Rozpad kiyivskoy rusi. Winning and falling of the old Russian state - Kiev Rus Osvita of the new state centers
Istorichniy shlyakh vіd elucidate up to the rozpadu Davnoruska PowerThese words have passed over three centuries. The disclosure of the development of the words of the tribes by Prince Rurik in 862 rots gave a tedious post for the development of the country, yaka reached its development to the middle XI stolittya. Already after a hundred years, dozens of independent, small principalities have become established as a mighty state. period XII - XVI capital giving birth to the value of "Pitoma Rus".
Ear of rospad from one state
The development of the Russian state fell on the period of the rule of the Grand Duke Yaroslav the Wise. Win, as the first, are the successors of the Rurikovich family, having made a lot for the change of the ringing ties, the increase between the state powers.
Kyivska Rus was actively involved in trade and trade, developed trade and industrial production. Historian N. M. Karamzin wrote: "Long time Russia praised her ability and goodness with Yaroslav." Yaroslav the Mudriy died in 1054 rotsi, the date of engaging on the cobto the decline of the Old Russian state.
Lyubecheskiy z'yizd princes. Sproba zupiniti rosepad
At the same time, strife broke out for the control of the prince's throne. Three yoghs entered the super-stream, but the young Yaroslavichi, the prince's onuks, did not see them. The tse came at that hour, if the Polovtsians were first sent to Russia from the steppes. Princes, voroguyuchi one by one, pushed to covet the power and wealth, be it price. The deyak from them in rozrakhunka otrimaty bagati vidili entered for the sake of the enemies and led their hordes to Russia.
The teeth of the land for the land were bachelor princes, one of which was Yaroslav Volodymyr Monomakh. Win 1097, having overtaken the princes-relatives, set up in the town of Lyubech, as well as on the Dnipro, and home about the governing of the land. I am far into the distance to the earth. Having kissed the cross at the viciousness of the land, the stench decided: "We'll let the land of Ruska go back to the fatherland, but if we rebel against our brother, then we will all rebel." Ale the contract was not done well: one of the brothers got over it, and in the homeland they shook off malice and lack of confidence with new strength. Z'ezd of princes in Lyubech as a matter of fact to open a wide road to the decline of the Old Russian stateHaving given you the legitimate force please.
Away from the crushed power
More than now, I did not stream the rospeaThe old Russian state, on the capitalIshov in the era of political roses. All in all, they call it the period of petty, or feudal, fragmentation.
Crushing, as vvazhayut history, bulo a natural stage in the development of the Russian state. In Europe, the country could not be unique in the period of early feudalism. The prince's vlada at that hour was weak, the functions of the state were insignificant, and the wealth of landowners would change their own vlada, go to the control of the centralized government, would be intelligent.
Podії, as suprovodzhuvali, the fall of the Old Russian state
Russian development of the earth, little tied between themselves, led a natural domination, enough for a powerful well-being, but it wouldn’t be good for the unity of the state. For an hour of dying and diminishing of the light inflow of the Vizantyyskoy empire, yaka weakened and nezabarom ceased to be great center... In such a rank, having lost his meaning and trade route "from the Varangians among the Greeks", which allowed Kiev to do so in the world, to become international.
Kiyivska Rus united the kilka of dozens of tribes with foldable vidnosin in the middle of the clan. Besides, the accumulation of kochivniks also made their life easier. Ridiculously, people went out of the inhabited places in the sparsely populated land, and dwelled their life there. So the distant part of Russia was populated, and the tse led to the growth of the territory of the state and lost the Kiev prince to them.
The emergence of a private feudal landholding also spread the bred feudal fragmentation and the decline of the Old Russian stateself-contained earth... Druzhinniki, often denied from the prince the payment for the service from the viglyadi land needs, or simply picked them up from the larger weak, began to settle down on the ground. There are great feudal estates - boyars' villages, growth may be and inflow of their masters. The emergence of a great number of such volodin is becoming insane with the power, which has a great territory and a weak administrative apparatus.
Cause the decline of the Old Russian state in a short time
Historians call the crushing of Russia in other parts of the principality a process that is natural in quiet minds.
The emergence of roses among the Slovenian tribes and the reign of natural domination, sufficient for the living of the community.
The emergence of new, rich and infused feudal lords, the rise of the princely-boyar landownership, which does not bazha distribute its dominion and reach Kiev.
To support the struggle between the numerical decline for the control of the land.
The migration of tribal communities in the new land through robberies of kochivniks, seen from Kiev, at the expense of him.
Vrata Vizantinya svitovogo panuvannya, reducing the trade turnover of the trade route to her, weakening the international relations of Kiev.
The emergence of new places yak centers of udilny princedoms, growing their significance on the weakened power of Kiev.
Tastes to the Rozpadu Rusi
Traces of the Role of the Old Russian Statewear yak positive, so i negative character... To positive inheritances, you can add:
the appearance and development of places in the numerical principalities;
the jokes of the merchants' nobles natomist vizantyyskogo, having lost the amount of meaning;
preserving the unity of spirituality, socialism, as well as cultural traditions of the Russian people.
Negative legacies of the podiatry є:
without interruption of the princes;
rozpodil lands on the other needed for the cinnamon of all recessions;
Decrease in building is seized, the visibility of unity in the land.
Significant negative inheritances were designated by the highest rank in the life of the Old Russian state during the period of the fall
... Ale not vvazhayut yogo step back at the development of Rus.Deyakі pomіtі centri
At the tsei historical period of Vlad Kiev and the first meaning as the first place of the state, step by step decrease, go off. Now there is only one of the great Russian cities. The role of their lands and their centers grows overnight.
Novgorodska the land of Persha has entered the land of the Grand Duke. The structure of management of the share, which formed there, is called the historians of the feudal republic. The citizens of the city themselves called their state “Pan Veliky Novgorod”. Vishchu the power here was represented by the people of the Zbori - in fact, they took revenge on the disliked princes, asking for the rule of the people.
Mongolian bulk
Kochiv Mongolian tribes, united on the cob XIIthe capital of Genghis Khan, invaded the territory of Russia.Rozpad of the Old Russian statehaving relaxed yogo, zroivshi bazhana zdobichchu for zagarbnik_v.
The Mongol-Tatar panuvannya was established on a rich capital in Russia.
In the middle of the XII century, Kiev Rus fell into a number of princes, all of which were formed by a large number of other princes. At the point of feudalization, the warriors are materially independent from the Grand Duke. Previously, the bully's warriors were tied to the Grand Duke, to Kiev, to the center. With the growth of the goodness of the state and the empowerment of the Mistsev economies of the Perevag of Kiev, the residence of the Grand Duke (and the main dzherela of his income, including for the restraint of the squad) gradually changed. At the same time, the system, when the grand prince's nasniks (relatives of the grand duke) dwelt on the income of the monastic economies, a small great conflict potential, some of the older princes of the grand duke big number vіysk led to stabbing, strangling both the great dukes became all slender. Z'yavsya square dzherelo income - patrimony, villages. Tse tying him to the singing world, and to serve the prince to him is not handy yet - vіdrivatiya from the patrimony. With great satisfaction, such a cholovik served the bi-monastic prince. And to the prince of the city є, de vlashtuvatisya - a place of bagati and іkh bagato, є who should be taken. So there was a decline in the sovereign lands.
At 1097 r in Lyubech, the princely zezd was selected. For zapobіgannya weakened Rus mіzhusobits z'їzd having established a new principle of organizing power: "Don't let the skinny doslidzhuє keep your fatherland." Vedteper Rus was not respected by the same volodin of the princely clan, but by the sukupnist "fatherland", such as the decline of the volodya of the princely dynasty. The princes have ceased to take over the lands of their own time, as they have been dying of human and material resources, and more respect have given the needs of their estates. Vlada neglected the ability to quickly react to crises (nabigi, stabbed, nedorіd and іn.). Ale the role of Kiev yak zagalnorussky center changed. The trade routes changed, so that they would ring Europe with the Gathering, that would wickedly along the western route "from the Varangians among the Greeks." Besides, having resisted the grip of the kochivniks, it called to the entrance of the hliborobivs to the larger spokiynі regions of Russia. But now it has tied up the Russian lands of the boule - the collection of laws "Ruska Pravda", spilna vira, spilnu mov. The breakdown is not fixed by documents, it is inconceivable.
The first threat to the integrity of the land of Vinikl immediately followed the death of Volodymyr Svyatoslavich. Volodymyr cheruvov in the land, having planted his 12 blues in the main places. Senior Sin Yaroslav, landed in Novgorod, in 1014 he was prompted to pay a father's lesson in two thousand hryvnias. If Volodymyr died (1015), the brother-in-law revered, but all the children, like Yaroslav, Sudislav and Mstislav, ended up dead. Sudislav buv imprisoned by Yaroslav in the cut, and with Mstislav Yaroslav podiliv Rus along the Dnipro. Only in 1036, after the death of Mstislav, Yaroslav became a monoaxial ruler of the lands, where the Polotsk principality was detached, from the end of the 10th century the grounds of another son of Volodymyr - Izyaslav - were established. After the death of Yaroslav in 1054, the three elders of the blue split Russia into three parts. The elder Izyaslav was seen from Kiev and Novgorod, Svyatoslav - Chernigiv, Vsevolod - Pereyaslavl, Rostov and Suzdal. Two young brothers, the elders, were deprived of the capital of the land, and after their death - V'yacheslav in 1057 rots, Igor - in 1060 rots, - appropriated to their own volodinia. More than the blue, they didn’t reject anything like an uncle, becoming prince-izgoy. The order of the replacement of the princely tables became known as the "clan right", so that the princes slipped through the table to the table at the point of their seniority. With the death of one of the princes, I got oversaturated below to stand on a gathering up the hill. If only one of the blue had died before his daddy, or his daddy hadn’t spent time on the Kiev table, then the whole offspring were letting the right to the Ladder Convergence to the great Kiev table. The stench became izgoy, as there was no "part" in the Russian land. Tsia gilka could deny all relatives of the singing volost, and the guilty bullet was interconnected by her. On one side, such an order crossed over the isolation of lands, so as the princes gradually moved from one table to the other, ale from the other, creating a post-conflict. The order is not correct. Bagato princes will volost modest, ala in spadkov volodinnya. They pushed back from Kiev. Z 1070 - strife (princely wars) + Polovtsi attacked.
1080 - Polovtsian onslaught. The Pereyaslav prince Volodymyr Vsevolodovich Monomakh became famous among the struggle with the Polovtsi, having driven the Polovtsi beyond the Don, to the Caucasus.
1113 - Vin became the prince of Kiev and changed the unity of Russia, having pinned down the fall.
1130-1149 - the fate of the agony of the Old Russian state.
Until the middle of the XII century, Kyivska Rus was divided into 13 principalities, the skin of which pursued an independent policy. The princes developed like a step by step of consolidation, so in terms of their strengths between the prince, the boyars, the people serving the nobility and the ranks of the population. 9 princedoms were keruvali with lustrous booths. In 1150, the fate of the land of the Grand Duke will be deprived of Kiev, and the earth will become sovereign, and even until the middle of the 12th century. - The old power has fallen apart (in the same way, if Moscow is going to be guessed)
Ticket number 8.
Have danіy temі chimalo spіrnykh nourishment. Look at it, then talk about it in scientific hypotheses. It is necessary last weekly to feed about the suspicious harmony and the formulated state of the ancient words.
To brutalize respect for nourishment walk slov'yanskogo ethnos. ethnos- Historically, the wine is a kind of social social grouping of people, representations to tribes, people, nationalities. Slovyanskiy ethnos including a number of people. The ancestors of the Slovens - the Proto-Slovenians lived on the skid of the Germans, occupied the territories from Elbi and Oder to Dints, Oka and Upper Volga, from the Baltic Pomor to the Middle and Lower Danube and the Black Sea.
In the VI century of the single words of spirituality, there are common words.
Until the 6th century, Russia was not a power, but an alliance of tribes. The Slovians lived in clan communities, because of the transition to the territorial (susid) community. Progressively, the masses grew into a place, until the IX century a power was formed. The price of food is necessary to see more reports.
Find out the point of view on nutrition about walk powers at words'yan. author Norman theoryІ. Bayor, G. Miller, A. Schlozer, formed in the XVIII century. Tsya dot zoru is based on the "Life of Temporal Litas", in which it appeared, but in 862 r for the purpose of reproaching the battle between the words, the Varangians turned to the Varangians with the proposition to occupy the princely throne. As a result, three brothers: Rurik, siv in Novgorod, Sineus - at Biloozeri and Truvor in Izborsk - bowed the ear of the Varyaz dynasty. Most of the historians vvazhayut, but Sineus and Truvor for good reason did not disappear (in the translation from the Old Swedish language, the words "signo hus Truvor" mean "from the house and the squad").
At the same hour, a number of premonitors, including anti-normans, are known, but the legend is based on the historical fact of a Scandinavian prince in Novgorod, which is a sign of the ear of the Rurik dynasty, which was unbelievably rich words'yanske im'ya). A whole bunch of mobsters and rapists overwhelmed by the Varangians with the further registration of the act of "voluntary" poklikannya.
The current history of such extreme glances cannot be seen anymore, but the Varangians were acting by the first All-Russian princes, and the power in Russia had often collapsed until the Varangians were worshiped.
slid nagolositi change your mind cover old Russian powers: Economic - transition to ornogo farming, the introduction of handicrafts from farming, the growth of handicrafts in localities, development of trade; political - the formulation of the Slovenian tribal unions, the demand of the tribal nobility in the apparatus for the acquisition of their privileges, the sufficient level of the social organization, the threat of an attack; social - the change of the tribal community of the Sousid, the recognition of the irregularities, the similarity of the names, rituals, psychology, the corruption of the words of the tribes.
Brutal respect for food pro political okay Kiev Rus.
The Grand Duke of Kiev stood on the choli of the state. the forerunner of the dynasty Kiev princes becoming Rurik (862-879). In the hands of the Russian princes in the X-XII centuries, the Russian land was taken over by the out-of-town people of the Rurikovich family, de bouly elders and young princes. The princes mali the squad. The prince cheruvav for help for the sake of the first princes and senior warriors (boyars). Young vigilantes vikonuvali obyazyki officials.
The princes of the okremikh lands and the feudal lords stayed at the basal lands of the great prince. The stench of zobov'yazanі boules to deliver to the Grand Duke of war, buti on yogo vimogu with the squad.
Tsei period z'yavlyayutsya first regalia sovereign hold... Regalia - signs of the princely, royal, royal and imperial powers. Before the cich regalia, for example, the crown is carried.
One of the found Russian middle crowns was the "cap of Monomakh", nominated, for reassignments, in 988 by the vizanty emperors to the Grand Duke of Kiev Volodymyr the Holy for the baptism of the tsar and my friend. For the іnshaya version of the "cap of Monomakh", the bulwark was nominated to Kiev by the Vizantiysky Emperor for the reign of the Grand Duke of Kiev Volodymyr Monomakh. The vaughn was stocked with eight gold platters, chipped with filigree edges, the skin of which was adorned with expensive stones and a number of perlins. The lower part of the crown is mala perlinnі pіdvіski, from the bottom of the boolean sable edge is hewn. The Qia crown belonged to the eldest in the family. First in Russia, the crown of the European pupil was prepared in 1724 for the coronation of Katerina I.
Beat the respect, for the main function of the princely power will be the bust of the polyuddya, the tse bula persha is the form of panuvannya and easelst.
Christianity played a great role in the common words and statehood - Kyivska Rus. It is necessary to learn the nutrition about reasons і minds accept Christianity.
Before accepting Christianity, the words'yani bouly yazichniki. The skin of the tribe has few of its own gods, patrons. In 988 r, the great Kiev prince Volodymyr bulo introduced Christianity in the Orthodox version.
Accept Christianity Yulian calendar with Roman naymenuvannya mіsyatsіv, seven-day tіzhny and vіzantіyskiy poznachennya eri: vіdorennya svіtu. Until the end of an hour in Russia, it was carried out according to the monthly-sleepy calendar, which was shown in the names of the months, and the ric started from 1 birch.
The acceptance of Christianity is of little importance for Russia: the sovereign vlada changed and the territorial unity of the Old Russian state; Kyivska Rus became a common European Christian land; the further development was taken away by the culture.
Social and economic harmony Old Rusi. Speaking about the social and economic way of Kiev Rus, it is necessary to respect the richly structured nature of the economy and the folding of the social structure.
In the middle of the XI-XII century. in Russia, early feudal vidnosini were formed. Feudal, church and monastic land is being built. Establishment of a patrimony (spadkovo zemlene trumannya) yak a prince, so і boyarska. The lands of the feudal lords were crumbled by fallow villagers (buy, ryadovich, hire). Prior to the ineligible categories of the population, servants and serfs were placed, as well as izgoi. The fallow villagers crushed the land of the feudal lord and their land nadil. The early form of feudal rent was Bula Danin (zbir danini - polyuddya), and then the natural quitrent and panchina.
In vіtchiznyanіy historical science XX Art. The thought that Kyivska Rus was an early feudal power, a power of the transition period from the primordial communal mode to the feudal one. In the formed princedoms of the VIII-XI century. changing the process of forming feudal denominations while saving the elements of the primordial communal mode (viche, blood pomsta, language, births, etc.). V the rest of the rock Make a thought about those who are suspicious mode of Kiev Rusi, which will be richly laid, having combined the signs of a patriarchal, slave-class and early feudal suspension.
lecture: Cause the decline of the Old Russian state. most lands and princes. Monarchies and republics
Cause the decline of the Old Russian state
The reasons for the decline of the old state є:
weak centralization of the state,
crushing of land in case of decline,
folding system of the seat,
the pragmatic of the princes to develop their principality, and not a spiritual power,
panuvannya of natural mastery.
Before his death, Prince Yaroslav Mudriy razdiliv between his synonyms: Izyaslav yak senior Sin became ruling Kiev, Svyatoslav - having gone to Chernigov, Vsevolod - becoming a prince in Pereyaslav. Having punished him, and for his death, the Kozhen Sin ruled in his principality, and then the elder Iziaslav was put on a yak dad.
Yaroslav Mudriy died in 1054 rots, and for a day the blue lived in the world and graces, they embraced the stars of the laws of the Russian Truth, introduced new laws. I will name a new star - true Yaroslavich... Aleksandr's order of succession to the throne, the rise of Yaroslav the Mudrim, became the cause of the feuds and strife between them. The order of tsei polyagav in that scho vlada passed from the elder brother to the young, and the death of the rest from the prince's brothers to the elder nephew. And if some of the brothers died, not having raised themselves as a prince, then those children became outcasts and could not claim the throne. Along with it, the toughness of the skin Russian principality grew, and at the same time the special ambition of the throne grew.
A decade later, after the death of Yaroslav, on the side of the side To replace the pechens came the Kochova tribe - the Polovtsi. Polovtsy defeated the burghers and began to attack the ancient lands of Kiev Rus. They smelled more khuliganski vіynu, robbing the village, they spilled її, and people were taken away for sale at slave markets. Having occupied the territory of the pechenigivs and significantly expanded them, the stench lived all over the territory from the Don to the Dnipro. First we went to the Vizant fortets on the river Danube. Polotsk is a principality, which was part of the warehouse of Kiev Rus, and was brought from Kiev in the tenth century. Prince Vseslav of Polotsk is a distant relative of the Yaroslavichs, having begun to fight against Kiev for political hegemony in Pivnichno-Zakhidniy Rus. Yogo reluctance to attack on Pskov in 1065 rotsi was not far away, but with a stretch of the offensive two rockets of war, they made a desolate attack on Novgorod. Ale on the ringing road, in the birch 1067 rock Vseslav buv rozbitiy Izyaslav Yaroslavovich and settlements in Kiev.
Battle of Alti
The first axis in 1068 rotsi, remnant on the new earth, the stench rocked the majesty of the invasion of Russia. Three princes of the warriors of Izyaslav, Svyatoslav and Vsevolod stood up for the Zahist. After a bloody battle on the Richtsi Alti, the Russian army was revived again. Izyaslav from the surplus vіyska turning to Kiev. The people were more likely to accept the turn of the army on the battlefield, in order to destroy and drive the Polovtsi. Ale Іzyaslav vidmovivsya under the drive, which the vigilantes need to be seen. People were growing up, so as many feats and ruinuvan, as they robbed half of the stench, and more often overcame the trade route to Vizantia. Russian merchants could not endure the same. In the kintsevoy rakhunka of the drilling of NATO, the prince's dvir was looted, and the prince Izyaslav was guilty of buv bigti to his father-in-law - the Polish king Boleslav. Rosserdzheni kiyani voted the voices of Vseslav in full and voted him the Grand Duke. Ale having enlisted the help of a Polish cousin and part of it, Izyaslav Shvidko turned Kyiv towards his management.
At the end of the day, when the people came to Kiev and his brother, Prince Vsevolod Pereyaslavsky, Prince Chernigov, Svyatoslav, was enlisted. The basis of yogo pіdtrimki served as those who were guilty of winning the attack of the Polovtsy in their principality. Svyatoslav Virishiv Vignati Izyaslav from Kiev. So revered the intercession between the princes' brothers and the members of the Polovtsian tribes in the capacity of the pidtrim. In 1073 Svyatoslav became the Grand Duke. Win died in 1076 and the Kyiv throne was also occupied by Izyaslav. Oleg Svyatoslavich, the nephew of Izyaslav, attacked Kiev in 1078, as if he was not satisfied with the size of his decline and wanted to expand. Izyaslav zaginuv at tsy borotbi. The principality of Kiev went down to Vsevolod - the last son of Yaroslav, who died in 1093 rots. I would like more for a few rockies before the death of me, I will bring up the ruling on my son Volodymyr Monomakh, all the same, after the death of Vsevolod to the throne, according to the law, the elder son of Izyaslav - Svyatopolk. I quieted down the fight, felt a new strength. Tsi podії and became the first reason for the decline of the Old Russian state.
Lyubetsky z'yizd
We rule on the basis of Kyiv Rus' becoming a peace treaty of 1097 in Lyubech. The princes of the house of the Polovtsy were sent from the Russian land, with the stench they hardened, then the skin now rule independently in their principality. Ale feuds could easily have slept through the knowledge. It was only the first time that the threat was coming from the Polovtsy, and Kiev Rus was going to break up on the outskirts of the principality. At 1111 rots, Volodymyr Monomakh together with the other Russian princes had a successful journey against the Polovtsy and thwarted ones. Svyatopolk died two years later. In Kiev, an insurrection against the boyars of Svyatopolk and the hard-cores (people who gave pennies to the Borg during the war) had begun. Kievskaya verhivka, sturbed by such a camp, called Volodymyr Monomakh to the throne for a long time. So, from 1113 to 1125 rіk the Grand Duke of Buv Onuk Yaroslav the Wise - Volodymyr Monomakh. Vin became a wise legislator and ruler, having reported on his efforts to preserve the unity of Russia, a horrendous carav quietly, who had repaired strife. Introduce the "Statute of Volodymyr Monomakh" into "Ruska Pravda" Volodymyr has stolen the rights to purchase, as they suffered from svavil and the evil of hard times. Win sklav nytsinnishe dzherelo Russian history "Povchannya". The arrival of Volodymyr Monomakh for an hour unites the Old Russian state, 3/4 of the Russian land has been ordered by yom. Under the new Rus, it was the strongest power. Trade was developing well, win zberig "Shlyakh from the Varangians among the Greeks."
After the death of Monomakh in 1125, Yogo sin Mstislav, reigning until 1132, did not preserve the unity of Russia until 1132. After his death, everything turned back to the internal war, instructing "pitoma period" - the period of fragmentation of Kiev Rus. First, until the end of Kiev, Rus was Bula Edin, then until the XII century it was already divided into 15 princes, and after 100 years, it was close to 50 princes, with their own rulers. Stretching 1146-1246 rr. vlada in Kiev changed 47 times, which left the authority of the capital undermined.
New lands and princes. Monarchies and republics
If you want princes and will be more than half a hundred, you can see three main ones, which repaired a magnificent inflow for the entire territory as a whole.
The most inflow of the middle of the Russian lands during the fragmentation of Mali:
Volodymyro-Suzdal land,
Novgorod Republic,
Galicia-Volinske principality.
Volodymyro-Suzdalska land
The Volodymyr-Suzdal land was territorially located between the rivers of the Oka and the Volga. It was significant from the cordons, and from the beginning, it was a native rural area, as it was apparently suitable for all the social needs such as farming and animal husbandry. Tsi factories served for a steady influx of people from different categories, such as hliborobi, cattle, craftsmen and others. Bulo deserted merchants and young warriors in the main near-Cordon lands. The Volodymyr-Suzdal principality became independent and independent from Kiev for Prince Yuriy Dolgoruky (1155-1157). Massive influx of the population began in the XI-XII centuries. As soon as they came from the early regions of Russia, they took over, as the principality crossed over from the old regions of Russia, from the old regions of the Polots (the territory of the ball is meaningfully included in thick forests), the native Polish lands and pastures, , Zvenigorod, Kostroma, Moscow, Nizhniy Novgorod).
Sin of Yuriya Dolgoruky - Andriy Bogolyubsky is the hour of his rule as much as possible from the princely rule and the victorious rule of the boyars, like the bully is often practical to the prince. In order to change the flow of the people's v_che, the capital was transferred from Suzdal. Through those who were with Volodymyr, they didn’t become so possessive, and became the capital of the principality. Likewise, I will rise up in recognition of all the youngest applicants for the throne. Yogo rule can be seen like a cob of a monarchy with uniaxial despotic elements. Winning the substitute for the boyars, for the nobles, who grew up to grow up and were recognized by him. The stench could not be with the nobility, but the guilty bully would grow up to grow up. Vin is actively engaged in new policy, Namagavsya otrimati injected the middle of the boyars and nobles of Kiev and Novgorod, organizing campaigns against them.
On his death to the throne of the inhabitants of Vsevolod the Great Gnizdo, who replaces the order in order to rule in the old places, actively being and polishing new, receiving a great response from the population and other nobility. Volodymyr, Pereslavl-Zalesky, Dmitrov, Gorodets, Kostroma, Tver - the cities of the place became the stronghold of his power. Carrying out a large-scale construction of the future and giving a touch of architecture. Sin Vsevolod Yuriy, having conquered a significant part of the territory of the Novgorod Republic, and in 1221, having fallen asleep in Nizhniy Novgorod - most misto in the general part of the principality.
Novgorod Republic
In Novgorod, in the vidmina of the first princes, Vlad Bula was not with the prince, but with the rich and noble homelands of the boyars. Novgorodska Republika abo as її shche name Pivnіchno-Zakhіdna Rus is not a small devilish country, or even minds for the development of silskogospodarskoy pratsi. To this, the main occupation of the population was made by work, the housekeeping (zbir honey) and khutrovi promissed. Therefore, for a successful іnuvannya that otrimannya products іvnosіvanyya, it was necessary to conduct trade in vіdnosini. It was obvious that the knowledge of the Novgorod Republic was on the trade road. It was not only the merchants who were engaged in the trade, the boyars took an active part. For the rakhunok trade of the nobility shvidko rozbagatila and became a gratily important role in the political organization, not consuming the power to get a trocha of power before the hour of the princes.
And so, for the fall, the problem, and then, for the exile of Prince Vsevolod, will be forced out of the form of the Novgorod Republic. The main apparatus is owned by the old - vіche, it was itself who took the decision from food to the world, recognizing the vision of kerіvnі plant. Sit down, recognizing that they were looking at the offensive rank:
The planter is a head person, a ruler.
Voєvoda is a verdict for the rule of law in the region.
The bishop is the head of the Novgorod church.
Likewise, most of the food has been received about the prince's request, the increase of what kind of boule is fast to the vіyskiy kerіvnik. At the same time, all the decision was taken for a visual panel and a mayor.
Such a pristriy of Novgorod, allowed it to become an aristocratic republic, based on the old traditions of Kiev Rus.
Pivdenna Rus, Galicia-Volinske principality
A match for the hours of Prince Yaroslav Osmomisl in 1160-1180, the Galician principality is within reach of normalization of the common principality. Mіzh boyars, vіche and the prince have reached the zgody, swavіlla boyarsky communities pass. Yaroslav Osmomisl for the protection of such children, to befriend the daughter of Yuriy Dolgoruky - Princess Olzi. Under the rule of Galicia, the principality is attainable with sufficient exertion.
On his death in 1187 before the reign of Volodymyr Monomakh's onuk - Roman Mstislavich. I’m going to win the order of Volin, I’m opening the principality of Galicia-Volynske, and then I’ll go to Kiev. Having united all three principalities, he became the ruler of a majestic state, equal to the area of the Nimetsky empire.
Yogo sin Danilo Galitskiy was also injected with political action, but they did not allow the rise of the principality. The princes took an active part in the international politics, in the absence of any change from Nimechchinoy, Poland, Vizantin and Ugorshchina. Behind the type of government, there was nothing like the early feudal monarchy in Europe.
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History of Russia from the found hours to the end of the 17th century Milov Leonid Vasilovich
§ 4. Rozpad of the Old Russian state
The old power, as it was under Volodymyr, did not last long. Until the middle of the XI century. Pochausya yogo steps razpad on a number of independent princes.
In the old Russian suspension of the era of the early Middle Ages, there was a “power” in the background. V suspicious property It was obvious, there was a notice about the "Russian land" as a special political whole, and the "power" was unnervingly angry with the physical specialty of the notion of a prince, who was a monarch by heart. The monarch and the buv for the people of that hour to the real involvement of the state. Such a phenomenon, which is characteristic of the early Middle Ages suspensions, was especially meticulous in Ancient Rus, the prince-ruler, acting as an organizer and distributor, was carried out by a suspension of material benefits. The monarch was ordered by the state, like the father of the motherland, was ordered to be ordered by his government. And as a daddy to extend his kingdom between the synonyms, so the Kiev prince deliv through the synonyms of the territory of the Old Russian state. I was so timid, for example, by Volodymyr's father, Svyatoslav, who has divided his land between his three sins. However, not only in Ancient Rus, but among a number of the other powers of the early Middle Ages, such orders did not come into force, and the entirety of the power opanovuv became the most powerful because of the decline It is not included, however, at that stage of the formation of a state, economic self-sufficiency could have been deprived of the control of Kiev of all the main routes of the transcontinental trade: Baltic - Near and Middle Skid, Baltic - Chorne Sea. To that, the prince's squad, as if the share of the Old Russian state lay in the Kintsev pidsum, stood for the strong and uniaxial power of the Kiev prince. In the middle of the XI century development of pod_y pishov in іnshomu straight.
The directors of the old Russian writers of the XI-XII centuries, they gave great respect to the political shares of the Old Russian state, we kindly called the side of the podіy, which were seen.
Spіvruzhitelі-Yaroslavichі. The death song of Yaroslav the Wise in 1054 was a foldable political structure. Three senior blue elders - Izyaslav, Svyatoslav and Vsevolod - became the main slaves of the prince. Between them, the bullets of the head of the center of the historical core of the state - "Russian land" - have the words of the university sense: Izyaslav otrimav Kiev, Svyatoslav - Chernigiv, Vsevolod - Pereyaslavl. From їkh vlada pereyshov and a number of іnsh lands: Izyaslav otrimav Novgorod, Vsevolod - Rostov volost. I would like to tell in the writings that Yaroslav was the head of the prince's family of his elder son Izyaslav - "in the father's place", in the 50-60s. three elders of Yaroslavich act as equal rulers, as spiritually cheruyut “Rus land”. At once, on the z'yzda stench, the laws were adopted, as they were guilty of the bullets of the action in the entire territory of the Old Russian state, at once they were robbed of marching like susid. Інші members of the prince's family - the young blue Yaroslav and his grandchildren sat in the lands as messengers of the older brothers, who moved them to their own investigation court. So, in 1057, if Vyacheslav Yaroslavich died, as he was sitting at Smolensk, the elder brothers put their brother Igor in Smolensk, "vivivshi" from Volodymyr Volinsky. The Yaroslavichs spontaneously reached the singing successes: the stench shattered the bonds - "Torky", which changed in the skid-European steppes of the Pechenigivs, zoomed to conquer the land of Polotsk, which was deposited as the ruler of the Dawn for another ruler, Yaroslav,
Struggle between members of the prince's family. However, the whole camp was right wicked dissatisfaction with the possession of the younger members of the family. Fortress Tmutarakan was increasingly becoming the bed of the unhappy. Tamansky p_vostrov_... Conflict between the older brothers came to the end: at 1073 r Svyatoslav and Vsevolod drove Izyaslav from the Kiev table and added the territory of the Old Russian state in a new way. The number of unhappy and obsessed grew, a little less significant, but the stench began to remove the serious image of the population. Korda 1078 r a number of young members of the prince's family were stabbed to death, the stench of the sound took over one of the main centers of the Old Russian state - Chernigiv. The population of the "city" to visit the hour of the day of their new princes saw the gates of the Kiev ruler. At the battle with the rebels on Nezhatina Niva 3 zhovtnya 1078 r Zyaslav Yaroslavovich zaginuv, which zumiv until the end of the hour turn to the Kiev style.
After the death of Izyaslav and Svyatoslav, who died in 1076, the Kyivan style took over Vsevolod Yaroslavich, so that he had taken over a large part of the lands before his own dominion, which entered the warehouse of the Old Russian state. The political unity of the state was saved by itself, and through all the rules of Vsevolod, having stretched a number of stabbed tribesmen, who were seeking princes' capitals for themselves, or pushed back to ease their wilderness from Kiev, before the beast of Russia. The old prince repeatedly sent against them vіyska on cholі zі with his blue Volodymyr Monomakh, ale vreshti-resht with the temptation to drink to the actions of his nephews. “This one, - having written down the writer about the new one, - Omir їkh, you will give away the power”. The prince of Kiev was tempted to take action, so that in the hands of the young members of the clan they began to see the population on the places. However, the nephews, having gone to the princely tables, have become mischievous uncle, who at a glance at the table and go to the court.
New, more serious crisis of traditional political structures vibrating on the cob of the 90s. XI century, since the death of 1093 r of Vsevolod Yaroslavich Oleg, the sin of Svyatoslav Yaroslavich, squeezing the turn of the recession of his father - Chernigov, and turning for help to the natives - Polovtsi, turning the steppe to the torsos of the congregational At 1094 r Oleg came from the "Polovtsian Land" to Chernigov, after the death of Vsevolod Yaroslavich, Volodymyr Monomakh was sid. On the 8th day of the oblast, Volodymyr, with a squad of snakes, would leave the place. Yak win zgaduvav year, if win from the homeland and the squad passed through the Polovtsian regiments, the Polovtsy "will go back to us like voltsi standing still." Having established himself for the help of the Polovtsians in Chernigov, Oleg saw the fate of the other princes at once in the vision of the Polovtsian nabigivs. So they set up friendly minds for the Polovtsian intruders, as they will lose the dashing demons. From the very Chernigiv land, the Polovtsi took over without difficulty, and, as I respect the writer, Oleg I did not override, "I did not command him to fight." Before the threat of attack appeared the head of the center of the "Russian land". The Vyska of Khan Tugorkan was swallowed by Pereyaslavl, the Vyska of Khan Bonyak was thrown at the outskirts of Kiev.
Princes z'izdi. Unity of Russia for Volodymyr Monomakh. At 1097 r in Lyubech on the Dnipro, the winners of the princes - members of the prince's family, were taken, in which boules accepted the decision, which meant the most important croc on the way to the share of the Old Russian state among the members of the princely dynasty. Accept the decision - “Don't let the skin keep your fatherland” meant the re-creation of the lands, as they stayed with the Volodya’s okremikh princes, in their desolate power, as the stench could now truly and without success convey their recession.
Characteristically, in the published literature about the z'yzd, it has been crushed, but not only the land, which has been rejected by the blue from the fathers, but the “towns”, which “handed out to us by Vsevolod,” young and old before the age of the family.
True, and the decisions taken in Lyubech are more political than one of the lands, which were included in the warehouse of the Old Russian state, they were zberigalos. Not vipadkovo in the Lyubech z'izdi they said not only about the knowledge of the princes' rights to their "patrimonies", but about the backbone of the obligation to "take care of" Rus land in the "trash".
Preserving the traditions of political unity, they were turning on yaks in the first rocks of the 12th century. between the princes - at the 1100s in Vitichev for the half-hearted mischief of the participants in the business of giving the table at Volodymyr Volinsky, Prince David Ihorovych, about the ruins of 1103 ruins in Dolobiy ... Під виконання accepted decision After a series of campaigns for the fate of all the leading Russian princes (1103, 1107, 1111 pp.). Yaksho pid hour of inter-princes troubles of the 90s. XI Art. Polovtsy ruined the outskirts of Kiev, then now, the spirits of the princes, the Polovtsians, were given serious strikes, and the Russian princes themselves began to walk in the steppe, moving to the Polovtsian places on the Siversky Dynets. The victories over the Polovtsy won the growing authority of one of the leading organizers of the campaigns - the Pereyaslavl prince Volodymyr Monomakh. In such a rank, on the ear of the XII century. Old Russia By the time it was known to the susides, it was only one tsile, even at the same hour, the princes independently led wars with the susids.
If Volodymyr Monomakh had taken over Kiev's style in 1113, the part of the territory of the Old Russian state was denoted by the ruler of the territory of the Old Russian state, the bully was destroyed in earnest in order to revive the number of powers of the Kiev prince. The "young" members of the prince's clan Monomakh, having looked at their own vasals - "assistants", who were guilty of the bully went on a hike for his order, and if they did not obey, they could cuddle the prince's table. So, prince Glib Vseslavich Minskiy, who “will not repent” to Monomakh, go to see the trip of the Prince of Kiev to Minsk, 1119 r having lost the princely style and buv of “ghosts” to Kiev. Having lost his style for disobedience to Monomakh and Volodymyr-Volinsky prince Yaroslav Svyatopolkovich. In Kiev, in Monomakh's rule, a new collection of laws "Great Pravda" has been prepared, the capital of the whole territory of the Old Russian state. And all the restorations of large orders have not been added. In the princes, on how the old power was distributed, the rule of another generation of rulers, on which the population was already wondering like on the declining sovereigns.
Politician Monomakh at the Kiev table prodovzhuvav yogo sin Mstislav (1125-1132). There are more suvoro carav of members of the prince's clan, which were seen as a viconuvati order. If the Polotsk princes did not want to take part in the campaign against the Polovtsy, Mstislav took the victory from the territory of the Old Russian state and in 1127 occupied the Polotsk land, the Monarch princes Buli moved to Constantin and were sent to Constantin. However, the successes of the German bully were reached, so they were grounded on the special authority of both rulers, father and son.
Completion of the political breakdown of the Old Russian state. On the death of Mstislav on the Kiev style, joining his brother Yaropolk, he was ordered to fight against the Chernigov princes. Youmu is not going to lead you to conquer. The light, the laying down of the trivial kilka rocky vіyny, having seen the fall of the power of the Kiev prince as the political head of Kiev Rus. In the early 1940s - the ear of the 50s. XII century. The Kyivan style became the object of fighting two warring alliances of princes, on the number of which stood Izyaslav Mstislavich Volinsky and the ruler of the Rostov land Yuriy Dolgoruky. The coalition on a group with Izyaslav spiraled into the support of Poland and the Ugorshchyna, and insha, on a group with Yuriyam Dolgoruky, whispered for help from the Vizantyysk Empire and Polovtsy. At the same time, the stability of inter-princes' victories under the supreme authority of the Kiev prince, but one policy on the relationship before the last days went by in the past. Mezhduknyazheskie vіyni 40-50-x rr. XII century. became the end of the political breakdown of the Old Russian state on the independent principality.
Causes of feudal fragmentation. The old Russian writers, tiny picture of the political decline of the Old Russian state, explained how to see the steps of the devil, which led to the fall of moral norms among the members of the prince's family, if the elders became the young, the older ones. Historians, hoping to know about the food about the causes of the decline of the Old Russian state, turned to historical analogies.
A special period of feudal fragmentation in the world was not only in the history of Old Russia. Through this stage of the historical development passed through the rich countries of Europe. I especially respect all the people I have screwed up to myself the political decline of the Karoling Empire - the largest power in Europe in the early Middle Ages. Zakhidna chastina tsієї powers stretching out the other half of the IX-X centuries. The mosaic of the bagatokh, loosely knitted among themselves, the great and other volodin, was re-made into a line. The process of a political breakdown is supported by great social destructions, re-incarnations of the earlier vilny community members into the fallen people of the great and other seniors. All other great rulers have been home and have successfully sought from the state power the transfer of the administrative-ship power over the fallow people and the sound of their own power from the payment of the tribute. The message of the great sovereign vlada appeared to be virtually powerless, and the landowners ceased to cringe.
It was a trivial hour in the history of the history of history, that the decline of the Old Russian state became the result of similar social destruction, since the warriors of the Kiev princes became landowners, and transformed the civilian people into fallow lands.
Dyysno, dzherela kintya XI-XII century. I will tell you about the appearance of the warriors of their land volodin, in which the fallow people lived. The writings of the XII century. it is repeatedly said about "boyars' villages". At “Great Pravda” it is “tiuni” - individuals who cheruvali by the state of the boyars;
Until the first half of the 12th century. Give tribute about the emergence of land towns and fallen people at the church. So, Grand Duke Mstislav, Sin Monomakh, handing over to the Yur'ev monastery in Novgorod the Buitse parish with "Dania and with virs and with sales." In such a rank, the monaster, having rendered the prince not only of the land, but the right to take Danin from the village people into his corpses, to judge them and to steal the judges in his corners, fined them. Tim himself was the igumen of the monastery, becoming a righteous sovereign for living in the Buitsa community community.
All the tribute is given to those who have thought of the process of re-incarnation of senior warriors of old Russian princes into feudal landowners and the formation of the main classes of feudal suspension - feudal landowners and wilderness communities from among them.
However, the process of becoming new social news It was located in the Russian suspension of the XII century. only in the embryo itself. New vidnosin were far from being the main system-supporting element of the suspension. Not only in the whole hour, ale and nabagato piznish, in the XIV-XV centuries. (How to show the dzherel, how to be transferred to the Pivnichno-Shidnoy Rus - the historical core of the Russian state), a large part of the land fund was overflowed in the hands of the state, and a large part of the worth was brought to the boyar during the "ruling year of earthly gifts, but ...
Such a rank, the emergence of new, feudal vidnosin in the most typical senior form was in the old Russian suspension at a greater pace, lower at the entrance of Europe. The reason for the great number of baciti is in the especially strong growth and fortunes of the Silsky communities. The solidarity and the persistence of the support of the suspects could not get over, after the loss of the community members in the minds of the empowerment of the state exploitation, albeit the stench was given to the fact that there were not a few large Silsky population- "buy" - perebupa on the lands of the vigilantes. Until the end of the day, it’s the same forgiven for a generous amount of supplementary product among the Silk community members, it’s not easy on the right, і, іmovіrno, not vaguely і princes, і social; The top of the old Russian suspension in the whole stretching of a trivial chronological period of the will to trim its income for taking part in the centralized system of exploitation. In the old Russian suspension of the XII century. there just weren’t such seniors, as at the entrance of Europe, who wanted to be able to resurrect in the conquest of state power.
Referring to the food about the reasons for the political decline of the Old Russian state followed by the shukati in the character of the old Russian suspension among the small parts of the old class of old Russian suspension - "the great druzhina," Cholovik, who was sitting in the center of the earth, was the man (as he was showing the butt of Yaroslav the Wise, the foreman of his father Volodymyr in Novgorod), he was guilty of transferring 2/3 of the tribute to Kiev, deprived of 1/3 of the friends who went to the ministry. The nature of the city was guaranteed by the help of Kiev in the case of the strangled zavorusheni of the population of the city and in the case of the loss of the land of the land. After the formation of the sovereign territory on the lands of the colonial tribal unions, the guards in the cities saw themselves permanently in the fortune-telled population of the world, which by force imposed new orders, such a character of the sides was invaded. Ale in the world, as the position of the princes in the city and the development of the city center, in the past, it became a building to become independent and independent, it was less and less of a school to go back to Kiev.
When the squads are constantly moving in the singing towns, they blame the townspeople, especially towns - the centers of the "volosts", in which there were centers of the militia squad organization. Slid vrakhovuvati, scho tsi "grad" often bully the old people of the tribal centers, inhabited by those who had little help in political life. For the distribution of squads in the towns of Bulo, there appeared in them "social" and "ten", individuals, such as from the name of the prince, guilty of the cheruvati to the small populations. On a number of such organization, there is "tisyatskiy". Vidomosty about Kiev's tisyatsky other half of the XI - the ear of the IX century. to show how tisyatski bully boyars, who lay down to the prince's close otochennya. One of the head gears of the tisyatsky bulo to the local militias - the "regiment" before the hour of the day.
The very beginning of the centennial organization led to the establishment of links between the squadron and the populations of the center of the "earth", that is, those boules in the new world of deprivation in the form of fallowness. A member of the princely family, who bazhav the status of an independent ruler, ie. Privolnit part of the centralized fund of sovereign revenues, at the same time in the general state of affairs on the occasion of the patriotic squad, and the local militia. For a panuvannya in Ancient Rus XI-XII century. natural government, with the presence of economic ties in the surrounding land, there were no bureaucrats who could oppose all the central forces.
Particular rice of political fragmentation in Ancient Rus. The fall of the Old Russian state took over the last form, below the fall of the Carolingian Empire. As far back as the Western-Frankish kingship was rooted in the powerless greats and the Malikh Volodin, the Old Russian state was spread over a number of fairly large lands, steadily seized in its traditional middle borders until the Mongolian-Tatarstan. Tse Kiev, Chernigivske, Pereyaslavske, Muromske, Ryazanske, Rostov-Suzdalske, Smolensk, Galitske, Volodymyro-Volinske, Polotsk, Turovo-Pinske, Tmutarakanske zemgorodska If you want the territory, the common words lived on them, they lived through the spiritual cordons, the stinks sold life in the same social and cultural space: in the old Russian "lands" they lived in what the institutionalized political
XII-Persha half of the XIII century - an hour of successful development of old Russian lands in the minds of feudal fragmentation. Naybilsh is disingenuous to talk about the results of archaeological preliminaries of old Russian cities. So, in Perche, archaeologists ascertain the significance of the improvement of the small settlement of the small type - the consolidation of the fortress with the trade and industrial settlements. The XII - the first half of the XIII century. Some of the settlements of this type have grown more and more recently, a number of city centers have been re-built on uninhabited places. Immediately, the territory of the main city centers expanded significantly. In Kiev, the territory has been fenced with ramparts, three times, in Galich - 2.5 times, in Polotsk - two, in Suzdal - three. Even in the period of feudal fragmentation of the consolidation of the "city" -fortetsya, the residence of the ruler of any war in the era of the early Middle Ages, which was left behind in the "city" - not only the power of the world of life On the townships until the end of the hour, there was already a numerically trading and remanufacturing of the population, not tied to the "service organization", independently went virobi and independently to trade at the local market. Archaeologists have established in Russia at that hour there are dozens of craft specialties, a number of which have been permanently taken over. About high rivn Mysteries of old Russian craftsmen say that they have mastered such folding types of Vizantyysky craft, like preparing smalty for mosaics and partitions of partitions. Intensive development of places would hardly be possible without a one-hour harvesting and even the state life of the village. In the minds of the progressive development of the suspension within the framework of the traditional social-economic and social-political structures of the population, the progress of the development of new households, characteristic of the feudal suspension.
To deliver the good and the negative inheritance, which brought with it feudal fragmentation. Tse bitki, which inflicted on the old Russian lands to finish off parts of the war between the princes and the weakening of their buildings, they would stand on the side of the susides. These negative inheritances especially originated in the life of the quiet lands of Holy Russia, as they were between the hills with a kochov svit. Outside the "earth" did not break into the country anymore, they didn’t get rid of the system of defensive lines again, which was established under Volodymyr. The situation was swamped by them, but the princes themselves, in conflicts between themselves, fought for help to the common tribes - the Polovtsi, bringing them with them on the ground with their supernaturals. In the minds of their minds, they thought about the actions of the fall of the role and significance of the Old Russian lands in the Middle Subprov, the historical nucleus of the Old Russian state. Typically, in the first ten years of the XIII century. Pereyaslavske principality was built by the Volodymyrs of the young relatives of the Volodymyr-Suzdal prince Yuriy Vsevolodovich. Gradually, the political role and meaning of such large kochovoy svitu regions, yak Galitsko-Volinska and Rostov land.
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