Development of Tsarist Russia. Special services of the Empire. Ear of corn on shpiguniv
The special office has become the first central body of the Vіyskiy ministry of the Russian Empire, which is engaged in organizing the development of the foreign forces of foreign powers.
Sposterіgachі, prosokі, quartermaster
The development of the head of the ball by the secret craft and from the found hours - right, especially sovereign importance. You can stverdzhuvati, so the development on the basis of your own head is right by vіyskovym. The great commanders of old, Oleksandr the Great, Yuliy Caesar, and those who lived on the battlefield, were not only able to win the military leader's talent, but, in the first place, well-organized development.
In the Russian state, the development of the same type was in the old days. At the razvіdіtsі served the most intelligent, spritnі, smіlivі, as a rule, young priests of the Russian princes, associates, whom the princes entrusted their tamnіtsі and entrusted with information about the establishment of information about the opposition. Often the vikonannya tsikh zavdan bulo is tied with a garment for life.
Folding stackers Kyiv Rus From the Vizantin and Scandinavian, the ancient and ancient susids, the interjudicial ones, the Russian princes were encouraged to pick up views about the earthly lands, their riches and the fertile formations. These houses allowed the princes to make successful trips, to visit the cordons of uninvited guests and organize their own squads to meet the enemy's overwhelming forces.
Until the ear of the 19th century, if the battles were fought on a bordering space and sometimes by small armies, the princes and warlords especially spared the enemy, judged their power and predicted their future. The princes were assisted by їkh people, who also wielded the enemy; The literature was dying, but during the period of feudal fragmentation and functions, the warriors were victorious. In those distant hours, since the word "dealer" has not yet been used in the Russian movement, they were called spyguns, proxies, watchmen, scouts, confidants, quartermaster and visitor agents.
One from the butt of efficiently organized development, madly, the prince Igor went on the cob of the 10th century. against Vizantia. At the same time, Princess Olga's squad was victorious. In the old Russian literature "The Tale of the Pomst", as it has gone down to our days, to talk about those who organized a collection of news about the Drevlyans, as they drove the cholovik. At the literary dzherel, Olga stands before us as a master of the day, diplomat and organizer of the development.
The Grand Duke Svyatoslav Ihorovich may have vikoristovuvvvvvіvvuvvvіdovuvuvuvvіdovuvuvuyour goals. Zbirayuchis at the despises, the prince passed over the adversary with a wick "I go to Vi!" ("I want it on you"). Oholoshuyuchi about svіy namіr, Svyatoslav zmushuvav on the opposite side of nagalnі vіyskovі prigotuvannya. At the same time, they sent a spygun to the territory of the enemy, as it was, if it was the enemy, they started the weak sides in their defense, assessed the stocks of their defense and food. Tsі vіdomosі allowed Prince Svyatoslav to initiate tactics of combat actions, unsupported for the enemy, and to achieve success.
The princes themselves were at trial. Oleksandr Nevsky and Dmytro Donsky took a special interest in collecting information about the enemy.
Significant successes in organizing the development were sought by Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible and Peter I. For the request of Ivan the Terrible, for example, in 1549 r. The sportsmen of the whole order were “instructed” to the members of the embassy missions, as if they were guilty of foulness, they were engaged in the collection of geographic, economic and social properties. At 1571 r, according to the decree of Ivan the Terrible, there was a book of preparations and hardening "Boyarsky virok about the village and guard service". In a number of documents, the establishment of a collection of information about the neighboring powers and their armies has been announced for the first time.
In the middle of the XVI century. vіyskova organіzatsіya Russian state I knew new snaps. The stinks crave for the introduction of correctives into the organization of the collection of information about the other powers. The selection of distributors and newsletters began at the same time. The need for organizing the future development of the bullet is reflected in the Statutes of the Warriors, the Harmonians and the others, right to the point of view of the science, as seen in 1621 r
Wins in the Russian army in the 70s of the 17th century. regiment of the introduction of the plan of the "regimental watchman", which is responsible for organizing the management of the war and development. About the regulations of the regimental watchmen, it is guessed in the Russian military statute "Vchennya and the cunning of the military budov and the old people", seen in 1647
At the connection with the roots of the mass armies, the increase in the scale of combat actions, and also as a result of the change in the nature of the war, the establishment of development and development has significantly expanded. The princes and emperors could no longer allow their viruses in foreign lands, or on the front line for the collection of cyclical houses for them. Announcements on development information have also been significantly improved. For a quick and correct decision, both the leaders of the state and the commanders, they needed the exact, quick and accurate information about the enemy, briefly victories in the written documents. All the many changes in the Vyyskovy right were asking for a detailed organization of the developmental right. In the middle of the XVII century. In the Russian Empire, behind the butt of the armies of Western European powers, the deputy regimental watchmen of the Bula established a quartermaster service. Forward, the binding of the quartermasters of the boulevard in the Statute of 1689 was made by the author of the same boulevard for the Russian service by the German General A. Veide.
Quartermaster posadovy - from the company fur'ur (from nim. fuhren- lead) to the quartermaster general under the head commander - the bullets were fixed in the military statute of 1716, approved by Emperor Peter I. Sounds about Vyyskovs' activities, etc.
U 1717-1721 rr. Peter I took the place of Orders after falling asleep to his colleagues, including those from overseas, to Vijskov and the Admiralty. Organizing the collection of information about the state of the Middle Ages in the collegium of overseas references The athletes of the community, the middle boulevards and the officers of the Russian army, took up the collection of information about the sovereign states, and lay down to the empire of the earth and the earth army of the officers of the quartermaster. However, the central body, which organizes the development, has not yet been informed and evaluated about the enemy’s imperialism.
On the cob of the nineteenth century. it became obvious that Russia would be embarrassed to fight against Napoleon's France, that it practically gained control over all Western Europe and obstructed the interests of the Russian Empire. In addition, Emperor Oleksandr I ordered the organization of the Vysk management and centralization of the Zusilla from the collection of pro-voroge properties. At the village of 1810, the great leader of the war, General P.M. Volkonsky, who turned from France, de vin entered the warehouse of the Russian embassy, and as a matter of fact vivchav the control system of the French army, at that hour I was short in Europe.
Oleksandr I
First time agents
The minister of honor Mikhailo Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolli in 1810 added to the Russian emperor of the world about the need to increase the need to collect information about the French army. For the whole purpose at the warehouse of the Viiyskogo ministry, it was projected to open a file, which was a biological organizer for a robot, a keruvav for a large number of Russian officials, which entered the warehouse of the embassies, on the basis of the establishment of the army of the French. Propositions of Barclay de Tolly boules grabbed. The Secret Expedition was opened at the Vyskovy Ministry of the Bula. The sportsmen of the expedition were engaged in the development of orders and proclamation of the Russian minister to the command of the Russian armies and the heads of diplomatic missions.
M. B. Barclay de Tolli
At the foreign representative of the Russian Empire Bully, the Office of the Russian Army is directing the agency. Zokrem, to Dresden with directions of Major V.A. Prendel, to Munich - Lieutenant P.Kh. Grabbe, to Madrid - Lieutenant P.I. Brozin. Colonel A.I. Chernishov. At Vidnі and Berlіnі - Colonels F.V. Tail von Saraskerken and R.E. Rennie. Tsi officers bully were presumptuous commanders, they knew the right and the earth, they were daring and sparing agents.
At the diplomatic missions, the stinks were officially served as adjutants of the officials, such as the Mali generals' ranks. Kharkiv Dragoon Regiment, Major V.A. Prendel, for example, having given the ad'utant to the envoy to Saxony, Lieutenant General V.V. Khanikov. Ad'yutanti-agents dyali under the envoy to Spain, Major General N.G. Repnin and the envoy to Prussia, Lieutenant General Kh.A. Angry.
Pranguchi activists zbir vіyskovyh vіdomosti, the head rank, about the Napoleonic army, Barclay de Tolli especially sent the leaves to the Russian ambassadors, who were working in the lands of Western Europe. Zokrem, 26 serpnya (7 spring) 1810 fate in the message to the envoy of Russia in Prussia Count H.A. Zliva Barclay de Tolli, directing the flare-up of the development of buildings, which will add more. Going out from the fortune, like Prussia and other states, including France, “in each of them, in their own minds, put all kinds of our respect” і freshened up іkh і roztashuvannі in apartments, about the fortress, the health and dignity of the honorable generals and the attitude of vіysk. "
The minister of honor also asked the senders and agents "to buy pictures in the country and create in the regions of Russia" and saying: "Something will be needed on the price, I’ll quickly hang out in time".
Barclay de Tolli is a book of references in the renounced and other types of development in nature. So, asking for a message, “I don't care for the mother’s enough, a message about the quantity, goodness, character and spirit of the people, about the geography of the development and the creatures of the earth, about the inner dzherel of the whole empire, or about the problems until the continuation of the life.” Reconsidering the messengers in the need for additional services, M.B. Barclay de Tolli wrote: "For your reference to the secret, create and plan."
More sent in 1810, the boules were sent to Austria to Count P.A. Shuvalov, before Saxony - to Lieutenant General V.V. Khanikov, to Bavaria - to Prince I.I. Baryatinske, before Switzerland - to Colonel von Sukhtelin and before France - to Prince A.B. Kurakin.
However, Zusilla Barclay de Tolly boules are not even more effective. The heads of the diplomatic missions and the vіyskovі agents "lacked respect for everything before the vіyski prigotuvan in Europe". Іnshі vіdomostі, "as they reached the chancellor Rumyantsev by diplomatic way, they didn’t always see the minister of the world."
The sportsmen of the Secret Expedition were engaged in organizing the list of the Minister of Foreign Affairs with the Allies' agents and the Russian ambassadors. During the period of the buildup of vital contamination from the side of France, the visitor minister was in need of a young person, the sportsmen of whom could organize the robot for the visitor, and they looked for them in their homes.
special office
In the middle of 1812, with the bezposredniy participation of General P.M. Volkonskogo in St. Petersburg has completed the distribution of an important statutory document, which is named "Installation for the Great Action Army". As a matter of fact, until "Asleep ..." was approved by the Office of the Chief of the Headquarters, to which the quartermaster's unit had gone. The first information to the athletes of the quartermaster's part was set in the context of "collecting all the information about the earth, de-vidbuvaetsya".
The law of the Russian Empire about the falling asleep of the Vіyskiy ministry from the 27th of June (8th year) 1812 passed the date special office The director of which buv of appoinments is the personnel officer of the Russian army, fligel-ad'yutant, Colonel Oleksiy Vasilovich Voykov. On the cob of his own viyskovoy kar'єri, he became an orderly A.V. Suvorov.
Chancellery is a small staff of sportsmen (director, three forwarders and transfers), as they sent the secret of the staff. The results of the rank-and-file of the Special Chancellery were not included until the choric level of the Vіyskiy Ministry, but the number of obligations in the Spіvrobіtnikіv was introduced by "especially established rules." Prior to the list of "special inquiries", the organizing of the collection of information about the army of the foreign powers, the analysis of the available information, the assessment and the distribution of recommendations for the military ministry were set. Z more and more It is possible to save, but the very special chancellery became the first central body of the Vіyskiy ministry of the Russian Empire, which is engaged in organizing the development of the liberal forces of the foreign powers.
A.V. Voykov
The houses of Colonel A.I. Chernishov presented vinyatkovy interest
In St. Petersburg, in 1812, they already learned that there is a great deal of Napoleon's French approach to the cordons of the Russian Empire. Before such an inconspicuous visnivka, the Russian Ministry of the Russian Federation came in the course of the Russian-Turkish life, and in 1806, it went back to nearly six rockies. The region of Turechchina felt ciu viyna with the direct support of France. Bonaparte saw the Turks, looking forward to revenge for the strikes in the forefront of Russia. However, Napoleon's ochіkuvannya failed. Russian vіyska gave the Turks a number of performances at the Danube (Balkan) and Caucasian theaters. Eskadra D.N. Senyavina won over the Turkish fleet in the Dardanelles and Athos naval battles 1807 r The result of the victorious success in 1811 r of the Danube army M.I. Kutuzov, the yak defeated the Turks at the Battle of Ruschuk. Refined in the Slobodzia region, the Turkish army was smashed by capituluvati.
As a result of the confession of France to Russia in the period of the Russian-Turkish era, the view of the vision from the side of England was driven by Oleksandr I's efforts to change the priorities of the international policy of the Russian Empire.
Written by the signature of the Tilsky Treaty on Peace and Friendship 25 chervnya (7 lime) 1807 Warmth has come to the rock in the stacks between Russia and France. In the role of a special representative of Oleksandr I to Paris in 1809, the noble prince Colonel Oleksandr Ivanovich Chernishov.
However, it is warmer in both men and women with two empires. In 1810, the specialties of the vіdnosini mіzh by Oleksandr I and Napoleon were once again sharpened. Tse bulo is tied with him, so the Russian emperor vidmoviv vidmovy replace Napoleon with his 14th sister, Grand Duchess Anna Pavlovna. Through the representative of the French emperor in St. Petersburg, A. Colincourt, it was announced to Paris that, in conjunction with the not-so-greats of Gannie Pavlovny, it was only through two rockies. The Vidmova Bula was taken by Napoleon as a special image of a vintnosoi individual, who secretly made a negative inflow into the camp of Russian-French vidnosins.
Repairing from 1810 r Napoleon became secretly got up to vіyni against Russia. The preparation was carried out overnight in different spheres: the French “Great Army” was changing, in quiet countries, but they were not conquered by France, they got used to the diplomatic character, focused on the authority of the Russian empire there, in St. Russian archival documents for 1810-1812 rr. It happened that in the territory of Russia 39 civil and military individuals were discovered and taken into account, as they were engaged in the collection of developmental properties. Among them are the English and French agents.
The expansion of the French empire into the current state of affairs in Russia, which may have also activated the development of France. Colonel A.I. Chernishov, who at that hour had 25 years. The young prince has a mind to make the middle of the French nobility good money and specialty of knowledge. Napoleon, having asked Chernishov for a love, the Queen of Naples, Napoleon's sister, also often asked the Russian prince in her house to participate in the holy saints. In Paris, there were a bit about those who Chernishov had an affair with Napoleon's sister Polina Borghese. So tse bulo chi ni, it is important that the reputation of the young Russian prince in the Parisian food supply as a dignified people, albeit lightweight, allowed him to privatize one of his powers - the standards of the army about Napoleon's planner.
A. I. Chernishov
Colonel Chernishov sent a note of 1811 to Oleksandr I. Dali Chernishov proponuvav options for the young, great for Russia. At the end of the report, the Russian emperor beamed the sign: "I can't help thinking more than ministries, like all the young people ...".
Colonel A.I. Chernishov in the capital of France has received important views. Wrap yourself up at the vine stakes of the Parisian nobility, knowing about Napoleon's plans. Win also knows the kilka dzherel, as they added for a new reliable view of the country of the Napoleonic army. One of the number of informants is the professional advisor of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Mishel. Free access to the secret documents of the French military house. Zokrem, in the order of Michel Bulo Boyov, the distribution of the French army. The whole document was formed in the Ministry of Internal Affairs in one copy of leather 15 days. The document was recognized only for Napoleon. Michel rewrote the entire document and handed it over to Colonel Chernishov, who generously rewarded the French informant.
A copy of the secret information about the camp of the French army, Chernishov is often supervised by a note, in the Yakyi Viklada with the guardianship and visnovka. Vin buv by the glance people and giving the exact characteristics to the great ranks of the French army. The axis is one of the characteristics, prepared by Colonel Chernishov: “Oudinot, Duke of Regio. By the meanings in the ever French army, Volodya is very good at being very good-looking and special in husbandry, and is the most powerful development in the world that will give rise to entusiasm in quiet places, as it will be on the cob. With the success of France's marshals, one can live with the greatest success in quiet vines, if the viconiousness is required, as the need for accuracy and fearlessness. Yogo vіdmіnnі risi - tse healthy deafness, great doorway, honesty ... ".
Barclay de Tolly, further advised Oleksandr I of the development of buildings about the camp and the deployment of parts of the French army, in connection with the first and the reports on the characteristics of French military acts, prepared by Colonel Chernishov.
Vidomosty, like Prince A.I. Chernishov sent to St. Petersburg, presented vinyatkovy interest for the Russian emperor. In one of his local reports Chernishov 23 chest 1810 r, when Napoleon took over the army, the plan was to set up the ruhomies of the national guards in numbers of 300 thousand. Cholovik.
The most important Russian agent in Paris was Prince Charles Moris Talleyrand, the largest Minister of Foreign Affairs of France. For a penny wine town, Talleyrand didn’t just talk about the French army, but conveyed about Napoleon’s plans. At the breast in 1810, I told Oleksandr I about those who Napoleon was getting ready for the attack on Russia, yak maє vidbutisya in kvitni 1812 r
All reports from the intelligence agents and informants were collected in the Special Chancellery, systematized and received. On this basis, the training of the forces of the French army was held, which could take the fate of the war against Russia.
For the order of the director of the Special Chancellery, Colonel A.V. Voykov, in 1812, a map was folded to the rock of the bulwark, on which the oversupply of Napoleon's vijsk was shown. The number of the French army, which could have taken the fate of war against Russia, began in 400-500 yew. Cholovik. French historians have named the first echelon of Napoleon's flight in 450 thousand. Cholovik. It is possible for this to be true, as a message about the French army, welcomed by Colonel Chernishov, and it will be accurate and reliable.
It was not easy for Russian distributors to get reliable information about Napoleon's thoughts. Going to win against Russia, Napoleon, having tried to do it, come in as soon as he masquerades his plans and misinformation about Oleksandr I. For Napoleon’s request, the French warriors released untrustworthy spooks, there was a lot of Armenian brawlers. districts of Warsaw, yaku to visit the French emperor. Yak viyavilosya, having walked Napoleon's dweller near Warsaw.
Disinformation was sent to and from Napoleon's messenger Count L. Narbonne, who arrived in Russia with a proposal to establish good relations between Paris and St. Petersburg. For the sake of justice, Narbonne is guilty of proposes about the light of honor of the Russian emperor from the glories of Napoleon.
"It is demanding to lead against Napoleon so vіynu, before what vіn not sound"
Let the people go to France and Russia, they poured out. In the middle of the birch of 1812, I will put the director of the Special Chancellery of the Bureau of Appointments, Colonel Arseniy Andriyovich Zakrevsky, a boy's officer, a great mav great dosvid staff robot. Zakrevsky instructed Colonel Pyotr Andriyovich Chuykevich, one officer, to the service in 1810, a fellow worker of the Secret Expedition, write an analytical note about the maybutny of war with Napoleon with reports and frequent pleasure to the command. Chuykevich is a vikonav tse zavdannya. Win prepared a note, as if he called it "Patriotic thoughts, or Political and political ideas about the future of Russia and France." At the end of the document there will be a lot of damage:
Ҥ 1. The importance of being able to wage war between Russia and France.
§ 2. Causing guilt.
§ 3. Ways to get used to Napoleon for the sponding of peoples before the rise of the zbroi.
§ 4. Chi maє Rossiya of superior allies and to whom is the most guilty?
§ 5. Seely, collected by Napoleon for the maybutnoi vіyni with Russia.
§ 6. Rid and cause to get used to Napoleon viyni.
§ 7. The strength that opposes Napoleon Russia.
§ 8. Rid viyni, which can lead Russia against Napoleon. "
A. A. Zakrevsky
In general, Lieutenant Colonel Chuykevich provided an analysis of the development of buildings, as they were looking for the Russian military agents, and formulated recommendations to the Russian team. Chuykevich not only respectfully grasping the warehouse of the French army, albeit and evaluating the strategy of Napoleon, but allowed this rule to be set, it seems to the point that it is necessary to "work and work is absolutely opposed to what you want." Chuykevich pryyshov to visnovka about those who Napoleon, imposing on the enemy a general battle, repenting to the motst of his army, giving him a hundred times and getting overwhelmed. In his own note, Chuykevich proclaimed a unique general battle to allow the Russian army to vryatuvati, and to impose a fight on Napoleon, since it would be unimaginable.
On the thought of Colonel Chuykevich, “the death of the Russian armies in the general battle against the French could have been a bite for the whole life of the legacy. The loss of some regions is not our fault, for the integrity of the Polish state in the integrity of the army. "
Dal Chuykevich wrote far away: "Healing from general battles, guerrilla warriors by flying corrals, especially in the context of the operational warfare line, not allowing foraging and for the French to stay forward: the essence of this
P. A. Chuikevich
The value of the note by Colonel P.A. Chuykevich fell in the overwhelmingly grounded need for the entrance of the Russian army until the moment when the strength was reached. On Chuykevich's thought, the entrance of the Russian army is not enough to support the active guerrilla warfare. During the guerrilla war, Colonel Chuykevich was not confused by the former soldiers of the army in the territories that were recouped by the French military
Chuykevich was glad to the minister of war: "The requirement is to lead against Napoleon this way, until there is no sound," lure the enemy into the land you will be fast and uncomfortable. "
M.B. Barclay de Tolli respectfully grabbed a note by P.A. Chuikevich. The unprecedented act of this proposition was realized in the course of the war of France against Russia.
Sheds 1812 Vyyskovy Minister of the Inspector's Office at Vilno. I asked for a trip by asking Colonel Chuykevich, who sent him to Prussia with a diplomatic mission, as an officer in charge of the development plant.
M.B. Barclay de Tolli and Vіyskova development
The Vice Minister of Russia has come to the utmost respect for tactful intelligence, organizing such blame for the responsibility of the corps commanders. About the price of saving saved leaves, as in the present 1812 r M. B. Barclay de Tolli sent the commander of the 1st infantry corps, Lieutenant-General Pyotr Khristiyanovich Vitgenshtein, with the announcement of "the delivery of information about the Prussian district, about the number of roztashovnyh vіysk".
Feeling afraid of the round of information, Barclay de Tolly recommending "the correspondence should be sent to the address and the sheets should be delivered through our consul in Kenygsberzi." “Mother is guilty,” wrote Win Dal, “great security, so that you don’t give yourself any for us, and our old uniform is not safe for everyone in the development”.
The Quartermaster of the 2nd Western Army took care of the information about the old Russian sages, which was commanded by General of the Infantry, Petro Ivanovich Bagration. In the additional notes of the weekly minister, he wrote: “And as I think about something in the future for the occasion of this development of business for the purpose of those who think about the occasion of the future and the future of people, it’s for your future goals for the signatures of the Pan Chancellor, you can see how you can sleep. "
Bagration dbav pro vilny pass through the cordon of his own trustworthy persons for the visit of secret buildings. Barclay de Tolli Vicon of Bagration's passage.
From the houses that came from the Russian spyguns to the command of the 2nd Western Army, bully varti uvagi. Spring 19, 1811 r for example, Bagration added to the visitor's ministry: “From the people of all the gods, who took away one of the above-mentioned people, I may see that: Napoleon didn’t help the king, who were busy with the Russians, come to the Rhine Union ... ".
By the robot of agents in the Baltic states, the Keruvali Colonel M.L. de Leser, Major A. Wrangel, Captain I.V. Wulfert, in Bilostots - Colonels І.І. Turskiy and K.P. Shchits, in Brest - V.A. Anokhin.
At the Prussia of the Russian development in the distance set up an agent's border, the author of such a keruv is Eustas Gruner, the deputy minister of the police of Prussia, who has re-formatted his work to Austria and his work
The report of the Russian military agents from the European capitals, the official notes of the officers of the Special Chancellery of the Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs: Napoleon cannot be fought by those very young people of France, who are the operatives of the French. The head of Napoleon's brigade is the general battle. Having struck a blow at a new one, as if the opposite side was the opposite, the side absorbed everything: the last, the territory and, in the endless rakhunka, - a victory. Once Napoleon attacked Russia, violated Barclay de Tolli, the general battle of the need to be unique, the French declared in the land of the country, they would pull out along the endless roads and, vibrating the moment, thrash. So the Russian agents colonels A.I. Chernishov, F.V. Tail von Saraskerken, Lieutenant P.H. Grabbe, P.I. Brozin and the Russians took care of the team of the Russian Army with information about Napoleon and the Third Army, on the basis of which the situation was assessed and the prospects of failure against Napoleon were predicted.
Information about the approach of the Napoleonic armies to the cordons of the Russian Empire regularly came to the Special Chancellery, commanding the 1st and 2nd Western armies. Smells every now and then were scored with sounds and reports about the collapse of the young wicked corps. In the midst of a report of the bully about the state of the head group of Napoleon in the regions of Elbing, Torun and Danzig. It also became clear about those who are French army 14 (26) plan to cross the cordon of the Russian Empire. So I became. At midnight on the 14th day of 1812, the French army began to cross the Niman. However, without affecting the high activity of the Russian development, set up the place of ferrying the French viysk through Niman and still not far away.
If there is a general battle?
The invasion of French wars into the territory of the Russian Empire made the deyak disorganized in the management of Russian military affairs and the development capacity. The pupil N.D. Durnovo, which fell on the cob in 1812 in the retinue of the chief of the quartermaster's unit of the Headquarters, Major General P.M. Volkonsky, є such a record: “... There are a lot of news about the French. Our outposts were twenty miles from their positions, they didn’t make a fortune. Євреї let me know that Minsk is busy with Napoleon himself. "
Russian 1st and 2nd Western armies, commanded by the generals of the Infantry M.B. Barclay de Tolli and P.I. Bagration, we were coming in. Tse bouv vimushenii, ale і thoughts vіdhіd.
Oskilki for M. B. Barclaym de Tolli Bula was saved from the position of the Vice Minister, The special office was transformed into a part of the government office of the command of the 1st Western Army.
The Russian armies escaped the general battle, saved their power and settled in the Smolensk region.
4 (16) serpnya Russian vіyska gave the French a battle, which took two days. The French have spent 20 thousand. Cholovik, lost the Russian army laid 6 yew. However, it did not develop into a general manager. And at night on 6 (18) the serpents of the Russian army deprived Smolensk and went to Dorogobuzh. At the same time, the inhabitants of the place went with them. At Smolensk Napoleon knows about the ratification of the peace treaty by Turechchino with Russia.
On 8 (20) serpnya Oleksandr I, having signed a decree about the appointment of the general of the Infantry (from 19 (31) serpnya - general-field marshal) M.I. Kutuzov as the head commander of the Russian armies. All were able to help Kutuzov stop the enemy offensive and organize a quick fight to Napoleon. Ale Kutuzov is also known as Barclay de Tolli. Napoleon prodovzhuvav offensive. The French army was approaching Moscow. The general battle was given to the French in the area with. Borodino 26 serpnya (7 spring) 1812 132 yew became the rock of the Russian army. Cholovik i 624 garmati. Napoleon has a bulo 130-135 yew. Cholovik і 587. The head commander of the Russian army, Field Marshal General M.I. We gave Kutuzov the staff, we got the razvidniki, solved the idea of Napoleon, before the battle, having made the army of P.I. Bagration. Napoleon didn’t know how to advance his success, but he was tempted to introduce him to this position. As a result of the Battle of Borodin, the French lost nearly 50 thousand rubles. Cholovik and did not reach their head - they could not defeat the Russian army.
Having gained the main strength, the army of Kutuzov went to Moscow, then lost it without barriers, having completed the Tarutinsky maneuver, letting Napoleon be expelled from Russia. Borodinsky battle showed the ineptitude of the strategy of Napoleon, as she passed the advance over the enemy over the enemy in the first general battle, and the overwhelming of the strategy of M.I. Kutuzov, rozrahovanoi on the beating of the opponent in a row of battles. The basis of the strategy was the science of the world, broken up by the officers of the Special Chancellery of the Russian Empire.
Retailers and saboteurs
At the boy's acts against the French, there were a lot of officers of the Russian army. Among them is the chief executive officer of the Special Chancellery, Lieutenant Colonel P.A. Chuikevich. With a tip of boyovyh diy vin, the author of the idea of sabotage war against Napoleon, I will take an active part in the formulation of the first developmental-sabotage (partisan) corral, commander of which bout of confessions, Major General Ferdinand Fedorovich On 6 lipnya Chuykevich was appointed Chief Quartermaster in the corps of General of the Cavalry M.I. Platova. In command of the Cossack units, Chuykevich took part in the Ar'arguard battles and for the victory of the 15th serpnya of 1812, having renounced the rank of colonel. For Borodinsky bey P.A. Chuykevich was awarded the Order of St. Volodymyr of the 3rd degree. Chuykevich was seriously ill in front of the overbearing Russian vіyskims of Moscow. Turning to the harmony in the chic rock and dyav in the group of officers at the headquarters of M.B. Barclay de Tolli. We were overworked in the warehouse headquarters, P.A. Chuykevich prodovzhuvav in engaging in public affairs about the French army, with the activation of sabotage activity of "flying corrals" in the enemy's line.
F. F. Vintzingerode
Successfully acting the "flying corps" under the command of Major General F.F. Vintzingerode. Building, opening for the order of M. B. Barclay de Tolli, having made important operations against the French wars, will be in charge of the 16th anniversary of Wintzingerode in the lieutenant general. The share of the general is superbly tsikava. On the 10 th day, bazhayuchi zapobіgti vibuhu of the Kremlin caught Moscow by the French; In the course of the entry of the French army in the area of odvirok, Lieutenant-General Vintzingerode will make representations to Napoleon, who wants to be shot. From Gzhatska Vintzingerode to the convoy of three gendarmes with directions to Westphalia for the court. However, bilya the small town of Radoshkovichi of the Minsk province was fiercely fought by the partisans, who were commanded by Colonel A.I. Chernishov. 10 leaf fall Vintzingerode arriving to St. Petersburg, de Bouve was awarded the Order of St. Oleksandr Nevsky.
At the conducted sabotage actions in the style of French military events, Colonel Denis Vasilovich Davidov. Kutuzov saw 50 hussars from the warehouse of the Okhtirsky hussarsky regiment and 80 kozaks at the order of Davidov. D.V. David and yogo hussars directed zhah at French soldiers and officers.
D. V. Davidov
Assessing the successes of Colonel D.V. Davidov against the enemy, M.I. Kutuzov ordered to set up more than a few sabotage corrals, commanding them to entrust Colonel Oleksandr Mikitovich Seslavin and the chief captain of artillery Oleksandr Samoilovich Figner.
On the ear of A.N. Seslavin bouv adjutant M.B. Barclay de Tolli. Having taken part in the battles of Ostrovny, Smolensk, Valutina Gori, Shevardino. Introduced in the Borodin battle.
A. N. Seslavin
Vikonuyuchi vkazivki M.I. Kutuzova, Seslavin having formulated a diversionary entanglement and devilry between Kaluzko and Smolensk roads. Zagіn zhooplyuvav or znischuvav french transports, foragers, caravans of marauders. Seslavin to his chief staff, having insisted on the development and release of information about the oversupply of the French army. Zokrem, 10 Zhovtnya Seslavin's zagin was the first to appear in the coming French, after seeing about Kutuzov. Pid Vyazmoy Seslavin vyaviv the entry of the French, thinking about the head commander of the Russian army, and he himself with the Pernov regiment took over the place. Seslavin, who took part in 74 great and small battles, having been promoted to major general.
In the war against Napoleon, the head captain of artillery A.S. Figner. After being busy with the French, Muscovy was guided by the order of the head commander, having rushed to Moscow as a distributor. Perebuyuchi in Moscow, Figner is guilty of killing Napoleon. Do not get into youmu tsiogo. However, the superintendents of supervising skills and knowledge earthmovs Figner, dressing up in different suits, turned around in the middle of the soldiers and officers of the French army and getting important information about the enemy. Having formed a small detour from the stand of the Russian army of soldiers and misfits, Figner was active in the enemy line. Diversified diy to Figner's corral, they were successful, but Napoleon for the Russian staff captain's support by establishing a worthy wine town. Zakhopiti Figner did not reach the French. And at the same time Seslavin drove a wagon train of money stolen from Moscow at the gate.
A. S. Figner
At 1813 r pіd hour of the region of Danzig, Figner penetrated to the fortress before the viglyadom italіytsya, albeit accumulated and planted near the vyaznitsa. Letting go of the answer due to lack of evidence, Figner wondered about his testimony to the French emperor, the commandant of the fortress, General Rapp, who sent him to Napoleon with secret dispatches. General Rapp's visit was sent to the headquarters of the Russian army. Vidvazhny Russian investigator zaginuv in battle in the area of the city of Dessau.
Vinyatkov's wines are longevity and courage in the fight against the French and "flying zagin", in which command was commanded by Major General Ivan Semenovich Dorokhov. Win the first sponsor of M.I. Kutuzov about the movement of Frenchmen to Kaluga. The head luck of Dorokhov and his corral was the flooding of the settlement of Vereya, which became extremely important for French people. Kutuzov voiced about the "well-known and good feat" in the order of the army. Piznishe I.S. Dorokhov buv nagorozheniy with a gold sword, adorned with diamants, with the writing: "For the zealous Verei."
І. S. Dorokhov
The Russian developmental and sabotage corrals fell in love with the French headquarters, and the kur'ers, as they heard the sounds of the with parts Napoleon's army. Stored in such operations, documents were allowed to remove the keys from the encrypted list of French generals and open their important plans. So, before the hour of the battle at Tarutin, which was put on 6 (18) zhovtnya 1812 r zagin Colonel N.D. Kudasheva, having seized the ascription of Marshal Franzia Berty to one of the French generals. The attribution is deciphered. At the newcomer, a note was made about the transfer of all the important order of the French army to the Mozhaisk road. They allowed M.I. Kutuzov took the decision, as it fell in the pinned re-transmission of Marshal Murat, beaten by the vanguard, and the state of the main Russian forces on the Kaluzkoy road. With such a rank, the Russian vyska overcame the French on the pivday. Smells of bullets of snarls of entry along the Smolensk road, populated points near those bullets earlier they had been looted. As a result, the French army was relieved of the ability to replenish its food supplies, which greatly increased and so awkward the camp.
Dії in the til of the enemy іnnyh development corrals strongly turbuvali Napoleon. Winn’t once caught it’s a pity for the drive of the fact that the headquarters of the French army didn’t seem to be on the flooded Russian territories of informers, as they could easily tell about the appearance of hussars’s razvidzagonu.
The Vichiznyana war of 1812 ended with a renewed defeat of the French army. Most of the merit is in the change of the Russian military development.
share of prospective employees
What was the share of students and athletes in the Special Chancellery for the end of the day?
Colonel Petro Andriyovych Chuykevich 10th September 1813 appointed director of the Special Chancellery and transferred to the post office until 1815 26 leaf fall 1816 rooku vin viyshov in the form of a uniform, protest the 21st day in 1820 to the office of the Headquarters, visiting the development department. 12 chest 1823 with the rank of major general.
In the distance the kar'єra of the Viy's assistant, Colonel Oleksandr Ivanovich Chernishov, was laid up. Winning good results on three lines - diplomatic, vicious and civil, vikonuv in developmental establishments in Paris, but not one feat in vein against Napoleon, Russian ministries. Vin died in 1857 r On the marmurous sarcophase, the ashes of A.I. Chernishov, it is written in a bullet: "Here the Potentate Prince Oleksandr Ivanovich Chernishov, General of the Infantry, Adjutant General, Head of the State for the sake of the Committee of Ministries, success of the Russian Cavalry of the Winter"
Director of the Special Chancellery Zakrevsky Arseniy Andriyovich, having spent a bit of time in the army, taking part in the Smolensk and Borodinsky battles. U 1815-1823 rr. having become a Chergov general of the Headquarters, in 1823-1828 rr. - in command of the Finnish corps, former governor-general of Finland, minister of internal affairs (1821-1831), governor-general of Moscow, member of the State Radius. In 1829, he was given the title of "General of Infantry".
Such a bullet The special office of the Russian Empire is the first central organ of the Vichiznya Vіyskovoi development. Such are the boules and the first timers and sportsmen.
The special office of the Bula was opened 200 years ago. Protest, in our memory of the holy name and prince Oleksandr Chernishov, Oleksiy Voykov, Arseniy Zakrevsky, Pyotr Chuykevich, Denis Davidov, Ivan Dorokhov. Smells booted with smart and successful vіyskovy investigators, and the deyakі from them - shining political and vіyskovy deyachami. Їх portraits of distribution in the gallery of heroes of the Victory Day in Ermіtazhі. The names of the settlements in the nearest town of Pidmoskov are named after them. Smells are the heroes of the literary, imaginative and musical works... Let us talk about facts about those that our people are writing and are being written by their vіyskovy distributors, who have always taken their interest.
Volodymyr Lot, Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor
The special services of the Russian Empire Bully can do so themselves and mercilessly before the monarchy, as well as the organization of the state security of the USSR to the cities of the Radianskoy power. On the right, until the hour of the ruling of Emperor Mikoli II through the weak political will of the rest of the tsar's special services, the men were hard-pressed to foreign and internal roads, not, for example, for Emperor Mikoli I. did not viznavalsya in tsomu.
The history of the special services of the Russian Empire began to unfold in the Radiansk hour and saw all the special features of the panuval at that hour of the official ideology. Organizational security services were engaged in a viciously political roschuk. In the presence of a multitude of gendarmes, they imagined themselves viciously in a negative light, and sweeping the terror on the side of a radically opposed prikhovuvavsya. Yak butt can be named over the hand in 2002 by V.M. Zhukhrai "Teror. Genii and Victims "(a reprint of the publication seen in 1991 at the Politizdat Publishing House by the creator of" Taumnitsa Tsar Okhrana: Adventurers and Provocateurs "). The fact of the political and scientific and technical development for the last few hours was discussed, but about the operation of the new development, it was laconic. Yak butt, you can name the book by A. Gorbovskiy, Yu. Semenov "Without One Building: From the History of the Russian Development".
In ninety fate, the situation changed. Now the heroes would like to be the main owners of the interests of the state, and they would bully the naughty sportsmen to the Department of Police and Office of the Gendarme Corps. As a result, impotent books appeared on the book market. Interpret the main of them: collection of articles "Gendarmes of Russia"; “Agent of the robot of the political police of the Russian Empire. Collection of documents. 1880-1917 "; monographs: Z.I. Peregudovoy "Political rozshuk of Russia (1880-1917)"; F. Lur'є "Police and provocateurs: Political rozshuk in Russia. 1649-1917 "; A.A. Zdanovich, V.S. Izmozika "Forty Rocks on the Secret Service: Life and Help Volodymyr Krivosh"; B.M. Grigor'eva, B.G. Kolokolov "Povsyakdenne life of Russian gendarmes"; VC. Agafonov "Parisian tsarskoy secret police"; A. Borisov "Osobliviy viddil imperii"; V. Dzhanibekyan "Provokatori"; N.V. Voskoboynikovo "Management and business management of the political authorities of the Nizhny Novgorod province (1890-1917)"; memoir "secret police": Help the guards' wardens "in two volumes and K.I. Globacheva "The Truth About the Russian Revolution: Help the Colonial Chief of the Petrograd Guard Service".
In the last ten years, it became popular to write about the Third Edition of the Office of the Emperor's Magnitude (1826-1880). True, most of the authors, in a larger part of their creations, assigned statements about the organization of political decisions in the territory of Russia and beyond the borders of the country, in the most concise way by those called counter-developments. Mozhlivo, the stench followed the tradition, yaka was born in the Radiansk part. Todi Tret viddіlennya little "jarlik" of the head fighter in the Russian Empire of the XIX century. Movlyav, it was blown away the message of the insurrection of the Decembrists, but it was molded, if it became clear that it couldn’t fit into a radical misunderstanding. Among the books dedicated to the Third Edition can be named: G.N. Bibikov “A.Kh. Benckendorf and the Politics of Emperor Mikoli I "; O. Yu. Abakumov "... The moral contagion did not penetrate our borders": from the history of the struggle of the III viddilennya with the European inflow in Russia (1830 - the ear of the 1860s) "; A.G. Chukarev "Taєmna polіtsіya Rossіya: 1825-1855" and collection of documents "Rusіya vіd visu: vіdi III vіddіlennya, 1827-1869".
The same theme is the history of political authorities from the oprichnina of Ivan the Terrible to the Third Announcement of Mikoli I. Zrozumilo, over the past few hours, historians regularly saw their monographs, the axis of the book was written by a dry muffin by dry pupils on Until then, they had the presence of deceased ideological klishe in them. After two decades of popular science literature in the last two decades, you can learn about the details of the organization of political research: I.V. Kurukin "The povsyakdenne life of the guardsmen Ivan the Terrible"; V.D. Volodikhin "Oprichnina i" psi sovereign "; I Ya. Froyanov "Grіzna oprichnina"; І.V. Kurukin, E.A. Nikulina "The povsyakdenne life of the Chancellery"; E.V. Anisimov “Russian Kativnyu. Tamnitsi Tamnoi Chancellery "; M.I. Semenivsky "Chancery of Peter the Great"; N.M. Moleva "The secret office of the Russian empire (secret people, secret information, secret hour)".
The history of the development of the Russian empire in the literature of the past is modestly depicted. It is possible, but one of the legacies of the Radiansk book-related policy. About the intelligence service of the revolution, that is more than the pre-revolutionary period, so no writing was accepted. Foldly say, chim buv viklikaniy pod_bna fence. Perhaps, in the SRSR, the official development did not disappear. Zgadaimo, the book "Aquareum" by the redeployer Viktor Suvorov, seen only in the Radiansky Union in the last decade, celebrated the effect of the bomb. The very same people of the SRSR knew a new abbreviation - the GRU.
The appearance of books, assigned to the latest development of the Russian Empire, did not celebrate an analogous effect. Vids in the end of the nineties - the ear of "zero" rock in the monograph at once became a biblio-graphic novel. Pererakhumo ci vidannya: V. M. Bezotosny "Development and planning of construction in 1812 rotsi"; Chotiri of the book by M. Aleksov "Viyskova development of Russia from Rurik to Mikoli II" (books I and II) and "Viyskova development of Russia. persha svitova vіyna”(Book III, parts 1 and 2); V. Avdov, V. Karpov "The Secret Mission in Paris: Count Ignatiev against the Nimetsian Development in 1915-1917 Rocks", E. Sergov, Ar. Ulunyan “Not for the public. Vіyskovі agents of the Russian Empire in Europe and in the Balkans. 1900-1914 ", K.K. Zvonarev "Agenturna development: Russian agent development until and before the hour of 1914-1918 years" (reprint from 1931 in the CDCP of the book, de vyskova development of the royal period of the bullet, apparently, as it is, it is still imagined) memoirs (P. Ignatyev "My mission in Paris"). At the end of 2010, the book by M. Aleksov appeared on the shelves of bookstores, "The Development of the Russian Empire from Oleksandr I to Oleksandr II".
The development of the power of any state will be aware of the full dependence of its secrecy. It’s not surprising - the sign of the development of the field is in the fact that you open up the aliens, who are overpowered in the incomplete way. It is possible, by adopting the principle of "harrowing the fruit is always liquor", any suspension in the first place will be able to keep up to the time of development. Not viklyuchennyam є i our land.
Maliy coat of arms of the Russian Empire zrazka 1857 r
I’ll look back at the grown-up hour of interest before the history of pre-revolutionary Russia, below the story of the history of Russian development until 1917 Perevaga is pushing for the state, and not for the future development. If I want to stretch out for a trivial hour, straight ahead, it often goes hand in hand.
The history of the development is very important. Documents about developing operations and buildings, as a rule, are not taken care of - conspiracies and secrets є the basics of whether the state's special services. Therefore, the presenter of the history of development will inevitably face a lot of difficulties when trying to create structures, goals and establish new organs in any kind of history of the country. In most cases, it is reported that there is a wide range of information and information.
Long time ago
As it seems, the development was taken in respect of the found profession on Earth - in the Bible, in the ancient times and transfers (for example, in the Sumerian and Akkadian times, assigned to Gilgamesh), the history of the history. In Biblia (chapter 3 of the Book of Numbers), a zokrem, it is said: "
18. If Moses sent him [from the wilderness of Paran] to look around the land of Canaan [the old name of Palestine, Syria and Finiki], then saying to him: go to the new land and enter the mountain;
19. І shake that Land what kind of wine, і people who sit on it, who is strong or weak, innumerable?
20. Yak land, on yaky vin to sit with a new one, why is it good who is evil? And in the first place, in what wines do you live, in wines do you live in or in fortets?
21. Is the earth dry, sitiy chi won? Chi є on nii tree, chi ni? Be merry and see the fruit of that Land. "
In other words, the "traders" were prompted to conduct a series of operational-rocket calls with the help of a large-scale collection of information about foreign lands.
The monument to the old Indian literature "Arthashastra" also speaks about the development ("... whoever has a filthy thing, inform them in confidence"); about the establishment of a rooted system of a group of agents - "otruynik" (saboteurs), spyguns, who are guilty of letting the lasting labor down to life, so that it is seen to serve the state, there is a lot of stench to be found strongly in no way.
As soon as the powers began to form in the wandering coils of the earth, the development of the development did not unmistakably become a part of it. However, about the establishment of special developmental bodies, it didn’t come out - the stench was to blame only when the state was forced to centralize. Development in the capacity of an independent service could only appear with the manifestation of a rooted state and rooted political ties.
The needs of the heads of powers (princes, tsars) of the nobility of the yakomog are more about the supporters, especially about the opponents, by the natural ruinous force for the development of the development right.
development in Old Russia
In Ancient Rus, the development of the viconuval is practically only tactful (in a large number of vypadkiv - vіyskogo character) due to active and sub-active reasons. The wake of the day, the people of this era were not open-minded, that price in the minds of the feudal fragmentation (to see a merchant by the "dakhom", for example) was even more important - the rose could easily be driven by "people". The obstinacy of the tribute of strategic development (called, state) was a role played out.
Tactful development was actively carried out by the old Russian princes for the purpose of bringing them to the meetings or for carrying out distant campaigns of conquest. For example, for a wide-ranging expedition of Russians in 860 r to Constantinople (if they were weakened by internal fervors), it was necessary to carry out a singing development robot on a large scale. The development of a message to the strategic character of the vicarists, for example, Prince Oleksandr Nevsky, seeking neutrality with the Horde, and actively fighting against the nice people.
Until the end of the 15th century. in Russia, there are bullets, whether they are organizations of sovereign government. Development of the state of affairs under the authority of the great or udilny princes. Winning a visit from a vladyka, "the director of the Service of the First Intelligence Service", "the Minister of Defense", etc. In Russia, there was no need for a special body to deal with this development. That stretching out a trivial hour between the words "salesman" and "diplomat" you can easily put a sign of eagerness. Tim is bigger, it is practical until the ear of the twentieth century. management of the development will be in the hands of the provinces to engage in diplomatic work.
Development in Russia (XV-XVII centuries)
In the process of collecting the lands of Rus in one end, the great princes of "all Rus", the zokrem, Ivan III, will start to conduct an active call of politics. Otzhe, growing demand for the services of the razvіdnikіv. The growers of Ivan III are especially kind and educated people, in the first place - after. Ginz, merchants, representatives of the clergy and foreigners, who enveloped the nation's social and industrial camp, got involved.
The development of the first organs of the central administration is beneficially informed on the information of the princes (tsars). For the rule of Ivan IV the Terrible, in 1549 r. important pod_ya: To ascertain The ambassadorial mandate - the first in Russia a special sovereign has been established, which has given the tsar's calling policy, incl. Calling development, which took the lead in the middle of those punishments, as well as those who were knitted with the foreigners (all close to a dozen, which may be in contact with the foreigners - for example, Stryletskiy, Taimnih). Before the dispatch of diplomatic missions, the Ambassadorial mandate detailed the details of the assignment, and submission to the head of the mission - incl. and developmental character.
So, 1557 r І.Є. Zamitskiy, scho virushav to the king of the Sweets (Sweden), propelled the attack: "So being Ivan at the king's intelligence about those nagatos: as Gustav is the king ... with the sovereigns of the harsh, and for the sovereigns about doing anything, and how, God give, provide, and then who came to Tell the king and the great prince. "
In the meanings of the period not to be afraid of the prompts of the diplomatic and developmental service, this was given the occasion.
Yaskravoyu figure among other people є, for example, Ivan Mikhailovich VisKovatiy - the first clerk of Posolskiy I will instruct you, about which foreigners they said, that yomu "did not boom at that hour in Moscow". It’s an hour to spend with an important diplomatic mission in Lipna-Serpna 1562 in Dania (it’s necessary to go to the union with Russia). Viskovatova had a chance to ask for the help of the "agent in flow".
In short words, I.M. Viskovaty going to the direct purchase of the necessary people - the robot is even more delicate, the spanks will need to be propounded to the penniless dignitaries, who are guilty, but they will definitely take the "gifts" (swag).
It would be even more unacceptable if the dignitary had seen it and had seen "kudi slid". It is necessary for a great deal of preparation to be carried out by a great preparation robot, z'yasovuyuchi relish, drink, weak mission of the transferring object, schob zmusiti yogo "pratsyuvati" on itself. Podіbnі priyomi - subcontracting dignitaries in pouring - Russian distributors (diplomats) will be victorious for even more than a trivial period of an hour.
Besides, I.M. Viskovaty engaged in the analysis of important reports from the powers that be, incl. pratsyuvav and sent to the king from behind the cordon, having prepared projects of views, planning in other children, vicarious talent and broad erudition.
For otrivannya secret vіdoms Ivan IV (that th not only wіn), going to the aid of the reboots. "We [in Lithuania] have a great number of Moscow migrants, who, having received our inquiries and calls, can easily turn to their own, leave the stench with us, and then convey our plans to our own plans ... Mіzh Moscow interrupted people in the night, like at Vilnius [Vilnius] they called their fellow countrymen in prison, having one priest, who sent the prince his own agreements, decreeing the first papirs, which also went to the royal office of the Church of Christ, the copy of the people ... Turning around to the migrants, to find the empty and the marnims: freedom for the slave, the nobility for the commoner, forgiveness of the Borgs, for the boorzhnik, forgiveness of the guilt ... ".
The Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich will see the power of the centralized government. In 1654, the tsar's order was ordered by Taєmnikh, the right to order was deprived of the tsar and he had control over the activity of all sovereign institutions... Tsia especially the office was engaged in food development, counter-intelligence, encryption services, protection of the king and his neighbors. Let's clear up the misconceptions of the witness with the butt of the "development service". development yak warehouse The order of the local justice was occupied ... with the joke of the corny copalins!
For the robots, in the Nakazi were found the most good and good conversions from the other orders, as they passed the special school of navchannya at the Spassky Monastery. The stinks took away a great "salary" in proportion to the colleagues from the other punishments (the stretch of the 17th century was close to 80 punishments) my good luck- Significant social security.
Particularly important sheets were delivered to the emissaries of the tsars, delivering only for the help of the clerks of Taimnyh (who served as a field officer's call), in which they were given additional information about the developmental character, for example, to bring the people around the population about the mood of the population. to pass. It is of great importance to have cipher references, "bird letters".
At 1676 r, after the death of Oleksiy Mikhailovich, the Order of the local rules of the formation and the right of the new development passed into the sphere of activity of the Ambassador's order.
"The family is not without a virodka"
The history of the development, ymovirno, would not be correct, if they didn’t guess about the zradniks, they wouldn’t be able to see them, but in many ways. Grigoriy Karpovich Kotoshikhin, who served for an hour to Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich before the Order of Taєmnikh, was one of the first vidnykh zradniki. Vіn vіyavivya original zradnik - send zradi, residing in Switzerland, G.K. Kotoshikhin wrote pratsyu "About Russia for Tsar Oleksiya Mikhailovich", published in Russia in for example XIX century, what a great success among the precursors from the history of our land.
The spite of the reasons for the health is now, obviously, a little bit not knowing, but it is possible to let the offensive come. Perche, the image of the king-father. When writing letters, replace the "great sovereign" by writing "great", omitting the word "sovereign". At the XVII century. They didn’t forgive any pardons - "piddyach Grishke Kotoshikhin, who wrote that note, ordered ... for those who committed punishment - beat batogi".
In a different way, G.K. Kotoshikhin viyavlyav dissatisfaction with the drive vlasnogo pay. Until then, in 1661, the fate of the wines was known, the monastic treasurer, who was the monastic treasurer, who had been responsible for the expenses. The soil of the waste appeared in every dark, splinters, since G.K. Kotoshikhin for the Borgs dad confiscated the booths with the lane, nezabarom vyavilosya, scho in the monastic belongings were rejected ... 15 kopiyok! Until then, G.K. Kotoshikhin, obviously, did not turn.
However, і a pardon in spelling, і borg dad did not serve as a drive for the "sound" of G.K. Kotoshikhin from the old Russian special services. So, at least 1661 rubles for rіk vin otrimav "thirteen karbovantsіv", in 1663 - thirty. However, you can start with a great part of the song, as G.K. Kotoshikhin buv spiteful people, and they didn’t even try to get a lot of “punishment” for them, they vazhayuyu themselves good and gifted people.
There was no yak bi there, "last year Grishka fumbled, changed, went to Poland." Even earlier G.K. Kotoshikhin successfully "pratsyuvav" on the Swedes. So, in the end of 1663, he sold the singer to the genus of information to the Swedish ambassador to Moscow, Adolf Ebers, and took away forty rubles (by the end of the year, G.K.
Pislya vtechi G.K. Kotoshikhin proclaimed his servants of the Polish king Jan Kazimierz, and willingness to give the king "korisny" please, from those who wish "to the way in which we will be able to come." In addition, the zradnik proponuvav the king of the vlast wine, go to the "vіyskovo-technical" spheres - vigotiti slingshots (tobto rogatini), which are "better and lighter than those of Moscow".
However, Jan Kazimir was not able to move, and he stayed until the Nimetsky town of Lubeck (one of the main towns of Ganzi - the famous trade union of the middle town). However, vin is strongly rizikuvav - following the traces of G.K. Kotoshikhina was already a shooter with a mandate to deliver him to Moscow. Ale the zradnik was happy - the Swedes clung to it in person and 24 leaf fall 1665 Charles XI, having signed a special decree about "like Russian Gregori Kotosikni", in which he said:
"Oskilki to the sight of our journey, so tsya lyudin knows the Russian state well, having served in the office of the Grand Duke and having seen the readiness to work for us. brown appearance We asked all the mercifulness to ask the Russian dvid of riksdalers by the siblom. ”One hour G.K. Russian name Stockholm). As a result, a health insurance provider for state service with an incorruptible salary.
When she was building, away from Johann Seletsky's life. However, one unacceptable podіya has become, the turns of both, it is impossible, so and to become unintelligible. In the end of the year 1667, he went to the house of p'yanim and "in the camp of an alcoholic sp'yaninnya" stabbing the master's house with a knife, at whom he knew the apartment (colleague in robotics) and his relative; "From the riders of the knife wounds" two years later the cholovik died.
May 11 and 12, 1667, the fate of the court came, as the wine of virok: "Through those Russian clerk Ivan Oleksandrovich Seletskiy, who also called himself Grigoriyam Karpovich Kotoshikhilyad, who knew that he was gravely guilty. Anastasius, as long as he died two years later, the court can not pardon him and on the basis of God's and Swedish laws sentenced to death. "
Death virok inaccurately buv ghosts at the visonannya - after all, the zradnik otrimat what he deserves. At the end of the day, it’s too late, which, due to the growing problems, in 1837 the Russian students of S.V. Solovyovim, no land has been seen і "yogo kistki dosі [tobto 30-th pp. XIX century.] Sberіgayutsya in Uppsala like a monument, strung on the middle and steel dart".
Recipients of Peter I the Great
On the ear of the 18th century. the throne of the Russian loan is one of the most prominent rulers of our land - Peter I the Great. At the beginning of the social and economic development of Russia until the 18th century. Petro embarked on large-scale reforms. Wake up, skasovuє vіdzhili every hour, instruct the leading team. The development of the robot is responsible for everything in the hands of the Earth's collegium, it was a popular policy - diplomacy and earlier to become distributors.
On the ear of the 18th century. Russia is actively involved in the world of international politics, developing ties with Western European powers; z 1700 r Russia started to work for a visit to Baltic Sea... It’s not surprising for Peter that he could get a further development of the development for Peter - and not only for Vijskov.
Even in the 17th century. behind the cordon, a number of permanent representative offices of Russia - in Switzerland (1634), Holland (1699) - are being reimagined by Petro in the center of discrediting the developmental tributes about the European powers. Dermal words, violated across the cordon, were presented with instructions from the tsar, which took more than one hour for an hour. So, for the honorably appointed ambassador to Turechchina (dated April 2, 1702) Peter Andriyovich Tolstoy, the tsar had 17 special points of developmental character (some instructions were given to the skin Russian ambassador).
P.A. Tolstoy mav gave a detailed description of the Sultan and his most important otochennya, because the Sultan himself ruled through favorites, who can be smart before the war or love "calm". Chi vidchuvak the belongings of Turechchini "prosperity" or "zoozhinnya". From the ambassador it is necessary to know more about the warehouse of the Turkish army, its dislocation, and the formation of the city. About the fleet of Petro, asking for a number of ships, storage, warehouse, safety. The ambassador is guilty of the Buv z'yasuvati plan of the Turks about the modernization of the Ottoman Empire's forces.
"Being at the Saltan court, make sure your mother is diligent and not guilty of visibility, with a well-nourished artistry, to vividati and describe the camp of the people there ...
I from the near-Cordonians, like the powers in the first chanuvannya I have, and what kind of people love more, and I want to see them, or I want a sound ...
About the implantation of the vіysk yake, there are a lot of settling, and how much yak we are, and the trimming is ready ...
In the lower lands, it’s difficult to go out of the country’s will, either because there is opposition from the old Saltans, or from the Perseians and from the other peoples, and in some places, and in front of them and the people ... what are you encouraged to continue ... Saltan can be tidied up and in some ways, and how it stinks, and how you can resist it. "
It’s important to read 17 articles, like, unfortunately, it’s a pity to see it through the back of the great debate, you can only wonder about the sovereign wisdom and outlook of Peter.
Ambassador to Holland A.A. Matvov in 1701, the founders of the early adopters of the discourse in spring 1708, having taken care of Peter's information about Charles XII's plans to turn to Ukraine for a common knowledge power z Krimsky Khan, Poles.
In the house of a great development robot in Stockholm, the Russian ambassador, Prince A.Ya. Khilkov, internationalized in the capital of Sweden with a grain of wine (1720-1721). Arriving in the capitals on 18 April 1700, they were marked by "primordial developments, with the right and for whom to live in Stockholm, the messengers of the earth powers", A.Ya. Khilkov, I think it’s not bad, I don’t want to beat Russia anymore ...
Unimportant for the utterness of the Swedes, the prince prodvzhuvav information for Peter and send it - through Copenhagen - to the king! Same A.Ya. Khilkov, having conveyed the views to Peter in 1701, about the preparation of the Swedish campaign against Arkhangelsk (the plot about the yak was the basis of the artistic film "Russia is Young").
The share of A.Ya. Khilkova went tragically - in 1718 rubles for the feast before the Aland armistice, behind the yak to Russia the rest of the dead turned, the prince died. Yogo tilo was transported to St. Petersburg, on the tsvintara Oleksandro-Nevskoy Lavri (the grave was not spared).
The success of the development of Peter I was tied with yakimos I.R. von Patkul, a Lіflandian nobleman. Being a suppressive enemy of Sweden, until such a thing I have an incomparable hatred, I became a good assistant to the Russian tsar, "pratsyuvav" is not a style for a penny, but "for an idea." Zrozumilo, for the very reason, other people appear to be priceless dzherels of expensive houses.
Pershі rocky XVIII century. I.R. Patkul became the conductor of the Russian anti-Swedish policy at the Entry, and not without his help Peter I established the Private Union (at the warehouse of Russia, Saxony, Poland, Dania), straightening against Charles XII. Volodyucha with talent and superb building, get the call to be-like people, I.R. Patkul gave Petro a lot of information about the details of Western European policy and recruited the Austrian Chancellor Kaunits to the Russian corpse (unfortunately, after the death of I.R.
Unfortunately, in 1707 I.R. Patkulya saw the King of Poland August II for the Swedes, and talk separately about the peace with Sweden. The colossal Swedish poddan for "the joy of the father" ochіkuvala deprived of one punishment - death punishment. Unimportant to the efforts of Peter, who was in charge of І.R. Patkul "like our minister", they didn’t lead to anything. 10 zhovtnya 1707 r I.R. Patkul buv of the Swedes' horror-stricken anguish.
Among the number of Inozemts, voluntarily "pratsyuvali" on Peter, it is possible to name italiytsya F. Benevina, what a rule from the name of Russia the defense treaty with Bukhara against the Khivin Khanate; S.V. Vladislavich-Raguzinskiy (a freak of Serbia), during the early days of the Winter War, engaged in active propaganda of Peter's successes against the Swedes at Sunset (in the morning, in Venice).
Peter I, having given the great significance of the new development, didn’t change the structure. In the area of organizing the development of Peter the Great, only a few people, the rudiments of the quartermaster-general (headquarters) of the service and the statute of war, were announced by the tsar. For Peter the bullets of the ruined Persians try the mothers of their representatives in the foreign armies. Diplomats acted in the role of the Vyskov agents (atasha), and the headquarters of the new development was immediately announced. For Peter I, one of the peculiarities of the Russian development, which was developed until the ear of the XX century, was clearly seen. - the end of the goals and the establishment of the vіyskovoі and zvnіshnoi development (to marvel at Peter's vimogi to the ambassador in Turechchina PA Tolstoy).
True, in the minds of the epoch, they are encouraged to be more, I think, it will be, take it, before the hour. The merit of Peter Polyagu is that he has prepared the basis for the further development of the country in all regions, incl. and in development.
Development under Oleksandr I
From the middle of the XVIII - the ear of the XIX century. In the history of the new development of Russia, there are no significant changes in the organization, or in the structures. The information about the robot of raising the assignments for the period is already innumerable and does not allow judging in the general public about the self-promulgation of the robot of our investigators outside the cordon for the good of Russia.
On the cob XIX cent. In the history of Russia there are important steps - in 1802, the replacement of the colleagues who were founded under Peter the Great was close to a hundred years, and Oleksandr I started the system of ministries. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MZS) until the other half of the XIX century. prodvzhuvalo in the status of an offender of the collective of Zakordonnyh the rights in the field of the development of new development, recognizable from the old meetings and representatives of Russia behind the cordon of the development of different types of housing, incl. і from vіyskovyh food.
An ear of a new, 19th century, marked for Russia by the fight against Napoleon's France. Before the face of a dangerous enemy, Russia, like a nikoli, demanded valuable information, good news of the plan. In 1810, in the life of the development of Russia, there is a fourth important development - for the establishment in 1549 of the Ambassador's order, in 1654 - the Order of the local righteousness and pre-banned development in 1716 of the legal basis.
1 fierce in 1810, General M.B. Barclay de Tolli is an inescapable specialty, commander and patriot of Russia. During 1810 years of development and to introduce it into the house for the first time in the history of the "Special Chancellery" - the body, which is considered for the sake of the revision and the processing of the developmental data, that it should be taken by the special agencies The conspiracies and dyyalnosti gave great significance, and here M.B. Barclay de Tolli achieved significant successes - not a word is said about the office in his memoirs and stories of the era.
The first for all the activity of the "Special Chancellery" was responsible for the development of the Western European regions (the splinters of the threat from Napoleon's side). The Minister of Justice of the Republic of Belarus instructed the promisors to take a tribute "about the number of times, especially in the state of the skin [the first seven promising parties from France, Austria, Saxony, Bavaria, Switzerland, Spain]. and the dignity of the honorable generals and the attitude of the great. " "There is no less enough of a mother to say about the number, goodness, character and spirit of the people, about the geographic growth and creation of the earth, about the internal dzherel of the whole empire [so that the state, in what is known as the agent of that person who was sold ". It was given the furnishings to indicate that there was still no clear submission to the news and the call of the development.
Colonel A.I. Chernishov - for the official version of the special representative of Oleksandr I under Napoleon. As a matter of fact A.I. Chernishov was engaged in collecting development donations and for contacts with one of the most recent "innovators" in the history of development of Russia ...
About A.I. Chernishova vіdomo duzhe bagato. Vidomo, scho for short line Colonel went into the distance to set the border of informators in the regular and vital spheres of Paris, to improve and expand the activity of individuals, bought for great (including special) pennies. One of them is a sprobatnik of the Military Ministry of France Mischle, who was a member of a special group, once every two years they put together information especially for Napoleon about the number and dislocation of the French Zbroyny Forces. Successes about A.I. Chernishov will spend an hour trying to work out the bagatokh of the old history for the establishment of the happy image of the Russian retailer.
However, the question to the food is: how exactly did you impart to the next move? Unimportant to the self-determination of the colonel, from the house of "Krasenya Leandro" and the other dzherels, Russia did not manage to go to the future against Napoleon, as in 1812 he was sent to Moscow.
Unfortunately, the share of the "Special Chancellery" turned out to be unconvincing. Zіvіlnennyam in Veresen 1812 M.B. Barclay de Tolly from the post of the Viyiskovy Mіnіstr yogo dіtische - the first in Russia and Europe, a special development authority - the bulo is skewed and rotated in 30-s pp. ts'go zh stolittya. The functions of the office were transferred without a second to the military ministry, a part of the office-razvidniks of the official moved to Batkivshchyna. With the residual change in 1815 over Napoleon, there was a threat over Russia, and the need for special development agencies - from the point of view of possible owners - was not outrageous.
Development of Russia: new directions
The most privileged at the right of the development of Bulo, Zrozumilo, "European Straight", Ale Russia is small to the Great Cordon and on Descend, Zokrem, with one of the strong and insecure enemies - Persia (Iranian), from which our land is in the third (B1804-1813 і 1826-1828 pp.) She led bloody wars.
In 1828 A.S. Griboedov, author famous creator"Woe to the Rose". Yak and earlier, for the hours of Peter the Great, for A.S. Griboedov's bullet was put in the instruction-mandate, in which the sphere of its developmental activity was introduced.
For example, a collection of statistical and political information about Persia, history, geography, about the country of economy, trade; A selection of news about the people of Persia, about the people of Persia, about the beggars, the names, the trade of the population, about the "friendship and dislike" in the people of Persia with the other countries. Especially great respect was given to the collection of "day-to-day victories" of information about Bukhara, її trade, znosina from Khiva, Persia, Afghanistan, Turechchina.
However, A.S. Griboedov did not rise to start before the establishment of the building before him - on September 30, 1829, he persisted in the territory of the Russian embassy, grabbed and drove everyone who was there. Sered zagiblikh bouv i O.S. Griboedov.
The interests of Russia were prostrated and far away for the day - to the lands Of America, More precisely, to Brazil. The official was appointed to the post of the first consul in the distant Rio de Janeiro, going back to 1812 (arriving to Brazil in April 1813). Їm staє yakis G.I. von Langsdorf (ugly Nimechchini), knowing Portuguese, French, Nimetska, English, Russian mov, good knowledge of lykarsky mystery. The opinion of the robot of the Russian consul from the robot of his colleagues in Europe was in the offensive - it was taken to take the data for the successful trade between Russia and Brazil, in order to pick up the development information of the economic nature.
G.I. von Langsdorff added a lot of information about practically unheard of for Russia (the same for Europe) land. Winningly, with the necessary punctuality, having sent to the Ministry of Health of Russia a new list of earth ships, which sent Rio de Janeiro in the present day in 1813 due to the designated hour of arrival, in the direction of vantage, the port of destination and the sign, the hour of moving the ship on the road, vantage support (in Brazil).
At the exhibition of information from the captains of ships, from the land merchants G.I. Langsdorf, having made the necessary arrangements and recommendations for the most preschool terms for sailing to the shores of Brazil, Russian merchant ships from Baltic ports, terms of sailing and outbound routes. G.I. Langsdorf gave a report on the recommendations on the nomenclature, quality and other detailed characteristics of the goods, which would later be delivered to Brazil.
However, from a glance at the distant views and the priorities of the leading state establishments of the best views of the Russian consul, it can be said that they disappeared without a corista for Russia.
Development of Russia in the other half of the 19th century
On the right M.B. Barclay de Tolli according to special agents in overseas land otrima to each other the people in the 30th rr. XIX Art. with the arrival of the Ministry of the Ministry (in 1828) A.I. Chernishov. Before the development of robots, the personnel of the service personnel, the specialists of the MZS, have now been trained. Inodі navіt staynіm went in to solicit great successes, Nizh first, some of the development (new and old) in all countries, as a rule, the office was busy, and arriving in the country, whether it was a new (visit officially).
One of the most important buildings, she stood in front of a call-out in the meanings of the period, but it was, in the meantime, vyslovlyuyuchie muvuyu - promislovo spygunstvo. With an ear of light development, I will progress in industry at the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries. Russia has become a strong leader in the economy of Europe. To that, all the Russian embassies at the European courtyards gave instructions in the general order of execution, with special respect for the ...
Up to 30 pp. XIX Art. It’s a lot of occasions when the Russian distributors added important technical information for Russia: in 1832, the ambassador to Paris for 600 francs bought a description of new carriages for the French artillery; in 1835, the consul in Gamburzi sent a report to the Belgian king about the war nobles, models of towels and the telegraph of new education in Belgium. However Krimska vіyna(1853-1856) ruled by Suvoriy іspit of the industrial spygunism of Russia and brought, well, unaffected by the self-confidence of the partners, the result - the introduction of new technologies in the Russian branch - so it was not reached.
Through the marriage of vіyskovyh agents to the addition of developmental tribute to the essence of vіyskovy character, the messengers of Russia were received. The very same in the sheets sent to the MZS from 8 May 1852 r A.I. Chernyshov speak up: "The Emperor, bazhayuchi, that the Vіyskoe ministry has little reason for the world because of the reason why we can think of the new powers of the earthly powers, which are often necessary for the world quiet powers, not many special vital correspondents, deliver hourly, in the same term, in the form of the camp of the great powers of these powers according to a short and convenient program. "
Development in Russia on the cob of the XX century.
At the turn of the XX century. The name of the development of Russia was the head rank in the hands of the MZS. Zgіdno "Establishments of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs" 1892 r in the office of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation was considered as political, economical and military in nature, as they came from behind the cordon.
Behind the cordon, the organization of the vyvchennya of the land was transferred (by any means) to the heads of the diplomatic representatives. Before you go to the collection of the skin core of the overseas representative, you know or know about the secret letter instructions, prepared in the office of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation and signed by the emperor.
Thus, in the instruction, P.M. Vlasov at Veresna 1897 said: "I have added to the tribute already to you in the out-of-the-box instructions, I respect your great importance for the food, for the reason that the minds of your mind will be created by your own" ...
For the sake of financial support for visits, tied with a "developmental character", special sums were seen - for buying needed people. In 1857 r, on a similar genus Vitrati, the Ministry of Finance vidilala 2.973 rubles, In 1889 r - 125.973 rubles, In 1901 r - 162.473 rubles. (Tsіkavo, have a few pennies settled in the clutches of the "accepting" messengers?).
In the organization of the developmental right behind the cordon, the actions of specialties were annulled. For example, the conduct of this secret intelligence by the envoys of Russia (as it was seen by the specials) did not bother about it, but hoped "on the courts," which generated a lot of passiveness before the opening from the side.
The recruitment of the colonel of the Russian notice of the Austro-Ugric development Alfred Redl was the greatest success of the Russian development before the 1st anniversary of the war. The Colonel navmisno prikhovuvav from the Austro-Ugric General Staff to go to the new special, for the service, the development of information from the agents of the Week in Russia. A. Redl conveyed to Russia the Austro-Ugric mobilization plans against Russia and Serbia.
Years of joy A. Redlya helped, with the words of E. cob period win. Tsіkavo, scho deyaki "servants" the colonel robbed from the vlast sponukans, without asking for a fee, which the Russian side always paid generously to you.
True, the history of the development is spreading in the minds of the next step of the corridor of the documentary information for the Russian side. imovirno, stop word zalishaєatsya for maybutnіmi doslіdzhenny.
Uninvolved in the "monopoly" of the MZS, they are developing outside the cordon, and in some cases of the government of the Russian Federation of Mali Vlashnykh agents outside the cordon. A characteristic butt can be used by P.I. Rachkovsky, who was the agent of the tsar's department of Russia from France, and who sent the "robot" to the police and the investigation. "Kolga" P.І. Rachkovsky in Berlin, A.M. Garting, I will remember the role of the additional development information.
zbir vidomosty sovereign value Behind the cordon, the Ministry of Finance went viral, spiraling to the power of agents - financial agents and representatives of banks. The Ministry of Trade and Industry, established in the period of 1905 r, has not enough entrusted to some agents outside the cordon, who have been transferred to the Russian representatives and were engaged in the main development of economic diversities.
Vlasni vidomosty supplied and the Holy Synod, which was victorious for reaching the goals of the spiritual mission of the Russian Orthodox Church beyond the cordon. However, it is not a good idea to re-evaluate the efficiency of the offices. The information that was needed, for example, was from the banker or the monk, which was shown by a growing level of communication, activity, regularity, glibini, and reliability.
Yakshto okreslit the outpost of the Russian development in advance of the 1st Svitovoy vіyny, which was known in the heavily overwhelmed camp. As a rule, the agent's activity behind the cordon was based on the most frequent types of "goodwill", so that some of them, on their own, missed the information, often - one or more times. The development of structures was not small in its organization, most of the time they were rendered haphazardly, for the duration of the outbound programs.
This is a characteristic butt. The commander of the Viborzky regiment of the Cernitskiy rozpovidav, scho in Berlin Count Shuvalov (ambassador to Nimechchin) in the 90s. XIX Art. zіbrav vsіh rosіyskih ofіtserіv, virіshivshi dіznatisya їh "Dumka about nіmetskoї armії i zaproponuvav їm usіm dati pismovі vіdpovіdі who gave to qiu robot hour of one o'clock. vіn TER himself wrote. Coley boule prochitanі tsі vіdpovіdі, SSMSC duzhe Visoko put nіmetsku armіyu access in all vіdnoshennyah Shuvalov I know, I know ... I know I’m good army, but it’s not so blithe, as if I had read the messages at once, so, it means that I’ve introduced my order in Oman, I don’t think of anything in their meanings.
Russian development, it is obvious, there is little power in the shortcomings and shortcomings in the robot. In її ranks і zradniki served, without which there is no need for development in the light. Alena naygolovnіshe and viznachana polyagє in the borderless manhood of Russian development, at the cost of life, the necessary information for the country was obtained, as well as the prosperity of Russia.
Special services of the Russian Empire [Unique encyclopedia] Kolpakidi Oleksandr Ivanovich
Chapter 22
Vіyskovі tаєmnitsі Russian empire
Already in the first years of the last century, all the great powers of the world began to prepare until they died, they were busy trying to keep up with them, so as to prevent potential allies and opponents. At the hour of peace, innumerable secret service units "fell in love" with mobile plans, novelties vіyskovoї technology that information about preparing for the future.
As a legacy of the tsiy, in the vіyskiy vіyskіvіvіdіvіvіvіyu active work on the stem of that in-depth system and seizure vіyskovoї tamnitsі... The robot was led straight behind the chotirma:
stem and detailed systems and counter-auditory organs. Їх to the main zavdannyam bulo anti-spygunyu enemy in peacetime and military hours (about the report is stated in the other sections of this book);
organizing a complex system and obtaining information to take revenge on the visitor's house;
in-depth system of field service;
organization of the viyskovoi censorship.
Through a lot of rocky times, the end of the First World War can be done, well, come in unimpressed in all your life, the Russian Empire could not efficiently and hopefully clean up its secrets.
The Russian suspension has the problem of countering the enemy's spying was regularly discussed on the sidelines of the Russian Invalida, Novoi Chasu, Viyskogo Zbirnik newspapers. But all the materials were of a controversial nature, and there were no university groups of fahivts and tsikavikh. We have seen a monograph devoted to the problem of viral spygunism.
One hour, a roz'yasnyuvalna robot was held in vіyskah. Napriklad, yak zgaduє one of kerіvnikіv dorevolyutsіynoї rosіyskoї kontrrozvіdki Mikola Batyushіn, "in shtabі Varshavskogo vіyskovogo District CCB vstanovleny pіslya Rosіysko-yaponskoї vіyni order memo opovіschennya about scho not pіdlyagayut oprilyudnennyu nakazіv the District about every dіyshov to court shpigunskіy spravі not roblyachi nіyakih taєmnits h I will describe the quiet priyomy, up to which spiguns have gone in to mark secret Vіyskovye vіdoms. "
On the thought of Mykoly Batyushin: “tsya dovira of the visceous leadership of the military to the officers, in the first place, they were trying to judge everything for the ship's eye of the shpiguns' information, but in a different way, they drove into the proper direct officer of the notorious thunder of them, through ... Mimovoli sympathized with the time and in the comrade of the civilian population, like bulo, with such a rank, an indispensable spirits of agents in the order. "
It is also necessary that in 1907 (revised in 1912) a book by the captain of the 2nd infantry regiment of the French army, Raoul Rudeval, "Development and spying. Practical orders to construction officers ”. At this author, on the basis of the advice of the Franco-Prussian war of 1870 and the Russian-Japanese war, a report was made to decide on the basis of the idea of spying and methods of countering it. It is necessary to say that France played a war against Prussia, and Russia - Japan quite a lot through those who Paris and St. Petersburg had already greatly underestimated the possibilities of the German and Japanese special services. The book is given to Vikoristovuvalasya yak the chief guide for the officers of the Russian army.
If the Persha of Svitov's war rested, he was lost, but the army and at the same time with her and the state did not provide for the necessary ryven for the ruler of the war. I, as a heritage, the population is not ready to actively assist the counterintelligence bodies.
I only 22 chervnya 1914 rock the newspaper "Russian Invalid" published a zvernennya to the giants of the Russian Empire. Tse bula persha tried to see the thought of the authorities about the imposition of the authorities in the Russian Empire. At the new vlada, the population of the zberigati called in the information about the dislocation, relocation and number of times. The population cried out not to be sensitive to the sensitive and to take care of them. The order was announced and informed about the real situation at the front.
Through a few months, brochures appeared, describing in detail the realities and vygadans of the intelligence services of the enemy. For example, reading from 1914 in Moscow thin brochures "Nimetsky spygunstvo" learned the axis of the following history:
“Serving as a chemist at the Trikutnik humane plant in Petrograd, the Nimetsian shpigun Keller rejected all the robots in the plant and by themselves, victorious in the midst of the revolt. Happily, the workers didn’t suspect that the sounds of Dme Viter, and the Nimetsian spygunov would be disgusting, as they didn’t resist or imprisoned him. ”
Suddenly, such histories have ruined the development of spygunomania in suspensions, and they shouted at the odds in the midst of people with great problems.
It's a pity that an hour has been spent. Hvilya spy mania, which overwhelmed Russia, as well as the other European lands, did not take active visits to the cause of the foreigners. Yak having written one of the officers of the counter-intelligence of the Russian Empire:
“Not only in that civilian suspension, in which I was constantly turning around, not a little bit of the announcement about counter-intelligence, її recognition and information, but in the middle of all the buckets I’m even vaguely understanding about the day-to-day of the whole foldable installation and the need.”
The First Officer of the Russian Army, Mikhailo Bonch-Bruyevich, who took care of the supply of counter-intelligence in St. Petersburg during the period of the First World War and a Breakdown of the "Draft for organizing the number of counter-intelligence in the army"
Vіn zgadu, scho "tamna vіyna", as it was conducted in parallel, obviously, few people saw it. Newspapers of all straightforwardly talked about the obvious, small photographs and films were published, and about them were raised by millions of participants - soldiers and officers. Little is known about "tamniy viyni". In the bodies that dealt with her, everything was classified with the highest rank.
The very body of the counterintelligence agency, a collection of names of development reports, which were opened unofficially, "without an official establishment," in the name of organizers, would be ruined by a head chance for their effectiveness. The whole principle was adopted until 1917, and I will navil the head of the development department with the help of a conspiracy, which was called “...
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Who and what in our land before the revolution fought against spyguny
Rivne 95 years in volume, 8 chervnya 1911 Vyskovy Minister Volodymyr Sukhomlinov signed the "Regulations on counter-security warnings", which is established at the headquarters of the military districts.
The ear of the systematic efficiency of the modern counter-intelligence in Russia has been laid. Tse, zrazumilo, zvsim does not mean that before that in Russia it wasn’t possible to catch spyguns, as they were called vіyskovy chambers. We fought against them, but they didn’t get involved in a special job. General Mykola Batyushin, vidomy counter-investigator, zgaduvav: "Before the Russian-Japanese process, the counter-escort was in full control in the hands of a political rogue (gendarmes), being asked about the help. ...
Fishing spigons without a system
Officer of the General Staff Oleksiy Ignatyev at the hour of the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905, taking over the work from the foreign military representatives at the headquarters of the Manchurian army. The axis of the description of the description in the yoga industry:
"I have forgotten my curious vpadadok with one of the officers of the Nimetsian General Staff, I overdid it in my own pragmatic, it didn’t matter. Emperor Wilhelm, as a sign of his" traditional friendship, " The headquarters of the corps, to the warehouse which entered the Viborsky regiment, having vazhivaya for the beautiful trimati of the major, about all sorts of problems, on his own. on the way to the headquarters fanza and having attached a sprinkle of chillin perlustration of the headquarters porches. May on uvazi, in tsyu khvilinu marvel at you a dozen Russian eyes. "
The Nimetsky General Staff was quietly aware of the whole history. It’s just a show, but I didn’t specifically engage in fighting with spygunism at the headquarters of the corps. Everyone, who had become deprived of a special initiative of the officers, played an amazing amateur performance. And even in Russia there have been accumulations of miracles to the success of the successful development of the official representatives of the country.
Tsikaviy vypadok was placed in advance of Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812. The Russian representative of Chernishov is not badly in front of the cim in Paris (on svitlinі)... It is necessary to say that there have been very few official spyguns who have recently been sent to the representatives of the military. Zrozulo, what can a man be engaged in on such a posadi - in the world of his powers and in keeping with the collection of information about the world’s powerful forces. Zrozumilo, and behind the Chernishov Bulo, a secret guard was established. Alleged to the young and handsome Russian officer, the agents from the oppressive one-man were told about the same - about the unfinished love suit the Muscovite, enchanted by the beautiful Parisian woman. Napoleon Bonaparte, who had come across a report about Chernishov's amorous wins, in the end of the day, was ordered to take care of it. The Emperor has not without reason vvrevshis, that the person, that he has such an intensive intimate life, but at the same time you do not know any strength, not for an hour. Ale if for a few months before the ear of death Chernishov left Paris, bringing with him superbly detailed information about the French army. Before the hour is gone, it’s gone to sleep, it’s okay to add a superb price and quality assurance.
# Comm # The great French commander did not vrahuvav the same furnishings: Romani, a brilliant Russian officer, was twisting not with the washerwomen and daughters, but with the squads and daughters, seemingly fucking love, even more important people. Having podnuvav, so bi-moviti, I think with the crimson, - service connections and vidbots of valuable information with special satisfaction. # / Comm #
Zdavalosya b, slid of intelligence, but as the Russian representative can be successful in gathering information, then the same can be engaged in foreign affairs in Russia. Ale, sorry, in Russian-Japanese viynu counter-intelligence service was not closed.
At the first time of the end of the war on the Distant Descent, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the General Staff of Steel received sheets and reports of the Russian officers on the projects of the establishment of a special counter-intelligence service. Numerous front-line soldiers overpowered the impossibilities. So, for example, the goat officer pidosavul Siroyzhkin wrote the tsil "Dopovіd z practice z vіdvіdki about spygunstvі". Allegedly, in 1911, there was a rise in the number of counter-exploration viddili boules, nareshty, stems.
Suma vitrat for counterintelligence was given the following rank: for secret agents and payment of valuable information - 246,000 rubles, for paid services - 157,260 rubles, for rose services - 63,600 rubles, recruitment and change of office - 840 rubles 12 600 rubles, zm_st safe apartments -12 600 rubles.
Vichni spokusi - wine and women
General Batyushin (on svitlinі) priyshov before the onset of visnovks:
"Restaurants, kav'yarni, gralny booths, cafes, cinematographies and in." haunted life for the barracks at home, in the hope of one day, fix and improve your material camp by way of participation in gambling games. It was then that there was a glimpse of gripping focus at the viglyadi of wine, women and in. Cholovik is not afraid to be a slave to hide in a new predilection, to go beyond his own budget. At all times, you can get help from a penny subsidy for any kind of family, but you can get a little more than a little bit of help from a verbose spider and you can call him with you. On the other hand, being careful to go outside the bounds of one's own budget, people can nudge an adolescent people into a number of visas, which can connect and counter-investigator. At the same time, blame it on the floor before the visible agents of counterintelligence, who will be the owners themselves, barmen, lackeys, artists and especially artists, for they just often see them through the ladies. And people for a small amount of wine in the city can give a price for the counter-investigator of the house about the release of these pledges. "
In one of the Warsaw restaurants, they loved to see the Russian scribes, into the distance of the Austrian spigun. Before the clerk, one of the staff members turned up from the innocent cheats by handing up their arms in a car, having paid for a good one. At the onset of his visit, the visitor, inviting the clerk, asked him to give him in copies of the paper, as it was copied, apparently for a fee. Seeing the unkindness, the clerk added more about the authorities, which served as an ear of the spygun's tsikavi right. Pisarev Bulo is ordered to wait until the recruitment is obvious ...
Tsikaviy shpigunskiy scandal of bandaging with the friends of the vice minister, general Sukhomlinov (on svitlinі). That one, we will be in command of the Kievsky Vijskiy district on the commander, having made a great respect for the adorable person, who may be young for a new one. Above won a new uvagu, hto now rozbere ... Ale the role of the general's kokhanka lady did not vlashtovuyu. Only from bad luck: the won was in the lawful whore, the cholovik її buv canopy, the bagacy and even the prideful. Having tried General Sukhomlinov's yogi zalyakati, ale domіgsya more than that, scho obrazheniye cholovіk swearing not for nothing to give separation. On the principle, so bi moviti. Only one was lost: the cholovik zvynuvati in neurology. It is said rudely. For a brainstorming session, they knew and was given a candidacy for the meeting of one of them, a French governess, who had already turned to Batkivshchyna until the end of the day. Behind her, moving, unpoky cholovik and zgrishiv. The court called on the general, and Sukhomlinov's squad appeared to be legal. And the whole epic was forced to go, having been promoted and becoming Sukhomlinov with the commanding officer of the district of the All Russian Empire.
# Comm # The axis here and vibrating a scandal. French newspapers described in detail the history of their friendship, wrote about the French governesses, as for the decisions of the Russian court, the beaver was declared desecrated by the family war. # / Comm #
The Kolishnya governess, mimovoly, got used to the target of the French zhovtoy presie, got stuck and violated her reputation. Would you be good, yak tse zrobiti? Well, how can you bring it, why didn’t you spook someone else’s man in distant Russia, that way through a little rock? Alle, in order to innocently cut off a French woman, there is one absolutely non-negotiable argument, which was approved by a gynecologist. On the right in that, the victim of the hard times didn’t meet the bad luck in his life. More simply, it seems, it was a bit of a twinkling, which was confirmed by the medical examination. Then the testimony signed by the doctors, and the bulletin was presented to the reporters. And I also want to get to know і over the Russian Vіyskovy ministre, and over the Russian Femіda. It is possible for us to say something, some of the unacceptable hwilins performed their excellency with the squad, reading the newspaper statistics. Ale, leaving the magazines and the inhabitants with relish discussed the details of the scandal, the counterintelligence officers paid respect to the most important specialties from the subordinates, or to help the third-party children, in the well-trained young friends of the ministries, "the result"
Dovidka
Service of the first development of the Russian Federation (NWR RF). Isnu in the ninish viglyadi from the fierce 1993 rock. (Bula was blasted yak Іozemniy viddil (INO) VChK at NKVS RRFSR. 20 breast 1920 roku.)
GRU - Head of the Development Directorate of the General Staff of the Radianskoy Army (Vijskova Development), since 1992 - Russian Army, Vidome yak Chetverte management of the General Staff і "VCh No. 44388". Established in 1918, it was sometimes called the Restoration Administration of the Headquarters of the Robotic-Selyanskoy Chervona Army (GRU became known since 1942).
FSB - Russian Federal Security Service. Vaughn poklikana zdіysnuvіvаti watched the internal laws of the state and the order and the counter-intelligence. A couple of wonders was called the Federal Counter-Intelligence Service (FGC). Made in 1991 rock. In April 1995, the Bula was renamed to the FSB. Before the service, the functions of combating organized malignancy, banditry, terrorism, smuggling of goods and values, and corruption immediately passed over.
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