The fate of the life of the governor of Oleksandr 3. Oleksandr III defeated Russia as a strong power. Main Directions of the Foreign Policy
The offenders of Oleksandr II
§ 171. Emperor Oleksandr III Oleksandrovich (1881-1894)
portrait of the emperor Oleksandra III
In detail, it is important to come to the hour of Emperor Oleksandr III.
1. Shchodo staniv a number of visits were made, which were very small on the way to the order of their torment. nobility the important economic crisis was going through the village reform. Yogo's empowerment came to a head at the expense of the gratuitous peasant labor. The land was gone from the hands of the nobles with a significant shvidkist, and at the same time, with the sale of the garden, and the nobles themselves began to suffer. The order of the order of the entry pushed all the way to the fall of the class. The nobles were given a perevag in the zemstvos (by the way of the general serpent in the order of the zemstvos). Bula in the provinces is based on the posad of "zemskiy chief executives". The stench replaced the judges of the world, and at the same hour they took away the great administrative power over the village partnerships. Imposed by the law to the local nobles, I will put the chief of the Zemsk, small, priestly, to increase the significance of the nobility in the provinces. At the same hour, a series of people will come to help and material needs of the noble camp. Buv zasnovaniya "noble land bank" for the nobles to see the nobles go to the outpost of їхніх lands on the duzhe pіlgovyh minds.
One hour after a while, having tried it, and before the end of the material, villagers ... The villagers found themselves lacking in many rural communities in order to ensure that they could not afford to grow up in the village population. There was a gostra demand in the land. Zvazhayuchi on the tse for the villagers of the building of the "Selyansky Land Bank" The most important way to deal with the land shortage was the rural resettlement to the wilderness in Siberia and Middle Asia. Uryad namagavsya in the order of the resettled roach and direction; it came to the aid of the immigrants, giving them the land for a long way. Small land drove the villagers from the village to the place and to the factories. Growth of factory production in Russia in the other half of the XIX century. before that, in places and factory centers, robotic class , Vіdіrvaniy from the earth and not without any problems, except for the factory work. They were led by manufacturers and robots in some way, led to strike and strike. Vlada Bula has been put in need of regulation by law. Under Emperor Oleksandr III, the factory legislation was not only worn out, and the factory inspectors were set up to guard the factory order in order to introduce discipline among workers and protect the legal and government officials.
The reception of the hair elders by Oleksandr III. Painting I. Rupina, 1885-1886
2. Stosovno finances and sovereign statehood under the emperor Oleksandr III, the boules have taken important steps. The financial encampment of Russia was born in 1877-1878, for some reason (§163), it was not good enough. The rate of credit bills is low (reaching up to 60 kopecks. For a ruble and less money) and constantly increasing. There were a lot of deficiencies in the budget. The Emperor Oleksandr III, having gone to the point of superb mercy and in our system, will indulge in mitigation, we will be very welcoming to our comrades and zohochuyuchi rosijskie virobnitstvo. The Ministry of Finance (N. Kh. Bunge, I. A. Vishnegradskiy, S. Yu. Vitte) carried out one after the last last financial policy, and not only did they reach the deficit, but they caught up, hopefully, the golden age of meaning. With the help of the bulwark, a reform of the penny was prepared, vyroblena already for the Emperor Mikoli II. In the types of economical contiguous outskirts and a large connection with the state center, the sporud of the Great Siberian Zaliznytsia was destroyed, The Pacific Ocean, I Zakaspiyska zaliznytsya, which brought Central Asia from Russia.
Mikola Khristoforovich Bunge, Minister of Finance of the era of the governing of Oleksandr III. Portrait of a robot I. Tyurina, 1887
3. Zovnishnya policy Emperor Oleksandr III was renowned for its importance and style. Strictly safeguarding national Russian interests; With the first flaws on the side of the new words, the dissatisfaction with the Russian protectorate, Emperor Oleksandr III, entered into and over Bulgaria and Serbia to the power... He did not accept the old people with the bells and whistles of the Prussian Hohenzollerns; Establishment in this rock is given to the hegemonic Nimechchin the "triple alliance" from Austria and the Italian Emperor Oleksandr III, introducing the threat to the European light and the interests of Russia and France. That was why I got close to France and led her into a defensive alliance, which has renewed the political warfare in Europe and now has become a stronghold of the European light. The steel of the Russian sovereign in the ancient world and the breadth of his peacefulness gave him the name “peacemaker”. All Tsar Oleksandr III Russia little more than one other zbroine zitknennya with Afghans (1885) on the river. Kushka from Russia to the Merv oasis and Penda oasis. General Komarov didn’t wipe out the Afghan corral, nor did they wipe out any of those who were sent to Afghanistan, nor the patron saint of England, nor did they abandon the land for Russia.
4. As a representative of the strictly national policy of the country, Emperor Oleksandr and all of his countries Russian National Ideas ... Winning to the quiet unification of the common neighborhood with the state center and to the young growth of the common people. Ob'dnavcha policy especially strongly poked the Ostsee region. There, to replace the old people of the German forms of management and self-production, the introduction of state power is established with the Russian language; and the Nimetsky University in Yur'ev (which was called Dorpat until 1893), which was transformed into Russian. In the Polish provinces, too, the crooks were afraid to make it possible for the Russian one. As soon as Finland boules live, come on in. At the Tsar's Emperor Oleksandr II of Finland, the reach of such forms of self-production as they transformed Finland into an autonomous Russian province as a special country. The Finnish population was allowed to mother their coins (stamps and pennies), their mail, their own system, their own roads, to navigate their own way. I am not convinced that all the signs of internal self-reliance and vidokremlenosti mali vikhovati in Finland look at my fatherland as a special power, which is deprived of being in the union with Russia. For the hour of the Emperor Oleksandr III, the whole glance grew up to the point of not being handy and not shaking up between the row and the Finnish Seim and the Senate. Why didn’t match the Finnish era, the sovereign was hollow (1890), but the Grand Duchy of Finland was formed “in the power and state of the power of the Russian Empire” and in order for Russia to turn in parts of the country Due to the principle of building up, control over the Finnish administrations and nominations, and partly and well, come before the bordering of the Finnish autonomy.
Pislya vbivva Oleksandr 2 governing Russia becoming a sin Emperor Oleksandr 3. The whole ruler took over the rule of the land in 20 years. Tsey young cholovik from childhood fell in love with all the sciences, which were engaged in eagerly, not more.
The death of the old man celebrated Oleksandr 3 as a stronger enemy. As soon as he saw it, he could not possibly carry revolutionaries in himself. As a result, Emperor Oleksandr 3 vowed to do everything possible to bring about the germs of revolution in Russia. 2 birch, 1881, the Russian district swore allegiance to the new emperor. In his promises, the emperor is fondly, so he can continue the course of his father and secure the world from the countries of the world, so that he can deal with internal problems.
Skasuvannya kryposnogo law did not solve all the problems of the villagers. To that, the new emperor has come with great respect for the virginity of the village food. Having respected, well, it wouldn’t be necessary in Russia to save the villagers' communities, as they are guilty of the villagers, to save the lives of the villagers and to spare them from all the time. Bazhayuchi zmіtsnity tse legislation, Emperor Oleksandr 3 in 1893 saw the law, which in the edge of the border between the possibility of exit from the community.
In the rock of the governor of Oleksandr 3 in Russia, the majestic respect began to come to the minds of the pratsi robinniks. In 1882 rotsi viyshov law, which fence most children younger than 12 years. To the same law, children from 12 to 15 years are guilty of blame for no more than 8 years a day. In 1885, the Russian law has a law that has nothing to do with children and women. In 1886, a law was issued by the Russian government, which stipulates mutual relations between the priest and the robber. With such a rank, Russia became the first land in Europe, as it legally controlled the work of the workers in factories and plants.
Visually, we call out the policy of the state, Emperor Oleksandr 3 has made a single correct design in the situation, which has fallen into disrepair. Russia took the position of neutrality. Oleksandr 3 did not get involved in the crooked European confl icts, as the Russian army took over the same length of time. The Emperor spoke about those who have no friends in Russia, only those who are of state interest, who are in need of attention. I’m going to think for a while, but I’m thinking of English premier-minister Churchill, who seems to be talking about England, having mentioned that England has a lot of old friends, but only some persistent interests. I'm sorry for Oleksandr 3, then I'm talking about those who have 2 friends in Russia: the army and the fleet.
Vinyatka from the policy of neutrality was broken only for the Balkans, Oleksandr Oleksandr 3 Oleksandr 3 wanted to change Russia in the whole region, the first for everything for Bulgaria, like Russia for independence. Ale became all іnakshe. In the end of 1885, an insurrection broke out in the Rumelia congregation, which called for the release of the provinces from Turechchini and the entrance to the warehouse of Bulgaria. Tse supervised the provisions of the Berlinsky Treaty and was the driving force for a new war in the Balkans. The imperator was at the head of the Bolgar, as they took Rumelia to their own warehouse, without consulting Russia. As a result, not getting lost in vіynu, as the axle-axis is to blame for the blame between Bulgaria and Turechchina, the Russian emperor has shown all officials from Bulgaria, as well as all Russian officials. Tsim sped up Austria, yaka ascended to the Bulgarian throne of its ruler.
In the past, the ruler of the Russian Empire and gave the policy of neutrality, as a result of which Russia did not have any allies, albeit or not. The rule of Oleksandr 3 was trivial until 1894 to rock. 20 October 1894 Emperor Oleksandr 3 died.
Emperor Oleksandr III, one of the greatest statesmen Russia, dovgy rocky bulo viddane naruzi and zabuttyu. And only in the last ten years, if there was a possibility of unprecedented and clear talk about the past, assess the current day and think about the maybut, the state service of the Emperor Oleksandr III victorious great interest in all
Emperor Oleksandr III didn’t have any tsaruvati signings by the people. Being another blue of Oleksandr II, he became the decaying member of the Russian throne only after the death of his older brother, Tsarevich Mykoly Oleksandrovich in 1865. Todi f, 12 April 1865 r Nayvishchy Manifest voiced to Russia about the loudmouthing of Grand Duke Oleksandr Oleksandrovich by a spadko-Tsesarevich, and through the Rik Tsesarevich he became friends with the Danish princess Dagmar, named in the deputy of Fyedzhi Mary
At the death of my brother, on April 12, 1866, I wrote down to my friend: “I will not forget the whole day ... with one Duma, it’s not much more for me than a brother and a friend. Ale God gave me less and gave strength to take on my new designation. Perhaps, I have often forgotten my sign in the eyes of those who are, but in my soul I will feel that I am not guilty of life for myself, but for them; important and important communication. ale: "Let it be Thy will, O God"... I seem to say the words permanently, and the stench is less likely to come, and I am suspicious, that everything that we do not eat with us, everything is the will of God, and that I am calm and trust in the Lord! ". Aware of the severity of the crop and the prominence of the mighty power, in spite of that, the new emperor did not leave the new emperor with the effort of his unrepentant life.
The general-ad'utant, Count V.A. Perovskiy, a lyudin of strict moral rules, signs of the other father of the Emperor Mykola I. Osvita of the Maybut Emperor was appointed to the office of the Economist, Professor of the Moscow University A.I. Chivilev. Academician Y.K. The grotto of the Viklad in Oleksandr history, geography, Russian and nimetsku movi; Vidatny Vіyskovy theorist M.І. Dragomirov - tactics and history, S.M. Solovyov - Russian history. Political and legal sciences, as well as Russian legislation, maybutny imperator vivchav at K.P. Pobedonostseva, as if pushing on Oleksandr a particularly great inflow. End of the day Grand Duke Oleksandr Oleksandrovich has risen in price several times in Russia. The trip itself was not only laid in love, but the basis of great interest to the share of Batkivshchyna, and they formulated the reason for the problems to stand in front of Russia.
Being a decaying member of the throne, the Tsarevich took part in the ambitions of the State for the sake of the Committee of Ministries, becoming the Chancellor of the Helsingfors University, the Otaman of the Cossacks, commanding guards units at Petersburg. In 1868, if Russia had overcome a strong hunger, he got up on the choli comic, approved for giving additional help to the suffering. Pid hour Russian-Turkish war 1877-1878 rr. in command of Ruschuksky corral, grave in a tactful attitude important and important role: having streamed the Turks from the outset, fell down the Russian army, like a trimal in the Plevnu forest. Reasonable need for improvement Russian fleet, The Tsarevich beamed with a hot cry to the people about donating to the Russian fleet. At the stislі termіny penny bouly zіbranі. They were prompted to court the Volunteer Fleet. The same time, at the decline of the throne, there was a change in the fact that Russia has only two friends: the Army and the Navy.
Winning music, imaginative mystery and in history, having become one of the initiators of the foundation of the Russian Historical Partnership and with his head, taking care of collecting collections of objects from the old days and restoring historical memorials.
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Order, for the fate of the Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Synod K.P. Pobedonostseva, concentrated her respect on the improvement of "traditional" soils in politics, economics and culture Russian Empire... In the 80s - mid 90s, pp. A series of legislative acts appeared, which intertwined the character and the day of reforms of the 60-70s, as, for the emperor's submissions, they did not see the historical significance of Russia. In order not to admit the ruinous force of the opposing ruin, the emperor will be interconnected in the Zemsky and Myskiy samovryaduvannya. Viborny ear was changed in the court of law, in the provinces the vikonannya of the ships' duties was transferred to the new zemstvo chiefs.
Suddenly, there were shattered crocs, they were directed to the development of the economy of the state, the improvement of finances and the implementation of the revival, the development of agrarian-rural and national-religious food. The young emperor waving his respect for the development of material good for his children: he fell asleep the Ministry of Agriculture for the polish Silskoy government Having fallen asleep in the noble and rural land banks, for the part of some noblemen and villagers, they could have bought land power, protesting against the old industry (for the additional promotion of the meeting of the new canals on the new earthly comrades), and and trading.
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The state policy in Bilorus was dictated, persh for everything, to the non-desires of the "violent breakdown of the historically formed harmony of life" of the populace, the "violent victorious movs" and to those who were not so desperate as "aliens," At the very moment, the imperial legislation, the administrative-political legal framework and the system of education have remained firmly established in the Bilorussian lands. Instantly the authority of the Orthodox Church has grown.
Oleksandr III on the right of Zovnishnopolitichnichy have a unique kind of vіyskovyh conflicts, to that in history we have gone as "Tsar-Peacemaker". The main direct line of the new political course was the protection of Russian interests for the rakhunok joke, rely on "ourselves". Having approached France, since Russia did not have any spirited interests, it was a peace treaty with her, having established a more important role in the struggle between the European powers. For those who are extremely important for Russia, they are directly concerned with maintaining stability in Central Asia, which, shortly before the reign of Oleksandr III, went to the warehouse of the Russian Empire. The inter Russian empire pushed its way to Afghanistan. On the whole majestic expanse of the bule, a zaliznitsa was laid, which is between the Uzbek coast of the Caspian Sea and the center of the Russian Central Asian Volodin - Samarkand and r. Amudar'ї. Vzagal Oleksandr III prudently prygnuv to re-unite all the outskirts of Russia. With a great deal of wine I skasuv in the Caucasian region, we know, in favor of the privileges of the Baltic nationalities and the fences of the earthly people, including the Poles, who buy land in Western Russia, Including Bilorusia.
After a lot of work, the Emperor and for the polishing of the vіyskovo right: the Russian army was signi fi cantly revived and revived by a new defense; on the outlying cordon bulo prompted the fortets spike. The new fleet has become one of the strongest in Europe.
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With the superbly important right of the era of Oleksandr III, the church-parafialny schools were built. The Emperor bachiv at the paraphysical school one of the forms of the state and the Church. The Church is Orthodox, for the first time, since then it has been a vigilant and teacher of the people. Stolitty schools at churches were the first and only one schools in Russia, including the Biloi. Up to half of the 60s, pp. XIX century mayzhe vicariously priests and members of the clergy bully mentors in the Silski schools. On the 13th of 1884, the Emperor bulo hardened the "Rules for Church Paraphysical Schools". Stverdzhuyuchi їkh, the emperor wrote on additional information about them: "I am encouraged, that the paraphysical clergy appear to be the guides of their highest praise in the most important right." Church paraphilia schools began to emerge in the most important places in Russia, often in the most remote and remote villages. Most often, the stench of the boule is a single dzherel to illuminate for the people. When Emperor Oleksandr III ascended the throne in the Russian Empire, there were 4,000 church parafial schools. At the risk of his death, there were 31,000 of them, and there were a lot of young boys and girls in them.
At the same time, the number of schools was changing and becoming camp. A small group of schools were grounded on the church stands, on the church brotherhoods and trusteeships and okremikh blagodiniks. Piznishe came to them for help, the sovereign belongings. For the establishment of the church-parafial schools of the schools of affirmations at the Holy Synod of special schools, the school is glad to see that it is necessary to cover the literature. Opikuchi church-parish school, the emperor grasped the importance of education in the folk school of the basics of education and vikhovannya. Tse vikhovannya, scho oberigє people from the teeth injected into the Sunset, the emperor bachiv at Pravoslavia. Oleksandr III was placed especially respectfully for this and the parafial clergy. Until now, the paraphysical clergy deprived of the nebagatokh parchіy rejected the zmіst from the skarbnitsa. Under Oleksandr III there was a lot of money for the execution of sums for the protection of the clergy. In the course of the ordering, an ear of corn was laid on top of the Russian parafial priest. If the clergy brought something good for the price of undertakings, he said: "I will be a whole lot of radium, if I give myself up to take care of all the clergy of Silska."
This is how the Emperor Oleksandr III was put in place before the development of a medium and high level of education in Russia. For the first time ever, there is no triviality for the tsar of the Buli to see the Tomsk University and a number of industrial schools.
The lifelessness of the tsar was borne out of being haunted. For the yogh boy, who’s awake every day before the hour of being overwhelmed by his downtrodden, it’s possible to vivchand the beggar of the Orthodox people not better, not according to Ivan Shmelov’s book "The Lord's Literature". Oleksandr III was delivered to Oleksandr III church songs and spiritual music, as a result of which they put a lot of svitskoi.
Emperor Oleksandr reigned in thirteen years and seven months. The persistent turbo and the strength of the busyness broke his heart early: he became more and more ailments. Before the death of Oleksandr III, he had spoken and received Holy Communion. Ioann Kronstadt. The tsar never left the tsar with the slightest bit of evidence; Saying goodbye to the family, Vin said to the squad: “I see a child. Be calm. I am absolutely calm. " O. Ioann stood for more than an hour with an uzgoliv and trimmed his head. Tse Bula is the death of a saint! "Oleksandr III died in his own Livadi palace (in the Crimea), before reaching fifty years.
The specialty of the emperor and his meaning for the history of Russia is rightly turning in the offensive turns:
About the first year of troubles and struggles, for the protection of the throne,
I will stretch my hand on the stitch.
I died near the noisy sedition.
Yak extinguishing bagatta.
Vіn zrozumіv Rusі spirit and vіvіv in її strength,
Loving space and breadth,
Win is alive, yak Russian Tsar, and Win is in the grave,
Yak spravzhn_y Russian rich.
This year is prodovzhuumo. And the theme of the current publication will be the chronology of the most recent dates of the king (1881-1894).
- April 29, 1881- seen that samiy "Manifest about the integrity of the autocracy" Yakiy voted the turn to the old people of the order of governing the land.
- 6 worms 1881 rocu- buv updates "Union of Three Imperators"- laying down between Russia, Austria and Nimechchinoyu in 1873 a number of agreements on neutrality. Robustness from the drive of the pidsumkiv of the Russian-Turkish war 1877-78 pp. "Soyuz" was brought up, which in 1881 and one thousand heights of about a dozen or so choices of domesticity was brought up to date. Balkanska crisis 1885-86 rr. grafting to the residual growth of households between three emperators.
- 28 chest 1881 rocu- bully vidanі decrees on the reduction of wikipedia payments for villagersі about the obovazkovy wikup of the land of coli-mary krypaks.
- 18 May 1882 Rocu- hardened Regulations on the Selyansky Land Bank, Yakiy available for issuing loans for the weekend land by the villagers.
- 1 worm 1882 rocu- acceptance law By installing a fence on a robot for children up to 12 years old, introducing an 8-year working day for children from 12 to 15 years old, fencing in children early in the night, in weekdays and on awesome virobits.
- 27 serpnya 1882 rocu- boules introduced “ Timchasovі rules about druk “ , They closed the new censorship.
- 1884 rik- boules introduced “ Rules for parish schools “ For yakim in the villages were set up courtyard and chotiiric schools. The one-class students were taught the Law of God, sheet, arithmetic, reading and history.
- 23 serpnya 1884 rocu- adoption of new university statute Due to the increase in the payment for the acquisition, a mandatory form was introduced and the autonomy of the university was introduced.
- Berezen 1885 rock- on the Russian-Afghani cordon conflict, Little did not overrun in Russia and England, as a result of Afghanistan.
- April 21, 1885- for additional help, we will send a bankruptcy to the bankruptcy law for the helpers noble bank, Yaky on the minds of the pilgrims having seen loans to the nobles.
- 1 sichnya 1887 to rock- from the day in Russia Bula the flock of tax has been channeled- zalny tribute, as paid by the population.
- 5 worm 1887 rocu- Minister of National Education І. Vidav Delyanov Circular "About speedy gymnastic education", For a buv of fencing reception in the gymnasium, "children of coachmen, lackeys, cooks, pral, other kramar and that kind of people, children, who, for the wine of some people, have been endowed with genial average health, they are not called great education". Among the people of vin nicknames "Circular about kukhovarchinikhditey".
- 17 October 1888 Rocu- bilya of the Borka station of Kharkivsky zaliznitsa steel catastrophe of the tsar's trip... Bully the number of victims, the emperor and the homeland were not harmed.
- 12 linden 1889 to rock- bulo accepted "Regulations about zemstvo regional chiefs" For the yakim on the missions, a posad was introduced to be designated as the zemsky chief, who was responsible for administrative and court functions. Moreover, in the villages and in the villages there is a magistrate's court. The price of the introduction is to embrace the very disastrous and bold pardoning decisions of Emperor Oleksandr III, as the hostility of the hundred and the villagers and the nobles, as they were appointed by the Zemsky chiefs, was overcome.
- 12 worms 1890 rocu- hardened new "Regulations about provincial and provincial zemstvo installations", The rights of the zemskiy zborіv and legalizing the selection according to the camps for the decrease in the number of voices of the villagers to the corny of the nobility will speed up.
- 25 fierce 1891 rock- bulo seen Decree about the ear of the Great Siberian Way(Trans-Siberian Railway).
- 1891-1892 pp.- put hunger in the Volga and European provinces of the Russian Empire.
- August 1892 to rock- in Kronstadt, in the tract conditions of boulevards Russian-French union, Then poklav the ear of "Antante" and the goiters, having joined Russia for the first time in Persha svitovu vіynu, Yaka i brought down the Russian empire in a fierce 1917 rock.
- 1893 rik- Ministry of Finance S. Vitte Bula introduced vinna monopoly- viklyuchne the right of the state to drink alcoholic beverages. The price of the introduction at times increased the inflow of pennies into the budget.
- 20 October 1894- in Livadia (Krim) from nirok jade at 49 rockyv died Emperor Oleksandr III.
This is how the rule of the "tsar-peacemaker" Oleksandr III. The period has a lot of pardons, a lot of wrong decisions, and there are a few positive changes that have been made economically, for the promiscuous and promising situation in the Russian Empire. However, the immediate death of Zupinil of the Serpent I brought to the throne Mikoli II, who would remain the Russian emperor.
Oleksandr Oleksandrovich Bouv in Imperator's Homeland in a different blue. Uspadkovuvati the throne of his older brother Mykola, who took the throne out of the way.
Dignity, sanctification and vikhovannya
In 1883, Oleksandr III voted the course, the names in the historical-materialistic literature "counter-reforms", and in the liberal-historical - "reformists". Winning in the offensive.
In 1889, for the sake of keeping an eye on the villagers, the boules introduced the zemsky chiefs with broad rights. The stench came from the local noblemen-landowners. Vibrant rights were lost by the orderlies and other traders, and the poor security of the locality. The court reform has changed. The new regulations about the zemstvo in 1890 had a stavo-nobility representation. U 1882-1884 rr. Bulo closed the bagato vidan, curtailed the autonomy of the university. The pochatkovi schools were transferred to the church administration - the Synod.
At the cich visits, the idea of "official nationality" appeared in Mikoli I's hours - "Pravoslav'ya. Autocracy. The spirit of humility "buv sp_vsuchny gaslam past dobi. New official ideologists K.P. Pobedonostsev (Chief Prosecutor of the Synod), M. N. Katkov (editor of Moskovskiye Vedomosti), Prince V. Meshchersky (from the newspaper Gromadyanin) omitted the word "people" in the old formula "Orthodoxy, autocracy and people" "Not safe"; the stench preached the humility of his spirit before the autocracy and the church. As a matter of fact, the new policy was transformed on the basis of the change of state by the gentry, leaning on the traditionally correct to the throne of the noble camp. Administrative go in for the economic support of the government authorities.
October 20, 1894 in Crima, 49-year-old Oleksandr III Raptovo died from the state fire of nirok. Mikola II entered the emperor's throne.
In the midst of 1895, for the first time representatives of the nobility, the leaders of the zemstvos, the places and the Cossacks of the new Tsar Mikola II, declaring their readiness to “protect the ear of autocracy so firmly and unhealthily, like protecting” his father. Representatives of the tsar's homeland were not very involved in the government of the Tsі Roki, until the ear of the 20th century there were up to 60 members. Most of the Great Dukes took up important administrative and vital posts. The uncle of the tsar, brothers of Oleksandr III - the Great Dukes Volodymyr, Oleksiy, Sergiy Tigipko, and the two-day uncle Mikola Mykolajovich, Oleksandr Mikhailovich, were especially great inflow into politics.
Internal policy
Yogo vіd'їzd - buv spravzhnіm in the course. By the day, if the guilt was guilty of the Buv Viyhati, some of the Emperor's trains stood ready at some of the Children's Railway Stations of St. Petersburg, and as long as the stench was checked, the Emperor drove away, which was standing in a spare number.
Nishcho, to find the need for a coronation, the tsar could not be seen from the Gatchina palace - two fate wines ruled uncrowned. The fear of the "People's Will" and the conversation at the choice of the political course began for the Emperor a whole hour.
Economic lack of security for supravodzhuvalasya oversight of the rosy and legal development of the mass of the population, protection under Oleksandr III was once again taken into the shores, from which it was wiped out in order to get rid of the big law. Oleksandr III was put in charge of the tsarism until he was illuminated in the last post on additional information about those in the Tobolsk province that literacy is still low: "I thank God!"
Oleksandr III zohochuvav in 80-90-і rock nebuvali earlier than goninnya to the Jews. Їх were hung in the swamp of asses (only from Moskvia, there were 20 thousand yards), they set a percentage rate for them in the middle, and later principal mortgages(In smoothies - 10%, border posture - 5, in capitals - 3%).
new period in the history of Russia, which began with the reforms of the 1860s, ended with counterreforms until the end of the 19th century. Thirteen years of Oleksandr III, behind the vislov of GV Plekhanov, "syav viter". Yogo to the offender - Mikoly II - fell for the share of the storm.
Tsilikh thirteen rockies Oleksandr III syav viter... Mykoly II the storm vibrated... Chi for youmu tse?
Professor S. S. Oldenburg in his scientific history from the history of the reign of Emperor Mykoly II, tucking in the internal politics of his father, quick-witted, that in an hour the rule of Emperor Oleksandr III Russia manifested itself among the most recent tendencies of the coming Russian elements of the country.
Zovnishnya policy
The reign of the Emperor Oleksandr III at the last politics brought a serous change. The closeness to Nicholas and Prussia, so the authorities of the period of the tsar Katerini the Great, Oleksandr I, Mikoli I, Oleksandr II, changed the remembered cold women, especially for the display of Bismark III, with the honor of Oleksandr III. In the end, I will attack, be it from the third lands, on Russia and Nimechchina.
NK Girs became the head of the Foreign Ministry. At a number of children from the ministry and in the Russian embassies of provincial provinces, the diplomats of the Gorchakov school have been informed about it. The main directions of Oleksandr III's outward policy will be attacked.
- Zm_tsnennya in the Balkans;
- Poshuk of the over-allies;
- Pidtrimka of Peaceful Vidnosins from Usima Lands;
- Establishment between in the middle of Asia;
- Lock Russia on the new territories of the Far Descent.
Russian policy in the Balkans... The message to the Berlinsky Congress in the Balkans was significant for the Austro-Ugorsk region. Having bought up Bosnia and Herzegovina, the won began to pragmatically expand its inflow into the Balkan region. Austro-Ugorshchina in її її її пії пії піїпідтримуваль Nіmechchina. The Austro-Ugorsk region began to loosen up the influx of Russia in the Balkans. Bulgaria became the center of struggle for Austria-Ugorshchina and Russia.
Until one o'clock in the Skhidniy Rumeliya (Pivdenna Bulgaria in the warehouse of Turechchini) a rebellion against the Turkish panuvannya was unleashed. Turkish officials bully expelled from the Skhidnoi Rumeli. Bulo was stripped about the transfer of the Skid Rumelia to Bulgaria.
Ob'dnannya bulgaria viklikalo gostry balkansky crisis. Vіyna mіzh Bulgaria and Turechchina from the studies in her Russia and the first lands could have slept at any moment. Oleksandr III Buv Discussion. The unification of Bulgaria became without the view of Russia, and it led to the acceleration of the integration of Russia from Turechchina and Austria-Ugorshchina. Russia recognized the importance of people in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878 rr. and until the news of the news, the bull is not ready. I Oleksandr III, for the first time, having entered into the tradition of solidarity with the Balkan peoples: he was guilty for the poor attention to the articles of the Berlinsky treaty. Oleksandr III proponed his own political problems in Bulgaria, he responded to Russian officials and generals, without becoming involved in the Bulgarian-Turkish authorities. Protest the Russian ambassador in Turechchyna, having voiced the sultans, that Russia will not allow the Turkish invasion of Skhidna Rumelia.
In the Balkans, Russia, from its opposite Turechchini, became a de facto ally. Positions of Russia bully pidirvani in Bulgaria, as well as in Serbia and Romania. In 1886, diplomatic relations between Russia and Bulgaria were rosy. The new Bulgarian prince became Ferdinand I, Prince of Coburg, who formed himself as an officer at the Austrian service. The new Bulgarian prince rozumiv, who is the ruler of the Orthodox land. Winning rakhuvatsya with the glib Russophil moods of the wide popular masses and in the christening of the daddy their own fallacious synovia to Boris in 1894, the Russian Tsar Mikoli II. ale colishn_y_of_cer The Austrian army didn’t take a little bit of an attitude towards Russia, “a little overwhelming antipathy and fear.” Vidnosini Russia from Bulgaria has become stretched.
noisy ally... At the same hour at 80-і pp. to accelerate the time between Russia and England. Interesting two European powers visit the Balkans, Turechchina, Central Asia. At the same hour, the names of Nimechchin and France will accelerate. The offended powers were interrupted one by one. At the same time, both Nimechchin and France became shukati to the union with Russia on the basis of one by one. In m Nimetsian Chancellor O. Bismarck proponed in Russia and Austria-Ugorsk region to bring the rocky series "Union of Three Emperors". The essence of this alliance was in the fact that the three powers of the goitre were committed to the decision of the Berlinsky Congress, not to the defense of one encampment in the Balkans, and to the end of neutrality by seeing one to one per type. It means that the effectiveness of this union for Russia is insignificant. At the same hour, O. Bismarck then went to Russia to the Trois Union (Nimechchina, Austro-Ugorshchina, Italy) against Russia and France, which transferred the help of the countries-participants of all Russia to one of the one in France. The charm of the Trinity Union was not deprived of a secret place for Oleksandr III. The Russian tsar became shukati the first allies.
Far away, far away... V for example XIX v. on the Distant Descent, the expansiveness of Japan was well accepted. Japan before the 60s. XIX Art. Bula feudal land, ale in - pp. there a bourgeois revolution was taking place, and the Japanese economy began to develop dynamically. Behind the help of Nimechchini, Japan opened happy army, Behind the help of England and the United States, their fleet was actively pursued. At the same hour, Japan was conducting aggressive policy at the Distant Descent.
Private life
Gatchina became the main hero of the emperor's transfer (through the threat of terrorism). Podovgu vin is alive in Peterhof and Tsarskoe Selo, and arriving in St. Petersburg, zupinyavsya in Anichkov Palace. Not loving winter wine.
The court etiquette and ceremony under Oleksandr became simpler. Win greatly hastened the staff of the ministry to the court, having changed the number of servants and in the suvoriy watched over the pennies. Expensive Western wines were replaced by the Crimean and Caucasian wines, and the number of points was bounded by the choirma in the rik.
At the same time, the majestic pennies were spent on the side of the objects of the art. The Emperor is a bogey collector who acts in a wide range of business events for Katherine II. The Gatchina Castle has literally been transformed into a warehouse of priceless belongings. Oleksandr's prydbannya - paintings, objects of mastery, kilims too - did not fit into the galleries of Zimovoy, Anichkov and other palaces. However, the Emperor did not appear in any subtle relish, nor great intelligence. In the midst of this, the richness of speeches of the people of Russia appeared, a little rich in speeches and masterpieces, which were scattered over the spoken national nadbannyas of Russia.
Not in the butt of all his followers of the Russian throne Oleksandr trimmed his suvorian family morality. Vin buv an intelligent family man - a loving cholovik and a good dad, none of them are kokhanoks, but there are ringing on the sides. At the same time, there is one of the best Russian sovereigns. The simple and straightforward soul of Oleksandr did not know any religious summaries, no religious studies, no focus on mysticism. Win firmly trimmed the Orthodox canons, waited until the end of the service, praying zealously and enjoying the church life. The sovereign is eager to sacrifice for the monasteries, for the restoration of new churches and the renovation of old ones. With the new one, the church life was taken care of.
Oleksandr's drowning was also simple and innocent. Winning passionately for love and ribolovley. often infusion Tsarska Sіm'ya I went to the Finnish skerries. Here, in the middle of the malovian nature, in the labyrinths of the numerous islands and canals, it was called a palatine etiquette; Let us love the love of the Emperor Bula Bilovezka Pushcha. The one imperative family took the place in the skerries of Yichala to Poland, to the Lovic principality, and there, with passion I went to the mischievous amusements, especially fond of reindeer, and finished the trip to the most frequent in the castle. Europe and the crowned relatives.
After an hour of summer, the ministry could see the emperor in extraordinary cases. True, holding out his hand to the rock, Oleksandr all through to the right. Vin buv duzhe pratsovitim sovereign. The schoranku was about 7 years old, plunged into cold water, brewed a cup of kawi himself and sat for the writing style. It’s not a very busy day, but it’s late at night.
death
An emergency trip to the Tsar's family
But all the same, without affection for a healthy way of life, Oleksandr died to die young, before he lived to 50 years, absolutely unsuitable for both loved ones and children. At zhovtnі tsar's poizd, Scho yde s pivday, having known the avariety of the Borka station, 50 kilometers away from Kharkiv. Seven wagons were smashed by broken vshchents, there were a lot of victims, and the tsar's family was overwhelmed. Have a moment of stinking pudding in the restaurant car. For the hour of the accident the carriage collapsed. Oleksandr neymovirnym zusillami, having settled the її on his shoulders until quietly, when no help arrived.
However, without a bargain, the emperor became a pain in the middle. Professor Trube, as if glancing over at Oleksandr, came to the top of the house, which is more terrible than a cow when it falls, an ear of ailment nirok. The ailment was growing loosely. The sovereign often felt unhealthy. Kolir, exposing yogo, becoming earthy, losing his appetite, his heart was fuming. A fee is charged if you are cold, and at Veresna, it’s an hour to fall in love in Bilovezhzha, seeing yourself as kep. Berlinsky professor Leiden, terminovo arrived for the wiklik to Russia, know from the emperor nephrite - gostre zapalennya nirok. Oleksandr was sent to