair. So yak "Goeben", having overturned the be-like Russian armadillo in the fiery exertion and efficiency, the Russian command was guilty of trimming the main force at once. At the headquarters of the fleet they respected that a German cruiser could be oversupplied with the speed of 29 universities, in reality, due to the unpleasantness of repairs in Turechchyna, the speed of "Goeben" did not overwhelm 24 universities. For example: the flagship of the Russian squadron "Evstafiy" has a maximum of 16 universities, the cruiser "Cahul" - 23 universities. Ale at the Russian escadry, there was one new novelty - before the war, a shooter was seen from the same ship.

On the 17th leaf fall, "Goeben" and "" Breslau "went into the sea to reload Russian ships and with a successful attack. On the same day, Admiral A.A. Ale nadolik vugillya, not allowing some joke, and having mastered the power of the escadr, ruined to Crima. Zitknennya became on the 18th, about 45 miles from Misu Chersonesos, bilya Misu Sarich. About 11.40, the witchcraft ship having thought about it in the development of the cruiser "Almaz", one hour after the radio transmission was carried out. The Russian ships changed their intervals between themselves, the mini-carriers moved up to the main forces. Then the bullets were seen in the development of "Almaz" and the cruiser "Cahul", "Memory of Mercury".

cruiser "Almaz"

Through a heavy fog and dim, he was in front of the flagship, beating before the restructuring of "Geben" and "Evstafiya" (captain of the 1st rank V. I. Galanin). Senior artilleryman V.M. Smirnov, having straightened the fire of a brigade of line ships (having transferred to "Ioanna Zlatoust"), didn’t really want to go up to the enemy ship, because the shells from the other liners flew in overflow. Bіy ishov in all 14 chilin, Russian ships (from 34-40 cables, 6-7 km), fired 30 shells in the head caliber. Ukrainian artillerymen "Evstafiya" from the first salvo consumed a 12-inch "hotel" piercing the 150-mm armor of a nimtsya, causing a fire in the aft casemate on the left side. Tse buv succeed, invite good canonians (yak nimtsi) fired from the 3rd salvo. "Geben" changed the course and opened the fire at the sight. With an unprecedented nimtsi zrozumili, so the Russian vrahuvali Tsusimi's crooked lesson, for 14 khvilin battle "Goeben" they cut off 14 times, including 3 305 mm shells. Winning with its speed in the air and at the time of the Russian linkoris didn’t adjust to the fog. The days off from the old Russian hero are not cheap to the people - they spend from 112 to 172 people (for small dzherels). Ale і "Evstafіy", having conceived a second, with 19 280 mm shells, which launched the famous cruiser Chotiri (4), hit the Russian lincor. The flagship has lost 58 choloviks (33 lost, 25 injured).

Yakі visnovka can you be killed while playing shvidkoplinnogo battle? According to the Persha, a team of old men could fully prototype a lincor of a new type (dreadnought). One armadillo is proud of strikes, but in the same stench it represents a dreadful force, even if it is well prepared, after confirming it on May 10, 1915. In a different way, having shown good Vishkil Russian canoners, ale in the middle of the Vishkil command of the Eskadri - A.A.

13 (26) the chest "Goeben" pidіrvavya on 2 mines at the Bosphorus channel, the area of ​​the breakdown on the left side sloped 64 sq. meters, and the right - 50 sq. meter, "sorbnuv vodi" from 600 to 2000 tons. For repairs, the viclikati fahivtsi from Nimechchin were carried out, the new robots were mainly completed before April 1915.
At the very end of 1914, in the Chorna More, from Seredzemnoye, 5 Nymets underwater chauffeurs ("UB 7", "UB 8", "UB 13", "UB 14" and "UB 15") crossed over and the situation was alleviated.

1915 rik

Last but not least, the Chornomorskiy fleet was amused for a short time. For the development of the Turkish nobles, the vicoristovuvatisya esmіntsі, gіdroavіatsіya, and the efficiency of the agents became vikoristovuvati. All the same, the presence of the base in the western-western part of the sea did not allow for a further blockade of the Turkish forces. From the ear of the day to the end of the birch 1915, the Russian escadra made 9 trips to the enemy shores; Dozens of steam-powered ships and sailing ships with Vyiskovy vantazhs were sunk. The Russian submarine chaplains started patrolling the Bosphorus area. Buv estates Batumi zagin esmіntsіv - 5th division ("Zavidny", "Zvitny", "Dzvinky" and "Sharp"). 28 birch Chornomorska squadron fired for the first time and launched a bomb attack (air transport "Mikola I" with 5 guides) along the bosphorus fortifications. There were also bullets fired at the port in the districts of Kozlu, Eregli, Zunguldak.

Odessa operation plan and its failure

Admiral V. Sushon is quick to say that "Goeben" will be built in the big world of innovations and there will be a blow to Odessa. Why did they choose Odessa? Itself in Odessa, a Russian landing was sent, for the drowning of the Bosphorus, for that they depleted the transport, Sushon saw the Russian command in his thoughts and immediately showed that the Turkish fleet was alive and large. The Ottoman Empire at a time could conceive of strikes through attacks from 3 straight lines: from the 18th fierce Anglo-French fleet attacking the Dardanelli, the Dardanelles operation was felt; The Russian fleet bombarded the Bosphorus and got a landing army in Odessa, and the Russian fleet's occupation of Constantinople-Istanbul is a nightmare of the Turks in the last ten years. I in the end of 1914 rock on the cob 1915 rock, the Russian vіyska celebrate the 3rd Turkish army on the way to Sarikamish, go to Anatolia. And here є the possibility of putting the threat right in one place. The plan of the operation will reach the end of the simple: "Goeben" and "Breslau" will close the force to the side of Sevastopol, the cruiser "Medzhid" and "Gamid" with 4 dispatches in a whole hour to bombard Odessa, the zealous airborne transport. The plan of the Turks has been successful. However, on the right, there are Russian ministries of the country. The Russian empire at that hour was the leader of the world in the area of ​​ministry. The Turks і nіmtsі clearly underestimated minna not safe. For the stench і paid.

The captain of the cruiser "Medzhidin" - Byuksel became the commander of the operation. 1st quarter Turkish zagin viyshov from the Bosphorus, in the middle of the 3rd boulevard in the district of Odessa. Beginning at night from the course of the route to the coast for about 15 miles on the way to the point. Büksel changed the course and destroyed it to the west, to Odessa. Win planuvav for some time fired from the night, then take advantage of the weekend and the early stage of progression of artillery bombardment. I went ahead with trawls, for a joke min. Behind them, exactly in the cruiser line. Raptovo at 6.40 am “Medzhidin” drifted, vibrated on the left side, the cruiser became quickly sinking with a roll on the left side. I didn’t sink, but there was a small depth of bullet. The Turks vicked to shut up the garmat, they humiliated the race, the eksipazh knew the esmіntsі. About 7.20 one of the torpedoes of the cruiser, with a second flood. Turkish zagіn retreating. The Russian fleet flew from Sevastopol and attacked on a famous cruiser, because they did not take the battle. It’s a tsikavo gateway to the future for an additional guide.

On the 8th worm in 1915, the rock "Medzhidin" was given away, in Odessa they carried out a cob repair, then in Mykolaiv a capital, redeployment and through the river in the worm in 1916 went up to the warehouse of the Chornomorsk fleet, yak "Prut". At the warehouse fleet they took part in decilkoh operations, in 1918 they were flooded by the nimts, handing over to the Turks, and there they were in charge of Russian repairs, having transferred to the services of the Turkish fleet right up to 1947.

The plan of the Bosphorus operation

Pislya Krimskiy Vіyny (1853-1856) in the Russian Empire planned development options for the Ottoman Empire. Pislya Russian-Turkish war 1877-1877 rr. it became clear enough that only land forces could be able to achieve it only at the cost of great expenses, resource costs and in an hour. busy great vidstan across the Danube and the Caucasus to Istanbul, before being captured by strong fortets.

To that, with the help of the Chornomorsk fleet, the idea of ​​the Bosphorus operation was announced. With one blow, you can decapitate the old enemy with one blow and turn into the Russian world - turn into the bosom of the Orthodox world, the ancient Tsargorod-Constantinople. For the good plan, a tighter armored fleet was required, an order of magnitude stronger than the Turkish military-naval forces. The fleet was built from 1883 to the mortgage of battleships of the type "Empress Katerina Velika", all motivated by 4 ships ("Chesma", "Sinop", "Georgy the Victim"), and two of them took part in the Persha Svitov vіynu - "Sinop" George the Victim ". In addition, the ministry fleet and the Volunteer Fleet (for transporting the landing party) were intensively developed. At the time of the destruction of the links, a complete bias was made for the liquidation of the Turkish fleet. The stench will be for the vikonannya two zavdan: 1) escadreniy bey; і 2) the destruction of coastal reinforcements, the strangulation of enemy batteries.

Alec in the Russian-Japanese vein, the planes moved to the side. The first plan was the creation of a renewed fleet. Already before the appearance of "Gebena" from "Breslau" at Turechchina, theoretically the Chornomorsky Fleet has a successful operation, there will be enough forces.

In addition, as the allies welcomed the Dardanelles operation, the Russian fleet systematically carried out demonstrative activities against the Bosphorus. The English Jacob sought success in the Dardanelles, the Chornomorsky fleet is guilty of taking over the Bosphorus. Russian vіyska pulled together to Odessa, was carried out demonstratively entangled in transport. With an ebullient activity, the visibility was growing from the preparation of a large-scale landing operation. If I would like to bring success before the introduction of new links into the production of new links. That Nimetsky offensive of 1915 did not allow the vision of great power for the operation.

The real possibility appeared only in 1916: the Caucasian Front provoked the success of the Erzerum operation, the Pivdenno-Western Front successfully smashed the Austro-Ugricians, and the great success of the Anglo-French The Russian team has a reserve for the operation. The boules were introduced into 2 new linkors, a cycle of neutralizations "Goeben". The operation was planned to start in 1917, but Aleksey Lyutneva threw the empire into the timelessness of powerlessness and Gromadyanskoy revolution. The multitude of Russian words and phrases did not become geopolitical reality - Tsargorod did not become the third capital of the Russian Empire.

Z 28 birch to 10 grass Russian fleet 4 times bombarded the Bosphorus. At the same time, 2 linchors were fired along the coastal reinforcements, 3 were pinned from the sea. On the 10th grass "Goeben" attacked to be found in the closet ships ("Evstafiy", "Ioann Chrysostom" i "Rostislav"). Zhodna from sides did not achieve success, if the 4th Russian battleship Panteleimon entered the battle and immediately knocked out three hits with 305-mm shells, the Goeben didn’t get much shit, ale rozumiyuchi, and beat the enemy. The perestroika itself was a total of 23 hilini.

On the 3rd spring, Bulgaria entered the battleship of Nimechchini. In the spring of 1915, if 2 new Dreadnought type liners went to the Chornomorsk Fleet's warehouse, 3 brigades of ships bulged out, and the Goeben was turned over for the pull. 1st in the warehouse: the dreadnought "Empress Maria" and the cruiser "Cahul". 2nd in the warehouse: the dreadnought "Empress Katerina Velika" and the cruiser "Memory of Mercury". 3 in warehouses: battleships "Evstafiy", "Ioann Zlatoust" and "Panteleimon". Line ships "Three Saints" and "Rostislav" laid down a ready-made reserve. Organizational dreadnoughts "Imperatricia Marya", "Imperatritsa Kateryna Velika" the fleet.

In the whole of the first hour, the Russian fleet has cut off the port, and has constantly fired at the enemy of the Uzbeks. With the appearance of new submarine chambers in the fleet, including a small submarine of the "Crab" type, it became possible to migrate the community of the enemy for their help. On the ear of the water chapel, the Vikoristov adopted a positional method - they took a position and charmed, checkered ship. From the summer of 1915 to the rock, the cruising method was victorious, the number of patrolling in the singing area was one by one. A novelty of the Russian fleet was the interconnection of submarine chambers and escort miners. The whole method has proven itself, having improved the effectiveness of the blockade of the Bosphorus and the vugil districts of Turechchina. The development was rapidly developing and the Russian sea traders were among the leading leaders in the region.

1916 rik

In 1915, the Chornomorsky Fleet changed its port and practically increased its control over the sea. The bully formed three brigades of linkers, they actively worked with the miniscule force, built up the battle to see if the force and the sea were made. Bull open for the Bosphorus operation.

In 1916, Rumunia entered the war on the Antanti boats, Aleksey K. ive took advantage of the bullets of unacceptable "surprises": 14 (27) on the side of the Balkan Uzbek and the Danube. The flood threat to the fleet has been helped, the number of sub-water forces in the Black Sea increased up to 10 sub-water chapters. The Chornomorskiy fleet didn’t stand in opposition to the seizure, who was on the outskirts of Sevastopol.

In 1916, the rotsi fleet was once vikonuvav kіlka important staff:
1) prodovzhuvav blockuvati Bosforsku channel;
2) regularly p_dtrimuvav the right flank of the advancing Caucasian front;
3.)
4) prodovzhuvav porushuvati marine community of the Voroga;
5) seize your bases and communes from the enemy's submarine forces, your cruising battles.

With the head Lanka, the blockade of the channel was set in. Vikoristovuchi minniy dosvid of the Baltic Fleet, the decision was taken to close the Bosphorus by mines. From 30 lime trees, 10 sickles each, a mini-fence operation was carried out, 4 zagorodzhennya was installed, all close to 900 min. Until the end of the day, more than 8 installations were broken down, with the staff of the main power supply and blocking the coastal waters - for the transfer of small ships and submarines. In total, 14 small lantsyugs (about 2200 min) were delivered in the course of the bulo. For the protection of minesweepers from minesweepers, the patrol units were sent from the troops and from the bottom of the sea. On the minor fields, the enemy has thrown in a number of battle ships, sub-water chambers, 10 transport steam and air vessels. The minna blockade destroyed Turkish shipbuilding, the capital of the Ottomans began to acquire hard times in the supply of food, fire. If I’m going to blockade the Bosphorus, I’ll still be there.

A large-scale character was born of the actions of the Caucasian Front, but it became permanent and played an important role in the offensive operations, Naprylad Trapezudskaya. The fleet took over the land with artillery, visuvav in the airborne assault forces, sabotage corral, lashing out to the mighty strike from the sea, successfully delivering supplies and receiving supplies. Transportation of special transport flotilla (in 1916 - 90 ships).

So in the ear of 1916, the fate of the Batumi zagin esmіntsіv, the 2nd gunboat (("Donetsk", Kubanets "), the 2nd esmіntsami (" Suvoriy "and" Stromkiy "). Rostislav "and escadreni of the ministry" Lieutenant Pushchin "," Zhiviy ".

Aviation of the Chornomorsk Fleet

The Russian empire was one of the three leaders of the theory of storing litas at sea and the future of guides. As early as 1910, he wrote about the importance of storing people in the sea right and on the day of life in writing about the importance of the Russian viprobuvach LM Matzievich. U 1911-1912 rr. yogo pіdtrimav winakhіdnik D. P. Grigorovich. Robotics on hydraulic travel in Russia kept up with the leading leaders in the field of summer tourism: the first French guide by A. Faber in 1910; American literary G. Kertis; і Russian "Gakkel-V" in 1911 rotsі.

Pislya litak Y.M. Gakkel, in 1912 p. І. Sikorsky. However, the Ministry of the Sea did not accept the good beginnings of the Russian wines in 1911-1913 rr. I bought guides of American and French brands.

Since 1913, fate has flared up in a wider life of the life of the city. The leading role in this right belonged to Russian designers, not powers. Smells were able to quickly complete the projects of sea lithuanians, but they turned over the earthly and unobtrusively turned them into the Russian sea aviation. Tsi devotees - tse Grigorovich, Villish, Engels, Sidelnikiv, Fridu, Shishmarev, as well as the design bureau of the Russian-Baltic Carriage Works and Aviation Viprobuval Station. Up to 15% of the letters in Russia are of water significance, this is not the case anywhere in the world.

On the cob of wines on the Black Sea, there are 8 guides, in the base of the type "Kertis". The head of the Service will call the fleet, senior lieutenant Stakhovsky. Litaki based at the station of the 1st rank in Sevastopol (Kilen-Bukhta), the station of the 1st rank will be in Ovidiopoli, Ak-mosque; stations of the 2nd category - Zolokarakh and klerovkoy. Until the end of the boule, there is the 3rd, and then the 24th observation post, from the Danube to Batumi. Tse made it possible to quickly throw letters across the entire Russian Uzbek coast of the Black Sea. In the end of 1914, the Angars from Ovidiopol and Ak-mosques began to transfer to the Round Bay in Sevastopol, and in 1915 they opened the station to the Aviation Station.

From the serpent to the end of 1914 rocky (until the ear of the Ottoman Empire), they completed the production of aviachastin, found a special warehouse, virobiti deyaki tactful priyomi. It has become zealous, so it is possible to vikoristovuvati for the detection of sea mines and submarines of the enemy.

With the ear of war in the Chornomorsk Fleet, two steamboats of the boule were awakened in the letters of the "mother": "Emperor Mikola I" and "Oleksandr I"; Then we come to them by a cruiser "Rumuniya". The stench could carry 6-8 years. In addition, 1-n hydroplane was removed to the cruiser "Almaz".

The first report of the sea aviaciya was announced on the 24th birch 1915 to the fate: the Russian escadra went as far as Rumeliya (Turechchini district in Europe), in the warehouse of the escadri bouv "Mykola I" with 4 litas. They planned to vikoristovuvati їkh for a turn-up development, and then they were victoristovuvati for a bombing strike on the coastal ob'ykty. The first news of the Russian Sea Aviation at the Vorozhye shores. On March 27, 1915, a squadron with the participation of 2 air transport vehicles (cruiser Almaz, Mykola), the Lithuanians carried out the exploration of the channel and set up, as well as the great ships, dropped 3 bombs on the banks of the building and the mini-carrier.

Until April 1915, the aviazagin viral planes were up to 18 years old, in the quarter there were 5 flights of the FBA, from the old days of Kertis, they began to replace the M-5 airplanes of the designer D.P. Grigorovich.

3 grassroots Russian guides made the 1st raid on the capital of the Ottomans - Istanbul. These actions have shown that the accident of initiation has shown a great role not only for the development, but for the attacking actions. Until the end of the day, the combat training, the interaction between the ships and the ships. In 1915, the Russian squadron went to the shores of Bulgaria, the bombardment of Varna, Evksinograd, on the 25th of the trip, there was an accident.

Stan on 1 September 1916 in the Chornomorsk aviazagony bulo: 30 officers, 371 staff, 30 years, 2 air transport and the cruiser "Almaz". In the beginning, there is still one air transport "Rumunia". Chornomorskiy zagіn evolved from 1 і 2-nd ship corrals (on "Mikola" and "Oleksandr" - 13 lots), state-run warnings to the Caucasian front (8 lots), the main battle ground in the Round bays (5), ...

On the 8th-15th day of the bully, the event took place, and the results of the aerophotography, development, bombing took place. On the 24th, the Russian escadra went to Zunguldak. Zunguldakskiy Vugilniy Rn Buv another for the importance of the region into the Russian fleet (sent to the Bosphorus). Through the lack of blame, the vugilla was transported to the main sea. Only ships inflicted a blow on the new one, the traders rejected the launch of the bombing of the steamboat, other row targets bully the port, the power station, the zaliznytsia. If the beneficiaries were impressed by the strong coldness and the winter fire, the stench could throw off 18 great and 20 small bombs, fired or drowned a 7000-ton steamboat and a few ships, ran the mines of the mine vuzla.

A similar operation was carried out on the 25th sickle against the Austro-German forces at Varna, once the enemy had destroyed a strong opir, at the sight of the squadron, they attacked the warriors, so they threw off a few dozen bombs.

More than one of the staff for the airborne aviation was assisted in the great amphibious operations. In 1916, in April 1916, the offense to air transport took part in the superconducting transport fleet of 27 ships from Novorossiysk and Mariupol in the Riza district. Lіtaki lashed out the visadzhuvati in vіyska from the morning and zdіysnuvali anti-submarine zajist. Through the month "Oleksandr" took part in the visadtsi landing at Trebizond. On the ear of the chest 1916 rock in the warehouse of the aviazagon bulo 45 guides M-5 (distributor, spotter of art fire), 45-th M-9 (important guide for inflicting bomb strikes on coastal targets and ships) (10-th M-11 first in the light (!) gidrolitak-vinischuvach) all the Russian virobnitstva, designer D.P. Grigorovich.

The order for the fleet has established a marine aviation service:
1) an attack of enemy ships, their bases and coastal reinforcements;
2) fight w turn your strength enemy;
3) protichovnova struggle;
4) caution and failure of the development;
5) protection of the fleet in the sea from the enemy's aviation and the first submarine troops;
6) corriguvannya artillery in the fire of ships.

Until the ear of 1917, the sea aviation had grown to 110 years, and 8 land-based vinischuvachi ("Nyuport") were needed. The mace was formed by the Black Sea division - the 1st brigade included 4 ship corrals (at least 6), the 2nd brigade included 13 corrals of the land base. In the birch tree of 1917, a grandiose operation on the flooded Bosphorus was held, since the blame for the blame, there were 150 guides, ale the bend of the empire, revived the thoughts of the operation. Pislya Lutnevoi revolution "Oleksandr" was renamed into "republics", and "Mikola" into "Aviator". 24-27 May "Aviator" has arrived at the last flight to the aerophotozom and bombardment of Sinop. The real activity of the sea aviation of the Chornomorsk fleet ended in a ring with the ear of the Gromadyanskoy vіyna, the traders bully razkidanі a share along the edges of the front.

The tenement of the bend of the line ship "Empress Mary"

The Russian-Japanese war saw a number of significant shortcomings in the Russian fleet, the battleship was out of date. England will be a new liner "Dreadnought", ale Russian winemakers do not compromise on the best light boxes. Russian shipbuilders drove the line ships ("dreadnoughts") behind the idea of ​​I.G. Bubnova and A.N. Krilova, as for the bagatma characteristics, turned the English prototype. In 1909, the ships "Sevastopol", "Gangut", "Poltava" and "Petropavlovsk" were laid down at the Baltic shipyards.

line ship Imperatritsa Marya

Linear distribution of 12 305-mm harnesses, in three-gun mountings, allowed shooting from both sides at once by all the men. Vaga salvo of one of the first English liners of a new type "Vengard" buv 3003 kg, on "Sevastopol" win dossyag 5650 kg. For one slime, the Russian lincor shot up to 11.5 tons of metal and vibukhovy rhymes. The main armor belt with a thickness of 225 mm. For the Chornomorsk Fleet in the Mykolaiv shipyard in 1915-1917 rr., Behind the project "Imperator", the bully prompted the linkori "Imperator Maria", "Emperor Oleksandr III" and "Katerina II". The 4th dreadnought "Emperor Mikola I" was buried in 1915, but through the revolutionary pod_y not buried.

25 chervnya 1915 to the fate of the line ship "Empress Maria" leaving the Mykolaiv port and before guarding the escadri, heading for Sevastopol. Whole day has become sacred for ships and for the entire Chornomorsk fleet. 13-15 October 1915 to the rock of the linkor having added the 2nd brigade of lincor in the district of Zunguldak. 2-4, 6-8 leaf fall 1915 pryvav from the sea the 2nd brigade during the shelling of Varni and Evksinograd. From 5 fierce to 18 april from the Trebizond Opera. In the course of the victories, it became clear that the "Empress Mary" type of linkoris were right to lay their hopes on them. For the first rіk of service, the ship survived 24 combat campaigns, sinking most of the Turkish ships.

In 1916, the fate of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief (Emperor Mikoli) of the Russian Army, the Chornomorsk Fleet, was chased by Vice-Admiral Oleksandr Kolchak. The Admiral defeated the "Empress Mary" as the flagship of the fleet and systematically went to sea. Having laid down a glorious initiative, in 1916, the lincor buv was delivered to the Sevastopol raid for preventive repairs. The first autumn became fatal for the "Empress Mary". Ranok 7 (20) October 1916 did not feel bidi, having begun an awesome day. Above the Pivnichnaya Bay, a bully was given a wake-up call to ship sailors. On the link, everything went according to the singular order. Raptovo at 6.20 am on the outskirts of the struma with a strained vibuch, while the triviality is close to the year, 15 vibuchs. Perelyakanі Sevastopoltsі vibrated on the embankment and became eyewitnesses of a terrible picture. Standing on the roadstead in the native bay, ending the "Imperatricia Marya" liner. The ship healed on the starboard side, having thrown over and drowned. The wounded were put right on the birch trees and immediately gave the first medical aid. Above the place there was a black dim. Until the evening, there were disasters: 225 sailors were lost, 85 were seriously injured, having lost the hired ship of the Chornomorsk fleet.

The tragedy struck the entire Russian empire. The committee of the Marine Ministry took care of the reasons for the ship's collapse, yaku having cleansed the boy's officer (participant in the defense of Port Arthur), a member of the Admiralty for the sake of Admiral N.M. Yakovlev. Becoming a member of the committee and becoming a shipwright, one of the authors in the project of the Chornomorsk liners, associate of Admiral S.O. Makarov, academician A.N.

Bully hangs three main versions of the linkor bend:
1. self-locking gunpowder;
2. lack of balance in the presence of fire or gunpowder;
3. the evil touched.
The comic went to a different version (negligence), so K. Gunpowder buv, on the thought of all the artillerymen of the lincor. If you are embarrassed by an evil intent, then having established a breach in the rules for access to artillery liaisons and marriage, control over such bullets on robotic ships. For example: the head of the ship's defense, Prince Rus_v, having ordered those that the hatch into the powdery lioh vzagalі didn’t hesitate and didn’t guard. The comic was broadcasting the whole version of the maloimov. The student’s bag didn’t know enough facts for approval.

The Sevastopol Gendarmes Command was also involved in investigating the reasons for the vibrations and was launched from the initiative of sailors in the end of 1915 by the counter-intelligence of the Headquarters of the Chornomorsk Fleet. Ale and the stench could not go to the reason for the bend of the flagship. The revolution has been left behind.

Nimetsky slid: already in the Radiansky period, it became clear that Nimechchina respectfully spared for all the changes in the Russian fleet, including the new dreadnoughts. First, in Nimechchin there is a reason, as the operation "Tsargorod" (Bosforska operation) is not safe, the delineation is guilty of bully viconuvati is an even more important role. In 1933, in the course of investigating sabotage at the Mykolaiv shipyard, the Stalinist chekists buto vikrito nimetskoy development on the choli with V.E. Verman. By the method of organizing the bulo - seeing the shipboarding programs of the shipbuilding and merchant fleet of the SRSR. In the course of the investigation of the richly cited facts, which the roots of the pre-Revolutionary period are used to. Verman himself became a sales manager with experience (he was a senior electrical engineer), having retired his work in 1908, since a large-scale program of updating the Russian fleet was considered. Merezha hunted all the great places of the Prychornomor, especially for Odessa, Mikolaev, Sevastopol, Novorosisk. At the end of the day, Verman saw that he was able to launch a planuval sabotage on the lincor, and in a group of saboteurs Helmut von Shtitgoff. Winning our hearts and minds, we are honoring the Fakhivs in the area of ​​manning and driving of ships. In 1916, Helmut Von Shtitgoff became an electrician at the Mykolaiv shipyard. Planning pidirvati lincor right at the shipyard. However, Shtіtgoff started operating and led to Nіmechchina. Ale group Verman prodovzhuvala independently and did not burn out its activity, she had the opportunity to access the link. After a short time, try to drive the helmut von Stithoff's ship "Empress Mary", the command was thrown on the offensive. At the end of the period of the year, it was enlisted in the English development (хтос Hevіland).

Helmut von Stitgoff

In 1942, the deserving saboteur of Nimechchini Helmut von Shtitgoff was responsible for the construction of the police (Gestapo). Slide, before the opening of the bend of the lincor "Imperatricia Marya" buv eras.

1945 rіk - Kenigsberg, in a zuynovanny booth by the Radiansk soldiers of the Buv Znaydeniy Nimetsk Archiv. An album appeared there, like a beaver of a series of signs of the lincor "Empress Mary", one of the signs of images is the moment of vibuch. To be built, not long ago, knowing the hour and the month of sabotage and all the time.

English slid: in the middle of the night before the turn of the war, the commander Voronov will be charged with the head of the headquarters. Yogo with the ties of the boule: look around and see the temperature of the artillery liohu. Tsyo ranku captain of the 2nd rank Gorodisskiy also nіs boyove charguvannya on the ship. On the occasion of the meeting, Gorodissky gave the order to his Voronov to adjust the temperature in the head of the head. Voronov, having gone down to the lodge and more than that, is not backing. And in a dozen hour he sank the first vibuch. Tilo Voronov so and not known the middle of them died. At the comic bully, take a look at the yogo rakhunok, but they didn’t prove it, and they recorded it in anger.

Recently, a new vidomosty appeared: the English writer Robert Merida, who has long been engaged in the tamnichy bend of the lincor, breaking the problem. І z ny diznaєmosya duzhe tsіkavі (і ganebnі for the "ally" of the Russian empire) vіdomostі. Lieutenant of the British Marine Intelligence Service in Russia from 1914 to 1916, after a long time he left Russia and arrived in England as a colonel. After the end of the visit to the delivery, and from the country. A dozen hour later, having appeared in Canada, having bought a t-shirt, and after that, he is alive to the haunted lives of a rich gentleman. І in 1929, having gone behind the wondrous surroundings: in a hotel, after spending the night, having spent the night, having spent the night, everyone hid (including a woman with a little child and a paralyzed old one in an ancient cruiser), but a combat officer was not a warrior.

Ask for food - to whom, having seized the colonel at the very periphery of the light processes, he was overwhelmed by the deputies. The last photo of the archives led to those who were not supported by the children - the chief colonel of the English development John Heviland and the commander of the lincor "The Empress Mary" Voronov is the same and the same person. That Samy Voronov, who is the zealot of the 7th October 1916 to the rock at the moment of the vibukhu of the lincor "The Empress Mary". Tsikavo also those who, nezaduly before death, were swung by the workers of the Russian Immigrant and in the middle of them, the coli-nal electrician of the "Imperatritsya Marya" linkor Ivan Nazarin. Maybe the stench also got on the slid and I want to avenge myself for my ship !?

Pidyb'єmo pidsbag, in any evil, the motive and the power are important. The good design has a motive and a power. The knowing lincor, the stinks helped their allies (the Ottoman Empire), saw the lines of the Bosphorus operation, inflicted an important psychological blow on their main opponents. That possibility was: it’s a great pity in the Russian Empire the Security Service hasn’t been blamed, if it’s an agent of a nemetsky intelligence network (and not one), if it’s right there, I’ll get a car. Be aware of the realities of the Radiansk - Russian factories to confirm: it is possible to blame, or to bring it in.

The British Empire was an ally of Russia in this period, albeit in the course of history, but in one of the first, the development and sabotage service, that Britain was needed for the old Russian Empire. Lincor motive? The English elite from zhakhiv thought about that day, if "Oleg's shield" would be nailed to the gate of Tsargorod. Tse buv bi day of avariety of victories and intrigues of england against Russia. The ducts are not to blame for the Russian people for any price. Possibilities of the English development in Russia are not worse than those of the Nimets, before that England often robbed its right with someone else's hands. It is possible to linkor to the knowledge of the forces of the nimetskoy intelligence network, albeit with the critical English. That prikrittya garne, hto vinen (?) - nіmtsі!

About the exhibition of admiral A.A.Eberhard (linden 1916r.)

In 1916, Admiral A. A Eberhard was replaced by Admiral A. Kolchak. The reasons for this development were not the failure and pardon of Eberhard, but sooner than Danin to the court stakes of that community council.

Oleksandr Vasilovich Kolchak

A. A. Eberhard did not hear the thought of the greats of the world, those who were in the interests of the Chornomorsk Fleet, and the emperor Mykola was convinced to compromise. Eberhard pishov in a scratch for the sake of the State, and replacing the young admiral, who continued to work the same, as well as robbing the fleet to the new one.

Respected the history of the very cob of destruction, since the famous cruisers went into the channels (10 sickle, 1914), the Ottoman Empire was a neutral land, and the right to pass battle ships through the channels is not small. A. A. Eberhard took the decision with the whole fleet to Istanbul and went to the Seredzemne sea, de they were checked by the English escadra. At times I saw them attacked right on the roadstead, there was a lot of change in the shipment. The whole plan will be Russian in spirit, in the abiding traditions of F.F.Ushakov and P.S. Nakhimov. Ale uryad was categorically fenced off by the tserobiti, there they were still more suited to those who did not enter Turechchina.

If the Nimetsko-Turkish fleet of the Viyshs in the sea, obviously not for a walk, Eberhard was streamed with orders not to "provoke" the enemy. Grand Duke Mikola Mykolajovych), about the headstrong - "defense of their shores" and immediately led by a march to the enemy shores. Admiral Rozumiv, how to defend your coast, you can deprive the ships of the enemy from the Black Sea. Spinning defense - tse attack. In Stavtsi tse not all the thoughts and on the right went to direct the image of the "great" prince of the admiral. Ale admiral mabut rozumiv, there is only one Batkivshchyna, but he is bad enough and has prodded his business. 18 leaf fall 1914 Nimetsian admiral Sushon tried to cross Eberhard, who turned around to shell Trebizond. "Perehopiv", ale otrimav "on the nose." Silent Pir Sushon no longer shouted at the battle with the Russian escadroys, but intercepted tactics according to the pirates' principle - "Strike and go". Unsaturated "Goeben" went to the Russian mini near the Bosphorus and to a little bit of miscellaneous viyshov.

At the earliest in 1915, the fleet started coming up with a new type of "Novik" type. This gave the opportunity to proceed before the last strikes on the Uzbek coast of Turechchini, destroying the transport of the enemy, ruinuchi yogo ship navigation

"Goeben" was trying to repair new embankments on Russian Uzbek. Tsі vilazki brought the smallest whitewash, and even more dragged the St. Petersburg light. Until then, 1915 rіk was even more important for Russia, the cob patriotic child of the zyyshov, piled up hard. Have a chat about the "joy of the nimtsya-admiral", I want you to come from the Swedish promenade. Komanduvannya vimagalo to seize its shores, Eberhard and prodvzhuvav znischuvati sea forces of the enemy.

Another battle of the Russian linkers from the "Goeben" near the Bosphorus (1915 travine) could be fought against A. A. Eberhard. The Nimetsko-Turkish fleet did not change its position in 1916 by deciding on the landing of the landing party. The Chornomorsky fleet was in charge of controlling the sea, yak yak in the old days (under the first Rurikovich) became Ruska. Ale Petrograd is not enough, chu chuv about malikh peremogs of the Chornomorsk fleet, like maliks tseglinka cooked spilnu Peremog. Trivialized the admiral's lack of talent and lack of talent; Moreover, the Germans are the Lords of God at sea, they were sponsored by a part of the newspapers.

In 1916, in 1916, the Russian linkori bombarded Varna, from the sea, “The Empress Mary” was attached to the sea. The English admiral Fillimora, who was present at the Panteleimon, called the Russian linen fleet, when he was on the march: "We will be the best in the battle." Tsei disappeared because of the strength of the Nimetsian submarine forces, and on 4 April 1916 "Geben" fired in Tuapse.

Tse became a last ditch, A. A. Eberhard was replaced by A. Kolchak. Ale, scho tsikavo, win the same, and A. A. Eberhard: continuing the passage of the passage to the Bosphorus (once again “Goeben”, 6 nice sub-water chavnivs), block the Turkish power; Russian missions and underwater chapels tormented the Turkish Uzbeks with their cruising operations. One of the reasons for Kolchak’s recognition was that he was in charge of the airborne operations and the ministry’s help.

From the end of 1916, there was a systematic preparation for the "operation Tsargorod": there was a train of landing and landing for the landing force, continuous development of the route to the Bosphorus, retreating to the Uzbeks, aerial photographic reconnaissance was carried out. Kolchak has all the chances to escape into the history of the empire of the heroes of the Russian banner over the ancient capital of the Christian world.

literature

• D. Yu. Kozlov "Divna Vіyna" in the Black Sea (serpen-zhovten 1914 rock)... - M .: Quadriga, 2009 .-- 223 p. - ISBN 978-5-904162-07-8
• Zolotarov V.L., Kozlov I.A. The Russian military fleet on the Black Sea and in the Skhidny Seredzemnomor.... - M .: Nauka, 1988 .-- 208 p.

Nimetska sub-water choven UB 148 in the sea.

Internal view of the English underwater chapel, in the stage of life. Newcastle, UK.

Evacuation of the allies to the landing from the Gallipolis Piostrov before the hour of the Dardanelles operation.

The allies bring their own powerful ship, which is responsible for the passage of the ships. The Dardanelli channel.

The British aircraft carrier "HMS Argus" has been built on the basis of a cruise liner and built to be transported up to 18 years. The ship was loaded into a "loose camouflage" which made it difficult for the enemy to make the enemy quicker and more secure, and also went to the ship.

American seafarers and sailors on one of their ships (more for all "Pencilvania" or "Arizona"). 1918 rik.

Zneshkojennya mini on one of the islands of the Helgoland archipelago in the Pivnichny More. 29 October 1918 rock.

The US Navy's submarine ship "USS Fulton" departed from the shipyard in Charleston, Pivdenna Carolina, USA. 1 leaf fall 1918 rock.

American sailors clean the deck of the ship in the ice.

Vіyskovі ships with vantages bіlya skel Andromeda, near Jaffa.

Vivantage of 155mm harness on the Gallepolis, before the hour of the Dardanelles operation.

The sailors of the French cruiser "Admiral Aube" posed to the photographers on the deck mounted on the deck of the covadle.

Nimetsky lincor SMS Kaiser at the parade of Kaiser Wilhelm II in Kili, Nimechchin.

The British submarine "HMS A5" is one of the first A-class submarines, which were listed in the British Navy and were designated for the defense of water bodies.

Vigotovlennya shipbuilding banner of the great caliber. Washington DC. USA.

Kishka, talisman of the ship HMS Queen Elizabeth, walked to the deck of a 15-inch sander, in 1915.

US Navy transport ship Pocahontes. Reprocessing from the Nimetsk passenger ship Prinzess Irene, which at the time of the ear of the day was known to have been in New York. 1918 rik.

Vіdplittya ekіpazhu on boats from torpedoes of a nіmetsky submarine.

Guided tour "Burgess" at the services of the US Marine and Marine Police in New York. 1918 rik.

Nice underwater chapels in the harbor.

Linkor of the US Navy "USS New Jersey". 1918 rik.

Torpedo launch by a British ship. 1917 rik.

The British SS Maplewood is attacked by the Nimetsian submarine SM U-35 on the shores of Sardinia. April 7, 1917 rock.

Australians are planning to turn from soldiers to Outer Harbor, Pivdenna Australia.

Nimetsky cruiser SMS Emden, on the mill, on the Cocos Island in 1914 rots. The whole cruiser and the famous squadron of the Central Asia, attacked and sank the Russian cruiser and the French cruiser Penang, Malaysia, in 1914. Then I’ll reject the order for the British radio station on Coconut Island in the Indian Ocean. Reaching out to the raid, attacking the Australian cruiser HMAS Sidney. Winning Emden, and taking that system to the milene.

Nimetsky Pidvodny Choven, which was based on the ancient Uzbek English, by means of capitulation.

Nimetskiy pivodniy choven "U-10" on the mainland.

The German ship Schleswig-Holstein wins the battle for Jutland, May 31, 1916, in the Pivnichny Sea.

"Life in the Fleet", fencing on board the Japanese lincor.

French transport ship "Levifan", large Nimetsky passenger liner "Vaterland".

The motor driver of the American submarine chapel.

On the roadstead in Zeebrugge, Belgium, 23 April 1918. The Royal Navy began blocking the Belgian port of Bruges-Zeebrugge, having sunk the old ships at the entrance to the canal, but the court was not able to leave it. In this rank, two ships were successfully sunk in the canals, together with 583 sailors. It is a pity that the out-of-town ships were sunk in the wrong place and the canal was not forgotten. The photograph was destroyed in 1918 rock.

The hydroplane overflowed over the allied military ships, 1915 rik.

Russian battleship Tsarevich, ship of the Imperial Russian Airborne Naval Fleet, mooring, approx. 1915 rock.

The British squadron under the command of Adm. John Jelliko on his way to the battle of the ships of the Nimetsky Imperial Navy Fleet, in the Battle of Jutland in the Pivnichny Sea, May 31, 1916 rock.

The trip of the HMS Audacious ship was seated in the rearing boats of the RMS Olympic ship; Audacious is a British lincore, which boos of sinking by the name of the Ukrainian coast of Donegal County, Ireland.

In the course of the battles and floods of the famous cruiser SMS Konigsberg, during the battle in the delta of the river Rufija (Nini Tanzania). Rufidzhi is a small river with 100-km long boats, which flows into the Indian Ocean approximately 200 km per day from Dar-es-Salaam.

The transport ship Sardinia in camouflage camouflage, on the pier, before the First Holy Day.

The Russian flagship Tsesarevich passed the HMS Victory, approx. 1915 rock.

The Nimetsky submarine is built in full of the US Navy.

Sinking nymetsky cruiser SMS Bluecher, in the battle of the Dogger Banks, in the Pivnichniy Sea, between the famous and British ships, 24 September 1915. Bluecher sank, having lost a thousand sailors. A photo of the bullet was broken from the deck of the British cruiser Arethusia.

The Chornomorsky fleet was not destroyed by the Russian-Japanese war. Win mav in his own ordered 8 escorted battleships, 2 cruisers and 4 mini cruisers.

The revival of the Vyskovo-naval forces left Russia with one of the first problems. Before the news of the news of the news of the shipwreckers A.N. Krilov, M.M. Kuteinikov, I. G. Bubnov and іnshi. For the consumption of the fleet of strife in the middle of the population, there is a voluntary collection of kostyv. Adopted by the "Committee for the Fleet's Support for Voluntary Donations". For five years, the Committee won a solid sum - 17 million rubles. In the middle of the day, there were 20 escorted mini-carriers of the type "General Kondratenko" and "Ukraine". The stench and became the ear of the new fleet. In 1913, in the development of the class of vіdbulasya minonosіv sіdbulasya podіya. 4th spring in St. Petersburg Putilovsky shipyard has built the head escalator of the ship "Novik" to the fleet, which has earned the glory of the All-Russian shipbuilding ship. By stretching the decilkokh rock "Novik" by the ship itself in the light (37.5 knots).

The "Novika" project has gone up to the technical minds, broken up by the Marine Technical Committee under the supervision of O.M. Krilova, I. G. Bubnova, and G.F. Schlesinger.

Behind the head there is a buoy of buoyancy of gray ships with deyakim elements of the most sophisticated. Oh, there were three backwaters in Petersburg, and also backwaters in Revel, Riz and Mikolaevi. Before the ear of the first light warriors on all fleets of Russia there were 75 examples of young types and reached 11. In addition, the fleet of the Mali 45 mini-carriers in a large amount of early equipment. Overall for 1913-1917 rr. 17 ships entered the warehouse of the Baltic Fleet, and 14 ships of the "Novik" type entered the Chornomorsk Fleet.

Dosvіd vіyny z Japanіya showing the important role of cruisers in escadrenal battles. There was a need for all-round improvement of the flexibility and maneuverability, as well as the improvement of artillery protection. The foreign fleets have a subclass of line cruisers. Before Russia began to live in 1913-1915 years, if the cruisers "Izmail", "Kinburn", "Borodino" and "Navarin" were pledged, ale vibuhnula the svitova vіyna did not allow them to dobuduvati.

And immediately after the end of the Russian-Japanese battles on the battlefield and foreign shipyards for the Russian fleet, the cruisers became the prototype of the "Bayan" buoys, well recommended for themselves in the role of the fast-paced lively So, the cruiser "Admiral Makarov" was inspired by France, the new "Bayan" and "Pallada" - in Petersburg, the cruiser "Rurik" installed chotiri 254 mm harness).

In 1913, 6 light cruisers of the "Svitlana" type were laid down with a water tonnage of 6800-7800 tons, filled with fifteen 130-mm ships. From them there were three cruisers ("Svitlana", "Admiral Nakhimov" and "Admiral Lazarov").

Until the earliest days in the warehouses of the Russian fleet, there were 14 cruisers of different types.

The defeat of the Russian fleet in the Tsusim battle, and the first for all the circumstances and the reasons for the death of the squadron battleships, the first one for itself was destroyed by England. Already at the beginning of 1905, the English shipbuilders started working on the original armored ship "Dreadnought" with a water capacity of close to 13,000 tons, with steam turbines, carried to the class of line ships. The artillery of the head caliber on the "Dreadnought" was ten 305-mm harnesses, which were roasted in two-gun mountings. At the onboard salvo of the lincor, the fate of the chotiri vezhi, kerovani from one central post could take the fate of one hour. The side of the ship was armored.

Russian shipbuilders drove the linkori-dreadnoughts behind the project of I.G. Bubnova and for the fate of O.M. Krilova, as for the bagatma parameters, they turned the English prototype. In 1909, at the St. Petersburg shipyards, boules laid the line ships "Sevastopol", "Gangut", "Poltava" and "Petropavlovsk".

Linear roztashuvannya twelve 305-mm garmat, spaced in three-gun mountings, allowed to fire from any side at once with all trunks. As soon as one salvo of one of the first English dreadnoughts "Vengard" became 3003 kg, then on "Sevastopol" it reached 5650 kg. For one chilin, the vіtchiznyany lincor vypuskav up to 11.5 tons of metal and vibukhovy rhymes. The head armor belt is 225 mm thick. For the Black Sea in Mikolaevi in ​​1915-1917 rr. boules were also prompted by the linkori-dreadnoughts "Empress Mary", "Emperor Oleksandr III" and "Katerina II". Quarter lincor "Imperator Mikola 1", pledged in 1915, without additional funds.

The Marine Ministry of Russia, in conjunction with the operational links, meant that the result of the testing of these ships was again showing the readiness of our factories, for the first time they were going to the court of such significant water capacity, as well as the required mechanical turbulence.

Line ships of the pre-dreadnought type "Andriy Pervozvanny", "Imperator Pavlo 1", pledged in the period of the Russian-Japanese war, went to the warehouse of the Baltic Fleet in 1912 from the beginning of the forthcoming project Japanese wine.

The stagnation of small wards in the Russian-Japanese war and the increased development of the fleet for the fleet to take effective calls to secure the anti-defense. In the first place, the fleet demanded ships, secured by trawl outbuildings. Such ships were transferred by a small shipboard program. First in the light minesweepers of special missions "minrep" and "Vibuh" bullets were laid at the Izhora plant in 1909, according to tactical and technical vimogami minesweepers of the Mali water tonnage of 150 tons. Malosya is also one 57-mm harmat. The ships began to reach harmony in 1911 r Before the first light war, minesweepers of the trocha more water-tonnage type "Kluz" (190 t) and "Capsule" (248 t) were going to be in the rock of war.

U 1909-1910 rr. two ships became up to fret, specially designated for staging hv. Tse - minnі zagorodzhuvachі "Amur" і "Anisey" with a water capacity of 2926 tons. The stench could take on board 324 min. The artillery included five 120-mm harnesses and two 75-mm anti-aircraft harnesses.

For the Caspian and River fleets, there will be gunners' chaplains with a water capacity of 600-400 tons with an artillery unit of 120-152 mm caliber.

Gaining pace and underwater shipbuilding. First Boyova Choven "Delphin", designed by I.G. Bubnova, entered the theater in 1904 by I.G. The Bubnovim Bula was designed and built for the "Shark" sub-water choven, which will be held at the Baltiyskiy Zavod (1910). Pidvodniy chaven is small on the armored torpedo units.

The "Akuli" trip to the warehouse of the Russian fleet was removed from the submarine type "Kalmar" (for the American project), "minoga" (water capacity 123/150 tons) and "Morzh" (water capacity 630/790 tons).

However, the main core of the Russian submarine fleet was built with sub-water chapels of the "Bars" type - also the designs of I.G. Bubnov. Okh budivnytstvo grew older in 1913-1914 rr. in Petersburg and Revel. The surface water capacity of "Bars" became 650 tons, underwater - 782 tons. Two diesel engines with a capacity of 3000 hp. allowed the development of a submarine ship in the surface position of 18 knots, and the range of sailing bulwark in the fringes of 2250 miles. At the bottom of the water, the speed reached 9.6 knots. The robot got sick of two electric motors with a pull of 900 kp. During a period of time underwater choven could walk 25 miles under the water. The working depth of the bore was 50 m, the boundary was -100 m. The ozbroenny consisted of a number of torpedo units (two in the nose and feed) and two harnesses 57-mm and 37-mm calibers.

It is a special place for a small submarine ship, which was borrowed from the first in the light of a submarine zagorodzhuvach "Crab" designed by M.P. Naletova. The boxes on the yogo stem, distributed by the designer in Port Arthur, were interrupted by the Russian-Japanese wines. However, the robots were sent to the Mykolaiv shipbuilding yards, and in 1912 the ship was launched into the water, and in 1915 it was taken to the warehouse of the Chornomorsk Fleet. On board the "Crab" up to 60 min. At the depot, there are two bow torpedo units and a 76-mm armament.

At the linden 1915 rock "Crab" came alive with its first boyish kid. Near the Bosphorus їm the boulevard was shown to the countryside, on which the odd cruiser "Breslau" drove.

For the type "Crab" for the Baltic Fleet, the bully were prompted by the underwater minelayers "Yorzh" and "Trout", as well as three out-of-town water miners of low water tonnage. Until the ear of the first winter war in the Russian fleet, there are 15 combat submarines.

The main maritime theaters are boyovyh theaters for Russia in the period of the first holy days of the Baltiyske and the Black Sea. The Baltic fleet of the bulwark possessed the central minno-artillery position Nargo - Porkkala-Udd with the aim of crossing the enemy line into Finnsku. Entering Rizka in a zatoku, having prikrivavsya інші-artillery position. For the additional support of the mini-performances in the first part of the Baltic Sea, the enemy's sea communes were destroyed, and the Škodi fleet was created. Especially importantly, it was built around the function Morskoy Way For yakim from Switzerland to Nimechchin, to deliver strategic syrovin.

The threat posed by the Russians in the Baltic states appeared to be very effective, but they had lost a great number of battle ships and transport ships, in 1914, in 1914, the sea saw the battle. For an hour of the first light of war, the Baltic Fleet has whitewashed nearly 40 thousand tons. Hv. We are also very important to the fleet staff, also from the grouping of land forces on the coastal flanks, as it was successful for us.

In 1915, the Chornomorskiy Fleet took over the fight against the Turkish fleet, supported by the German liner cruiser "Goeben" and the cruiser "Breslau". However, due to the renewal of new liners, the zooms in the blockade of the Nimetsko-Turkish fleet in the Bosphorus and the rapid speed of the enemy's sea transport. Diyuchi on the coastal flanks. The Chornomorsk Fleet gave a hundred additional help to the army with artillery fire, armed with a lot of assault forces, and prevented the transport of military equipment. For the rocky vіyny yogo ships boomed ponad 13 yew. Hv.

In the course of the first holy war in the great naval battles, similar to Yutland, the Russian fleet did not take part. At the same hour, a small number of battles were struck against the enemy against the enemy's border and ships of the Baltic and Chornomorsk fleets (fighting for misu Sarich and the islands of Gotland, Moonzund operation and in.).

Built near Veresna 1916 flotilla of Pivnichniy The icy ocean she took notice of the sea transported with the allies, fought against the enemy's troops and minnuyu not safe... Pislya zhovtnevykh podiy 1917 Russia went out of the wreck.

3 birch 1918 Buv laying down a peace agreement between Radianskoy Russia from one side and Nimechchinoy, Austro-Ugorshchinoy, Turechchinoy and Bulgaria - from one side. Surely from the land, all Russian ships were transferred to the last ports or released to the mission. Ships and vessels of the Baltic Fleet, which were known to have been in Finland, blame the bully there until the ear of a navigation. So there was a threat to waste the sea forces on the whole sea theater, the core of which was built in Helsingfors.

The Kerіvnytvom of Radianskoy Russia has taken a decision, unimportant to the importance of the ice situation in Finsky Zatotsi, to transfer all ships to Kronstadt.

With a stretch of birch-April 1918, the legendary Lodovy lost the ships of the Baltic Fleet was brought to fate. For Russia, there are 226 ships and vessels hidden for Russia, including 6 liners, 5 cruisers, 59 ships and ships, and 12 sub-water chapters. In addition, ships and ships bully brought two brigades of the shipwreck, a variety of technologies.

In 1918, the command of the ship, the Brest world, was jammed by Russia, the ships of the Chornomorsk fleet. Do not admit tsyogo, by order of V.I. Lenina in chervny 1918 r in the regions of Novorossiysk and Tuapse, the boules were flooded, so the linen ship "Vilna Rossiya" (colishniy "Katerina II"), 11 ships and ministers, 6 transports

Some of the sailors, young commanders, officers and admirals in the fleet went over to the side of the new government, and went over to the side of the new government, and went over to the army, the first for all the admirals. Colonial command of the Chornomorsk fleet, Admiral A.V. Kolchak in the fall of the leaves in 1918, having voted himself the Supreme Ruler of Russia, defeating the counterrevolutionary struggle in Siberia. A large number of ports and bases for the fleet were in the hands of the interventions from the territories of Antanti and Japan. Vіyskovo-morski forces or Russia practically ceased to exist. To receive the command of the counter-fighting in huge wines The sides opened rivers and lakes flotillas, which were active in fighting. Before the flotilla depot, as a rule, there were re-equipments from steam-powered vessels, equipped with 75-130-mm gunboat crews, as well as selected tugs, floating batteries, ships and boats. In the vicinity of the fleets, the flotilla was populated by ships, transferred from the fleets by internal water routes. The fleets struck on the flanks and lines of the enemy, ships and ships, defended or defended ferries, visadzhuvali landing, secured transportation.

Send a message to Lieutenant General P.M. Wrangel in Crima in 1920, the main mass of ships and vessels of the Chornomorsk Fleet (33 vimpels) went to the French military-naval base Bizert (Tunis) under the command of Vice-Adm.

Andriyevski prapori on the cikh ships of the bully was launched on the 24th of July 1924, the fate of the CPSR was announced by the French district. Russian sailors moved to the camp of the bizhents.