Particularly privileged children of the Russian army. The smithy of the glory of glory: why should the guards become the elite Russian army. I am a guardian division
"... All non-morality cannot be attributed to the non-morality of the Russian court," the Saxon envoy de Ford wrote in 1728, referring to his queen. A diplomat can be revived by intelligence: after the death of Emperor Peter the Great, talk about a militia, a stable camp in the capital did not bring about - palace coups, great and small, the fall of the emperor and favorites, disgraced the noblemen and the dear ones. Petersburg's upholstery blanched, I don't know for sure, who will be naked about it.
Yak approximately seen a typical coup in the XVIII century, can be judged by the "Notes" of B. X. Minikha: "The death of the great sovereign (Peter I. - Auth.) all senators and dignitaries of the empire took a long time to induce Grand Duke Peter Oleksiyovich, onuk of the Emperor, to the throne. Early the next day, after Prince Menshikov arrived, the stench took in the Emperor's palace. Effortlessly hated the prince, and especially the Prosecutor General Yaguzhinsky. In front of the hall, the senator was de-selected, the bulo was set to the wart. Prince Menshikov was there, they didn’t let him in; Todi vin, do not shy away from the noise, turning to its own palace, the cadet corps will take revenge in which ninja, having called to itself Ivan Ivanovich Buturlin, Colonel of the Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment, and asking him to bring another Guards Shvidyshey Since the bulo viconano, Prince Menshikov pishov with a mouth right to the imperial palace, the vilamas in the door of the room, there were senators and generals, and having voiced the Empress and the lawful Russian Emperor Katherine
Tse yaskraviy, hocha, it is possible, often too much to describe the coup d'état of 1725 r.
A wake-up call, I respect the behavior of the guards' situation: the palace was turned off, the doors were turned, and the vison of their vimogs was requested.
The presenters repeatedly meant: Life Guards Preobrazhensky and Semenivsky regiments, ledges by Peter the Great, took an active part in the coups of 1725, 1730, 1741, 1762, 1801. However, vkazuyuchi on the tse, it is said that the guard was deprived of the tool to fight for power.
The rest of the solidity is unlikely to be grounded: the guards did not bully play until the hands of the political forces. At the time of the death of the tsar-reformer, she was transformed into an independent, superbly infused force, a formidable formulation, and a real political program.
Elite vіyskovі children, called guards, were seen at the New Hour in Bagatioh lands of the world. Feel the stench and doniny. At Russia її Guards there was a Winikla on the cob of the 18th century. Same Todi, at 1700 r., Preobrazhensky and Semenivsky regiments bully naked life-guards. However, the history of the past is meaningfully older and of their roots at the front of the capital.
Even in 1682, before the congregation of Tsarevich Peter to the throne, at his chorus near the village of Vorobyov it was going to the camp of the Vysk. A small maidanchik was cleaned out, on which a funny hut, a tree nesting, a wooden garmat and a slingshot were placed. The vague 1682 r. Petro did not particularly get involved in the games, but the offensive fate was the same navpaki. Same todі, for the gifts of the fellows, from the kerіvnitsvom Peter bulo, mabut, up to 50 people. This is how the company was set up, and it was named Piznishe Potishnoy.
Before her, there were children of boyars and commoners, Russians and Inozemts. The first commander of the roti became the Swiss, on the sites of the Huguenot Franz Lefort, which is all from France.
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Until 1689 p. the number of quiet ones grew up to about 250. The whole fact was established by the date: 8 sickle 1689 r. Petro, yak vidomo, duck at the Troitsky Monastery, and at the superconductor. For the Troitskiy podgіd, we’re amusing at the wine town, bulo got a salary of 5 rubles. Oskilki Peter I especially took from the monastic chamber 1200 krb.
On the cob 1690 to 1692 p. quiet, judging by the number of sergeants, bulo from 2 to 4 companies. Also from 1687 p. the stench roztashovuvalis at two villages - Preobrazhensky and Semenivsky, well, to be built, the principle value for an instant life is not enough. In the first place, the offense of the village was bully by the summons and was seen one from one tilka by the Hapilov strum. And in a different way, for the great respect of Lieutenant-General P.O. tі and іnshі became one home team, one squad. " If you talk about the spirit of ideas, having conceived this without a priori implementation, then the transformations and the family made one team better.
The very parts, having cleaned up the naming of the "Life-Guards", have become, as vidomo, the basis for the formation of the Russian regular army. The stench itself was a source of insult to the passage of time in the fields of the first war of the 18th century. Transfigurations and seeds took an active part in the Azov campaigns of Peter I (1695, 1696), the battles of the Pivnichnoy Viynya (1700-1721), as well as at the Prutskiy (1711) and Caspian (1722-1723) campaigns.
However, the functions that were carried out in the transformation and in the Semenovs at the hour of Peter the Great were not interchanged by the service. The Russian Guard of the First Fourth of the 18th century, in essence, had an absolutely unique structure within the Russian system of statehood, since small majesty is more important in the sphere of management.
Vіdomostі, otrimanі z dzherel, allow to go untenable visnovka, scho from the end of the 1690s. and right up to the death of Peter the Great, the Preobrazhensky and Semenivsky regiments were victorious in the most popular functions, but not in all spheres sovereign government that life of the suspension.
Nasampered, mov ide, slyly, about sovereign-representative obligations: participation in ceremonies and rituals.
Vіyskovі ceremonies, absolutely, mali for the guards first. They could be like small parades, tied with the arrivals of any army units, and the cleanliness of the sovereign vaig
1 sichnya 1710 r., Svyatkuvannya of the village of peremogi 8 linden 1710 r., A ceremony in honor of the peremogi over the Swedes at Gangut in 1714 r. that is very rich).
Whenever there is a greater minority, I will signify the ceremony of opening the Preobrazhensky regiment. The first company of transformations is most often the emperor himself. The ceremony ended with a parade of seeds. Even though one of the guards regiments, through the idea of causing the brother's fate in the action, is not at once, then a special warehouse of the latter was divided into two parts. With such a rank, the ceremony looked like a guard regiment or regiments framed the entire course.
The guards started actively vikoristovuvatisya and in the tracts, tied from the religious saints, who are important for the Church podіy. It is tied, from one side, to the active entourage of power from the life of the rest, from the other, to the pragmatism of this kind of rituals of svitsky character. In addition, the fate of the guards at the transferred relics of St. Oleksandr Nevsky to St. Petersburg. Saints, podbnі to Khreshchensky water blessing, to be reimagined at the ceremony, when the call is in the middle of the religious rite and look around.
Besides, a number of church ceremonies at Peter's hour ended with a fireworks. The guard, especially the bombardier company of the Preobrazhensky regiment, is indispensable at the time.
Pohovannaya be-someone from the members royal prince, with the reception of messages, the arrival of representatives of the ruling European dynasties, holy saints and celebrations also did not go without the participation of the transformations and the family.
At the same time, the need for the presence of the guard at the ceremonies of the sovereign's bully is practically absolute. So, at 1709 p. guards supervodzhuvali Peter I at the thirteenth anniversary of the world.
In Veresna Vіn with a small retinue, I turned to Moscow, leaving the main parts of Poland for participation in the Pivnіchnіy Vіynі. However, a nezabar transfiguration was given an order to secretly viruhati after the tsar, to wake up to the urochistic parade in honor of the Poltava peremoga, designated for the breast of that fate. Ymovirno, the replacement of the Life Guards by the other parts seemed to Peter I to be insanely unreasonable, since he was responsible for the beautiful food on the Vitrati, tied to the unplanned turns of the regiments to Russia.
However, in the first chapter of the XVIII century. the role of transformations and seeds in the life of the old-age suspension. Guards are practical for an hour take the fate of the sovereign robot flock to a kind of parallel apparatus of control, a special overhead above the main civilian system.
Transfiguration and family vicorist police, such as the collection of contributions, the use of contraband goods, the tampering of the accused, the guard of those who have been arrested. Upgrade of the first four of the XVIII century It’s unimportant to deliver recruits for the army, remanufacturers for “good” business people, clerks and clerks to robots at the Holy Synod, testers for resettlement to the new capital, forged on the wharves. Smells “spun the governor and vice-governor and the governor about the hanger in St. ".
Victory of other police establishments was reduced to the participation of significant political shares, for example, at the strangled shooter, he was stabbed in 1698, Bulavin's insurrection, 1707-1708, rr.
The role that the guards were introduced to in the past was not reduced to a simple stagnation of the military force. So, during the period of Bulavin's insurrection for the purpose of protecting the shipyards of Voronezh, one of the battalions of the Preobrazhensky regiment was sent to guard the shipyards of Voronezh, and around the officers of the Guard, like the bully, by the people of Peter I (V.V.Dolgoruky, A.I. , monitored kalny diy in areas frozen by stabbing.
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3 o'clock the ranks of the Preobrazhensky and Semenivsky regiments began to go to work before the procedure for going to court.
With the whole of the guards, they were entrusted with the investigation of a razor-sharp order, repaired from the side-by-side stealing and ending with the right about the state of malice and corruption.
The nadannya guards of low policemen, who are also more important, have been tied up from the very system of regimental management. Perebuyuyutsya at the date of the Preobrazhensky order, the main body of the land stretching out for a period, so that the guards of any rank inevitably got lost before taking part on the right of this kind. The commanders of the regiments step-by-step changed the way to the official bodies of the political police.
The guards got involved in all the stages. The stench could be right. For example, a rozshuk at the right of the Arkhangelsk governor, who came back in 1714, after seeing the major of the Semenivsky regiment M. Volkonskoy. Inquire for the incursions of the Colonial Siberian governor M.P. Gagarin ta ї sina, dated 1721, it was also given to the hands of the guards.
In the 1710s. the fate of the transformations and the seeds of the procedures of going to court has become even more active. U 1715-1717 pp. In Russia, by a special decree, a team was set up for the review of the right to the government's mischief about the "viciousness of the belongings", or the so-called Major Rozshukov Chancery.
Go to the right of the clerks of the office to find out the procedure of the visitor's attendance to the court. Ocholyuvaty їkh by the very decree of the bully upovnovazhenі guards officers І. Plescheev, G.G. Kushnir-Pisarєv and іnshі. The population was punished to give the guards all the best.
To complete the picture, it was said that the robot was carried on regularly in the Major's rozshukovye offices, and before the court they had such persons, like Prince A.D. Menshikov, Count F.M. Apraksin, Siberian governor, Prince M.P. Gagarin.
In the words of the historian Yu.N. Smirnov, the aim of "the trials of the tribunals of the state malignancies, the introduction of such a superficial attack through the lack of public authorities in the court and the decision of the righteous reprimand of the evil of other inhabitants" was introduced.
The procedure of the Major Roshukov Chanceries was also victorious before the hour of going to court at the right of Tsarevich Oleksiy. Next hour, the yogi moved outside the cordon behind him, guarded by the captain of the guard A.I. Rumyantsev. The letter of the turn of the decline to Russia was opened by the office of the “secret rozshukovykh rights”, to the warehouse of which A.I.Ushakov, G.G.Kushnir-Pisarov, I.I.Buturlin, P.A. Effort the stench of the last bully of the guards. Tolstoy, on the other hand, had no connection to the Preobrazhensky regiment, or to the Semenivsky regiment, which had not been mav earlier, after finishing with the title of captain of the guard.
The Mayorsky office of the bully was liquidated in 1724, the protest of the Chancellery for its form and the sutta, which followed them, practically repeated the whole system.
The Guard also took over the most active participation in the systems of administrative management of the region.
Tse stosuvalosya management of the front-line regions by the readers occupied by the Russian military before the hour of the Pivnichnoy War. So, the guard captain M.A. Sukhotin buv commandant of Narvi from 1715 to 1723 rr., And the officer-Semenovets P. Lodizhensky in 1714 became vice-governor of the Arkhangelsk province, replaced on the whole settlement A.A. Kurbatov. However, often the guards were assigned to administrative landings in the regions, from far and wide areas. Napryklad, 1719 p. The Senate voted the decree on the reassignment of the guard captain-lieutenant Yu.A. Rzhevsky cheruvati of the Nizhny Novgorod province.
In addition, on the transformations and simianovtsy there was laid a great number of others, albeit superbly important for the state, as they were rebuilt at the war station, ref. As a rule, as the stench coremen took part in the changeable city sporuds (Azov, Kiev and in.), The cities themselves (St. delivery of provisions, organizing robots at shipyards and at new industrial enterprises, planned gardens and parks in the new capital, collection of statistical information.
Vikoristovuvalysya guards for visonannya diplomatic missions... Tse buli yak insignificant additions to the definition of the requirements of diplomatic courses, and serious political duties. The emergence of an old tradition, Mabut, can be dated by the end of the 17th century. At 1697 p. Major of the Preobrazhensky regiment A.A. Veyde, with directions to the Duke of Courland, Brandenburz and Saxon electors from the misunderstanding, poklikanoyu pidgotuvati arrived to Europe "The Great Embassy".
At the first four of the XVIII century. qia practice nabula wide range. So, Polish guards were known practically permanently (for example, V.V. and A.L. Dolgorukov, I.P. Izmailov). Capitan of the Preobrazhensky regiment of L.V. Izmailov at 1719-1721 rr. I was a Russian envoy from China. The first Russian memoirist, who also served with the guards, B.I. Kurakin - a representative of the king at the "papal court" in Rome (1706-1707), Holland (1712), England and France (1720). Major of the Preobrazhensky regiment O.I. Rumyantsev seized Russian interests from Tsargorod (1724), S.G. Narishkin became ambassador to Tuscany (1711). With a lot of people who are pledged to the guards of the mission, they are quick to grow up - from the official diplomatic representative to the top-secret spygun's activity.
Assigned to the guards and their own kind of humanitarian mission. Say, 1722 p. the transfiguration of GG Skornyakov-Pisarov was given the copy of "Novy Litopist". I would like not to be able to assess the results but it is obvious that Kushnir-Pisarєv was delivered to the end seriously. Subject to decree from 16 fierce 1722 r. the chain of robots "from the strongest parishes and monasteries" was taken by "writers, statues, chronographs and іnshi", and to find "curiosities", tobto. informative manuscripts for the knowledge of copies.
Mozhlivo, the guards took part in the established acts of legislation. Istorik S.M. Solovyov, take care of the authorship of the "Table of Ranks", having taken into account that the document was actually written by Ya.V. Bruce, G.I. Golovkinim, D.I. Dmitriyevim-Mamonov and M.A. Matyushkinim. Two remaining boules were found by the officers of the Guard.
The number of people who are liable to the guards is so great, and number of people, well, they are overwhelmed, if the terminology adopted at that hour, “at the vidluchki”, has grown up in such a world that the guards are actually not capable of protecting the safety of the life of Peter I. ... ... Menshikov, you can read: "... With the regiment of my soldiers, take the shanuy on horseback ... for that, please, there is a bullet of dragoons hanging from Lyublin's biker, for carrying out ... for the sake of ninishnaya consumer." Three days later, on May 8, 1707, Petro once again told the saintly prince about the security of such a camp: “... I do not mind, I don’t have more than three dragoons in my presence, as they were with me from Zhovkevi” 10.
All the facts are evident from the obvious: the guards at Peter's hour, as we have already spoken of, became a kind of parallel apparatus of control, supervising over the civil administrative system of that court system. Talk about the reason for the failure of such a system ...
The active development of the guards to the management system of the Russian empire is linked to the need to improve the effective management system of the country, especially in the period of the destruction of the old apparatus and the conduct of heavy war.
Victory of transformations and seeds of the other half of the 1710s - on the ear of the 1720s. I will explain, singly, Tim, that Peter I has raised all the shortcomings of the enormous structure he created. Lack, inconsistency, prevalence of the rest, and the corruption of officials, they did not lose heart because of the tsar’s efforts to carry out reforms with the maximum speed.
Whole zeal and those who vibir Peter I fell on the Preobrazhensky and Semenivsky regiments of the Life Guards. On the basis of the price of the solution, it is most acceptable.
In the first place, the reliance on the Vijskov structures in the governing power of the Bula in Russia was completely traditional and was practiced back to the XVIII century: Vijskiy element was built in the all-over-the-city warehouse. It’s known about the camp of the shooters at the court of Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich, as they were serving in the military service, they were vikonuvali other police regulations. The Stremyannyi Streltsky Regiment, close to the courtyard, was not accidentally known during the sovereign's trips and campaigns by monasteries and villages, taking part in religious ceremonies at the courtyard.
In other words, you need to ask about the return of the guard to your emperor. Completely intelligent and grateful to Peter, to give instructions to the people who were treated with special love. And who will be issued a message to the emperor, the lower squad, the guard? To Peter the Great himself, the guards zavdyachuvali their stems. Smells were pampered as a tsarevich, a friend, a friend, and a family member (guards I.I. commander, people, yaku stench burned.
І, nareshty, victorious guards themselves for participation in the system of sovereign government, the emperor has created a very simple and effective structure, based on the direct order of guards Peter I. 'yazki chi, tim more, for habarnstvo.
So, in the history of Russia, the first quarter of the 18th century. There was a structure that got a huge and huge ear of its own and gave a life of new self-confidence, which is why it started the second stage of the 18th century, - in view of its significance, the importance of the service of spiritual justice, the importance of spiritual justice,
The guard from the great number of liabilities was taken away by the guards before the hour of the Petrovsky government.
So, even from the first years of the life of the war, the status of the guards has been established in terms of service to the soldiers and officers. 20 serpnya 1706 rub. Transfigurations and seeds were given the seniority of one rank, and 24 years 1722 p. The officers of the Guards renounced the pass in two ranks, according to the date to the army and in one to the artillery ranks. And at the same time, the offensive rank of the guards was eliminated on the way to shvidshe, nowhere in the army.
Privileyovan camp of the guards is also tied to the passes near the platform. The price was not only in such a situation at that hour of the regularity of discarding viplays, extraordinary benefits or post-gradual adjustments of salaries. Sami sumy the officers of the guards bully vinyatkovy at that hour. At the same time, B.I.Kurakin, dismissing the rank of Colonel of the Semenivsky regiment in 1706-1707 years ago, in the middle, apparently, "... the paid salary is close to 1000 rubles" 12.
In truth, the officer and soldier's pay in the guard was 2-3 times higher than the army. Judging from the obvious tributes, utrimannya in the Polish policemen bulo m_zernim. So, the captain having cut off 8 rubles for the month, the guarantor 6 rubles, and the ensign 4 rubles. For the warrant: at the same hour, at the Preobrazhensky Life Guards Regiment, the captain-lieutenant became 20, and the lieutenant - 17 rubles. at the month.
Not surprisingly, the officers, who went from the guards to the army, don’t know how to move from the guards to the army, they often turned around to get rid of the guards pay. For example, at 1712 p. Major of the Velyaminov-Zernov regiment G. Ovtsin, who served as a guarantor of the Semenivsky regiment, was sent to the Senate. otrimuvati pay "for the salary of Lieutenant Semenivsky regiment for 12 rubles." With such a rank, the colonel of the army regiment gave the salary to the courier, which will be given to the lieutenant of the guard.
The pragmatic of Peter I, the formation of the guards regiments in a structure with high status yak within the framework of the army, and all the support, was carried by the good pay and dodatkovye zahochennya. Uryad namagavsya virishuvati be-yaki problems. Transfigurations and families were given the best winter quarters, horses and fodder, and they were allowed to stay in booths in the nicest districts of the new capital, in the event of conflicts between the ships and their calls for an unprecedented price.
By the year, a number of privileges have outgrown their pride, and the Guard has become a whole special social unit. The camp of the transformation of chi semenovtsia gave freedom to everyone in terms of being brought up to a whole series of current suspension norms of the first half of the 18th century. The guard rank became a kind of guardian gram in situations, as for the large population of Russia that period would become the reason for the loss. Reasoning by Peter the Great of the values of the guards of the supervising to give to people who were honored before her, the singular seizure of the svavil and zhorstokosti norms, set by him to solve all the reasons .
At the same functional significance, the level of privileges, as well as the principle of the reoccurrence of the Preobrazhensky and Semenivsky regiments (here the principle of family is cultivated) reimagined the guard of the first four of the XVIII century. the dedal has a more closed structure.
The special status of the guards has infused its identity with the army units and the Moscow nobility. Viniklo sche naprikintsi XVII century. The persuasion of the Preobrazhensky and Semenivsky regiments, which was explained by the blame of war, now the supervising armchair was transferred to the guardians of the guards before the soldiers and officers of the army. Let's take a look at the stage of transformations and seeds to the Moscow era.
By the way, the guards, who were in absolute greatness by the nobles, during the reign of Peter the Great were able to revoke the majesty of rights, and they were rich in freedom of action. At the same time, we can talk about the formation of a special collective self-awareness here. Moreover, the mova here is not about the modest group of the sovereign's approach, not about dozens and not about hundreds, but about more than a few thousand people.
The very fact that it is absolutely unprofitable to see a thought about those who, in the era of palace revolutions, transformations and simians, for low reasons (the middle ones are often called insignificant heights and burners), were deprived of the hearing and hearing people of the will to see them.
The pride of those, self-identification of the guards, of the XVIth identity, of the XIV corporation, of the guard of the Petrovsky reforms, a special visitor to the emperor's permission to fight the root of the development of the about oneself, one's land, one's monarch and, in an obvious way, his role in the life of the Empire. Nevipadkovo lists of a special storehouse of the guard of the Petrovsky hour are named by the names, which were sent to the Russian noble family of the offensive capitals. Rum'yantsev, Bestuzhev, Tovsti, Rokotov, Rakhmaninov, Turgenevi, Kutuzov, Bolotov, Ushakov, Narishkin, Golitsyn, Lvov, Meshchersk, Durnovo, Musini-Pushkini - all the main stages of culture above
Notes
Diplomatic documents, like the history of Russia in the XVIII century // Collection of the Russian Historical Suspension. SPb., 1870.T. 5.S. 295.
Minikh B.Kh. Notes of Field Marshal Count Minikha. SPb., 1874.S. 27-28.
Bobrovsky P.O. History of the Preobrazhensky Life Guards Regiment (1683-1900 rubles). T. 1.SPb., 1900-1904. P. 153.
Bobrovsky P.O. A small ear of the Preobrazhensky regiment: For official documents. SPb., 1899.Z. 13.
List of Peter I M.M. Golitsynu from 31 October 1709 r. // Leaves and papery of Emperor Peter the Great (dal - Leaves and papery). SPb. - L.-M., 1887-1918-1992. T. 9. Vip. 1.
S. 443-444.
About inadvertent denunciations and information sheets and sleeping cichs at home visits,
June 25, 1715 // Outside of the revision of the laws of the Russian Empire from 1649 (dal - PSZ). St. Petersburg, 1830. T. 5. No. 2877; About the bootle of the rozshukovyh guards of the headquarters and the chief officers, about the support to them for the vimogs for the deception of the young ranks of the people and the right and about the dacha without being stuck on the driver's side of the pennies, 23 chest 1717 // PSZ. T. 5.No. 3138.
Smirnov Yu.M. The role of the guards in the military authorities of the Russian government to absolutism in the first half of the XVIII century. // Uryadova policy and class struggle Russia has a period of absolutism. Kuibishev, 1985.Z. 24.
Manifest about the mercy of Tsarevich Oleksiy to the throne, 3 cruel 1718 // Ustryalov N.G. History of Tsar Peter the Great. T. 6.SPb., 1859. S. 438-444; Liszt A.I. Rum'yantseva I. D. Titov from 27 linden 1718 r. // Ustryalov N.G. History of Tsar Peter the Great. T. 6.SPb., 1859.
S. 619-628.
A recent decree of Emperor Peter I about ancient writers and chronographs from the 16th fierce 1722 r. // RNB. Manuscript collection. F. 542. D. 716. L. 1-1 pro.
List of Peter I A.D. Menshikov from 4 May 1707 r. // RNB. Manuscript collection. F. 1000. Op. 2.
D. 1443. Sheet 2 pro.-3; List of Peter I A.D. Menshikov from 8 May 1707 // Ibid. L. 3 pro.
Militsin S.D. The legal status of the guard and the role of the sovereign mechanism of Russia in the XVIII century. // Legal problems of the history of state institutions. Sverdlovsk, 1983.S. 63; Table of ranks, 24 sichnya 1722 р. // PSZ. T. 6. No. 3890.
Kurakin B.I. Life of Prince B.I. Kurakina. // Archiv book. F.A. Kurakina. Book. 1.SPb., 1890.S. 276.
Salaries of officers and privates of the Preobrazhensky regiment, 19 zhovtnya 1708 r. // The leaves of that paper. T. 8. Vip. 1, p. 226.
Katerina BOLTUNOVA,
candidate of historical sciences
(Institute of the Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences)
The Russian Guard is the center of the color and pride of the Vichiznykh Zbroynyh Forces, apart from the infamous Vijskaya power, the mass heroism and military valor. Ї boyovі traditions to serve the soldiers with a view of the vitality of the military connection and Batkіvshchyna.
History and traditions of the Imperial Guard
"Guard" at the crossbar from italiyiskoe - guard, vartova, additional privilionovana part of the visk. It won’t be victorious from the births of the slave-class powers, if a special guard (okhorontsi) appeared for the monarchs and the warlords. For example, in the Ancient Greece it was called a “sacred enclosure”, in the Ancient Persia it was a 10-thousand corps of “immortals”, in the army of Oleksandr the Great - a 6-thousand corps, which included the importance of the hetary At the ancient Rome, Gai Mariy mav a cohort of praetorians.
In the middle of the century, a special corral of good warriors was carried away by the army of the Bagatians. Oh mali commanders of Vizantia, Charlemagne, Chingiskhan and іnshi.
The term "guard" first appeared at the XII century near Lombardy (Italy). A collection of wines, having known a good warrior, which guarded the sovereign ensign. From the last armies, the guard went to the palatsov (to protect the monarch) and to the viskov (the elite part of the army). Vona was stronger than all the powers of Europe - France, Italy, Prussia, England and others.
The Russian Guard (Russian Imperatorska Life-Guard) continued from 1721 to the birch of 1917. Vona was built by Peter I in 1696 -1700 on the basis of the Preobrazhensky and Semenivsky "quiet" regiments. The Russian guards rejected their boyhood in the Battle of Narva in 1700, deceiving the Russian army from the general population. For the whole feat of the officers of the regiments of the Buli Nagorodzheni with a breastplate iz written "1700 leaf fall 19". Petro ordered the guards to wear green panchoh chervoni for a sign that the stench was beating in blood.
In the 18th century, the Russian Guard took part in all of the Russian Empire. The guards regiments were preparing office personnel for the whole army, and they were completed by noblemen, who were not in charge of the military service. In the mid-30s of the 18th century, the rank-and-file warehouse of the Guards was also started by recruits from tax-paying stables, and when it came out in 1762, the Manifesto about the nobility became the main one. The social warehouse of the guards has taken care of the great political inflow. The Guardians were ready to start the successful palace coups for that hour. As an elite part of the Russian army, the guards were enjoying great privileges. For example, according to the Table of Ranks 1722 officers of the Guards Mali the seniority before the army officers is in two ranks. With the sanctification of the Young Guards in 1813, the officers gave the seniority to one rank. This order has been removed until the end of the 19th century, if Oleksandr III uvіzav privіleї guards.
In the 19th century, the guards at the general warehouse took part in all the warriors that Russia led with Napoleon. It was especially significant in the Austerlitskiy (1805) and Borodinskiy (1812) battles, at the battles of Kulmi (1813) and Girskiy Dubnyak (1877).
On the ear of the XX century, the detachments of the Guards took part in the Chinese campaign (1900 r.) russian-japanese vіynі(1904-1905 pp.). In persha svitovu vіynu(1914 - 1918 rr.) The Vіyska Guards successfully fought in the Galician battle, Warsaw-IVangorod, in Lodz singing operations. In 1916, at the warehouse of the Special Army, the Guard took part in the Brusilov Prrivia.
At the rock of the First World War in the organization of the Guard, significant changes were made. Representatives of the peasantry and the robust class began to clamor at the problem of serious losses at the personnel warehouse for the new generation. The soldiers' masses of the guards bore the burdens of war against the strong Russian army and ceased to be the stronghold of the Tsarat. Tse gravely infused into the political mood of the guards' middle-class. Through the victory of the Lutnevo Revolution of 1917, the fate and the tsar's vision of the throne did not destroy the guards. Timchasoviy uryad zberig її, skipping the prefix "leib" and naming "Imperatorska". After the establishment of the 1918 Brest-Litovsk peace and demobilization of the old tsarist army, the bulwark guards were released.
In the period of the revolution of 1917, the fate of the great places of Russia was celebrated by Vinikla Chervona Guards. A lot of robots were completed at voluntary ambushes for the territorial principle (behind the factories) and the main force of the Land of Glad. On the basis of the corrals of the Red Guards on the cob in 1918, the rock bully formed the first part and the foundation of the Robo-Selyanskoy Chervonoi Army, a lot of battles and commanders of what kind of steel; vidatnymi radianskiem commanders. With the introduction of the 10th day of 1918 to the fate of the general military service of the Chervon Guards, the form of organizing the young forces was steadily worn out.
The form of the guards is a symbol of honor, honor, discipline, and the veraz "the honor of the uniform" will be understood by the same understanding "honor, deserved on the battlefield." Adzhe yim, guards, Edinim from the Russian army will not be deprived of money panchokhi, but bily kant. I took part in the sailors' belongings and told the guards about the heroic fate of the sea battles of Peter I.
It means that from the zaprovadzhennya of the new intelligence to the armies, the stench came before the guards. So it was in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. The guards regiments are still mali on the well-built guvints of Berdan No. 2, which are the army units of the old ones.
They sacredly cherished the honor of their regiment and their long-standing traditions. The Іm regiment was beautiful on the battle ensign and was the subject of special pride of all special warehouse. Assigned to the regiment, name it for the riddle about the battle of the city. Naypershim obov'yazkom skin guards buv zahist vіyskovy prapor regiment. This glorious tradition of the Russian Guard was continued by the Radianska Guard.
History and traditions of the Radio and the Russian Guard
The Radianska Guard was born over the thunder of fireworks and honors. First guards victories in the battle of Smolensk 1941, at the time of death for the war, they are not safe, in the most important, most common stage of the Great Victory, since our army won the sacrifices of the warless preparation of the invasion of the enemy. There, in front of lnya, after the counterstrike of the Zakhidny and the Reserve Front, a great enemy was smashed for the first time, and the place was sound.
On the 18th of 1941, the People's Commissar for the Defense of the SRSR appeared in order No. 308, which meant the special heroism of the 100th, 127th, 153th and 161st heroic divisions, who showed heroism in the battles for the Fatherland, masculinity, discipline, organization, visibility of the main character of a special warehouse. The order was given, which were commanded on the basis of Major General I.M. Russiyanov, colonels A.Z. Yakimenko, N.A. Hagen, P.F. Moskvitin boules were renamed into 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th guards rifle divisions. An hour after the decisions of the Supreme Command Headquarters, the formation of the guard ministry units was built.
One of the first at the Chervony Army 18 leaf fall 1941, the call of the 8th Guards was rejected by the legendary 316th rifle division under the command of Major General Ivan Vasilovich Panfilov, who was the men who fought against the Nazi commanders. 28 heroes-panfilivts went to the easy feat of the bilya rose Dubosekovo, zupinivnya poduvannya 50 enemy tanks. And the words of V.G. Klochkova: "Russia is great, and the entrance is nikudi - Moscow will be behind!" have become synonyms of masculinity, heroism and stiffness.
The Radianska Guards are uncompletedly militants and men in all types of Zbroynykh Forces and canopy vіysk. The naming of the "guards" was cut off by the parts, ships, the history and the common things that were meant during the battles and battles of the Great Victory Day, and were also formed for special states. For the chotiri fate of the Great Vitality, the honorable naming of the "guards" was awarded to 11 nationals and 6 tank armies, dozens of military, cavalry, tank, mechanized, aviation corps, divisions and subdivisions, 18 battle ships.
The Guards of the Great Victory is a whole galaxy of heroes, the name of which does not fade away. Among them is Yuriy Vasilovich Smirnov, the young commander of the Red Army, who made a heroic feat at the warehouse of the 77th Guards Rifle Regiment of the 26th Guards Rifle Division, with a list of warranties before the third. In 1944, at the 24th day of 1944, we broke through at the tank landing storehouse for an hour to break through the enemy defenses on Orsha straight in the battle for the village of Shalashino, we were seriously wounded by the enemy. On the drink, unaware on the hard cake, the husband's war did not see the gatekeepers vіyskovoї tamnitsі... Embittered by the hitler's rose on the wall, only with vicololi with bagnets. For the vyavlenu manhood, vіrnіst soldier's bondage, vіyskovіy oath and heroism, he was given the title of Hero of the Radiansky Union.
The guards bully brought up the cavalry of the Order of Glory, Hero of the Radiansk Union of the Guards, Senior Lieutenant Ivan Grigorovich Drachenko and the Guard Sergeant Major Pavlo Khristoforovich Dubinda. I.G. Drachenko is a talanovitious battle-attacker, who lost one eye in names by admiral Nelson, who fought at the warehouse of the 140th Guards Assault Aviation Regiment of the 8th Guards Assault Airborne Division. P.Kh. Dubinda fought in the last few months as the commander of the military unit, along with the platoon commander of the 293rd Guards rifle regiment of the 96th Guards rifle division on the 1st 3rd front of Biloru.
All the stench was born and multiplied the most beautiful boyov traditions of the Russian Guard. At the feats of arms of their ancestors, our guards gave great butts of stiffness and fearlessness, virility to their people. For the success of the rich guards units (ships), the communication was repeatedly referred to in the orders of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief;
For the servicemen of the guards units near the village of 1942, the breastplate "Guards" will be repaired. Until 1943, the Vyskovo-Morskiy Fleet had a rectangular plate (gilded for the head of the warehouse and made for a private) with a line of moire orange color, with dark late smogs. The sailors and foremen of the guard ships wore a moire line on beskozirkakh. For all the servicemen of the guards units, ships and ships, it was established that the name of
11 worm 1943 to the fate of the zrazok zrazok guard of the Red Warrant, which became a sign of the battle signs of the unit. At the Regulations about the Guards Warrens they said: "The Guardian Warrant Officer of the Red Guards crawls the entire special warehouse of the Guards armies and corps, being the eye for the rest of the Red Army." The ceremony of presenting the Guard Prapor included a new tradition - the oath of a special storehouse to the Guard Prapor. I don’t know fear, the heroes fought with their foremen of the guards.
The activity of the Radianske Guards became one of the most important visits at the Galusa of the All-Union Business. Vono played a great role in the defense of the army and the fleet. Guards regiments, ships, divisions, corps and armies took beggar blows against the enemy, served as an eye for the selfless witness of Batkivshchyna, unpretentious will to overcome, stiffness and enthusiasm. The Radianska Guards straight on the front line at the front and skirted in honor of the viconuval boyovi zavdannya. It’s not for nothing that they said for an hour: “There, de guards insist, you don’t stand up. There, de guards defend themselves, you cannot pass through. "
People of a high order are such bully front-line soldiers-guards. Such is the case for those who are trusted to serve with the guards in our days. With their warlike stench, carry on the glorious traditions of the front generation of the guards and take away the old additions at the mercy of the Russian Zbroyny Forces.
At the peaceful hour of the re-creation of the Vyskovy parts, and the guards do not vibrate at the moment. Since the preservation of the combat traditions of the guards' call of parts, ships, z'єdnan and ob'єdnan, when reformulated, are transferred to new military units for direct offensiveness behind a special warehouse.
So, in 1986, the fate turned to Batkivshchyna, visually vykonavshih international ob'yazok Afghanistan, the Guards motorized rifle regiment, the commander of the roti who served as Hero of the Radiansky N.M. Union. Akramiv. At the fate of the Great Victory War, the regiment at the warehouse was established by the 13th Guards Army Division, which was commanded by General A.I. Rodimts, who stood to death in Stalingrad, took part in the Battle of Kursk, the forcing of Dnipro, was made at the heart of the Polish city of Czestokhov and celebrated the day of Peremoga in Praz.
Children and onuks of front-line soldiers were given pressure to help the Afghan people. Ratna pratsya of young guards was not easy. In an hour, moving to the Republic of Afghanistan, the regiment was sent to guard the colonies, they were bringing food to the villages and villages, and they brought in two thousand Dushman mines and land mines. Bagato soldiers, sergeants and officers of the unit were awarded with Radian and Afghan orders and medals.
Inspiration of manhood and heroism, the war-guards at the vison of the international observance in Afghanistan showed up. At the critical chilin, the stench sacrificed themselves to the fullest. So, the ryatyuchi life of the war roti, the guard senior sergeant Oleksandr Grigorovich Mironenko and the two men entered the battle with the souls. The moment has come, if the cartridges run out. Two wounds Oleksandr was lying with a pomegranate in his hands behind a stone. Win check, if dusters go nearer. With the rest of the pomegranate, win the enemy. For the feat of the feat, of the 29 fierce 1980, the defender of the platoon commander of the development roti of the Guards parachute regiment A.G. Mironenko was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Radiansky Union. Winning insurance before the lists of the Guards Vіyskovo unit.
And why should we forget about the feat of the fellow soldiers of the 6th roti of the 104th Guards parachute regiment under Ulus-Kert? Win with a golden row of inscriptions at new history Good forces of Russia, in the bagatovikov_story of the її guards.
In the battles for freedom and independence of the Batkivshchyna, the guards fought traditions, as for more than ten years they have been helping the commanders of the military men and women, and the guards of the Zbroynykh forces of the Russian Federation.
Guards units and ships - the center of reference laboratories of combat awareness: creative daring, non-punishment of new prizes in combat, effective restraint of fighting - the axis of the establishment of guards. Serving as the forefathers of the Russian Guards is a great honor, and great prominence.
The traditions of the Russian Guard, and the darkness of glory is the decline and overwhelming of the skin war, of all our parts and ships. Serving like a guard for a year means being a mother of good quality, a master of technology and security. The guards-front-line soldiers will be told - trim the gunpowder dry, but we are preparing, whether it’s a matter of coldness, to enter the battle and heroically fight for freedom and independence of the Vitality - we can be the main one for the ninth workers of the Vitality.
In the history of Russia of the XVIII century, it is a phenomenon, as there are no analogies in life European countries the same period. The manifestation of the price - especially the political role of the Russian. It is not hard to reach the general intelligence of the period of the Russian from Peter I to Paul I, and to go to Mikoli II, not having seen the political history of the Guard. Robot qia tim has not yet been viconan. The social warehouse of the guards, the character of the dynamism of the war, was not vivified because of the sufficient accuracy. I tsya non-involvement of the people of the people of history.
I’m still talking about political history, more about Poltava’s efforts and Prut’s strikes for ten years in the 18th century, the Guards did not take any active part in the Vyysk’s actions. The sphere of activity of the guards regiments of the Bula of Politics.
By the mighty power of the palace coups, the guards appeared, a part of the regular army set up by Peter was entrusted (the famous Semenivsky and Transfiguration regiments, in the 1730s, two new, Izmailovsky, and that) Horse Guards came to them. Її the fate of the guard, the result is right: on the boat of the guard, that ugrupovannya zdobulo peremogu. The Bula guard was not only a privileged part of the Russian military, it was a representative of the whole camp (nobleman), for which it was formulated and represented interests.
In 1692 the fate of the guards, Petro wanted to protest against the soldiers - the favored infantry regiments of the Moscow tsars, for example, for the 17th century, they started to get involved with the politician. "Janichari!" - having so spitefully called їkh Petro. Win mav reasons for hatred - call me, the decimal lad, forgetting the terrible Streletsky revolt of 1682, if his most relatives have lost their lives on the lists of the shooters. The guard is the first and, most likely, the most thoroughly Peter. Two regiments - six thousand bugs - could compete with the finest regiments of Europe for the battle vuchkoy and vіyskovy spirit. Guard for Peter Bulat is a support from the struggle for power and the utmost power. For the vicarious fellows, Petro often said that among the guards there was no one who wasn’t happy, that he didn’t bother to entrust his life. Guards for Peter Bula "forge cadres". The guards officers and sergeants vikonuvali whether they were the tsar's assignment - from the organization of the grand promiscuity to the control over the activities of the food General. The guards knew their rules - such a bully. Vaughn created Petrov's ideal model, based on the idea of a “regular” power - a read, a rumor, strong in a visitor, as a great success. And the guards burned their creator. It’s not for nothing. On the right, the bullet is not only in honors and privileges. Petro Zoom in on the Seeds and Transfigurations in view of the participation in the future of the new state. Guards yak buv, and y assimilated himself a sovereign people. First and foremost new for the peer Russian people, self-confidence gave the Petrovsky Guards independent strength.
Strelts of Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich tezh bouv. Alevin stood for the tradition, for the non-destructiveness, or for the eulogy of the sovereign beggar, to get angry for the new housewife, the ideal for the protection of his life, of the standard values. Petrovsky guard feeling himself a creator of a new and unbearable one. On the vidminu from the shooter, the vin is significantly less than the bindings from the pobut. Vіn buv vіddaniyu mіbutny. Vіn is alive from the sight of a post-wreck, a ruin, thoroughly. That is right, when he reformed the living principle. The very tse of svitovidchuttya and samovidchuttya, and not the population of the children, that European uniform, in principle, saw the Petrovsky guards as a pre-Petrovsky soldier.
Alec did not rise to the forebear and the first colonel of the Preobrazhensky regiment to flatten his eyes, as his lover in green uniforms was reimagined to new janichars.
Perfectly arranged, intelligently revitalized and well-nourished, the guards made me proud of that pillar of the Russian throne. Oh manhood, style, self-confidence has been abundantly developed in the share of battles, campaigns, and all the warriors against the wickedness of the Russian zeal.
Ale є y іnsha, mensh heroic side of the list of the Imperial Guard. The guards, the beauty, the duel, the tyaganin, the promotion of the respect of the Moscow and provincial women, became a special privilege of the Russian army due to its traditions, evangelists, psychologists. The head bandage of the guards was the guard of peace, the security of the autocrat, the tsar's homeland, and the court. Standing on the year of the call and all the middle of the royal palace, the stench sank into the life of the court life. Outside of them, favorites have crept near the king's bedroom, the stinks of the whips and the welfare of welding, without which there is no life of the dvir. The guards did not feel reverent awe of the shining gold and diamants of the courtiers, they stink at the writing ceremonies - for them, the whiskers are all squeamish, and about all they smelled their own, often unacceptable thought.
It is important that those who guard Mali have not been aware of their role in the life of the court, the capital, Russia. Peter I, having unleashed his strength, by extending the 18th century, became the chief ruler of the monarchs and pretenders to the throne. Guards regiments, noblemen behind the warehouse, bully the best support to the throne. The stench represented that real power at the court, which could be taken and enthroned, and the kings were brought down. The rulers were all too magical to enlist the help of the guardian guard, and they covered it with signs of respect for that grace. Between the guards and the monarch, they set up a special one: the guards barracks and the royal palace appeared tightly tied one by one. Service in the guards didn’t bore pryutkovo — won the great fortunes, and then opened the way to political ambition and adventurism, typical for the 18th century, by the wicked villains and the wicked people of the people.
Protest often appeared, but "fierce Russian Janichars" can be successfully cheruvati. With scruffy, obscene, penniless courtiers 'spirits, they were able to send the guards' warnings along a needed channel, too, but they didn’t think about their pathetic role of marionettes in the hands of intriguing people. Well, like a sword, the bulwark guard is not safe and for those who are quiet, who are reprimanding with services. The imperators and the best nobles did not very often become handcuffs of the unkempt and moody, swashbuckling men of the guards. The first axis is sinister in the Russian history, the role of the guard is penetratingly vividly, the French envoy from Petersburg Jean Campredon, who wrote to his sovereign Louis XV at once to ascend the throne of Catherine I: "The present lawful guard." In the first place, the truth was, the 18th century went down to the Russian “capital of palace coups”. The first coups were robbed by the hands of the guards.
On the 28th of June 1725, the guards played their political role for the first time in the drama of the Russian history, right after the death of the first emperor, they brought the widow of Peter the Great to the throne during the last recessions. This is the first independent guard of the guard as a political force.
If in 1727 Katerina I did not fail to spoil the fate of the war, the ranks of the vicious uryadovych established in response to the news about the offender: for the Supreme Council, for the Senate, Synod, and for the president of the collectives. Among them were the majors of the guards, the nachel guards officers became a very special political corporation, without taking into account what kind of food it was. At the vidminu of the largest guards corporations - Roman praetorians, Turkish janichars, - the Russian guards changed the same policy sc well corporation .
Istorik Klyuchevskiy, who did not deal with special problems, seeing the essence of the phenomenon. Having given some of the phrases a sidelong glance at the "era of palace revolutions", they gave a formula for the main thesis: "The fate of the guards from the powers that be on the right is of little supremely important significance, having incorporated into the political mood. A handful of rumored zombies are in the hands of their teams; Palace coups bully for her preparatory political school, promoted in different types of political similitude, pinned to no different political methods of misrepresentation, set the mood. Guards barracks - opposing and hourly the enemy of the Senate and the Supreme local for the sake of ".
Tse wise passage. There is a water hour here є, bypassing it. The guard went through the same political school for Peter. Before the era of palace coups, there was already a "political corporation". For the sake of the Senate and for the Supreme's sake, they ruled on the role that Petro introduced in the last ten years of his tsar, the role of regulating the process
In a different way, it is unlikely that the 1725 and 1727 doom of the bulwark guards with a "earshot" in the hands of Menshikov and Buturlin. Vona was a "hearing zbroєyu" - the ideal zombroyu - in the hands of his creator, and with his death intimately became an independent force. The guards followed Menshikov and Buturlin, so that the program at the whole moment was organically close to the guards: Katerina seemed to the Transfigurations and Semenovites as the guarantor of literal follow-up to the first emperor.
The guards didn’t just pick a royal person, they robbed the principle. Moreover, the guards did not choose between Petrovskaya and pre-Petrovskaya Russia, but they robbed their own vibrations in 1725, along with two tendencies of the political reform of the country - the peaceful, albeit infinite, rule of the city of the freedom of self-rule. the development of that change of the high-bureaucratic state, based on total slavery, - from the former.
The Guard of 1725 adopted a different version.
"The history of people. Russia / artist-designer O. N. Ivanova.": Folio; Kharkiv; 2013
The prototype of the new army
In the early 1690s, the first maneuvers were introduced to fate, organized according to all the rules of the world art. On one side stood the army regiment, on the other side - the quiet battalion and the noble knight. Streltsi knew the strikes. Through the rik the forces of the protesters have significantly improved. By the forces of quiet і soldiers' regiments, F. Yu. Romodanovskiy keruvav, on the part of the іnshoi army, was built from the soldiers, standing І. І. Buturlin. The offense of the "commanding officer" was taken over by the party "Generalissimo". The out-of-town number of Vysk consisted of three thousand people. Zagalom usi maneuvers have become a serious school of vіyskovo science. Practically changing the interaction with the fighting minds, training in receiving the military robots, raising the new leader of the army - everything was pledged by the army's staff. Representatives of the pristine canopy at that hour took part in the reformist activity of Peter.
PREOBRAZHENSKY REGION, Preobrazhensky Life Guards Regiment - one from two (order from Semenivsky) first Russian Guards regiments.
Preobrazhensky regiment of the mav golovne camp near the russian army. Colonel chi to the colonel of the tsi regiment bully all Russian imperators chi empress.
The regiment of tsar Peter the Great shelters in 1692 from the "quiet" corral, quartered in the village of Moscow. Preobrazhensky. Remaining prist_y regiment ended in 1693 p.
Transfiguration took part in all major battles and campaigns of Petrovsky hour. During the Azov campaigns, a company warehouse was assigned to a regiment, which signifi- cantly changed for the number of part of the army. Win was formed from 16 fusers (musketeers), 1 grenadier and 1 bombardier company. 22 serpnya 1700 r., If the Preobrazhensky regiment came to the Narvsky hijack, then at once from the Semenivsky regiment resisted the names of the Life Guards. At the 1st pidlog. 18 Art. From the soldiers of the Preobrazhensky regiment, perevazhno noblemen, the officers' cadres were prepared for the army regiments.
In the year the Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment took part in the Russian-Turkish war in 1735-1739 rr. battles before Fridland (1807), before Borodin (1812), at Kulmi (1813). Around the yogo guard corral took part in the Russian-Swedish war of 1788-1790 and 1808-1809 years, the Russian-Turkish war of 1828-1829. Pid hour Russian-Turkish war 1877 - 1878 R.R. Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment fought against the enemy at Etropol, Adrianopol, San Stefano and Tashkent.
In the rock of the 1st Holy War of Transfiguration, they took part in the battles with the German and Austro-Ugrian Vies on the Pivnichno-Zakhidny and Pivdenno-Zakhidny fronts and were fought at the battle on the river. Stohid (1916). Rozkvartovani in Petrograd part of the regiment took an active part in the revolutionary days of 1917.
Near the birch tree 1918 p. The Preobrazhensky regiment has been re-molded. V.V.
SEMENIVSKY REGION, Semenivsky Lifeguards Regiment - one of the first (order of the Preobrazhensky) Russian Guards regiments.
The Semenivsky regiment of the buv of moldings by Tsar Peter I of 1692 from the "quiet" corral, quartered in the village of Moscow. Semenivske. Semenivtsi took part in all major battles and campaigns of Peter's hour. Pislya Azov hikes, a warehouse was assigned to a regiment, which was going to go for a number of mouths to the Preobrazhensky regiment. Semenivsky regiment formed from 12 fuseler (musketeers) and 1 grenadier roti. Thorough sickle 1700 r., If the Semenivsky regiment at once from the Preobrazhensky was sent to the Narvsky hijack, they gave the name of the Life Guards. At the 1st pidlog. 18 Art. From the soldiers of the Semenivsky regiment, mostly nobles, they were preparing the office staff.
Years later, the Semenivsky regiment took part in the Russian-Turkish and Russian-Swedish warriors, coalition warriors from Napoleon's French. This special warehouse was designated in the Stavuchansky (1739) and Borodinsky (1812) battles, the battle of Kulmi (1813). At 1820 p. the soldiers of the Semenivsky regiment rose up against the non-human povodzhennya that drill. Pid hour Russian-Turkish war 1877 - 1878 R.R. Lifeguard Semenivsky regiment was identified at the battles at Girsky Dubnyak and Pravets. In the rock of the 1st Holy War, the Semenivtsi took part in the battle actions with the Nimetsian and Austro-Ugric Vids on the Pivnichno-Zakhidny and Pivdenno-Zakhidny fronts, which were designated at the battle on the river. Stohid (1916). Rozkvartovani in Petrograd, reserve and tilovy parts of the regiment took an active part in the revolutionary days of 1917.
At the village 1918 p. The Semenivskiy regiment was re-molded. V.V.
A? РМІЯ - the supremacy of the powers of the state; a part of the evil forces, in front of the land force.
Until kіn. 17 - hon. 18 Art. The old devices of the army did not even recognize the vimogas of the defense of the state and the authorities new policy... Peter I started the reform and finished it before 1709 r. - the fate of the Poltava battle. It can be divided into 3 stages.
Preparatory stage - 1690–1699 rr., If the "quiet" regiments of Peter I were re-created into the Transfiguration and Semenivsky regiments, then two "viborn" Moscow regiments of F. - P. Gordon were formed from the most large-scale gunmen.
By step the ear of the regular army can be called 1699-1705. At 1699 p. I have seen tsar's decrees about the record of the soldiers and the dragoons regiments of "all sorts of vilny people", that of the "datkovyh people". As a result, 29 small and 2 dragoon regiments were formed (the regiment has 1200 rank and file). Streltsky regiments and noblemen's books bully littered during the battle of the Russian and Swedish armies before Narvoy 19 leaf fall 1700 r. Falling leaves 1700 rub. For Narva, the Swedes blamed 6000 Russians and all the artillery. Streltsky regiments and noble books could not stand up to the army of Charles XII.
The final stage fell at 1705-1709 r.r. Misce of the noble cynical militia was occupied by the cavalry of the dragoon type. U 1705 p. in Russia, a recruiting service was introduced. In all provinces of the region, there are "stations" - a point for the selection of recruits. As a rule, recruiting 1 recruit from 500, up to 300, and from vinyatkovy vypadki - from 100 souls of a person's stat. The villagers, who were drunk before the recruits, were even more worried about the transition from the home to the vicious one. Tse obilyuvalosya suvoru system punished the pardons on the Navchannes. Tіlesni punishment and death punishment in the army of the 18th century. bully is a very common phenomenon. For recruits, bully and trivial go, and every grain of food, and every day. The stench of ailments and dies and todes, if there were no war actions.
In the 18th century. recruits were recruited from the middle of the Russian population. З кін. 18 Art. the recruits were the brothers of the Ukrainians and the Bilorusians, and at the 19th century. representatives of the first Christian peoples of Russia. The term of the service of the buv todi is "up to indispensability", in fact, an old one.
The new regular army and the Vyskovo-naval fleet were deployed behind the Western European intelligence.
The army was divided into divisions of that brigade, which were not mali, however, in a permanent warehouse. Alone post-lonely lonely in the midst of the cavalry of the Buv regiment. Pikhotny regiment up to 1704 r. formed in 12 companies, built at two battalions, in 1704 - in 9 companies: 8 fusilier and 1 grenadier. The leather company has 4 chief officers, 10 non-commissioned officers, 140 rank-and-file officers. The company was divided into 4 plutongs (platoons). The cutaneous plutongs have 2 corporals.
On the wake-up call there were smooth-bore towels with bagynet (cold vigil at the viglyad of the forest, the handle was inserted into the barrel of the hand-to-hand fight during the hour of hand-to-hand combat, the snarling soldiers took the fire). In 1706-1708 rock. rushnitsy boules are replaced by rushnitsy with trigonal bagnets. Krim rushnytsya (fuzei) and during the childhood of the Petrovsky hour of mali on the defensive swords.
The smooth-bore rushnytsya (fusea) is small in caliber 19.8 mm, it was important at once with a bagnet of 5.69 kg, and it reached 1560 mm for the first time. Masa dermal kuli became 33 r.
The cavalry (dragoon) regiment was formed with 10 companies, including one of the kinogrenadiers. The skin doors of the roti were used to store the escadron. The leather company has 3 chief officers, 8 non-commissioned officers and 92 dragoons.
Draguni buli with lodged rushnitsy (fuzei), broadswords and pistols at olstrakh (side holsters). Dragunska fusion is small caliber 17.3 mm, it was loaded at once with a bagnet of 4.6 kg, and it reached 1210 mm for the first time. Masa dermal kuli became 21.3 g.
U 1708 p. in the Russian army, there are grenadier regiments, like a great fireball. The grenadiers of mali on ozbroєnnі, krym rushnits, shuy pomegranates, and the deyakі from them - hand mortars. The skin grenadier regiment has 12 garmat, while the infant policemen have only 2 light garmat and 4 mortars.
The artillery has become aware of the rest of the war. There was a great deal of versatile caliber that type of artillery know-how. The Polish artillery got a hold on harmatis, howitzers and mortars. The post-operative commanders of the transported garmat - Furshtat appeared.
U 1701 p. at the Russian army the first artillery regiment was formed. Per state 1712 p. win formed from 6 companies (1 bombardier, 4 canon, 1 mineral), engineering and pontoon teams.
At the school for the preparation of army officer cadres, boules Preobrazhensky and Semenivsky guards regiments. Young noblemen served there as rank-and-file soldiers, and they were given the official rank. Artillery schools, for example, near the Bombardier school, were shown in 1698, at the Moscow Garmatny Dvor and in. in Azov, an engineering school near Moscow (1712 r., the year traveled to Petersburg).
The Russian army didn’t have a lot of officers, so noblemen became favored by them. It was important for those who were to go to the office to spend time at the office. However, according to the Petrovskiy Tables about the ranks of the lower ranks for the "unrestricted" service, the service was carried out in the non-commissioned office, and for the particular success of the service it could be corrupted in the office, which was automatically brought by the nobility.
The total number of the spirited forces of Russia until 1725 (the end of the tsar of Peter I) reached 220 thousand. cholovik. V.V.
GVARDIYA, Life Guards (see ital. Guardia - guard) - a collection of vіyskovі corrals, which guarded the monarchs; later - additional and privileged parts. In Russia and the Guards, the parts were settled in the cinema. 17 Art. from the "quiet" regiments of Peter I - Preobrazhensky and Semenivsky. 30 grass 1700 rub. (the date is called - 1687 r.) On the day of the people of Peter Tsim, the regiments were given the status of the guards.
The Bula Guards went to school, they were preparing officers for the Russian army. According to the table about the ranks of the guards officers of the mali, the perevag in two ranks in front of the officers of the army. For example, the captain of the Guards primed himself up to the army commander. Z 1884 p. tsya perevaga bula is shortened to one rank. Until kіn. 18 Art. the guards were served by noblemen, including the rank and file. At the end of the hour, the small, great political inflow, took an active part in the palace coups of the 18th century.
At 18-19 st. A number of guards children grew up steadily. Stinks bully at all childbirths. At 1722 p. Buv formations Kinny guards regiment, at 1730 p. - Izmailovsky, near 1796 p. - Єgersky, Gusarsky, Kozachy, near 1799 p. - Kavalergardsky, near 1809 r. - Ulansky, near 1811 p. - Finlyand, 1813 p. - Kirasirsky, Grenadiersky, Pavlovsky, 1814 p. - Horse-єger. Nadal formulated that іnshі guards units. Pislya end of Napoleon's regiments, insured to the guards, repaired since 1813 r. They became the "Young Guards", and the large guards regiments - "Old Guards".
Among the guards, they selected people who were of a high age, well-known, strong, kindly willed and well-behaved politically. Rocky in the 1830s. there was a tradition of picking up recruits from the guards police behind the color of the eyes, the hairs of the rice were exposed. Blondes were recruited from the Preobrazhensky regiment, brown-haired women in Semenivsky regiment, brunettes in Izmailovsky regiment, rudovolos in Moskovsky regiment, blaky blondes in Kavalergardsky regiment, blondes bricks in Pavlovsky regiment, blondes bricks in Pavlovsky regiment; Expensively the form of that amunition was dear, more dearly - kin, the guards officer. The affiliation to the guard corporation imposed on the officer of the intercourse: for example, I didn’t just become friends, I’d say not to be caught by the commander and the officer’s decision was not due to the decision. The guards were served by the great princes, including the Tsarevichs. These services as privates of the guards mended their career of the blue from the noble families of the nobility. Schaob zdobuti official rank, brought to serve a little rock. The chiefs of the guards regiments, bully members of the imperial prince.
Guards regiments took part in all the warriors, which led Russia about the 19th century. 20 Art. In the book. 1917 p. the bullock guard is shackled. The hour of the Great Great War of 1941-1945. Guard status at the Chervonii Army bulo vidrodzheno. V. G.
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In all parts of the skin, a significant ruler is guilty of the mother's guard - a necessary attribute of prestige. Among the tsars of Persia, the Buli "immortal", the Caesars were served by the praetorians, the Variants of the Emperor were hired by the Varangians and the Slovenians, the Scottish kings of the Mali Drabants, the Dukes of Burgundy were guarded by the "Black Walloons", the Bourgeons.
Be-like a monarch, ascend to the throne, secretly starting to carry out reforms. In front of the tsestosuvalasya special guard, yakuvuvalasya from the foe. Ale reformulated it was more primitive, like a monarch, and the dynasty itself.
The remaining dynasty of Russian autocrats became a vinyat. I will attribute merits to Peter the Great at the show of the Guards and Guards. But it’s not because of the reason that the guards’s children began to grow up still for the pre-Petrine hours. Having become the first Mikhailo Fedorovich, who has roughly frightened the special warehouse of the recession of the guards, which is like the building of the court rifle regiment. Todi f pan having conceived a new special guard.
The process of reform was not attached to the extension of the ruling period of the Romanov dynasty, which had three centuries. Varto lecture notes on deyaky tsikavih facts and important moments.
1. An ear of the Romanovs 'guards was given to the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Moscow Viborny Soldiers' regiments.
First formulated 25 worms in 1642 roku. Tse became at the rock of Mikhail Fyodorovich's rule. Pіdrozdіl otrymiv popularity yak infantry Lefort regiment (in the name of the commander of the regiment Lefort, commander of the guards from 1692 rock). On the 14th of 1785, the regiment was renamed to the Moscow Grenadier Regiment. After 6 years, the regiment of boulevards of moldings became part of the Katerinoslav Grenadier Regiment.
The formation of another regiment was also formed in 1642 by the rock. Win was formed in 52 companies, at the skin of which there were a hundred soldiers each and called Butyrsky. On the 9th birch 1914, he became the Life-Grenadier Erivansky Regiment of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. Razformvannya guards pidrozdilu born in 1918 to rock.
The third podrozdil bulo was opened through the second half of the first and the other - in 1692 rots.
2. The cob idea of such regiments letting go of the parts of the cadres.
Tobto at peace time їхnyu the basis was formed by "cob" people - from the foreman to the colonel. For an hour, the fighting was brought up to a special warehouse by the rank and file shooters, which allowed them to grow up to several regiments of skin.
The principle of cadre was given to the police, and the police were not to be seen in the police. To that, the 1st, 2nd and 3rd viborni regiments were laid down in five, six and two regiments.
3. The first viborn regiments took part in the Battle of Narva, which was fought in 1700 and ended unsuccessfully for the Russian army.
One of the men in the battle was the battle of the Preobrazhensky and Semenivsky regiments, and the bullets at the warehouse of the 3rd viborn, the status of the Life Guards. Vvazhayut, the Preobrazhensky is the oldest guard regiment. However, one hour fell asleep and until 1706 wines, next to the Semenovskiy regiment, entering one part of the military, and the command of the regiments was carried out by a single chief. He was commanded by Major General A.M. Golovin, and in 1700 he became І. І. Chambers, which is also a vіyskove zvannya.
Historically, the persistence of illumination was given to transfigurations and families. Alle version about the "primacy" of transformations of small arguments, based on facts from the history of development. A regiment of condemnations by deyaky vpwivyhistorists for the "insurrection", which became in the new 16th of October 1820. The commander of the regiment, Schwartz, fenced off the vіyskovoservices to engage in crafts, and at the same time, the soldiers of the head company filed a message about the commander's name. The result of such actions was the deployment of a regiment that directly to the entire special warehouse to the Peter and Paul Fortress. Ale th of the Radianskiy historians Semenivtsi did not get fondled. The stench blamed for strangling the insurgent Moscow robots in 1905.
4. The police of the Life Guards Bully conceived by Peter I as an effective personnel reserve.
A group of all the guards were put in two ranks for all the guardians. Years later, the perevaga was deprived of it in the office warehouse, and the guard was sent to the "old" and "young". Among the Persians, the perevaga was saved, and in the other won one rank was deprived of it.
On the ear of the last century, all the guards officers of mali are the same taku perevagu. At the end of an hour at the guard of the guard, a colonel was called, which was handy for the captains, who at once became colonels.
5. The ear of the XX century became the culmination of the development of the Russian Guard.
Now there were 12 infantry regiments and 4 rifle regiments and one surrounding company. On the third day of the 12th regiment (Zokrema Semenivsky and Preobrazhensky), a number of guards were formed, and some of them were awarded a similar status for their vinyatkov merits.
In 1914, three divisions and one rifle brigade were launched in 1914. The fate of the guards at the First World War became the greatest part of the history. Lyublinska, Varshavo-Іvangorodska, Czestokhovo-Krakivska became the main operations, in which she showed herself on the first train. In 1915, the rotsi guards vіyska took part in the battles of Lomzhey, Kholm, Vіlno, and the offensive fate was fought for Kovel, Volodymyr-Volinsky and on the banks of Stokhodi. In 1917, the rotsi guards took an active part in the Galician operation.
Fragments of the guards fledgling or vicorists were blown away like a shock, they carried colossal stinks. The first vіyskovy rik took 30% of the life of the office warehouse, and the soldier and the sergeant went down to 80%.
6. On the ear of the last century, new recruits at the Guards' Vіyska have started over the Great Russian provinces.
If you want to go to other times, you need to make a statement at the police station, as you indicated the applicant's good faith. And recruiting in the police was promoted until the first time.
- For Preobrazhensky, we went to a lot of blondes, and drink up to the 3rd and 5th mouth of the blond mali mati beardi.
- For Semenovskiy boule, high-growing brown hair is needed.
- Izmailovsky and Grenadier were staffed with brunettes, moreover, in the company of Yogo Greatness, brunettes with solid beards were required.
- Visoki blondes went to Lithuanian, to Keksholmskiy smooth-bred brown-haired, and to St.
- We found democratic parts of Uger, Volinsky and Finlyandsky. They could be served by people with be-yak kolor hair, ale to make a slight statue.
- The special warehouse of the rifle regiments was selected according to the very principle. The first was served by obov'yazkovo blondes, the other was brunettes, and the fourth was occupied by people with short noses.
The training of the army and guard units was carried out according to the same standards and a small specific discipline.
- Streletska. The soldiers went through the cob course, put on a tip of Polish warnings, got a head start on the distance to the targets, and carried out the battle fights.
- The training of commanders was carried out.
- Engineering. Її tsіlі - mastering self-study, masking and minimizing primitive engineering fortification.
- Vedennya of a bagnetic battle.
- Fizpid preparation. Before the army children, the won came from the army of the guards. Before her, all right, Polish gymnastics, big, marches were included. The groups also stuck to the right, and since 1908 football has appeared in them.
7. The names of the regiments were seen only at the rock of the rule of Paul I.
For the history of the guardian children, they were denied their names. 24 serpnya 1914 fate through the renaming of the capital of the St. Petersburg regiment, taking the name of Petrogradsky.
On the 12th October 1817, the Lithuanian regiment, having cut off the name of Moscow, formed a new regiment on the basis of the third roti, which they attributed to the number of people.
In 1855, the Uger regiment was given a new name - Gatchinsky, and after 15 years the name was renewed. I’m a legend, I’ll explain the fact. The renewal of the regiment is linked from the guilt of the wise general, who is called Ivan Gavrilovich Chekmarov as the prototype. If the Emperor looked around him with the words: "Hello, old єgere!" Everything is more like a historical anecdote;
8. Call me the center of the dislocation of the guard elements of the Buv St. Petersburg. For the 3rd Guards Division, the city was built around Warsaw. The division was assigned to the Ukrainian Guards Brigade of the Polish Corps and was assigned to the regiments.
9. We could not find the deserved guards uniknuti free kick to pidrozdilu.
Pislya vistupu Decembrists, in 1826 rotsi, buv organizing the Life Guards Zvedeniy regiment. Until now, they spent some time in the service of the lower ranks of the office warehouse, as they took an active part in the stabbing. Behind the bureaucratic canons of that hour, the stench dawned on "how the mimovols fell into a devil." The regiment was dismantled from the battalion of the Grenadier, Moscow and Karabiner (Naval) regiments.
The creations of the children were promptly sent to the Caucasus, and in the battles of the Persian Vijs, the penalty boxers with their blood harbored the heavy guilt before the Batkivshchyna. In the offensive, the regiment was actively popovnuvavsya two regiments, as they might have flirted themselves with the fate of the znamenny chest vistupi.
Tilki naprikіntsі 1828 the fate of the guard pidrozdіl turned to the capital, and the battalions, which were stored, joined their own regiments.
10. It’s a long time to sharpen the super-peaks yak about the seniority of the guards regiments, and the last one, which will be left behind.
Disputes regarding the renewal of guards units in an hour Hromadyanskoyi viyni... Historians of scholarship attributed to Rote Palatsovykh Grenadiers ( picture in the post), approved by the 2nd October 1827 to the fate. The song of the fierce 1917 rock was called the Georgievskaya Grenadier, and 4 of the fierce 1921 rock was formed.