Ivan 3 xto Ivanu 4. Shho Ivan III is defeated for Russia. Home robotics care

Viperediti Ahmed Khan, wake up earlier to the river, take and take all the hand to ferry the mission, wander and "climb" - the axis of the greatest turbuvalo of the Grand Duke.

Great leaders!

Now "Kolomenske Sydinnya" Ivana III has lost its senses, and 1 zhovtnya has turned to Moscow for negotiations with the rebellious brothers. As a writer, "at that hour they came to Moscow after the brothers, Prince Ondreev and Prince Borisov, about his saints. The great prince, having welcomed his brothers, after having seen them, and they themselves ordered them to come to themselves." Ivan III, in such a rank, kindly vikoristovuv after re-fixing, yaku gave you the power of Ahmed Khan і yogo everyday life through the Lithuanian Volodymyr, and in the face of an internal conflict: the regiments of the Grand Duke's brothers guilty of the Grand Duke's fortune.

I’m starting a trip to Moscow, Bula, Mabut, organizing the defense of the capital. The Grand Duke is "the city of victories, and in the forest in the city of Moscow metropolitan Gerontiy, that great princess Martha, that prince Mikhailo Andriyovich, that man of Moscow, Ivan Yuriyovich, and the impossibility of the people will go to the city." For Moscow it is possible now not to go turbulent, і 3 rd Іvan III went to visit.

The Grand Duke roztashovuvsya in Kremenets (the village of Kremeetskoe, between Medina and Borovskiy), about five ten kilometers behind the Russian regiments, which defended the bank of the Ugri rivulet. The vibe of the male mission for his own and overwhelming reserve is to inform about Ivan III's moral assessment of the social strategic situation, and his readiness, once the consumer is actively involved in all kinds of activities.

On the basis of the Kremenets' position, the respect of history has been repeatedly treated. The Polish historian F. Pape wrote that the position of Ivan III himself "~ Remenets village" was chudova, it was not only served as a reserve, but it turned Moscow on the side of Lithuania.

The Radiansk historian K.V. Bazilevich, by and large, could quickly oversattle the bridle of the coast, vibrate most of the time, and the most abducted for the world. Vuzka Ugra did not show a strong natural transition for the adversary, LOETS from the side of the tactful vimogs unreasonably trimming all the strengths of her own little rychka. In this vipadku, having cut through to the left bank of the Eels, putting bi to defend themselves in the twisting camp. Kremenets' position gave the ability to swiftly and quickly throw up to the threatening delinquencies.

Yak Bula organized the defense of the very bank of the river Eel?

The main part of the grouping of the Russian wars on the choli with the prince Ivan Ivanovich Menshim was a zoserezhena in the Kaluga region and the prince of the Eels. Yak showed other podії, the Russian military commanders correctly assessed the situation and with their head forces efficiently the most secure mission: the general battle itself was in progress.

Інші Russian regiments, in the words of the writer, "a hundred along the Otsi and across the Ugri for 60 versts", the path of the Ugri itself went from Kaluga to Yukhnov. I walked up the Ugri Buli as far as the Lithuanian Volodinnya, and they didn’t go there. On the whole sixty-verstny space and on the road, the "standing on the Ugri" is famous. The main staff of the "coastal wardens" were able to cut through the Ordinance through the river, for which it would be necessary to clean up all the personnel to ferry the mission. On the tse, the writer directly said: "bring your stash to the Ugri, and wander and climb away."

forwards v Russian vital history remembered the role of the visitor of the ordinances in the fire, about how to bring the miniature of the literary "Special Star" On them, the images of the harmatians and squeaks, one against some of the Ordin's onions. The Vologda-Perm list is named in the warehouse "alongside" on the corner of the Ugri also "mattresses". The "mattresses" that were shown to the "climb" through the rychka represented a dream at that hour. To achieve a significant extension of the nabulo and manual in the fire-fighting - "ruchnitsi", the stench of the bullets to navigate to the ozbroєnni noble books. At the Russian vіysku we also had a number of herds of "pishchalniks", as and earlier they were victorious to "take care" of the wanderings through the riverside rivers.

Vibir of the main defense position of the rychka. Eels are not only due to the strategic positions, but to the well-to-do “outfit” and principally to the new kind of vіysk - the "patriarchs" of the wives. The "outfit", which was not yet willing to have sufficient maneuverability, apparently did not get victorious in the Polish battles, but itself in the position of war, putting on the harness, squealing and "mattresses" on the fords across the Ugra. Here is ordin's book, the freedom of maneuver is relieved, the bully of the attack is snapped right on the harmat and the Russian vіyska squeaked. Ivan III, in such a rank, imposed his strategic initiative on Ahmed Khan, snatched up his battles in the minds of the ordinances that were unimaginable for ordinances, as much as possible victorious his coup into the open fire.

Tsimi and mirkuvanni dictated and the need for suvoro defensive actions. During the offensive operations behind the Ugra, the Russian vіysko threw in its own navazhlivіshoi pass - "fire-fighting", which is "handy", as it is possible to take it with you, as much as they did not compensate for the visibility of the "important" in the midst.

When organizing the defense of Acne Grand Duke having shown himself to be the right commander, as a zoomed maximally victorious, the strengths of his vijska and, at once, to solve such a situation, at such a change of ordinances could not be manifested in a whole world. For flanking and routine maneuvers at the Ordin's knot there was not enough space, which zhushuvalo її to "direct battle" on the lines across the Ugra. In such a kind of vіyskovyh actions, the rosіyske vіysko vіysko boomed not only to the fact that it is not enough in the fires - the defenses of the Russian warriors bore a lot more beautifully, and the whole thing didn’t bother me. The frontal attack on the harmata and "mattresses" v The miracles of the Russian wars were mouthful for the ordinances, the stench of the majesty was lost and did not succeed.

If the true commander has played the battle until the ear, then the Grand Duke once confirmed, vibrating the best way for the Russian military leader to win a direct battle. And it’s not less than the establishment of friendly minds for overcoming — not the overcoming itself. I will overcome the need for dobuvati in the fierce battles: the majesty of the vіysko Ahmed Khan unapologetically poured into the Russian frontiers ...

The route of the khan's hike to Ugri is kindly to follow the witnesses of the writers: win "go with our own forces by the forces of Mchenesk, i Lyubutesk, and Odoev". Ordiners, in such a rank, went along the water line and the top of the Don and Oka, along the "Verkhovs'k princes", the old days of Lithuania. It’s a show that the stench of the call didn’t hit the Tula Territory, they could have cleaned up the opir, and they could have found the principality of Aletskiy, as it was respected by the Moscow Volodinians. Ahmed Khan clearly did not want to get involved in the battle. І Oku vіn forsuvav not there, de there were Russian frontiers, but vishche girla Eels, again, in the boundaries of the Lithuanian volodin, de there could not be a Russian voivod. Then we’re still on the livy birch trees. Oki win. At one successful breakthrough through the Ugra, a great road led through Kaluga, Maloyaroslavets and Medin into the glib Russian lands.

Do not miss the race of history, as they respected, that "vuzka" Ugra, but in Danish hour it is really vuzka richka, I could not be a serious transition. At the 15th century, Ugra was full of great and wide ripples. We have saved the data about її promіr in the middle of the last century, if we didn’t get the news, and the tribute іmen ~~ about the tієї dilyanka, who trick us, - from the girdle to Yukhnov. On the whole stretch of the Ugra there was a ship-floating boat, small depth from two and a half to five meters and width from ten to one hundred fifty meters. Forsuvati її can be boiled along the fords. In addition, walk to the fords of the boule of difficulty through the steep banks, without yarns and rychok, boli, lisy khash. Geographic Inventories Eels are identified by signs: "descents to the river, steep and difficult for transport", "coast of steep slopes", "swampy masses", "lisu is great growth". Outside the curved dilyanki of the coast, they reached the height of two hundred meters above the ditch of the sea. Come to Ugri, it is also important to have a free inflow, other rivers and streams. For example, only v Yukhnovskiy povіtі in the Ugra fell into small rivers: Verbіlovka, Gordota, Slocha, Elenka, Livonіchevka, Volsta, Sygosta, Villainy, slurry, Vuyka, Vorya, Uzhatka, Remіzh, Kunova, Sokhna, Polinka and insh.

Somehow to cross the river, the river Yukhnova, against the hand of the river Vori, but in the middle of the river the Ordinians were guilty to go far in the direction of the main straight hike and took to the crowd, to the great importance of Moscow envy, Shanyu, kalyuzh and Protva, wade through other fools. In the "topographic description of the Kaluzkiy namіsnitstva" (1785) it is written that "Medinskiy povіt" in the middle of a red and black man is great business " , in order to do it in quiet moments, it’s really a bully, if you can ferry it to the Ordin’s book. It is clear that from the vіyskovo point of view, the crossing of the girl with the Vori Bula is not worthwhile.

The place for the ferry of the head forces of Ahmed Khan, the convoy and the logistic ones were guilty.

10 093

Chi not syak on the sky sun chervone
Don't be fond of їm hmarinki blue:
Those at the meal sit with a crown of gold
Sitting ugly tsar Ivan Vasilovich ...
Mikhailo Lurmontov

Ale know you ear
Good and rebellious days!
Over the bewitching camp, yak buvalo,
І splash, і pipes and swans.
Oleksandr Blok

Insult - Ivan, insult - Vasilyevich, insult - Grіzni, insult - Great, insult - zhorstoki pasionariya, insult - awkward people of geopolitical potential of the Russian state. Oh, it is especially hostile and to lead to philosophical thoughts in the context of this zhakhlivy joy and on the other hand over the old zusillas and the deeds of their ancestors, as if they allowed them to take a few of the great heroic heroes, dynasty, as well as talent, then and the blood of thousands and millions of well-known or hopeless Russian people.

It is impossible to navigate a nightmare dream, but there are two Ivans in a rapt taking bi and proponuvav to princes and boyars: take, move, suverinetta - you want to. So the stench and the current year from one such thought in the coffins were thrown over, and the stone tombstones over the graves in the Arkhangelsk Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin were used as a walker. Glory to creators and zbirachs! Ruynivniki and trinkati not them of the established greatness and riches - vichny and insensible hack (and how it seems in such a way: do not burn the stench in the scorching heat)!

Russian history of knowledge of Ivans, honored to the reigning doms - Ivana I Kalita, Ivan II Chervony, Ivan III the Great, Ivan IV the Terrible, Ivan Oleksiyovich V - the divine brother of the VI-unchanged nominee of the Anthony Russian Emperor Placed in the Shlisselburzkoy fortress and killed there during the not far away attempt to gain the throne. Three two Ivanes - Ivan Vasilovich III and yogo onuk Ivan IV, - by any means, you can be boldly included in the "top ten gold" of the rulers of Russia, who made the most important amendments to the change of the geopolitical historical magnitude. (It’s especially "ten gold" to be presented in the following post-mortem: Oleg Vischy, Volodymyr Svyaty, Yaroslav Mudriy, Oleksandr Nevsky, Ivan III the Great, Ivan IV the Terrible, Peter I the Great, Katerina II Velika, Volodymyr Lenin and Yosyp Stalyn. dermal stretches indefinitely low for the innocently murdered, sunken and wobbly people with direct sweating of the volodar in the Russian land, just not less skinny, without a prescription in the change in the value of the state.

Tsaryuvannya Ivan III has been presented in a report in the literature - both pro-Moscow and anti-Moscow. Among them, Ermolinskaya stands apart, so named after the deputy and first ruler Vasil Ermolin, the wake-up officer for the hours of the designated tsar. He was seen as an eyewitness of the great days, and on the sides of the script, named for this name, it was not only the chronology of this tumultuous epoch, but the power of the future, Moscow). About the accession of the great picker of Russia and the creator of the laborious Russian state, there is sparingly and everyday life: "the reposed prince of the great Vasil Vasilyevich was buried in the church of Archagel [sic!] Prince Michael in Moscow for the blue." old, prince of great Ivane ... "
First and foremost, more than forty years of Tsar Ivan III will be seen in all the details and details. Building used to be, nothing was involved, everything was consumed in the field by the history of the writer. Ale nemaє - to become even more full of misunderstandings and ambiguities, in some cases it is brought to read among the rows. The family life of the new tsar and the foldable victories of the numerical birth will not be left out of my mind. Princess Marya Tverska became the first squad of Tsar Ivan. Shlyub perezlivav in front of the political meta - the residual resignation of the scrupulous Tver and the neutralization of the great prince's ambitions. At the end of the day, the young people were born, if the named one had only twelve rockets (about the name of the named literature to move, ale, mabut, older than the convicted won, there was no bull). Through five rockivs the primacy was born, the names in honor of the old man Ivan. Having become an official slave to the throne, having become an official slave to the throne and rendered a dynastic addition to his own name - Molody.

Chi loving Tsar Ivan his squad-Tverichka say now very importantly. Every time, if she soon died after fifteen years of her life, she didn’t come to Moscow for funeral, if I wanted to be sent to Kolomiya. Through five rockets, in the fall of leaves in 1472, Ivan III became friends with another, having turned himself into the name of Tsar Zoya - the niece of the last Vizantiysky emperor Kostyantin Paleolog, who was killed by the Turks after the capture of Tsargorod. At the same time with the members of the Imperial Family, Zoya lived in Italy under the intercessor of the Roman Pope; From Russia, Zoya rejected the name of Sophia, and by the name of Father, according to Father, Khomivna. Mayuchi taku genus the same European vikhovannya, Bula Sofia Khomivna Paleologue, madly, zhivnoyu, proud, embarrassed and naughty, saw herself in "barbaric" Russia, she didn’t have a whole lot of morality in her morality - in a complete pair of Vizantiysk traditions.

Driving pointriguvati in the capital of the Muscovite kingdom bulo more than enough. Ale the head stone of the spottikannya inevitably came the nourishment about the decline of the throne. Sofia Khomivna gave birth to the Russian tsar a lot of children - five of the blue and the number of daughters. By the time of the official to the throne, the last time the children and grandchildren have lost their lives by the line of the first squad: a handful of Ivan Molodiy, then (due to an unsuccessful death) - the king's grandson - Dmitro. Sophia Paleologue, in whose veins flowed the roof of the Pentecostal Emperors, it could have been put up to the situation where it lay. On the cob 1498 rock 14-ichny Dmitro-onuk buv urochisto coronations ("endings to the kingdom") in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. Tsaritsa Sophia and the number of henchmen got magical for them. Shvidko ripened and took shape in the wake of Vasil, the elder son of another whore, who was supervised by wonderful banners. He was transferred to beat Dmitry the grandson, and Vasil was transported to Vologda at once from the sovereign treasure box and the mind of Tsar Ivan to drink, dictated by the witchcraft.

However, the zmova bullet is rozkrit (not ob_yshlosya, yak zavzhdi, without "snitches"). Potential viconavtsi boules quartered on the ice of Moskviki-Rika (deyakim at the viglyadi of special mercy is allowed to cut only heads). Kilka women from the otochennya tsaritsa, who put chaklunism on the mark of the blame of the lawful decline, were drowned in the police station, Tsarevich Vasil was imprisoned in the war, and the head of the snake, Tsarina Sophia, was driven out of the Kremlin - from the Kremlin. Ale tsar Ivan, mabut, having forgotten, I can help not with a completely Russian woman, but with an unprincipled visitor and cunning Greek woman.

The fate has not passed, as the situation has changed well. It’s a pity for the writers to talk about (and so far, there is one of the unclear tamnits of the Russian literature), by the very rank of Sophia, the cholovik was turned into the distance, so that he was going to get rid of it. Demands to think, the arguments were far more low-key, more than in the offensive after the coronation of the declining winter on the ice of the Moskva-Riki, the heads of the people were scrambled. Ivan did not spare the family of Prince Ryapolovskiy, as if they had a gobbled-up to the vile lives: in the time of the glorified father - Vasil the Dark - Ryapolovskiy was inserted and hid the little prince Ivan as a message from Dmitriy Shimtsiv. Sophia Paleologue knows a triumph: the tsar has turned his love, and the son of Vasil has killed his official offender. The share of Dmitry, the grandson of the bully, was not a big deal: it was because of the death of Ivan III, she sent in 1505, after the order of the new tsar and his brother Vasily, the burials of zakutiy in lantsyugi, tossed through the dungeon, de the surroundings.

In the middle of the Moscow writers, they try to bypass the slimy moments associated with both the tsim and the more royal ones. Then the stench did not shy away from the yaskravikh farbs and children in praise of the authoritative and ugly Volodar of the Russian State. The stench was definitely pereinyali by this zagalny passionate spirit, as if it was lured to Tsar Ivan himself, his closest associates and all of the Moscow people, who were kuvav mіts and the greatness of the Russian state. Especially deliberately tse p_d hour to fight against Novgorod separatism. Nezalezhnaya i bagata Novgorodskaya republic, yak did not know Tatar-Mongol yoke In her supernatural in Moscow she went to the rest of the border: she was ready to sacrifice all-Russian interests and go into peddance to the Polish king. The widow of the Novgorod mayor, Martha Boretska and children, became the leader and ideological leader of the anti-Moscow party. True, it is a little boom on the boats of the sovereign zradniks and zradniks. So it became і Novgorod self-styled. The stench did not smell like the heavenly banners and the noosphere overwhelmingly, they talked about the hateful little day of their black ideas. One of the Pskov literatures from the povidomlya:

“... On Thursday (30 leaf fall, 1475), on that night, it was miraculous and wonderful to the fear of the Viconano: the great Novgorod shaken off against the great prince, and it was a bustle all over Novograd. And the same way I see it and I feel a lot of things, like Stoov Ognyan is standing over the Settlement from heaven to earth, so it’s big heaven, and it’s not to the light, all this God tidy up his grace; as the prophet speaks: if you do not want to be, God is a sinner of death, ale the beast.

At that time, the bachelor of Savatii Solovetsky became more terrifying: they leaned on the right side of the monastery in Novgorod and ate Marfi Boretsky on a benquet in the tower, beat the boyars with a rapt, then sat at the table, headless, and shook everyone. The ranks of Novgorod didn’t try to beat the right to wrong, and didn’t respect Moscow as a deadly enemy: і potters, і іnshi, іn thіѕ people іn thе horse іn іt іt іn thе thought οf whісh didnt thrive, іt wіll bump our hand against the grand duke, - all thіѕ thіѕ іnters fought by force, but who didn’t go out to fight, they quietly robbed , and they threw the Volkhov into the river ... "

Itself in the Novgorod epic the Muscovites are friendly to us, as having broken the apathy of the richly developed overturned the great Novgorodians. The rest of us were thinking about their own kalitsi, the first - about the interests of Batkivshchyna. All the literatures describe the famous battle at Sheloni River on 14 April 1471 with small details, the Moscow army is unnumbered by the wire of Prince-Pasionary Danil Kholmsky on the head of the Bagatorazov's militia overturned the Novgorodian army. Karamzin pidsumovuv in the distribution of the old literature into the home of the hostile picture (the 6th volume, a whole series of assignments to the Tsar John IV, we have been renamed from the entire 12-volume "History of Russia"):
"At the very same hour, if Kholmsky thought to cross over to the small town of the rychka, win over a large number of people, the Muscovites would be happy. his kinu army.<Июля 14>... Ale Voevodi Ivanov, having said to the squads: "Instruct us to serve the Emperor for an hour; we will NOT be afraid of three hundred thousand rioters; the truth is for us and the Lord Almighty", rushed on horseback to Shelon, from the steep bank, and into a big place; However, none of the Muscovites did not get lost in possession of their butt; not drowning; and everyone, having safely moved to the other side, rushed to the battle with the viguk: Moscow! The Novgorodian writer said that the spyvitchizniki fought their husbands and put the Muscovites to join, but the Tatarsky's book [Tatars were allies of Tsar Ivan on the hour of the 1st march to Novgorod. - V.D.], who were in the past, with a hateful attack embarrassed the first and violated the right. Ale for the latest news [In large lists. - V.D.] Novgorodians did not stand for a year: horses, wounds with arrows, felt like they were fighting against themselves; zhakh having hunted the Voevod of the faint-hearted and vіysko unawareness; wrap your back in front; they rode without memory and trampled on one one, ganny, blinded with a hero; pacing their horses, they threw themselves into the water, into the mud of the swamp; the nobles did not know in their own woods, they drowned or died from the wounds; іnshі zhіd rode the povz of Novgorod, I think, wіn wіn thаt іn thе possession οf Ivan. The gods of fear have a thief everywhere, the cry is felt everywhere: Moscow! Moscow! In the space of twelve versts, the regiments of the Grand Duke drove them out, killed 12,000 men, took 17,000 full-time men, including two gentry mayor, Vasyl Kazimer and Dmitry Isakov Boretsky; Nareshty hundred thousand turned on the place of battle ... "

The repose and pacification of Novgorod was supervised by cruel repressions. The writers will talk about them with motor details. Pislya of the Shelon battle in the populace of Old Russia, the Grand Duke of Moscow, in particular, imposed a ruling on the show over the henchmen of Novgorod's independence and the henchmen of Marfi Posadnitsy. For a cob, they saw them wear, lips and whales, and in such a view they let them go home for a demonstration, so that they would have thought of some kind of balamut, not good for the position of the supreme Moscow power. The full commander was taken to the old Russian area, and the head was not cut out of the head, the skin was violated in front of the front and was thrown to the hungry dogs for a living. Fearfully? It's great! Zhorstoko? Crazy! Bezgluzdo? Alej Novgorodians did not hear the words of a message and a change. The letters of exhortation were sent out more than enough. The first tsar Ivan and dal prodovzhuv on the letters of letters and check, if they discuss it in the first place, if the decision is made by way of a vote, then it is possible without a special thought to transfer, as soon as Novgorod (and later) enter the Great Patriotic War Poland, and the name of the cordon of Russia was held not far from Moscow, de-nebud to Mozhaisk (as it was in the middle of the XV century).

The overwhelming cry "Moscow! Moscow!" And as long as the great sovereign Ivanov Vasilovich brought him with a golden hand, he fought on two fronts: in the middle, the power was taken out by the princes and separatists of Novgorod, and the traditional warriors of Russia - in those who were the first to do it. At that time, it was reported to the Russian people in the simple announcement of Afanasy Nikitin, who reported in his easy "walk across the three seas" in hands reached):
"We are fiercely povz Astrakhan, and a little shine, and the tsars have pummeled us, and the Tatars shouted to us:" Kachma - Do not live '! " They drove the stench of us on Bohun and started shooting at us. They shot a man in us, and they shot two Tatars. ...

We went to the sea on a great ship, that became over the miles in the arms of the Volga, and then the stench overtook us and led the ship to pull up the hill along the road to the end. І our great ship was robbed here і chotiri people of the Russians took it to the full, and they let us go bareheaded across the sea, and they didn’t let the one up the mountain, according to the reason, they didn’t give us any news

I went, crying, on two ships to Derbent; in one ship the ambassador Khasan-bek, so Tuzikov, so there are ten people of us, Russians, and in the other ship there are a lot of Muscovites, so a lot of Tver people, that cows, that food is ours. І there was a storm at sea, і the ship smashed less against the shore. And here is the place of Tarki, people went to the shore, she came kaytaki and took all of them in full ... "(L. Semenov's translation)

From the backward line of the discourse about the king Ivan III, it is impossible not to wonder about the occasional disclosure of Afanasy Nikitin - I wish that the second famous organ of the "Book" is not included in the call itself. and Lviv literature. The Russian people started to see the light for themselves, and they started to see it for themselves. Tom is so alive, and to this day, one reads the blood of Afanasyev schodennik (yak nibi bachish "miracles of India" in vlasny eyes:

"And here is the Indian land, and people walk naked, and their heads are not covered, but their breasts are bare, but hair is braided in one braid, everything is black, and children are skinny, and they have a lot of children. Kudi I'm not going, for me there are a lot of people - bily people marvel at. The prince has a veil on his head, and insha on the head, and the boyars have a veil over the shoulder, and insha on the head, and the princess walk thrown over the shoulder, іnsha veil on stegna.And the servants of the princely and boyar ones have one veil on the stegnae, that shield, that sword in their hands, with darts, with daggers, and іnshі with templates, and with arrows; all naked, that barefoot, that mitsnі, but don’t have hair.

From Chaul we walked on dry, went to Pali in a few days, to the Indian mountains. And from Pali it was ten days to Pomry, then the place is Indian. And go Pomri seven days on the way to Junnar.
To rule here is the Indian Khan - Assad Khan of the Dzhunnarskiy, and to serve in Melik-at-Tujar. Vіyska yom was given from Melik-at-tujara, I think, seventy thousand. And Melik-at-tujar had two hundred thousand victories, and the war against Kafar was twenty rocky: the stench of him was overwhelmed more than once, and the reason was that he was able to ride Asad Khan in public. And the elephants are in the new rich, and the horses are in the new, dobrikh, and the warriors, the Khorasans, and in the new. And the horses should be brought from the Khorasan land, from the Arab land, from the Turkmen land, from the Chagotay land, and to bring everything by sea in Tavakh - Indian ships.
I, the big one, brought the stallion to the Indian land, and went with him to Dzhunnar, for God's sake, healthy, and becoming a hundred rubles. Winter has been spared for them from a klekhalnoy day. I spent the winter in Junnar. two months live here. Skin day and nich - tsilikh chotiri misyatsi - use water and brood. In the middle of the day, they feed and sow wheat, that rice, that peas, that all is true. Their wine is roasted from great mountains, kozi gundustansky is called, and braga is called tatny. The horses here flicker with peas, that cook kkhіchri with tsukrom and with butter, that fetch horses with them, and give sheshnі from the wound. There are no horses to be found in the Indian land, biki and buffaloes are born in the Indian land - they go and goods and also carry, shy everything.

Dzhunnar-grad stands on the skeleton of kam'yanoy, which is not fortified by anything, by the God of gardens. First way to that mountain day, walking on the same people; the road is vuzka, you can't walk with two people.
Merchants settle in the land of the Indian land on the sidewalks. Cook the gentlemen for the guests, and lay the bed for the gentlemen, and sleep with the guests. Yaksho makes a tough call with her, give two residents, if you don't make a tough call, give one inhabitant. Bagato here the squads follow the rule of the tim-hour sluba, and that is the only call for nothing, but to love big people. "

Over the hours of Ivan III, Russia itself became stronger, with all its impassiveness and greatness, it appeared to the light, which has appeared in the recent Tatar ulusi to find a new European power and a happy supernatural. The merit of tsia is still infallible for Ivan III. For the Panuvannyam of Ordi, as if it were kindly from the be-like handler, the famous stay on Ugri was finished in 1480 pid hour. Those two great rats - Russian and Tatar - caught the Oka flood in the same city on the other shores of the Oka, for the wonderful rozorenu and robbed along the route of passage of migrants.

Kinets zagalnovidomiy - in the natural descriptions in all the writings of that hour. In the Typographic literature about those it is known as follows: “That is what became the glorious miracle of the Most Pure Mother of God: if ours stepped out from the coast, Tatars, I think, would be willing to surrender the Russian coast, to fight against them, to be possessed. (Sofiy'ska first lithis dodak: “aje buli Tatari goli and bosi, wore everything off”). At the end of the pathos, the writer reaches its apogee:

“About good, male blue Russian! Do your best to hide your fatherland, Rus land, from the nevirnykh, if you don’t spare your life, if you don’t hurt your eyes full of and looting your buddies, and the murder of your children, and the glory of your great friends and children land from the Turks. I will name them: Bulgarians, і Serbs, і Greeks, і Trebizond, і Moreya, і Albanians, і Croatians, і Bosna, і Mankup, і Kafa and іnshi rich earth, because they didn’t know their husbands, they ruined the country, ruined the land, power, and do not go to other people's lands, truly unhappy and homeless, and cry a lot, and since the days, replenished and bridged, obliovuvati for the sight of manhood. The people who flowed in through the bagatokh mine, and with the squads, and with the children in foreign lands, did not only spend gold, but they ruined their souls and their souls, who died and are not guilty now of being homeless in foreign lands. Oh God, I bore the eyes of the great sovereigns with my grandmothers, as I flowed in from the Turks with the mautkas, and on the road, as mandrivniks, and to ask God for death, as letting go of such a bidi. I have mercy, Lord, for us, Orthodox Christians, with the prayers of the Mother of God and all the saints. Amin ". (Translated by Ya.S. Lur'є)

Defeating the Horde to flutter the literature in the living context of the all-inclusive history and the most important rite to be associated with the backbone of the word, if the Turks took Constantinople in 1453, the fate of the Orthodox Church was overpowered.

Itself for the tsar Ivan III, a residual form was formed - at the all-Russian and all-holy scale - the national idea: "Moscow is the third Rome." It is symbolic and significant that it was not born on the banks of the Moskva Rika, but in Pskov - one of the head nests of Russian separatism. To inform us in advance about those, that the understanding of the need for the Russian government since the era of Moscow has become ubiquitous and has penetrated the entire administration of the suspension. During the fall of the Vizantiyskoy empire, it became obvious and the mesian role of Russia - the head decline and the coastline of Orthodox traditions. Tsiu zalnorosіysku idea, how to become krylata and doniny, having voted the elder and іgumen of the Pskov Spaso-Alizarov Monastery Philofey (bl. 1465 - bl. Thousand five hundred forty two). Later, in a special message to the Grand Duke, Vin wrote:
“If I’m good I will order my kingdom - I’ll be a blue light and an inhabitant of that one who is in the mountains of Rusalim; two Rimi fell, and the third is worth, the fourth will not be there. "

Under the Tsar Ivan III, Russia experienced a serious and ideological shock, since it was in Novgorod, and then in Moscow, like an infection, the so-called Heresy of Jewry expanded, as it hunted the most lovable and versatile people. The struggle with the Aressy craved the mobilization of all the spiritual forces of the smashing representatives of the Orthodox Church, which was especially important, as if he had swallowed a small piece of a foreign blanket and put himself before it, not without subtlety, the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III himself. For Happiness, the Sovereign of All Russia, I will quickly come to my senses and straighten myself on the roads as the head overthrower of the resi "liquidity" Yosip Volotsky (thirty-nine thousand chotirist / 40-1515).

And everything was repaired simply and innocently. Overbought under the unrestrained grip of Moscow and overwhelmed by the internal problems, one of the anti-Moscow groups, who were sent to Lithuania, requested 1470 rubles from the Lithuanian prince Mikhail Olelkovich to Novgorod. The yogh retinue arrived and received the teachings of the Judaic-Karaim according to the name of Shariya (Zakhariy Skara). Prince Mikhailo nezabar turned to home, and Skhariya did not just get lost, ale and asked from Lithuania two vcheny єvreiv. At once, the stench of something and ignited in Novgorod the taman uretic propaganda - a collection of the middle of the Orthodox clergy, and then the middle of the laity, mesmerizing them with their prophecies and obitsyankami.

The axis yak to sound the same history in the obnoxious and vicious words of the Reverend Josip Volotskiy, which assigning the resi liquidity to the objectified polemic treatise under the name "The Enlightener"
"... At that hour a Jew lives in Kiev for the name of Shariya, and for the sake of the devil's knowers - a book of inspiration for every libertine wine-traveler: enchantment and black book, astrology and astrology. , the great-grandson of Volgird, a true Christian, in a Christian way, Prince Mikhailo in 6979 (1470) rotsi, in the days of the prince of the Grand Duke Ivan Vasilovich, arrived in Veliky Novgorod, and with him was a Jew of the Jew. into the Jews; Denis also grafted to the new Protopope Oleksiy, who served only on Mikhaylovskiy street, and who also entered the immaculate Christ's virginity. in the Jewish war, when they were drinking and or with the Jews, and liquidity appeared; and not only they themselves attended, but the first squad and their children started the same. , it seems: if you are aware of the christians, then they will beat and vicious you; Trim yourselves of your liquidity, and be called Christians. They changed their name: they named Oleksiya Abraham, and their squad Sarah. Years later, Oleksiy Bagatokh has developed a liquidity: his son-in-law, Ivashka Maksimov, his father's priest Maksim and Bagatokh shche priests, deacons and common people. Pop Denis also haunted to greet: Archpriest Gabriel Sofia, grid with valves; GRID wrinkle the liquidity of Grigoriy Tuchin, whose daddy has great power in Novgorod. I bagatokh still stinks - oze їkhni name: pop Grigoriy and blue Samsonka, grіd, dyak Borisoglibsky, Lavreshov, Mishukov Sobaka, Vasyuk Sukhiy, son-in-law of Denis, pop Fedir, pop Vasil Pokrovsky, pop Yakiv Apostr shche Avdey і Stepan Kliriki, Pip Ivan Voskresensky, Ovdokim Lyulish, Deyakon Makar, Dyak Samukha, Pop Naum і Bagato іnshikh; and the stench robbed of such lawlessness, which was not held down by the ancient heretics. "

The Talmudic intoxication has spread throughout the middle of Novgorod from the Shvidkist Epidemii. Why did such a rampant psychosis і the Orthodox people, і the middle of the helpless clergymen, suddenly fall for the Judaistic casuistry? There are a lot of reasons here, ale infused the stench in a complex way. The first reason is political: the fear of Moscow expansiveness and rejection of all Moscow (stars - permanent foreign relations with non-Orthodox sousids, including Rich Pospolita, Livonin and Switzerland). Another reason is humanistic: the Russians were drawn to the new knowledge, and the first Jews were brought to Novgorod the rest of the European science and the bezlich dosi of books on astronomy, astrology, logic, approximately practice, etc. Nareshty, the third reason, has poured the Masovian interest before the propaganda of the Schariya and his addicts, - the eschatological, is tied to the non-barrens of the neobar Kintsya svit and the Last Judgment.

After the Christian period in 1492 rots came the 7th thousand rockies from the biblical stage of the world (5508 rockets before the Holy Mary + 1492 rockets of the Holy Mother of God = 7000 rockets). Mystical, where the language of the vera in the secret sense of the number 7 called the Christian light to the day: the day of the Last Judgment is approaching, the light will collapse to its own end. In the Orthodox Easter, the numbered Easter holiday - the Resurrection of Christ brought only until 1491 fate, and one hundred percent to the fatal 1492 rotsi were afraid of the postscript: "woe, woe reached the end of the day" for "here is fear, here is sorrow, like in Christ , whole and at the end you appear, in the new chaєm and all-important yours. "

The day was checked with awe and trepidation, it looked like it was not gates, the exact date was bare - at the 25th birch in 1492. The І axis in the whole situation of the main riverside and hopelessness rapt there are three Hebrews, spiraling to the Torah and Talmud, declare: according to the Jewish history of the year of Christ, until the birth of Christ, the name of and only 3761 rubles. From the same time, to the end of the day, the light is even farther and farther away, and I cannot laugh at the "puzhan" of Orthodox priests and cents, and I don’t think about the truth of Christian dogmas.

First Orthodox Novgorodians, and following them, Muscovites, hitherto all day long about yaku Talmudic or Kabbalistic wisdom, along the way, they have been thinking about the symbol of the virgin and the dogma of the Holy Three let us hear it, zotlіlim and nіkoli do not get up, but the Holy Spirit - all the more is "a crust of wickedness", that’s it). There are only one of the sixteen heresy theses, which are said to be "Judaizing", as the bully brought forth merciless criticism by Yosip Volotskiy in his "educators". Insanely, the theological-scholastic side of the religious sedition played with a lot of the role:

"A nasty idolatrous Vovk, not dressed up in the pastor's odyag, letting the common people, who have been desecrated by Sodom's rosace with the unpalatable liquidity of christianity. I have no regard for our Lord Jesus Christ, apparently, that Christ has called himself God; I have made a lot of blasphemy against the Most Pure Theotokos; divine Blessing in the wickedness of the unclean thing, the holy ikon slept, called the life of creation. of all saints, it seems like this: no Kingdom of Heaven, no other come, no resurrection of the dead is not, as he died, that means he is dead, until that hour is only alive. Kuritsin, the uncle of the Grand Duke, Tsvirkun, Ivashko Maksimov, Semyon Klenov and a lot of them, who were so tricky about the riznomanitnyh Aresians, - they brought up liquidity according to the Ten Isle of Moisei, the Sadducees and Mesalians were trimmed and brought in a lot of sum'yattya. Quiet, whom the stench knew as the smart and know in the Holy Letter, the stench did not smack the beasts into liquidity, ala, graciously reinterpreting the deeds of the heads of the Holy Letter of the Old and New Devotees, they scrambled to their stars to see what they saw: vlashtovuvati the people and the life of the people, - and the Holy Letter smelled the stink of anger as empty and unused to people. People, the mensh in the stench of the stench, just came to grips with liquidity. Not all of them dodged in the liquidity, a little more than a lot of them were drawn from them to condemn the Holy Letter, and on the squares and in the booths they were talking about the virus, and they were wondering. "

Yak to bring Yosip Volotskiy, the deyaki from the "Jewry" went before they began to insist on the rite of formation, which, protest, became at the back of the Jewish mentors, to fight against the repressions. The rest are not jammed. The heresy of the Bula Vicrit, condemned by the church court and fiercely convicted: Theretik hapali, in a fiery way, and in a great deal of theirs, they slept on the bagatti. The share of Shariya himself is not home: for some of the dues of the wines, they were burned with a group of Novgorodians, for the ones - for the wines of the balamut they moved into the Crimea.

so in wild rice the history of the hierarch was victorious in literature right up to the 20th century. The presenters spiral in tribute, to take revenge in the church documents of the 15th century and in the works of Yosip Volotskiy, which one cannot help but trust. However, recently, facts have been introduced into the scientific literature about the fact that they are shedding new light on the biography of Skharia (a report on the importance of accessibility of food and information about the important availability of the book, published in the small circulation of V. M., 1999.S. 432-440). It is well known to the documents that Zakhariy Shariya (more precisely, the name of Zakkar-Shariya) is in the blue of a rich and noble Genoese merchant, who Tamansky p_vostrov_ and having entered the house of the Circassian princess. Before the turn of the Ottoman Turks, they took up their positions in Crimea, on the opposite side of the Taman Peninsula, the Uzbek Black Sea and the Sea of ​​Azov, they made fortunes (the remains of them were taken over by the factors), Navit took part in the Battle of Kulikov on Mamai's boats.

To overlook new tales earlier, having learned about the dzherela and natchnennikiv Russian "liquidity"? Hardly chi - shvidshe, stink to concretize the situation. If I want the punishment that is a small Turkic nationality, which encourages the forgiveness of the Judaism, in the Duma of the uninitiated, it is only too weak to get involved in ethnic groups. linguistic and religious subtleties of Karaimstovo - the price for all Jewry, and then everything else. Besides, it's good to see. the middle of the Genoese merchants, the bankers and the hard-cores, the bezlich Evreivs, who accepted Christianity, or else they also promoted Judaism. Є Dani (not all, however, pіdtrimuvanі), but the blue itself of such a Genoese Hebrew bv Christopher Columbus, the power of which, before the speech, was repaired approximately at the same hour, as well as the power of Sharia. Ale kim bi not bouv Shariya say so by blood - not for the sake of my interest and knowledge in Jewish dogma, astrology and cabbalism. That is why in the Russian sheets and letters it is absolutely grounded to be called "Jew" and "Jew". And the first Taman prince - the sounds of the first direct, I want and writing, with the representatives of the royal homeland. Olena Voloshanka, the daughter of the Moldavian ruler and the squad of the decline to the throne, Ivan the Young, who died early, was sent to the first slut Ivan III, seemingly.

Russian literatures with bright details give me respect to one - one of the most ingenious - the story of the ideological life of middle Russia. Severe, laconic and one hour long Mazurian writer:

"Lita 6999 in the Zhovtni prpidosha in Moscow to the sovereign and to the Metropolitan Zosim of the new-city heresy. Zosima still does not know about them, as the chiefs and forebears are a retic; і the priest of Denis і bagatokh, so the wise ones. The first sent the essence of the future from the state to Veliky Novgrad up to Archbishop Gennady according to his writings on the heretic. to the heads of the Chinese, as if they are looking at the zhid, at the preparations they have a fire, and on their heads they put Sholemi Beresten 'on their heads, as if they are basic, and they are machine-made, and on the heads of them are є Satan's war. "I was driven on horses to drive through the hail and spit on them and obscene:" Tsei, God's enemies, Christian blasphemy. " all the stories sozheshі, I want to be frightening and іnsha heretics. Inii and vіd sovereign are condemned to obscurity. Bachachi and even on Moscow heretics, Fedir Kuritsin and brother of the Yogo Vovk, and feeling that they have suffered in Great Novgorod the heretics from Vladyka Genadiy, I grieve insulted about this, I just want to keep to the great city, so come to pray in Yur'ev Monastir, Archimorita Chernets, Yogo Zh Sami Navchishsya, Kasiyana, Aresi and Zhidivstvo. The Great Duke commanded him to beat. I will take the region from the sovereign and from Veliky Novgrad. Archimorit Kasiyan rozpochato life in Yur'ev monasteries and all the heretics to themselves are collected from each other, but not the Boyashov Archbishop Gspadiy, who later had the help of Diyak of the Grand Duke from Fedor Kuritsin. Come with him to Novgrad і brother of yogo very black. І richly doing filth on the deities of the church and on the holy ikon and on the gargle. I wrote on them Archbishop Genadiy about їkh Karetitsvі to the Grand Duke.

To the fate of the Grand Duke Ivan Vasilovich of all Russia, there is a cathedral in Moscow on the Nougatheretikiv according to the letter of the Nougorodsk archbishop Gennady. At the cathedrals, the Grand Duke Vasil Ivanovich to replace the autocratic father of his and the blessed Zosima, the Metropolitan of Vagi of Russia, and Tikhon, Archbishop of Rostov, and the bishops: Nifont of Suzdal, Simeon of Rezanskiy, St. , і kestrelsі, good old man Paisіya і Nіl, і many archіmorіti, і іgumeni, protapopi, і priests, і diakoni, and the entire consecration of the Cathedral of the Russian Metropolitanate. And so, going and by the present fight on the quiet of the divinely accessible Novgorodian people, and on all the people who are the only ones who want to corrupt the Christian faith, but they still do not succeed in perishing, but what are the stones of their own At the cathedral, however, we are led by bisha, and we ask about the heretic mischief, the stench of the accursed [i] The first one is very deceitful, hiding his lawlessness and in his heresy that is locked up, albeit not according to the grave witnesses. And so akayannіі all otrut the stupidity of his own self іslіyasha і clearly reveals all its own divine right, and the promotion is unbearable. At once, as if the crazy rose has a stasha, and Bisha as mad. Oh, according to the rule of the saints, the apostle and the saints of the fathers from the holy cathedral church were excommunicated and sent to the dignity of the beast and the cursed betrayal; According to the city's law of death, please tell Bish. Diyaka and Vovka Kuritsin and Mitya Konoplyov, and Nekras Rukavov, and Yuriev's Archimorith Kasiyan, and his brother, and those who burned them in Novyegrad and in Moscow. Іnshі are in the link and in the dungeon of the rosy slave, who are in the monasteries. Holy and immaculate and the Orthodox faith was affirmed and glorified by the Holy Trinity at one Deity: dad and sina and the holy spirit, nina and for ever, and for every century, amyn ... "

From 1917 to the fate of the history of history and philosophy, it became magical and confused with the term "liquidity". In encyclopedias, vocabularies, previsors, it was unfortunate that it was impossible to bypass the original phenomenon in Russian spiritual life, as a rule, it interfered with the old age, or the unuse of this understanding in modern science. Serious doslіdzhen on the given topic was practically not carried out. The publications were not found, but coli, pre-revolutionary *, or they were picked up from the recommended lists, or they were sent to the special storage. About the essence of self-irese - there, de-ignorant of її, it was unhappy, seeing borderingly abstractly to the zgladzhuvannya "gostrikh kutiv", God forbid, God forbid, it didn’t happen, that the people of God became magical to spokuiti the way of the true Orthodox people. Vvazhalosya also, mabut, the very name "Jewry" imitates the feast of the modern Jews. However, not in a similar way, not in a fluent explanation of the nemany logic. On the right, in the mass of Novgorodians (and even before Muscovites) old age-old problems of zagal and talmudic, zokrem, vinny viklyuchno russians themselves. They were happy with it, so bimiti, the natural addiction of the Russian people. Moreover, the people were intimidated by the overworldly dumping "we will harbor the fruit." Khiba vinen karaim Zakhariya Skara. How did the Novgorod fools lick yo in the tears of death and education? So it’s in usyou, where the trap was going to sound like a little more. Yak seems to be among the people: "There is not a lot of dribbling on the mirror, if the peak is crooked" ...

There is a lot of the liley word "Jew", that is not the educated, humiliating in the new dumb. The word "Hebrew" in the most recent hour of vikoristova was deprived of it in the Church-Slovenian language as a crossover from the Greek, and in the folk and fictional one, the equivalent of "Jew" is also a crossover word, albeit projected through the ancient (European) Schob perekonatisya at what was said to finish the message on the top sides of the 5th volume of the "Dictionary of the Russian language XI-XVII century." (M., 1978) or the classic works of Pushkin (for example, "The miserly person"), Gogol (for example, "Taras Bulba") or Luskov (for example, "Zhidivska kuvirkolegiya"). Lish in the XX century the word has become obrazliviy vidtinok.
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In 1462, Ivan III came to the throne of Moscow. The convergence of the 22nd ruler was followed by the commandment of Vasil II. Chi doesn’t need bulo nor Ordi’s grabbing, nor ordin’s jarlik. Aleksei tribute yak і before the Bula with the thread of the thread, which called Rus from the Golden Horde. Tim was weakened for an hour The horde gradually razvaluvalayutsya in pieces. Krim the Golden, or the Great, the Ordi, they called the kingdom of Batia, the khanate, which came from Sarai. Tse Kazanske, Krimske and Sibirske Khanates. On the most territory of Russia, the Kasimov Khanate ruled. Tsі khanate zmagalis one by one, a little more skin vimagalo sobі daninu from Rusі. Ivan III headed, a series of blows on the Kazan Khanate, In 1469, by the wire of his brother Yuriy. overlaid Kazan і zvіlnilnom need there Russian polonenykh. Ivan III had a chance to thank him in his family. Andzhe, following the commandment of Vasil II, the brothers of Ivan III rejected some small, ale independent princes-udili. Be-like zagstrennya vіdnosin with brothers thundered with new war. To that Ivan III, after having lost them їkh caught. Ale yak only yogo childless brother Yuriy died, yogo share, Dmitrovske principality, there and then inclusions to the warehouse of sovereign lands. Ivan III energetically promoted the policy of ordering Moscow's independent Russian lands. Ways to bully nayr_znomantnіshim here. So, the Yaroslavl principality of Ivan III was vikupiv from the Yaroslavl princes' homeland, and over the Ryazan principality, having established patronage. Foldable Bulo with Novgorod and Tver - tsimi old superniks of Moscow.

under the order of Novgorod

The rulers of Novgorod saw that they were gaining more and more strength in the bik of Moscow. And besides, directing the embassy to Moscow to save Novgorod's liberties in the old days, the stench immediately entered into a conversation with Lithuania, asking for help against Moscow. Lithuania waited a while to get help. Tim himself yak bi turned hours of Olgerd and Vitovt's fight against Moscow. Lithuania was also enlisted by the Great Horde and the Krimsky Khanate. Novgorod, in such a rank, was included in the greater schidno-European policy. Meta Bula is one - the prosperity of the Muscovite principality. In his own way, Ivan III sent a letter to Novgorod, in which he named the Novgorod republic of his great fatherland. The sound of the drone sounded in the middle. It’s not only boyars who are adherents of the Lithuanian party, or ordinary townspeople — merchants and remixers. They began to pass and burhlivi іbrannya vіcha - Novgorodians didn’t bother them as lackeys of the Moscow prince! The democratic order of the ancient Russian city, close to Europe, has come up against the unfinished processes of unification of all Russian lands, the root of the hard centralized state, the building of the black lands of the remote state Ivan III Virishiv Conflict with the Brotherhood.

As a politician, he tried to get ready for the campaign of the Zagalnorussian character - he chose the representatives of the princely families, boyars, nobles and merchants, who would enlist them with a help. Moreover, the punitive expedition was of a religious nature. Ivan III was naked, he started to disappear against quietly, but to get used to Latinism, to heresy, for that the union of Novgorod with Lithuania became the land of the Catholic land. Until then, at the end of the hour, the share of Orthodoxy, the share of the true virgin, was covered by us, but in 1453 Constantinople fell under the onslaught of the Turks. Over the Orthodoxy hangs not only the scourge of Latinism, but the th threat of Islam. Ivan III and his priests did not forget about trying papal Rome to order their own inflow to the weaker walnut Orthodoxy, since in 1439 the unions were celebrated among the Catholic and Orthodox churches. Before the face of the Turks will advance on Vizantiya Patriarch of Constantinople Pishov on Taku Uniya. The decision was taken in Italy at the famous church cathedral, which took place in two places - Ferrari and Florence. At the Cathedral, there will be a presence and a Moscow metropolitan, who attended the union. If they turned to Moscow, they called them in the heart of Orthodox Christianity, resigned and took the place of the Metropolitan throne. For Russia, the fight against Catholicism and Unity, in a snarling way, meant a seizure from the ideological aggression of the western lands. Aleh immediately led to the isolation of the land from the European civilization. Go to the ensign of the true war of his regiments to Novgorod Ivan III. Win mobilizuvav against Novgorod all the forces of today's Russia. In 1471, a historical battle was fought on the birch of Sheloni rivulet. Small, albeit kindly organized and staffed with the Russian army, who did not check the advance of the head forces, destroyed numerically the Novgorodian army. The pidsumkom of the chain of destruction became a litter of Novgorodian freedoms. Novgorod has made itself known to the fatherland of Ivan III. Vlada of the Moscow namіsnik Bula ukrіplena, znosini with Lithuania was denuded illegal. Novgorod posadniki were stricken and in the middle of them - Boretsky, an active clerk of Novgorod's neighborhood with Lithuania. A number of boyars and other noble people were led into abode in Kolomna. Novgorod has paid off Moscow's great contribution.

Lithuania did not rise to the occasion of its ally's attendance. Khan of Velikoi Ordi Akhmat, who was quick enough to take the leave of the Moscow forces for the wedding. In 1472, he attacked Russia. However, Ivan III has risen visunuti to the Oka the Great Prince, and Akhmat did not bother forsuvati Oka. The Ordines escaped from the general battle, the Horde was afraid of an open confrontation with Moscow. The hour of the remnant of Russia from the Mongol-Tatar yoke is approaching. The anti-Moscow party in Novgorod didn’t lose heart by shooting the anti-Moscow party in Sheloni. The widow of the frightened mayor, Martha Boretska, was chastened. All were kind enough to report the Zusilla to drink from the power of Lithuania. Opponents of Moscow were hated until Ivan III, intercourse with special, hisistic interests. Objectively, the overcoming of the central party meant saving the freedom of the world, letting go of the important hand of Moscow and moving along the path of the other common European powers, and being in the orbit of the European civilization.

The Boretsky party took over unabated, the sidekicks of the Moscow party bully, and the Moscow merchants of Novgorod. In 1477, Ivan III once again sent a zalnorosiyske vіysko to the rebellion, he took Novgorod into the oblast and forced the upper hand to enter into a conversation. Yak and earlier, neither Lithuania, nor the Horde came to help Novgorod. Under the new treaty, Novgorod became one of the parts of the Russian state. The lands of the adversaries from Moscow and part of the church lands were confiscated for the reproach of the great Moscow prince. At the time of 1478 Ivan III urochistically moved to his fatherland - Novgorod. Velikoknyazivski ministers took control of the city. Most of the easy-going opponents of Moscow were rescued and sent into confusion. In the middle of them is a bully and a loose-fitting Marfa Boretska. Mysyats proviv Ivan III in the number of the Independent Novgorod Republic, the Moscow order will be established. If he turned back to Moscow, he was followed by a sleigh.

Sovereign of all Russia. The victory over the Horde was supervised by the new successes of Ivan III in the unification of the Russian lands and in the centralization of sovereign power. The journey of turning Novgorod into a warehouse to form the Russian state has come to the historical end of Tver. The circle of Moscow lands near Tver was clenching. Prince of Tver Mikhailo Borisovich tried to unite the valleys of Novgorod and entered into an alliance with Lithuania. I Todi Ivan III Rushiv on Tver Moskovskoe Vіysko. At 1485 r Tver the principality was included to the warehouse of the Russian state, but a few steps were spared the autonomy: the elder son of Ivan III Ivan Ivanovich became the prince of Tver. Desceauly Ivan III went to Vyatka, and the whole Vyatka region also went to the warehouse of the Russian state. After the victory over the Horde, Novgorod and Tver, Ivan III step by step drove the brothers. In such a rank, for the fate of the rule of Ivan III, the political map of Pivnichno-Shidnoi and Pivnichno-Zakhidnoi Rus has changed dramatically. A great thing has appeared, one, an independent power - Russia. At the reception of the earthly epistles in 1488, Ivan III declared: Mi, God's grace, sovereign on his land. Win calling himself the sovereign of all Russia. The coat of arms of the new state became a two-headed eagle borrowed from the Holy Roman Empire. The coat of arms symbolized that Russia was a Eurasian state. On the coat of arms, one eagle's head is nibito turned to Europe, іnsha - to Asia. At the Moscow court, a written ceremony was established, with a lot of suspicions about Vizantia. Moscow voted that a new power є a downtrodden member of the Old Russian state, that unified all of the Commonwealth lands. And tse meant that Moscow claimed all the lands, which entered the warehouse of the ancient words of the Yang state, whose volodinia stretched from the White Sea to the Black Sea, from the Ural Mountains to the Carpathians. The first crocs in a straight line were broken by Ivan III and for the yogo sin - Vasily III. In the end of the XV century. Vyazma went to Moscow for an agreement with Lithuania. Pid hour Russian-Lithuanian war (1500-1503) Moscow Viyyska dobuli for Rus Chernigiv, Bryansk, Mtsensk, Rilsk, Gomel and deyaki in Russian cities. Lithuania tried to stand against Moscow in an alliance with the Teutonic Order and the Krymsky Khanate, and Vasyl III went over to the offensive in 1514 when they became Smolensk. In 1510 r to Moscow, Pskov was transferred, in 1520 r - Ryazan principality. All Pivnichno-Skhidna and Pivnichno-Zakhidna Rus was settled under the rule of Moscow. The unification of the Russian lands was completed, the territory of the United Russian state was formed. The majestic Russian state has begun to fight for the appearance of all the Skhidnoslovian lands.

Russia for a whole hour was an agrarian land for the significant relics of the Silska population. (Out of about 6 million people in localities until the middle of the century, no more than 5% were lagging). The head employers have lost their farming.

The tripil system was expanding more and more, step by step it changed the way to pivnich. To the chief leaders of the pratsі villagers, yak and earlier the plow was a plow, yak a plow was worn out (so-called plow-kozulya) and by its orn’s abilities approached the plow. Viroshuvali wheat, barley, oats, wheat, urban culture. First half of the XVI century. it is possible to characterize the yak "golden wick" of the Russian hliboroba. The managers of the development of the forest for the development of the land (tobto "internal colonization") made the village courtyard donations over the land (from 10 to 15 acres of land in 3 fields). The increase and the number of the rural homeland (up to 10 souls of both articles in the middle), but the state's appreciation of the necessary work force has been neglected. In the middle peasantry, the government gave the powers and their feudal lords up to 30% of the whole product, which couldn’t have been streamed yet by the government’s initiative. Such a rank, the state and the country, from one side, have neglected the call of security and internal political stability for the economical efficiency of the peasantry, and for the reason that it is not very smart, the products are often significant In addition to being economical in the whole hour, there is the improvement of the social and legal status in the agricultural sector. The very fact of broadening the term "villagers" and the development of the landowners, so that it is not right to understand the landowners of the farmers to understand the "stinks", "orphans". Bulo legally confirmed the right of villagers to a free "exit" in "Yuriyiv ​​Day". The villagers were united in a community, whose norms and traditions governed the state's spiritual life. Vona poured into the village landowners, controlled the multiplication and promises of the territory, served as an intermediary among the old villagers as their feudal lord and power. In general, the community was insensitive to the economic, social, legal and spiritual mind and life of its members. З Кінця ХV Art. the structure of the land is changing. Boyars'ka patrimony, from one side, from one side of the old family razdiliv, and from the other, - the rapid transfer of the boyar's land fund as a result of the privately owned transfer into the hands of monasteries. Boyars bestowed a part of their volodin to monasteries, encouraging them to vryatuvati their souls with prayers of the Chents - intercessors before God. Allegedly, the landlessness and landlessness of the part of the patrimonials cluttered the interests of the state, which gave them their strength. In the minds of the marriage of the villagers, the war for the service, they cut off the land "paid", and from the land, for the rakhunok they sat on the villagers, the stench was "year-old" and took care of themselves and their vital servants with the construction of the windows and the necessary winter. For deyakim danimi, for the utrimannya of one warrior, the pratsa of five rural state gifts are to be seen. The call of the policy of the country is active, the need to change the state of affairs in order to increase the number of the army for the rakhunok of land distributions. The Grand Duke pislya to delineate the land and land in his hands the great land fund, having taken away such power. However, the overpowering of the land of the patriarchs became invisible through the "turn" of the land into the hands of the church, which led to the declaration of the "boyars' children." As a result, for the lack of service in the country, the state began to nourish the lands of the servants of the Grand Duke and the "boyars' children" on the other side of the mind - to sell and grant the land. This is how a new form of feudal landholding took shape - matok and new group of the feudal camp - pomischiki ("placement on the ground"). The term of the noblemen is one hundred percent up to the whole group of landowners. Mistas became centers of craft and trade. Potters and kozhum'yaks, shevtsi and jewelers, etc., were selling their products to the market. The number and the specialization of local crafts in general were neglected by the consumers of the villagers. Near the places, there are places of worship, but the main masses of villagers get to them too far and it is not handy, then part of the production of the stinks was rocked by themselves. In such a rank, the natural character of the rural government, the economic economy of the country stood on the way to the formation of Rinkovyh vidnosin.

In the end of the 15th century in Moscow, a state-owned factory for the production of garmat and іnshoї vognepalnoї zbroi. I couldn’t do it anymore. In addition, Russia is not a small development of genera of color and noble metals, gray, gold was added only from the common swampy ores. Everything was necessary for the development of the powerful branch, as well as the expansion of economic links to the countries of Western Europe. Obligations of the most recent trade of the era was known in the direct field of success in the sea trade.

Miske population. The population of the Mist ("posadskiy people") could be delivered to the strings behind their warehouse and to take differentiation from the family. Remissniks, other traders, city dwellers were united for the territory familiar in hundreds and fifty. Russia did not know any repair shops in a clean viglyade. Merchants were reunited in the corporation of "guests", the "cloths" and in., Yak Volodya were great privileges, and on a number of points, their status came close to the provisions of the boyars - the stench did not pay taxes, the members of such corporations could have the land. Itself from them were collected the kervniki of the local self-assembly, which was taken by the collection of taxes and the organization of the collection of other duties. However, the headquarters of the administration of the places was in the hands of the great princely power and through the nominations. The land of Miska took over the power of the state. In general, in the Russian towns and cities, the "urban mode", analogous to the Western European one, is not known, the population of the small town is more and more consumed by the wilderness of all the powers.

Reform vibrating radii

The insurrection of 1547 showed that in the support of the state of mind, dissatisfaction with the country was right in the country. For the fate of the boyar omnipotent and zavorushen the patience of the people was overcome. Dissatisfied bully and noblemen, as they appeared on the back of fallow lands from the all-powerful boyars' groups, and in the povits - from the will of the nurserymen. Representatives of the clergy stood up for a reasonable policy.

The young monarch is virіshiv sushuti nabolіlі virazki suspension. Ivan IV, at the same time, took over the warehouse of the Boyarsky Duma, including in it the less noble, ale and energetic people - their clerks. The replacement of old people, childbearing and flowing boyars of a new age, was gathered together with a number of young, ignorant, aloof and educated people, who were thinking about the reincarnation of Russia in a stronger and more prosperous state. Oleksiy Adashev, a nobleman of Kostroma, a priest of the Blagovishchensky Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin, Sylvester and a talanovitiy military leader, Prince Andriy Mikhailovich Kurbskiy, hung on the first place of the middle of the new radniks of the tsar. They are not supportive of the noble boyars, Ivan IV pidnis bagatokh representatives of the administrative orders - mentality of the land. Naybilsh close to the tsar in the middle of them becoming the head of the Ambassadorial mandate dyak Ivan VisKovatiy. Metropolitan Makarii, who became, in essence, the spiritual mentor of the sovereign, took over the most common place among the reformers. Prince Kurbskiy called a number of people close at that hour before Ivan IV, they were glad to see him. The greater number of young people, energy and ideals of fair and reasonable management of the land. At 1549 r Ivan IV called the Cathedral of Reconciliation. Members of the Boyarsky Dumi, clergymen, leaders, nobles have been requested to the palace. Since then, such cathedrals have become called Zemstvo cathedrals, i.e., cathedrals from all over the land. The cathedral commemorated the ear of the country’s representation in Russia, if the monarch ruled the country with the help of the representatives of the countries. So did the Zbori under the kings of the winicati and in backcountry, De all the big vagi were filled with the bagaty of the townspeople and the merchant. Tse talked about the birth of the first signs of a huge suspension in Russia, i.e., such a suspension, if the people have cut off access to the inflow of power, if the will of the monarch was interrupted. With a handful of Ivan IV voluntarily and blessingly pishov for the good of the earth. The Council of Reconciliation prompted a number of reforms, as the members of the vibrant radios were welcomed by the leadership of the Tsar Persh for all the re-creation of the army. New military units appeared - military regiments. Streltske vіysko bulo is not only a cold war, like a noble militia, ale and firefighters from the muskets.

The striltsi got rid of uniforms and a penny. At the hour of peace, I was allowed to engage in crafts and conduct other trade. By the day, the shooters became the royal guards. Bully reformed reforms in the field of finance. Rozorena boyars the land demanded pennies. They took them from the church authorities and monasteries. All the nalіgvі pilgi bully skasovanі. Now the clergymen were obliged to pay taxes from their lands, as all the landowners did. Overnight, new taxes were introduced in the land, and the old ones were added. The power paused to speed up the development of the rural government and the incomes of the population of the mayor. In 1550-1560-i pp. under the yoke, the yoke was turned into a chain. Bully carried out the reforms of the city and central administration. The end of the inappropriateness of the feeding staff - the number of gallants, zdirniks and habarniks, to the dummy dummy. Goduvannya skasovuvalysya, mіtsse of the feedmen were occupied by the organizers of the Zemsky samovryduvannya. Vіdteper all rights at mіtsyah performed vibornіs from the nobility - the heads and their relatives - valntsh. That is how they called the one, who stinks, swearing an oath to judge and manage honestly and justly, they bloody chrest. In the same place, where the villagers lived chornososhnu (stately), the stench themselves selected their governors - elders and tseltsvad'tgkov; -The same order of boules was introduced in Mistakh, the middle of the settlement population. The reform gave rights to provincial nobility and civilians, that is, to belong to private owners, villagers and townspeople.

Having made efforts to the central administration of the land. Moscow has a residual system of punishments for boyars and dyaks. The ambassadorial mandate was issued by the foreign powers, the Razryadny - by the nobility. The compassion for the land of the serving people. Rozbyyniy zdіysnuvav trial over robbers, villains and vbivtsi. Streletskiy was engaged in the military service, Yamskiy - in the postal service (from the Tatar word "yam" - "post"). By the customary order, which sent Oleksiy Adashev, picking up the skargi given to the Tsarev, and after giving everything, ask Ivan IV himself. Formerly, in the world of accelerating the statehood of the land, growing up the territory, there were and are instructed. All the stench was strictly abhorred by the will of the monarch. For the instruction to the Cathedral in 1550, a new star of laws - "Code of Laws" was broken up. A new statistic appeared, as the taxpayers of the pilgrims of the monasteries were leaking. Now the stinks are guilty of the blame spovna rallying all the tributes to the state treasury. "Code of Law" stood up against the zahist noblemen: they fought for the Borgs and turned them into slaves. As soon as possible, the transition of the villagers from one ruler to the last one, then she was spared. A Russian peasant, who wants to be surrounded by the right to go on a Yuriy day, all will be especially vilny. At the ecclesiastical council, which was cliched in 1551, the tsars proponated to the Ararchs obmirkuvati and formed a hundred food for them about the life of the Church. Sovereign napolyagav on the restored order in the church right, asking for the visibility of his position until he got the law on the confiscation of the lands of the Church. The cathedral gave the tsar a hundred views for a hundredth meal. Tsіdpovіdі boules were selected in a special book - "Stoglav". Mayzhe all the propositions of the monarch of the Church were adopted, altogether forbidden the confiscation of lands. However, the tsar was home, so the Church could not resist kupuvati new lands without additional evidence, but all the lands that passed into the beginning of the boyar rule, the bully powers turned. Reform mali with a head start to make the whole state system in the land more powerful, and the role of the tsar.

In a week of 3 breasts in 1564, Muscovites sported a marvelous and fearful picture. The gate of the Kremlin saw the progress of the process. Then came the tsar with his homeland, his retinue and the guard. These are the bullets and earlier. Ale tsei vіdrіznyavsya frowning, mysterious. Before that, the tsar had brought with him the treasures, the treasury and old-fashioned ikons. When the tsar arrived in Oleksandrivska Sloboda, the Tsar’s palace was well-known, and he sent the message to the Metropolitan, in what seemed like a visitor, he had overrun Moscow through the zradnikiv. Win pererakhovuvav all the crimes of the boyars in the period of their dynasty and the fathers of the Church in the intercession for these troubles. A special letter was given to the townspeople of Moscow, to all the black ones, that is, forgive people. The tsar has come to see him, so he has taken up arms against the boyars, ordering people and nobles, and against them, ordinary people, there is no harm. After a few days in Moscow, the stage was well prepared: the people on the square were shouting to ask the tsar to turn to Moscow and punish the zradniks. The Muscovites sent Ivan IV a choolobitna, in which they said, that the king will rule over the land as you, sovereigns, who are attached to and from the strati of zradniks and lokhods. The perelyakan boyars obeyed Ivan and recognized his right to strachuvati or miluvati. So in 1565, the dictatorship of Ivan the Terrible was reckoned to be stretched out on a splinter of fate; Overnight the tsar and the new priests were going out with disagreeable persons, profiting from the confiscation of the old people. Everybody was dying, if not, having played against Ivan IV. Before the dose, the people of Russia were well fed and informed. The interests of the centralization of the state and the change of the tsarist power came from the special guard of the tsar, the establishment of special rahuns of his new comrades-in-arms, some of them for the rakhunok of the others. For the Tsikh goals of the Tsar and the Great Patriotic War in the country, the system of oprichnina, the subdivision of all the lands of the state into two parts. Having taken one guilt from his special officer, the certificate and having fallen asleep there, I’ll tell the Boyarska Duma. Calling this part of the land oprichnina, it is a special territory. The word "oprichnina" resembles the ancient Russian word "oprich", which means "krim". The Іnsha part of the Bula is called the Zemshchina, which means “Rashtu Zemli”. There the old management took over from the old Boyar Duma. From the oprichnina, the tsar took away the most important and strategically important parts of the land. The people consumed the Novgorod territories, the lands along the Volza, the key trade routes, the districts, the great estates of the Oledobichs, the central lands of the great estates and the land, a part of Moscow, as well as the lands near the border at the entrance. Buv of appraisals of the corps of special guards (ohoronts) Ivana IV. An unprecedented price of the oprichny v_ysko reached 5 yew. Cholovik. The guardsmen wore a gloomy chorniy odyag. The summits tied the heads of the dogs to the horse's head, and small oxen to the rump. Tse meant that the stench was guilty of vinyuhuvati, vigrizati and vimitati zrada from the country. From the prisoners to the oprichnina of the lands, you will be guilty of the bully and come to the uttermanship of the royal court and the oprichnaya vіyska. Take over the oprichnaya territory, the tsar not letting the zora and zemshchina out of the field. All the necessary inquiries about this part of the state have been added to your name. The order of the oprichnina appeared at once. Respect to disagree with unwanted persons. In the oprichnaya territory there were a lot of boyars and nobles, and they were sent to live in Kazan. Representatives of the old-time Russian canopies were demolishing the settlements in an unknown place.

oprichnich terror

At the oprichnina the tsar took the Zemsky Cathedral to discuss the food about the visit to Livonin. Most of the participants were involved in the war. Especially for the purpose, the priests fought, as they pushed the land off at entry, as well as the merchant, who was victorious in their commercial interests to port on the Baltic. At the end of the Council, a group of nobles turned to the tsar with rumors about the liquidation of the oprichnina. The result of the Cathedral will be natural. In 1567 the Russian army went viral to Livoniya. Ale overnight, the tsar pochav new repressions. Some of the opponents of the oprichnina were straying, and they were publicly seen in batogs. Proceed against the oprichnini with Metropolitan Philip. At his sermons in the Dormition Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin, the Metropolitan vikrivav the tsar's violence. Once the tsar at once with his virny pomichniks - the oprichniks on the chola of Malyuta Skuratov, who became the head oprichnim, who escaped into the cathedral with a shabby head, bazhayuchi splatters of the metropolitan. At the same time, the oprichnik Oleksiy Basmanov zirvav from Philip to the priest's rizi and signaled to the cathedral. Tse sacrilege did not thwart the king. The Metropolitan was sent to the comrades' monastery. Some of the church children also suffered a lot. Piznishe Malyuta Skuratov looking at the metropolitan of horrible death. The Russian Orthodox Church protected Metropolitan Philip to the face of the saints. New strati went to the end of the metropolitan. Tsar zmusiv Volodymyr Staritskiy vipiti otrutu, zaginol and all this family. A special place in the history of the oprichnina took over the abduction of the oprichnina vіyska on the cholі with the tsar to Novgorod in 1570 Novgorod, a whole lot of freedoms, led to the Zakhod, having long been hated by the tsar. Vin rosumiv, no idea of ​​autocratic rulership does not know there children from the middle of the boyars, or the middle of the common people. The corps of the oprichniks was demolished on the seditious place, along the road they were thrown Klin, Tver and Torzhok. The guardsmen took over hundreds of corpses, rozoreni places, robbed booths behind them. Having entered Novgorod, Ivan IV punished everyone to resist, who had taken it before the dose, and drowned it in Volkhov. Novgorodska around the bully is emptied, the grain is burned, the thinness of the poverty. Lost a lot of villagers, remissniks, merchants. The incendiary place of navika has lost its meaning as the supernatural of Moscow. Thousands of carts with the looted mine of Ivan IV's supernatural juggernaut to the zvorotny way. Tse bula peremoga over his people. Novgorod did not know such a thing at the time of ordinances. Parallny expeditions also shocked Narva, Ivangorod and Pskov. Come back to Moscow, Ivan the Terrible was breaking more fearful curry. At all times, he was sent to the Moscow clerks, and also to the people from Novgorod to Moscow. Nearly 300 were taken on the area. Among them is the buv and the head of the Ambassador, I will be instructed by Dyak Ivan VisKovaty. Part of the flooded people Ivan IV generously forgave, and those who were in the middle, Viskovaty, ochikuvala lyuta kara. The king and his retinue themselves pricked them with copies and slicked their heads with templates. The oprichnina is fiercely more and more fierce. At the tsіy ganebnіy spravі, thrown out by the Terrible, took the fate not only of the oprichniy vіysko, but thіs common townspeople and nіvіt slaves, tі, who rushed to lead rakhunki with their enemies. The formidable tsar deprived of giving a signal to the oprichnaya policy. By the day, one part of the population at the time of the tsar stood up against the idea. The guardsmen reported one on one, they called one one in the heart of the sovereign, fought for the scratch of the king's beat, for the land, come, privilege. The glorified Russian warlords and among them - the celebrations of the commander M.I. Vorotinsky. For an hour, the oprichnini went to the strata, or they fought for the cordon all the seeming Russian commanders. It is impossible to think that they were seen in Russia in the 16th century. Chimos is special. Everywhere in Europe, the centralization of powers is supervised by hard strata, by supernicks, by new favorites. The skin of the land has little of its own. In Spain, for example, the fierce Catholic Inquisition, and Philip II from the happy spasters, as from the 20th to 30th opponents were slept in the openings. King Charles IX of France took the fate of the merciless Protestants at Bartholomewska Nich 1572 r Swedish King Erik XIV the Strait is not less bloody before the hour of numerous vows of his enemies, not Ivan the Terrible. The English queen Єlizaveta fought at the very same hour for the legal decline of the throne. Marya Stewart, she was straying herself and her friends. Tsikavo, in the course of the passage of Elizabeth and Ivan IV, they looked at one and the same political lane, as if they were going to be lucky in their land. Ale in Russia, the oprichnina took especially vitality, barbaric forms of fighting with supernaturals, true and clear. Tse buv pouring in the rough, wild, unkempt vdachi Grozny, his sickly adolescence and revenge. The sharpness and the greater scale of repression were explained and the fact that in the minds of the old warriors, the military state and the growth of the autocratic power, the specialness of the people was getting less and less.

Kinets oprichnini. Until 1572, the oprichny strati began to fade. For the additional oprichnina, Ivan Grozny strangled whether it was a misconception and the midst of the right in the midst of the rightness, not only of his opponents, quietly, but not bravely for the idea of ​​autocracy, altogether all the protests, but all the protests It became obvious that the oprichnina was overbearing the cob. The oprichniks fought more among themselves, less caught up with the tsar's interests. The oprichnina army showed itself to the nasty side at the little ones with the Krymsk Tatars on the way to Moscow. The guardsmen kindly fought with the people, they were afraid there, desperately, they would sacrifice the lives of the state. Tatars overcame Zemske Vіysko. In 1572 the tsar zaboroniv vzhivati ​​navit the word "oprichnina". The oprichniy v_ysko bulo was released. Ale, rule the king with the people trivial. Until the end of the life of Ivan IV, the dvir was established as an institution of management (on the view of the zemskiy administration, Dumy, ordered, etc.), as if it had been the order of the day.

The name of the policy of Ivan IV

zd_ysnuvalasya in three directions: at the entrance - the fight for the way to the Baltic Sea; at the first gathering and gathering - the struggle against the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates and the ear of the development of Siberia; on pivdnі - the owner of the Russian lands from the nabigіv of the Krymsk Khanate. Tatar hani robbed robbery raids on the Russian land. On the territory of the Kazan and Astrakhan Khanates, in captivity, there were thousands of Russian people who were flooded for an hour. Zhorstoko exploited local populations - Chuvash, Mary, Udmurti, Mordovians, Tatars, Bashkirs. Along the territory of the khanates, having laid the Volzky Way, the Volga could not be victorious with the Russian people in all its prototypes. They were enticed by Russian friends and dear, sparsely populated lands of the cich kraivs.

With a handful of Ivan the Terrible, having broken diplomatic crooks, straightened to the order of the Kazan Khanate, the ale stench did not bring success. In 1552 Kazan was surrounded by the 100 thousandth Russian Tsar. Vono bulo is more beautiful than ozbroєne, nіzh Tatarska. Artillery of Ivan IV Mala 150 Great Garmat. Victorian podkop and barrels of gunpowder, Russian piedrvali walls of Kazan. Kazanske Khanate viznalo peremozhim. The people of the Middle Volga region went to the warehouse of the Russian state. In 1556 Ivan the Terrible won the Astrakhan Khanate. For the first time, all of the Volga region will be built in Russia. Vilniy Volzkiy trade route is a sign of polish and trade with a return.

In the middle of the XVI century. to the warehouse of Russia, Bashkiria, Chuvashia, Kabarda. The admission of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates opened up new perspectives, making it possible to access the basins of the great Siberian rivers. The Siberian Khan Ediger, in 1556, after recognizing the basal dependencies from Moscow, altogether changed the khan Kuchum (? - Unit 1 598), having become aware of the government of Moscow (having driven away the Muscovites, having killed the Russian ambassador).

The merchants of Stroganov, as soon as the tsar received a letter from the land to go to the Urals, according to the decision of Moscow, they cleared the great zag of the Cossacks to fight against Khan Kuchum. Cossack otaman Yrmak (? -1585) became a cotton paddock. In 1581 r zagin rmak zagryvav vіyskam Kuchum, and through the rіk occupying the capital of the Siberian Khanate Kashlik.

Remaining Kuchum was built in 1598, and Zakhidna Sibir Bula was transferred to the Russian state. The laws of the Russian Federation were approved in the attached territories. I welcomed the development of Siberia by Russian industrialists, villagers and craftsmen.

Zovnіshnіpolitichni dії Rossіya na Zakhodі - the struggle for the way to the Baltic Sea, for the Baltic lands, seized by the Livonian Order. Bagato Baltic lands long ago belonged to Novgorod Rus. The banks of the river Neva and the Finnskiy inflow were included earlier to the warehouse of the lands of Veliky Novgorod. In 1558, the Russian leadership was demolished on Zakhid, the Livonska was reigned, which was trivial until 1583 r.

The Livonian Vіynu extends into three stages: until 1561, the Russian vіyska completed the defeat of the Livonian Order, took Narva, Tartu (Derpt), went to Tallinn (Revel) and Rizi; Until 1578, the fate of the vіyna from Livoniya was transformed for Russia and the vіynu against Poland, Lithuania, Switzerland, Dania. Vіyskovі dії got into a protracted nature. Russian vіyska fought with winter success, taking over a number of Baltic fortresses in 1577.

The camp was cleared up by the weakening of the government of the country as a result of the ruining of the guardsmen. The change was made to the Russian military population as a result of the victories.

At the end of the period, Prince Kurbsky, one of the most famous Russian military leaders, who knew Ivan the Terrible's plan before that, passed away. The camp was made more difficult by empty raids on the Russian land of the Crimean Tatars.

In 1569, Poland and Lithuania were united into a single state - Rich Pospolita. Accession to the throne Stephen Batoriy (1533-1586) went over to the offensive; from 1579 Russian military battles were fought. In 1579 Polotsk was occupied, in 1581 - in Veliky Luki, the Poles took Pskov into the oblast. The heroic defense of Pskov was honored (having rectified the military commander I.P. Shuisky), yaka trivala five months. The manhood of the landlords of the place was sponted by Stefan Batoria, who was seen from the local region.

However, Livonska Viyna ended with the signatures of the unseen for Russia Yam-Zapolsky (from Poland) and Plyussky (from Sweden) truce. The Russians were brought to the view of the conquered lands and towns. Lands of the Baltic states were flooded by Poland and Sweden. Viyna hung the strength of Russia. The head of the conquest of the way to the Baltic Sea was not a problem.

The fringes of Livon's war, nabigi of the Krymsk khan, the rozorennya, the oprichnin's establishment, brought the land of indiscriminate losses. We got healthy, strong, young warriors. The oprichny terror was vaccinated to death by the bestowed commanders, commanding people, as well as merchants, remissniks, and villagers. Tsilі boyarskі and noble families bully virіzanі pіd korіn. Repression is not unique to the Church. Yak they said todi, the state was desolate. At the mice of bagatoh sil, there are now empty spaces. Overgrown with chagarnik and fox rylla. Especially great are the spirit of the Novgorod and Pskov lands. In 1581, the order of Ivan the Terrible voted so called zapovidnі fate (from the word "zapovid" - "fence"). Perekhіd villagers at Yurіїv day zaboronyavsya right up to a special decree. Silent pir and yde order: "Axis for you, grandma, and Yuriy day!" Tsei zahid was introduced with the chat of yak timchasov. Years later, all the villagers, who were written in 1581 according to the clerk's books in 1581, were attached to their lands at once with their offspring. So the stench was found in the growing fallowness of the vlasniks of the land. Now you can buy and sell at once with the land. So an ear of lawful law was laid in Russia, yak existed until 1861 r

The Epoch of Ivan the Terrible, її burhliv podії, tied to the wisdom of the centralized state, reintroduced Russia to the kingdom, by the rights of the boyars, donated to Kazan, oprichnina, we knew the pictures, the folklore The greatest manifestation of the Russian culture has become far away from the expansion of the horizon, scale. All more and more cultural events in the life of the land appeared to be tied from the history of one principality, one land, ale from the heaths and ideas of one great power ... The creators of kazoks, bilines, prislivs, orders, author of letters, architects, artists perceived themselves as inhabitants of a majestic and strong state. At the same hour, more and more, the idea of ​​autocratic power, the oprichnina of terror, the warfare of the Church against heresy and thoughtlessness was poured into their creativity. Folklore in the povn_y world was brought up by the heroes of this burghlivaya pori. At the Kazkahs, the vistupaє in the first line is the yaskrava, Ivana the Terrible is super-articulate. On one side, he will challenge himself as a fighter against the boyars, as a priest of the people, all the humiliations and the deputies. From his side, a terrible despot, who can not tolerate rubbing. In the historical songs of the tsar, the shooter and the accordion are glorified for taking Kazan. He became the legendary conqueror of Sibir, Urmak Timofiyovich, who became the legendary conqueror of Siberia. In the eyes of the people, he is an ideal hero, smilivy, wise and just. The people in their creativity write a strong Russia, understandable to themselves to the doings of the state, unimpressed in all the zhorstokosti of the new regime. And even before the Kazakhs and the picturesque boules, they were permeated by some tightness for the new and old parts, crushed by the Ordinian chobot. Chulis in them the drowning and pride of the first peremog over the Ordintsy. Now life has changed, history has changed for the people, and Kazakhs and children have become the same. New appearances in mystery and life. The autocratic claims of Vasil III and Ivan the Terrible were brought up in a number of churches, the creators of which were rejected to acknowledge the actions of the Russian volodars. In honor of the people of Ivan IV, Vasyl III ordered to visit the Church of the Ascension in the village of Kolomenskoye, and she became a wonder of modern stone architecture. Tse buv yaskraviy butt of the so-called Russian hipped architecture, if the wake-upers were opening the One-domed temples at the viglyady kam'yanogo name. З XVI Art. takі temples embellish Ruska earth. In a similar style, there are nine tents with stone tents for the prompting and famous Cathedral of St. Basil the Blessed in Moscow. In painting, or rather to say in the iconography, the elements of realism appeared, the transition from the icon to the portrait and genre painting. Ale to a spravzhny portrait, to spravzhnya genre painting is far away. The change of faith to the people in the course of ten years has been changed every now and then. Life in the majestic expanses of Russia has lost its tradition, like hundreds of years ago. Tі z kurnі hati, the same wood dishes, tі w rozvagi. Deeds of ruin were seen in the great places. Mica and glass appeared to replace the coli, which were tightened by the scourge bulbs. On the life of the upper spheres of the suspension, they poured wider contacts with the earth powers. In 1553, in the arm of the Pivnichnoy Dvini, he threw the yakir an English ship, and, unfortunately, Ivan IV received his captain Richard Chancellor. Respect for the post-trade contacts with England. All the more often they came to Russia with the help of the merchants from the European regions. In the clothes of the noble Muscovites, there have been some western novelties, some of which, in the old fashion, have become short haircuts, revealing them. The shahs appeared at the booths, ancient musical instruments - organi, harpsichord, clavicordi. From Novgorod to Moscow, a richly voiced church spіv came. Ale everything was deprived of the old Russian and old Moscow life in the sea. Spravzhnі zmіni will be in advance.

Literacy and book management

The creation of the new state, the reforms of the central and city administration, coveted all the greater number of literate people. The stench of consumed boules and in zemstvo huts, and in orders. Maystri letters appeared, as they helped to write people to the princess, who would write a deed of purchase or deed. The handbooks appeared from grammar and arithmetic. Persha Russian grammar of sklav vikhodets from walnuts Maxim Grek. Under Ivan the Terrible, for the first time, a number of healthy young people were sent to Constantinople for the education of walnut language and grammar; All often in the booths of rich people there were libraries, which included both Russian manuscripts, as well as books, transferred from walnut, Latin, Old Hebrew language. Ivan the Terrible Volodiv in the majestic library. Dozens of books can be found on the sheets and in their works. Since the death of the king, the library has become famous. Kudi won? De zakhavana - in the pіdzemliy of the Moscow Kremlin, in the Oleksandrіvskiy Sloboda? Until now, the feast of the tamnitsa has not been guessed. An important change in the history of Russian education was the appearance of friendship in Russia. After 100 years of writing Gutenberg, 1564 r, the Russian maister Ivan Fedorov, having handled the book "Apostle", is a wonderful colleague, who inspite of the most popular texts of the Vangel and Bibliya in that hour. Let us win a few more books. However, the clergy began to see the Russian leader, who was ringing him in the heretic busyness, in the chaklunstv. On їхnya dumka, relіgіynі texts can be rewritten only from hand to hand. For їх pіdburyuvannya NATO has defeated the Persha rosіysku drukarnya. Ivan Fedorov zmusheniy buv travel to Lithuania. There I saw the first Russian "Primer". "Domostroy". Among the first Russian vidians to see "Domostroy", which is based on the behavior of the Orthodox people in the family and suspensions. Yogo was the creator of the priest Sylvester, a zealous champion of patriarchal orders. Sylvester vselyako advocated for the mercy of the role of the father and father in the family, for the unhealthy vikonannya of church rituals. Litographies and historical creation. Under the leadership of Metropolitan Makarios, and at the hour of Grozny itself, the literature and historical creation were published, in which a thought was held about the decline of the power of the Russian autocrats and the Russian autocracy. Tsimi ideas of buv napovneniya Osobovy zvіd, or Nikonіvskiy litopis, in yakіy bulo 16 yew. color species (miniatures-illustrations). The entire Russian history in the whole of the literature went unhealthily, to the thought of the authors of the star, to the royal power of Ivan IV. The idea of ​​autocracy, the divine proclamation of the tsarist power can also be seen in the "Degree Knizi", de crock by croc, all steps of the Rurik dynasty are shown, as well as in the "Kazan History", as he told about the capture of Kazan. Historical stories and reports told about the new days of Ivan the Terrible's hours - about the journey to Novgorod, the tsar's days, and the struggle with the Earthlings. So, "Tale about the Battle of Molodin" challenged the Russians over the Krymsk Khan in 1572, "Tale about the passage of Stephen Batoria to Pskov" heroic defense place. XVI Art. having surpassed for the future generation and this kind of literature, like publicity, that is, create, written on a burning topic. Such a "bitty nobleman Ivan Peresvetov to the Tsar," in which he called out to the young monarch to fight for the change of his own power, to the boyars. During the reign of Peresvit in the capacity of visuvav in Turechchina, de all piddans were respected by the servants of the Sultan. The same autocratic land author wants Bachiti and Russia.

Invincible, important and irrelevant for the hour of the X V I - XVII century. for our country. At the price of the majestic Zusils, bloody warriors, quick diplomatic changes and intrigues of great Moscow princes and tsars until the end of the 16th century. they transformed Russia into a majestic and strong centralized state. At the end of the hour, the population became 7 million people. Tse bulo more, less in be-yakiy іnshіy European land. The territory of Russia prostrated itself on Europe and Asia. Ale tsya mіts і tsі razmіri mali y zorotny bіk. The expansion of the territory of the country was brought mainly on the basis of the economy - poorly lived, sparsely populated, hoping and rich in its natural resources of the land. The stench boi signified from the centers of the Holy Civilization, but it meant that Russia in its territory, in its interests, is more and more involved in the world. Timing an hour, a remote cordon with densely populated Russian lands, large and industrial regions, as well as a trip to the Baltic and Black Sea, and to visit the land of the Russian Federation, the Central and Eastern Caucasus.

Until the ear of the 17th century. Naturally-climatic and economical minds of the Russian people and the Russian state have become abandoned as and earlier in the region they were unimaginable, albeit sometimes with the other European countries. It was clear that it is only possible to break the course of history by force. The first sprobi appeared not far away. Bagatorichna Livonska v_ynchilas to no avail. The beginning of the revival of the qikh food was seen in the 17th century. Itself in the other half of the XVI century, And then in the first ten years of the XVII century. went farther away from Russia from the leading European regions. Tilki scho was united with the majestic difficult in a single centralized state of the land in the other half of the XVI century. entered into a swamp of important offensive wars and a terrible oprichnina. Three times, Russia came out weakened and rooted. For all the growing vitrats of vlada zbilshuvala, there are a lot of tributes. As a result of a tax-rich press, as a result of rozorennya and hunger, a lot of peasants were on the new earth, for the ukrittya of all-powerful boyars-patrimonials and rich monasteries, such as a small feeble for the pilgrims and the possibility of seeing them. In the case of boules, they have been introduced so called zapovіdnі lіta, scho fenced off; in the row of rose-covered districts of the village, go from one owner to the other. As a rule, in Russia, there was an important famine, stealing, robbery and violence were common throughout the land. ? Dashing people? they pointed to places and villages. Immediately, the villagers' zaorushennya against the tsars and the tsarist powers, donations, rewrites, how they became the Book of Writing, the villagers and the townspeople wrote down on their places of living without the right to transition. Until the ear of the 17th century. feudal lands in Russia, that is, the leaves of some people from the land were left behind (the feudal lords were all right to the land, and the villagers were left behind from the landowners), became more and more VILNI HUGE land in the mattress. Significantly pushed forward the form of the autocratic power of the monarch. The oprichnina played a great role in the whole process. Vona dealt a devastating blow to the surplus of the pet system, the princely and boyars' svavil, defeated the central government, the special dictatorship of the monarch. Ale vona has generated і numerical, not surrounded by the law ominous evil, who stood on the heights of the suspension. Vikhid from his heavy encampment of Russia to the ear of the XVII century. whispered in the change of the feudal system, on the closure of the lower camps, in the Persha peasants, the strengthening of the central autocratic power, conquering at the gathering, preparing to fight for the retreat to the Baltic Sea, for the defense of the second Until the ear of the 17th century. significant boules of success of the Russian culture, ale її golovny directly - in literature, in painting, architecture, publicity, in other spheres - it was in that, in order to represent the growth of unity, centrality, supremacy Russian Orthodox Church.

The earliest fact and the most troublesome cause of confusion was the reign of the royal dynasty. The brutal tse of death is attributed to the death of three blues of Ivan the Terrible: Ivan, Fedor and Dmitr. The eldest of them, Ivan, will already grow up and become friendly, if killed by the father. By the nature of the wine, I completely skipped over to the dad, taking on the fate of all the right and the fun and, it seems, was the same zhorstokst, as I saw Grozny. After the death of the Terrible himself, two blues were lost in the living: Fedir, the child of Dmitro, the populace in this one who is Grozny with Mary naked.

Folded by the imperious Ivan from five Nobles of the Verkhovna Duma: Prince Ivan Mstislavsky - the elder Boyar and Voevodi, Mikity Romanovich Yur'ev - the uncle of the sovereign, Prince Peter Shuisky, Bogdan Bolsky - the pestun of the prince of the First Prince Boris Fyodor “... in nypersha nich (18 birch 1584 fate), after the death of Grozny, hung from the capital of Bagatokh from the capitals of the city of Bagatyokh, who went to the dungeon, and to the relatives of the widow of the Tsarina, naked, in the namir of the nakedness of young Dimitriy with a spadkoemer Ivanov). Moscow was praised; ale Boyari vgamuvati tse hvilyuvannya: they swore allegiance to Theodore at once from the officials, and in the offensive wounded they wrote in writing ”.

Fedir became the king. Earthen after Fletcher and Sapega paint Fedor with singing rice. The tsar of growth was low, they were swollen with a special and unsteady pace, and, moreover, they constantly smiled. Sapega, who beat the tsar for an hour of audition, seems to have eliminated the general bewilderment of the enemy. The same yogo will be described by N.M. Karamzin: “On the thunder of the throne of the zuhvali tormentor, Rosiya beat the fasting and the slave-leader, more for the cell and the pechery, not for the sovereign nation: so, in the year of greatness, talking about Theodore himself, Ioann, mourning the death of the old one. Do not inherit the rosum of the royal, Theodore is not maw and dignified callousness of the old man, neither the manly beauty of the grandfather and the greatness: having grown small, she felt quiet, a special kind of evil; collapsed in general, walking with an irregular crocus, because of weakness in the legs; in a word, having manifested in his own moment the heat of natural and spiritual forces. "

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				"Russian Religiyne poklikannya, poklikannya vinyatkov, clink with the power and greatness of the Russian state, with the vinyatkov values ​​of the Russian tsar" ON. Berdyaev . "Ivan III is one of the most wonderful people, as the Russian people are guilty of zgaduvati for children, who, in fairness, can write." Historian of the XIX century N. D. Chechulin. "Vlady, as I am zastosovu according to the date of my parents, I can easily overturn all monarchs in all my world." Sigizmund von Herberstein
Ivan Vasilovich III. (22.01.1441-27.10.1505)

Ioann III should be close to the number of even less sovereigns, so that the Provincials will be robbed of a greater share of the peoples: the hero is not only Russian, but of the All-Holy History. Ioann appeared at the theater to the politician at that hour, if the new sovereign system could at once be able to see the sovereigns in the whole of Europe on the ruins of the systems of feudalism, or even more. Russia is close to three capital passed the pose with a stake of European political action, do not take the fate of important changes civil life of the people. I do not want to be afraid of rapt; I would like a praiseworthy Zusilla of the Princes of Moscow, from Kaliti to Vasyl the Dark, they were richly prepared for the Edinish and our internal capacity: Ale Rossiya for Ivan III as she went out of the same way, which is not small in a new way, but not a single solid way.

Grand Duke Ivan Vasilovich- Grand Duke of Moscow (1462-1505), sovereign of all Russia,Appeared in the tin of his famous onuk Ivan IV, who wants his merit in the right of the Russian statehood, immeasurably greater in proportion to the great success of the first Russian tsar. Ivan III, by the very essence of his creation of the Russian state, enshrining the principle of sovereign government, the power of Russia in the XVI-XX centuries.

In the other half of the 16th century, when it was written about it, Ivan the Terrible went down to the last one, so the folklore of the first bully is "attributed" to another.

Historians back in the 19th century, according to the merit, appreciated the skin insertions from the cichs of sovereigns;

Grand Duke Ivan III Vasilovich did not formally vote himself "tsar", but the word "power" sounded for the first time.

Obsyag yogo "sovereign" possession of the anitrohi is not less than the tsar's.

Sovereign of Moscow Ivan III Vasilovich otrimav from the history of the great great. Karamzin put him on the path of Peter I, but Ivan III defeated the great sovereign on the right, not vdayuchitsya to violence against the people.
It is simple to explain the price in the inhalant. On the right, in the one that is alive in the state, the creator of Ivan III. If in 1462 rotsi vin having ascended the Moscow throne, the Moscow principality is still zvidusil bulo otochennye Russian volodinnyi: Pan of Veliky Novgorod, the princes of comrades, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Ryazan. Ivan Vasilovich ordered his own land, either by force or by peaceful pleasures. So, in the end of his prince, in 1505 rotsi, ivan III mav in all cordons of the Moscow state and the same people are deprived of the new and the people of the cich susides: Swedes, Nimtsiv, Lithuania, Tatars.

Ivan Vasilovich, being one of the family of princes, would like to be the most powerful, having deigned or in order to get the best of it, having transformed himself into a single sovereign of the whole people.After completing the zbirannya of the Russian lands, they went over to the Ordi's spheres. When the stage of the political fragmentation of Russia ends, the residual sounding from the Ordinsky yoke has arisen.

Tsar Ivan the Terrible in his famous messengers named his father Ivan III " messenger of lies ", zgaduvav“The great sovereign Ivan Vasilovich, the picker of Rusky lands and the numerical lands of Volodar”.

The great assessment of Ivan III's performance is known in the earthly dzherels, and in them the very political and victorious successes of the Grand Duke were especially appreciated. Navi King Casimir IV, a persistent opponent of Ivan III, characterizing his yak “ the leader, the glorious Bagatma peremogami, who Volodya is a majestic belongings ", I stayed as a "lightweight" in the appearance of the opposite power. Polish historian on the cob XVI century Matviy Mekhovsky wrote about the Grand Duke Ivan III: “Tse buv gospodarsky and korisny earths of his sovereign. Win ... with his prudent dedication in order to pay tribute and pay tribute is quiet, to whom he himself paid earlier. Having won and vaccinated to conquer the Misha and the land of Asia, it is widespread to stand for the meeting and for the winter. "

***

In the middle of the XV century. Lithuania was weakened, yak felt under the blows of the Crimean and Ordinian khans, Ugorts, Livonians, Danes, Russians. The Polish kingship helped Lithuania, but didn’t know the Grand Dukes of Lithuania, but they thought about independence, they were happy to help. Those Poles felt themselves not calling quietly through the constant onslaught from the approach (from the side of the Nimetsky emperors) and from the last day (from the side of the Ugric and steppe). In Scandinavia, a new force has become a nation - Sweden, as long as it is fallen from Dania, but it itself was in control of Finland. The hour of Sweden came in 1523, if during the reign of King Gustav I won a ring from Dania. However, even for an hour, Ivana III won the right in the Baltic region. At the Descent from Moscow in the 1440s. the Kazan Khanate was built - not even stronger, a little younger and younger. Gold The Horde was now in control of only insignificant territories in the lower Don and Volga. Ottoman Turks wandered across the Black Sea. U 1453r. the stench destroyed the Vizantiysk empire, continued the conquest in the Balkans and in the other points of Eurasia. It’s not so soon that it’s not so soon that it’s possible to get to Prince Ivan III to lead his diplomatic igri here, as a result of which is rich in the success of all the Russian people.

Suvore dignity

Grand Duke Ivan III Vasilovich, another sin of the Grand Duke Moskovsky Vasil II Vasilovich the Darkborn in Moscow 22 September 1440 Rock and fell grandson Dmytro Donskoy, survived in the Battle of Kulikov. Mati Ivana - Marya Yaroslavna, daughter of Prince Yaroslav Volodimirovich Borovskiy.Tsikavo prophecy, those who were tied with Ivan III and Vilny Novgorod, they were already fighting against Moscow for their political independence. In the 40s rr. XV century in the Novgorod monastery at the Klopsky Pidgirsky tract Blessed Mikhailo labored, vidomy in the Father's holy days before the Klopsky's name. In 1400 the first time he saw the Metropolitan Archbishop Evfimiy. The blessed one said to the lady:"And the joy of the year is great in Moscow. The Grand Duke of Moscow has a synonym, who was given ime Ivan.and I call the land of our land from the future, the gold and the wealth of money, and the land of the Lord of all the land of Russia. "

Ivan was born in the stormy hour of war, war and troubles. Slowly boomed on the early and remote cordons of Russia: the number of hani fell apart at that hour, the Horde often came to empty raids on the Russian land. Especially not safe buv Ulu-Muhammad, cheruyuchiy by the Great Horde. On the 7th of 1445, the fate of the battle before Suzdal was full of the Tatars after drinking the Grand Duke Vasil Vasilovich himself. On the completion of all bid 14, vigorila Moscow has fallen to ashes: Kam'yan temples and part of the fortress walls have collapsed into the fire. Through the great princess - the grandmother of our hero Sofia Vitovna and mother Maria Yaroslavna - we traveled with children to Rostov. Happily, the Tatars didn’t dare to go to the bezakhisnu Russian capital.

1 zhovtnya Ulu-Muhammad, honoring the majestic wikup,letting Vasil Vasilovich go home. The Tatar embassy is great for the Grand Duke supervodzhuval, as it is not enough to sit behind the fence of the vicupu in the Russian cities. The Tatars have denied the right to manage them until quietly, as long as they do not take the required amount of money.

Tse gave a terrible blow to the prestige of the Grand Duke, whom Dmytro Shemyak didn’t think of to be quick. To the cruel 1446 rock of Vasily Vasilovich, taking with him the blue of Ivan and Yuriy Menshoy, heading for goodbye to the Troitsky Monastery -"Hit Sergiyev's grave with a cholom", before "To the patron saint of the land of Russia, the intercessor before the Lord God."At his place there is Prince Dmitro, who entered Moscow for the first time, having rescued the mother and the squad of Vasil Vasilovich, as well as

Bagatokh boyars, who trimmed the side of the Grand Duke, and they took the Warta unabashedly;

At noon from 17 to 18, the fierce dad, following the order of Dmitry Shemyak, was sent to Uglich. Nastilka zhorstoka kara became the apostle of the new Grand Duke: in 1436, Vasil Vasilovich himself did the same, and they treated him to the brim with Vasil, the brother of Dmitry Shemyak. Ivan and Yuriy went after the daddy into the same Uglich.

Utrimati the power vyavilsya more important, nіzh conquer. Until autumn, the vine is a vacuum of moisture. On the 15th spring of 1446, through seven months of reigning in Moscow, Dmytro Shemyak, having released his blind supernik to freedom, gave him his patrimony in Vologda. Tse became a cob of kint: all the opponents of the Grand Duke were reaching out to the place without a bar. The abbot of the Cyril-Bilozersky Monastery, Tryphon, sounded to Vasyl the Dark from the church of Shemyake, and through the rіk sent the dullness of our hero's father neatly turned to Moscow.

Dmytro Shemyaka has come to his fiefdom and continued to fight against Vasil Temny. At the Lipna in 1453, the fate of Vasil the Dark was sent to Shemyaka by the people of Mis'yak.

daddy's decline

We can only do it,they almost felt like they were in the soul of Prince Ivan Vasilovich in his early childhood. Shonaymenshe three times - in 1445 and two in 1446 rots - he was guilty of a mortal fear: the Tatar father was full and burnt to Moscow, flowing into Murom, Uglitska, the connection - all fell on the lot of the five-sixth boy.

Life zmusilo early grew up the prince.From themselves young rock_v vinhaving appeared in the thick of political struggle,becoming a pomichnik of his own blind dad. It was inaccessible to know order with him, taking part in all his campaigns, and even in the sixth day of the enlistment with the daughter of the Tver prince, which would not mean the union of two single supernicks - Moscow and Tver.

Already in 1448, Ivan Vasilovich was titled in the writings of the Grand Duke, as it was himself and his father. Zadovgo before the accession to the throne in the hands of Ivan Vasilovich, a lot of power will appear; vіn vіkonuє important vіyskovі and political instructions. In 1448 he moved from Volodymyr to Vіyskiy, having made the Tatars more important, and in 1452 he returned to his first Vіyskiy trip. On the cob of the 50s, pp. XV Art. Ivan Vasilovich krok after krok opanovuvav the difficult craft of the sovereign, having turned to the throne, it is not a clerical bouv to stand on ceremony, not only with the enemies, but with the potential superniks.

Public mass strata - do not smell the Persh in Russia! - completed and the rule of the slap: Vasil Vasilovich, having learned about the number of serving people, the connection of Prince Vasil Yaroslavich, "In the wake of the imati, and the execution, and the beat with the batog, and the hands, and the legs, and cut off the heads" .Uchere 27 birch 1462 The rock suffered dryness with ailments (cystkovy tuberculosis) Vasil Dark died, having transferred the great prince to the elder synovia Ivan and the dear skin with great volodinnyas.

firm hand

Father passed on to the young prince the kryhky world with susides. It was unsettled in Novgorod and Pskov. In the Great Horde, the ambitious Akhmat, who was born to the power of the Chinggisids, came to power. Political predilections gagged Moscow itself. Ale Ivan III buv ready to go crazy. In his twenty-two fate, he already has a firm character, a sovereign mind, diplomatic wisdom. Significantly pіznіshe, the Venetian ambassador Kontarіnі said this:“The Grand Duke is close to 35 rockies. Vin high for growth and artistic, ale with us, a handsome cholovik " ... Some of the testimonies of his life meant that Ivan III, in his own emoticons, often passed through the framework of the surroundings, was sure to secure all possible inheritances of his grandchildren, and in the most recent years

Unhealthy in perelіduvannі nіchenoi meti, wіddіng miraculously creeping around with the surroundings and for days rіshuche, if we succeed in securing. Yogo headlong sweeping the flood of the Russian lands and the transfer of them to Moscow. At the end of the day, in the footsteps of the good and bad, having overshadowed the butt for inheriting the falloffs. The sharing of the Russian land has been honored by the blatant historical zavdannya since the hours of Yaroslav the Wise. If you have clenched all your strength into one fist, you can be preyed on from steppe kochivniks, Poland, Lithuania, people of Germany and Swedes.

Why did the Grand Duke come to rule?

The head staff members have secured the safety of the mid-range frontiers. For a large demand, we will establish political control over Kazan

khanate. To his own permission, that continuous conflict with Novgorod. As early as 1462 r, Novgorods arrived in Moscow after "about peace." The foreground light of layouts, and Ivan III, in the course of a foldable diplomatic gray, pulled into his side іnshoї vilne misto, Pskov, and put a grip on Novgorod ourselves. As a result of the cynical politics of Ivan III, in the superstretches between Novgorod and Pskov, he became the grasp of the role of the master arbiter, the word of which is the law. First and foremost, win first appeared in the role of the head of the whole Russian land.In 1463, Vikoristovuchi diplomatic gift of the dyak Oleksiya Poluektova, brought him to the Moscow state Yaroslavl, Uklav ​​with the prince of Tverskoy svit, having befriended the prince of Ryazansky on his daughter, having made him an independent prince.

U 1463-1464 rr. Ivan III, "viyavivya povaga to the old days", giving Pskov that messenger that the city dwellers wanted. If the stench wanted to "see" from the Novgorod ruler and establish an independent episcopate, Ivan III, having shown firmness, did not follow the lead of the Pskovites and commanded, "pokazyuyu old", forget everything like bulo. Zanadto is a lot of self-reliance davati Pskov is not varto.Here sideways Livonian Order, Lithuania, Dania, Hanseatic merchants, Swedes ...

U 1467. a plague was approaching Russia. The people are zustriv її "with vague and fear." People are tired of the community of recklessness. More than 250 thousand people were killed by the won people. And here Ivan III's squad, the Grand Duchess Marya, died a little more quickly. Ivan III shukav is a way of developing people who do not live up to life, but are driven by her. Vosni 1467 in organizing a trip to Kazan. The walk was short. Kazan Khan Ibrahim came to the same place, - having sent a zagin to Russia, Ale Ivan III, having guessed about the khan's move, changing the place near the Cord.

V 1468 Grand Duke Sporyadzha 3 hike to skid. The squad of Prince Semyon Romanovich passed through the Cheremis land (Vyatka region and a part of the bitter Tatarstan), broke through the edge of the fox, covered it with snow, into the land of the Cheremis and took up the looting. The squad of Prince Ivan Striga-Obolensky drove the Kazants, who invaded the Kostroma land. Prince Danilo Kholmsky defeated the robbers in front of Murom. Then they drove the citizens of Nizhegorods and Muromtsy themselves, they violated the khanate of Kazan.

Tsi operatsii buli of its own kind to develop a boom. Ivan III sent a great trip and virus to Kazan.

From the passive military defense, Russia went over to the strategic offensive. The range of vіyskovyh dіy hostile, the ease of the dostyagnennі meti bulo majestic.

Viyna with the Kazan Khanate ended with a crossover of the Russians in 1469 g., If Ivan III came to the capital of the Khanate, it was hard for the Ibrahim to visit "Establish the world on all the will of the Sovereign of Moscow"... The Russians took the majestic Wikup and turned to the Batkivshchyna of all those who were killed in Kazan in the past 40 years.

At the end of the hour, the congregational cordon of the Russian land became admittedly unbroken: However, Ivan III rozumiv, as a great victory over the decline of the Golden Horde, could be reached without the need to unite all the Russian lands. And once you know your beast, take a look to Novgorod.

BOROTBA OF PRINCE IVAN III from Novgorod

Ivan III did not rise to the satisfaction of success, as they were sensitive about the great moods of Novgorodians. Being a part of the Russian land, Novgorod 600 years live under the laws of the republic. Novgorodians were monitoredthe entire winter of the current European Russia, right up to the Ural ridge, and conducted extensive trade with the countries of Zakhod. Traditionally, the Grand Duke Volodymyrskiy podkoryayuchis, the stench saved significant autonomy, in that number led an independent political policy.

At the call of the empire in the XIV century of Lithuania, Novgorodians began to ask for a prince in the Novgorod city (Kopor, Korela) of the Lithuanian princes. inflow

Muscovites have become weak, so the idea of ​​"returning to Lithuania" was born from a part of the Novgorod nobility. Pid hour of Vibors of the Novgorod Archbishopon the right, Martha, the widow of the mayor Isaak Boretskiy, took in her hands, as a small oratorist and organizer talent. With her children, Vona made a call to send the new Archbishop Theophil to Kiev, not to Moscow, but to Kiev, and also to send messages to the Polish king Casimir from the haunted to take Novgorod as her intercessor. There were legends about її wealth, as well as about її avarice.

Taking in the nobility's banquet, Ivana III was barking, thinking about Vilnius Novgorod, about everything, and they were happy with it, I don’t know, it’s true, they were Moscow's protagonists. Martha knew. Vona made diplomatic bridges with Lithuania, wanted to go in for a noble Lithuanian, Volodya Novgorod was sent to the Principality of Lithuania,from Novgorod to Moscow...

Ivan III is the most cold-blooded hour. Novgorodians osmіlіli, «they drowned richly, land and water princes; they took the oath of allegiance only to the im'yam of Novgorod; they disdained Ivanov's Namisniks and Afterward ... they were robbed of the images by Muscovites. " Once you were back, it's time to bring the boyars in line. Ale Ivan III told the official when he came to Moscow: “Tell the Novgorodians, my fatherland, how the stench, having known their guilt, got right; do not enter the land and my waters, I was trimmed honestly and terribly, because of antiquity, the village was housed in an ancient place, if I want to see me as intercession and mercy; tell me, how can I be patient? The free-lover laughed at Ivan III and took pride in "overcoming" . The stench did not cleanse the step. Martha posted the rules of the synopsis for the evening. The stench drenched the Moscow prince with a verbal brood, spoke in a different manner, ending the prominence with a cry: “I don’t want Ivana! hi live Casimir! ". And їm at іdpovіd, nіbi wіdlunnya, we heard voices: "That is Moscow!"

Viche virishilo ask Casimir to become a volodar of Pan Veliky Novgorod. We love Pan!

Ivan III, selected allies, sending Ivan Fedorovich Tovarkovo to the place. Having read the call to the townspeople, few people realize that the Grand Duke had recently spoken to an official. I will show you the deyaki of history, I call it unreasonable. Rishuchoi Bula Martha. The foolishness of the її і ruined. Tovarka, who turned to Moscow, declaring to the Grand Duke that only "The sword can be conquered by the Novgorodians." Ivan III all won out, but he wondered in success. Ні! Vin didn’t know. But let us know, that there will be a lot of bloodshed by the spyvitchizniki, in want of the idea of ​​being from usim, to whom we were spirited: with the mother and the metropolitan, the brothers and the archbishops, the warriors, the princes Ivan III, in the course of a foldable diplomatic grind, won over to his side іnshoї vilne misto, Pskov, and put a grip on Novgorod ourselves. As a result of the cynical politics of Ivan III, in the superstretches between Novgorod and Pskov, he became the grasp of the role of the master arbiter, the word of which is the law. First and foremost, win first appeared in the role of the head of the whole Russian land. Ivan III, having revised the letter from Novgorod, dearly appreciated the need for special attention, that the master of the great dukes bears a Zagalnorussian character. Winning the call of Novgorodians not to enter "from the old days", the stars to Rurik and St. Volodymyr. "Old" in his eyes meant the unity of the Russian land under the rule of the Grand Duke. This is a fundamentally important moment in the new political doctrine of Ivan Vasilovich: the comprehension of the Russian land as one whole.The prince took the Duma, having added about the joy of Novgorodians, felt in one voice: “Sovereign! Take it into your hands! "- and without becoming. Ivan III deyav vivazheno and safely, ale, having honored all and won practically all princes (visit Mikhail Tversky), bare 1471 m Novgorod Republic of Vіynu. The first majestic army destroyed up to Novgorod. The city dwellers did not ochіkuval such a turnover. Near the Novgorod land, a lot of lakes, a bolt, a rychok, a lot of fighting is easy. Raptova's adversary's nastaniya was spantilled by the adherents of Marfi Boretsky. There were several columns. The Pskov squad drownedVishegorod.

Danilo Kholmsky took and burned Russu... Novgorodians started talking about peace or about a truce. Ale Martha overcame the spivgromadyan, so the nerdy Ivan can be overpowered. The war continued. King Casimir did not come to help the people of Novgorod. The people didn’t bother to fight with Moscow. Danilo Kholmskiy rozgromiv pіd Korostenі raptovo attacked a new Vіysko Novgorodians, as it was formed from the workmen. Bagato militiamen had a full meal. The survivors were not happy to wear them and send them to Novgorod.Ozbroєnnya and outfit Novgorodians-zradnikov wartime Kholmsky did not take!

Ivan III ordered Prince Danil Kholmsky to go to Sheloni, і 14 lime, there was a big battle here. Shouting "Moscow!" rushed into the battle of the war of the grand duke... Yak wrote V. O. Klyuchevskiy, "Novgorod, having planted a patch on horses and demolished at the field of thousand and forty all kinds of things, potters, testers and remnants, both of the nature and on the horses were not boomed." Muscovites have a whole chotiri of half a thousand. In protest of the nation's forces, he wandered to the end, so he could beat the Novgorod NATO, having sent up to 12 thousand vorog to the mission. The overcoming of the bullet was generally unprotected.Opportunities mercilessly straightened out overcapacities. They had a lot of boyars, in the hands of the Muscovites, the draft agreement on the transfer of Novgorod to Lithuania was revealed.Ale with іnshim poloneny Ivan III, having entered myako, rozumіyuchi, how the stench appeared deprived of the people in the hands of zradnikіv. Win not becoming grabuvati and ruinuvati Novgorod, standing in front of the focus.

The friends of the Kholmsk and Vereyskogo days were robbing the Novgorod land itself, Ivan III was ordered by a fraction of them. Dmytro - synovi Marfi Boretsky cut off the head, put someone in dungeon, letting someone in Novgorod.

For the contract from 11 serpnya Novgorodians of gobs, they were obliged to pay a gigant for those hours, a contribution in the size of 15.5 thousand rubles, issued by Moscow draggingі Vologda and I will increase the ties with the Polish-Lithuanian state.Ivan took over the world, stripping his mercy: "I bring my own dislikes, I will fight the sword and thunderstorm in the land of Novgorod and I will let it go without payback." For a few days, Novgorodians swore allegiance to Ivan III, they recognized him as a court of justice, and the place of theirs was the patrimony of the Grand Duke of Moscow.

At the same time in Moscow, the vis'ko opanuvalo Dvina land, the inhabitants of the її swore allegiance to Ivan III. Zdobuta Peremoga didn't mess up the Grand Duke's head. The agreement did not reflect the success of Moscow. Ivan III did not guess at New Martha Boretsky, as he had forgiven his misconduct. In the Shelonskaya agreement, Perm was included in the warehouse of the Novgorod land, so that the Moscow princes had long thought about the rich Ural territories. A few months passed. People piqued in Moscow about those who, oh, bidols, formed the inhabitants of Perm. Ivan III immediately corrected him to the curse. Fedir Strokatiy, as if he had cleared the squad, defeated the Perm army, waged a raid along the outskirts, flooded the voivod, and Perm swore allegiance to Ivan III in 1472. At the same time, the Golden Ordinsky Khan Akhmat invaded the Russian land. The Russians did not let go of the Oka. Akhmat stepped in and fought against Russia without changing his mind.

other schlyub

22 April 1467 Ivan Vasilovich ovdov. The squad, Marya Borisivna, the daughter of the Grand Duke of Tverskoy, mabut, was ransacked: until death was terribly swollen. The Grand Duke made a visit to the squad of Uncle Oleksiy Poluetovich as a wine in the chakluns, and turned away from him.

Now it is vin mav to acquire a new squad. In 1469, an embassy through Rome became an embassy with a loving proposition until Ivan III: the Grand Duke did not want to take a Greek king in his squadSophia (Zoya) Paleologue? Sophia Bula was the niece of the last Vizant Emperor, who was killed by the Turks on the walls of Constantinople in 1453 r; , having removed a thousandth of a fee, he is probably alive, he died in Rome, having lost the blue of Andrew and Manuil and little Sophia because of the new Pope of Rome - Paul II. Blue, otrimuyuchi stable for a fee, lived like a turbot, bogaty spadkoєmtsi.

Sophia grieved in Rome. She could not know a good man in Europe. The stubborn bully is named. She did not go out to replace the King of France, she introduced the Duke of Milan, showing dislike for the Catholics.

Nareshty revived bulo sprobuvati happiness at the court of the Moscow prince. The hand of the viconati was taken as "the Greek Yuriy", in which it is possible to know Yuriya Trakhanotov, the person of the Palaeologus's motherland was appointed. Having arrived in Moscow, the Greek praised Ivan III the nobility of his name. її the denomination of Orthodoxy and not wanting to convert to "Latinism". Talk about the Moscow shlyubi trivial three rock.

At Chervna 1472 in St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome, Ivan Fryazino became friends with Sophia from the name of the Moscow sovereign, who was named by the supervisor of the written mail sent to Russia.At the same time, Moscow started its own maybut of the sovereign. The ceremony of celebration has been introduced to the unsuccessful Cathedral of the Assumption. The Greek princess became the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Volodymyr and Novgorod. Vidblisk of a thousand years of glory to the mighty empire has touched the young of Moscow.

In Italy, they encouraged Sophia Paleologue to secure the establishment of the union with Russia for the victory with the Turks, so they encircled Europe with new bribes,The Italian diplomats formulated an idea about those that Moscow is guilty of being the offensive of Constantinople.The whole union of zmіtsnyuvav the links of Russia with the Sunset, ale persh for everything, demonstrating all the light, that Tsar Sophia will transfer the fall of the state of the right of Vizantia to Moscow, to the new Tsargorod.For the Russian Vizantiya, the great hour of Bula was one of the Orthodox kingdom, the stronghold of the true virginity, having become related to the dynasty of the last "Vasilevs" - the emperor, Rus yak bi declared its role in the recession, Vizant.

Pislya vіnnchannya Ivan III punished the Moscow coat of arms from images George the Victory The serpent is hostile to the two-headed eagle - the ancient coat of arms of Vizantiya.

Saints George Buv to the civilian honor: in Visantia - for the nobility, in Western Europe - for the public, in the Slovenian lands - for the princes.

In the XI century of wines and coming to Kyiv, Rus was transferred as the patron saint of princes, who became their heavenly intercessor, especially on the right. One of the first Christian princes - Yaroslav the Mudry (at the christened George), was especially rich in death for the glorification of his holy patron: in Kiev, having stayed for his honor, he came to the church of Holy Sophia, he came to the church of St. ... The face of St. George embellished and adorned in Novgorod the silver coins - Sredniks ("Yaroslavl siblo").

Georgiy-war was pictured as a guardian of the ward: with a shield and a list, inodi - with a sword.

Otzhe, Moscow has become a decline in the Vizante Empire, and Ivan III himself has become a decline in the Vizant Vasilevs - Emperors. Ivan III for an eye-catching Vizantia viv for himself, as the supreme ruler of Russia, a new title: "Ioann, God's grace sovereign All Russia and Grand Duke Volodymyr, і Moscow, і Novgorod, і Pskov, і Tovariskiy, і Yugorskiy, і Permian, і Bulgarian, and іnshikh. "

Monomakh's hat with barmas became the attributes of the tsar's power during the rituals of vіnchannya to the tsarma (the church ceremony with the sacrament of chrismation may have been for the first time ivan III).

In the course of diplomatic meetings with Livoniya and Nimetsky places, Ivan III called himself "The Tsar of All Russia", and the Danish king named after him as the "Emperor"... Piznish Ivan III, in one of the letters, called the son of Vasil "the autocrat of all Russia".

Todi was born in Russia, the idea of ​​an all-round role "Moscow - the third Rome" she called before that Ivan III became the sanctified people of becoming a discerning king of all Orthodoxy, and the Russian Orthodox Church as an offender of the Greek Church.The idea of ​​\ u200b \ u200bwas established and changed under Ivan III, hoping for the first time to see it two dozen rockies before the first people, Chernets Philofei: "Like two Romes fell, and the third is worth, and the fourth is not buvati"... What did that word mean? The First Rome, rose to Aressus, falling in the V-VI century, having sacrificed another Rome - the Vizanty city of Cesarograd, or Constantinople. Tse Misto became the keeper of the Orthodox virginity and having survived the lifeless encounter with Mohammedanism and linguisticism. Ale yogo spiritual end of the instruction at the middle of the 15th century. And after the fall of Vizantia itself, Moscow, the capital of Russia, became the center of Orthodoxy - the Third Rome.

The ringing of Russia from the Tatar yoke, the establishment of the development of other parts in the great Muscovite state, the befriending of the Grand Duke Ivan III with the Sofia Paleologue, the conquest of the kingdoms of Kazan and Astrakhan - all of the right was true.

"Great Greek" Sophia Palaeologus, richly replenished her strength, schobbing the dynastic schlyub to Muscovy, taking the brutalization to the Third Rome,

in contrast to the Vatican's auspices of brutalizing the Moscow sovereign through a young squad to the Florentine University. Vona did not only bring with her the great regalia and the announcement about the power of the government, it was not only pleased to ask the Italian architects, to help Moscow grow up with the beauty and greatness of the European capital cities,the Grand Duke on the laughter of fighting the Tatars and on the tumbled down of the Ordin yoke.

Vona was the first to change in Russia to the woman. Vizantiyska princess, wicked in Europe, did not want to wonder at the light of the day.
The Grand Duke allowing his mother to dictate from the members of the retinue and the diplomatic reception in her half, she took over the earthly messages and led a rampage. For Russia, the innovations were not in the past in this new period, which will end with the assemblies of Peter I, the new status of the Russian empress, and also with serious changes in the women in Russia.

12 Serpna 1479 A new cathedral was consecrated in Moscow in the name of the Assumption of the Mother of God, ideas and motives as an architectural image of the United Russian State. "That church has become a great grandeur and chieftain, luminosity and dignity and spaciousness, and there has not been a lot of space in front of it either, in contrast to the Vladimer church ..."- vigukuvav the writer. The cleanliness of the consecration of the cathedral, and the works of Aristotle Fiorovant, were tripled until the end of the serpent. The lofty, trokhy stooped Ivan III was seen in the wobbly NATO of his relatives and courtiers. Only the brothers Boris and Andriy were not entrusted with him. However, the month of Christmas has not passed since the ear, as the dread of moving the arriving beads attacked the capital. May 9 Moscow unsuccessfully lit up. Pozhezha quickly expanded, reaching the walls of the Kremlin. All, hto mig, went to fight with the fire. The Great Duke and Yogo Sin Ivan Molodiy were extinguished by half. Bagato storopili, bachachi of their great dukes in chervony vidblisks in the fire, also took care of extinguishing pozhezhi. Up to the wound, zupiniti went into the element.Do you think that the Grand Duke is thinking about the longings?

right

Everything that has reached its reach in ten years of pathetic sovereign pratsi will be put on the cinematography itself. Something came to Moscow about the imminent zmova in Novgorod. Ivan III was known as "peace". On the Volkhov's birch tree, there was a surplus of autumn and a great part of winter.

one from the results of the first transfer to Novgorod, the boulevard of the archbishop of Novgorod Theophil. In 1480 r of the disgraced vladyka, the escort was sent to Moscow.The rebellion of the nobility crept into Novgorod. Ivan III is the place of ruinuvati without becoming, rozumiyuchi, right to end the hunger. Win vistaviv vimogi: "Mi, great princes, if you want your own power, like it is sensible in Moscow, so you want to beat your fatherland to Veliky Novgorod." As a result, they were vaccinated to the oath of all the townspeople, as well as having cut off half of all monastic lands. In quiet time, Novgorod has never been picked up anymore. Ivan III turned to Moscow, taking Vichovy Novgorod dzvin with him. The whole vikovy symbol of the boyar republic will be sent to the Kremlin square, in the heart of the Russian land, and all at once with the bells ringing in the new historical hour - the hour of the Russian state.

Novgorod's disagreement was filled with a shock, the protest over the Grand Duke was prodovzhuvali zguschuvatisya. Forward for the rich rock_v the Livonian Order attacked with great forces on the land of Pskov. From the Horde, they heard inviolable sounds about the preparation of new things, they poured on Russia. At the very cob of the fierce one another rotten novina came - the brothers of Ivan III, princes Boris Volotskiy and Andriy the Great, dared to call the test and went to the control. It didn’t matter, it was a good idea that the allies of the stench would be shukati in the person of the Grand Duke of Lithuania and the King of Poland Casimir and, perhaps, to see Khan Akhmat - a gatekeeper, as one who was the most dangerous for the Russian lands. In the minds of Moscow, Pskov's help became ill-humored. Ivan III hastily left Novgorod and traveled to Moscow. Power, rip apart with internal zaorushennymi, before the accusations of the outrageous aggression bulo prirechenyi. Ivan III didn’t think it was okay, and the first time I went down, I’d be happy to have a confrontation with my brothers. Хнє The Grand Duke was ready to do great deeds, he couldn’t cross the line, for which he repaired the revival of the great system, yaka brought dashing styles to Russia for the last time. Talk to the brothers and went to a remote kut. At their stake, the princes Boris and Andriy turned Veliky Luki - a place on the cordon with Lithuania - and they negotiated with Casimir IV. About spilnі dії against Moskvіvya with Kazimir i Akhmat.

Shed 1480, it became clear that the brothers would not be able to reach it. Until thenthe boyarska top of the Moscow state split into two groups: one for Ivan III rjatuvatisya in the course of time; We felt the need to fight the Horde. Mozhlivo, the position of Muscovites was embedded in the behavior of Ivan III, as they were seen from the Grand Duke of great deeds.A terrible sound came at a few days - the Khan of the Great Horde on the chola of the majestic Vijska povilnja povilnyya to Russia. "That same litas," the writings of the writings, "the abuse of Tsar Akhmat ... go to the Orthodox Christianity, to Russia, to the holy churches and the Grand Duke, praising the devastation of the holy churches and all the Orthodoxy captivity and the Grand Duke himself, as with Baty beshe (bulo) ". The writer is not free to guess Batia here. Acknowledgments of the war and an ambitious politician, Akhmat mriav about the renewal of the Ordinance panuvannya over Russia.At the low nasty sounds, there was one bulo, yak came from the Crima. Today for the order of the Grand Duke Virusiv Ivan Ivanovich Zvenets Zvenigorodsky, who is guilty of the Buv for any price of the rule with the warrior Krymsky Khan Mengli-Gireum, a treaty about an alliance... The Bula ambassador was given the task of seeking out the Khan of the Obitsyanka, so that at the time of Akhmat's invasion in the Russian border, he would hit him in the battle or take the attack on the lands of Lithuania, the king's forces were in power. The meta of the embassy has been reached. Conflicts in the Crimean contract becoming important to our achievements Moscow diplomacy. There was a breach at the end of the circle of the first cities of the Moscow State. Akhmat's closeness put the Grand Duke in front of a vibor. You can be locked up in Moscow and check out the gate, which is conducive to the best of the times. At the same time, the majestic territory was held in the hands of Vladi Akhmat, and now it couldn’t be able to cross over to the Lithuanian forces. Buv the іnshy option - destroy the Russian regiments to build a mission. Itself so imprisoned in 1380 r Dmytro Donsky. Pishov behind the butt of his pride and Ivan III.The situation became critical.

Parking on the river Ugri. Kinets of the Ordin yoke.

On the cob of a lita on the day of the boule, great forces were sent to the command of Ivan the Young and the great prince's brother Andriy Menshoy. The Russian regiments rocked along the banks of the Oka River, and by themselves, pushing back the strained zalits on the way to Moskva. 23 worms in the disappearance of Ivan III himself. On the same day, from Volodymyr to Moscow, the miraculous icon of Volodymyr's Mother of God was brought from Volodymyr to Moscow; If it became clear to you, it’s easy to protect yourself, having made a routine maneuver and turning your way to the Lithuanian cordon.Vijska Akhmata collapsed across the Lithuanian territory and in the supervisors of Lithuanian providers through Mtsensk, Odoev and Lyubutsk to Vorotinsky. Here the Khan checked out for help from Casimir IV, albeit not so daughters. The Krimski Tatars, Ivan III's allies, invaded the Lithuanian army, attacking Podilla. You know, that on Otsi yogo clean up the Russianregiments, Akhmat virishiv, having passed through the Lithuanian lands, invaded the Russian territory through the river Ugra. Ivan III, having made a mistake about such namir, sent his brother Ivan and his brother Andriy Menshoy to Kaluzy and to the shore of the Ugri.Ivan III Terminovo traveled to Moscow "at the Parliament and Duma" with the Metropolitan and

boyars. I'm glad to see the Kremlin. Metropolitan Gerontiy, the mother of the Grand Duke, many of the boyars and clergy were caught up in the devilry against Akhmat. Bulo virіsheno gotuvati misto until lazy weather.Ivan III saw his family and belongings to Biloozero.Moscow will put down boules of bedrooms, and all the inhabitants have been resettled in the middle of the big walls. It’s not important for the world, it’s okay to tell you what it’s necessary: ​​in the case of the rosette handles from the walls of the trees, the equipment could serve as a support device or as a material for the maintenance of the logging machines. At the same day before Ivan III, they came after seeing Andriy the Great and Boris Volotskiy, who announced that they had been stabbed to death... The Grand Duke presented the brothers with forgiveness and ordered them to collapse with his regiments to Otsi. Then we leave Moscow again. Tim at 8 o'clock Zhovtnya Akhmat tried forsuvati Ugra, the scarlet attack of the bullet was knocked out by the forces of Ivan the Young.For a few days they fought for the crossings, for they also did not bring success to the ordinances. Opponents took an unbeatable position on the opposite banks of the river.Once at times perestroika slept, ale on the serious attack of the railroad from the sides did not bother. Such a position was honored to have a conversation, as a result of which the Russian sovereign was in charge, but the khan did not have the best of his abilities. Ale and himself, he didn’t want bloodshed, scraps, like the honorable gentlemen of the Russian land, buv її awake, but be-like guilt before ruin.

Mengli-Girey, vikonuyuchi their obіtsyanka, attacking the ancient lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. At the same time, Ivan III received a message from Archbishop Vassian Rilo of Rostov. Vassian calling out to the Grand Duke not to hear the crafty radniks, yak "Do not stop whispering in vukho ... the words are awful and happy ... do not resist the adversaries", but use the butt of the Persian princes,"It was not only the people who defended the Russian land from the disgusting ones (not the Christians), but the other lands were ordered by them." "Only be strong, that be strong, spiritual blue my, - the archbishop wrote, - like the good war of Christ according to the great word of our Lord in the Evangel:" You are good pastor. Good paste is put on life, vasne for vivtsi ... "

Cold weather set in. Ugra froze і from a watery transition from a skin day more and more it was transformed into a mint shouting,

side. The first Russian, and the ordinarily commanders repaired their nerves, fighting, so that the enemy was the first to dare to launch a rapt attack. Preservation of the vіyska zrobilosya head turbocharger Ivana III. The price of a rash riziku bull is too high. Once the Russian regiments died, Akhmat saw a road in the very heart of Russia, and King Casimir IV did not forget to hurry up and join the war. There was no good reason for preserving the loyalty of the brothers and for the recent development of Novgorod. That Krymsky khan, bachachi hitting Moscow, quickly forget about his allies' obitsyankas. Having respected all the furnishings, Ivan III ordered to bring Russian forces out of Eels to Borovsk, on the ear of a fall of leaves, which, in the winter minds, would be more visible in the defense position. And here it became unsuccessful! Akhmat, virishivshi, who Ivan III sacrifice on this coast for a virish battle, almost as soon as possible, is similar to the last one. In pursuit of the incoming orders, the boules are directed by small Russian forcesKhan Akhmat for no apparent reason turning back and pishov into the steppe,having plundered on the ring road lying in Lithuania Kozelsk.Who does it poured or zupinilo?For quietly, hto spostering from the side for him, as offending the army, they immediately turned back (stretching out two days), not having reached the battle. ... The confederates attributed the miraculous intercession of the Mother of God to the miraculous intercession of the Mother of God, as she hid the Russian land from the rose.

Russian named after rychka Ugra "By the belt of the Mother of God"Viruchi, according to the prayers of the Lord, the Lord took Russia away from the Tatars. I є what was said about those who once Akhmat once kicked on the birch tree in the sky, the majestic angel's host on the chola from the Divine Mary - the same tse so shocked the horse back, ...Ivan III with blue and with all the army turned to Moscow, "I rejoiced, and all people rejoiced in joy of great joy."
On 6 June 1481 Akhmat was killed as a result of the rapt attack of the Tyumen Khan Ibak on the steppe headquarters, in the yak Akhmat pishov from Saray,have distributed the share of the unlucky conqueror of Russia - Mamai.The Great Horde has recovered from the fight.

Vona actually fell apart in part already in the end of the 15th century on a small group of independent khanates - Kazanska, Krimska, Astrakhanska, Sibirska, Nogaysky Horde.

Tse buv kinets of the ordin yoke. Moscow began to turn, turning the sovereign yak as its own ryativnik: ".. . On the way, the great prince Ivan Vasilovich to Moscow ... and all the people rejoiced at the great joy. " But here it’s a demand for vrahuvati not only for Ivan III’s success, but for his diplomatic strategy, which was part of the overwhelming idea of ​​the defense campaign. Standing on the Ugri can be seen as a clear plan of redemption, which can be written as vіyskova, so diplomatic history of our country.. The strategic plan for the defense of the Russian lands in 1480 r. The diplomatic Zusillas of the Grand Duke were able to enter the war of Poland and Lithuania. The Pskovians made their contribution to the Russian women, before the autumn they had a Nimetsy offensive. That Rus itself was not the same as in the XIII century. - before exposing the hordes of Mamai. At the place of nap_vnezalezhnyh, voroguyushchikh between themselves princes came stronger, wanting not to call the inner Moscow state. Todi, in 1480 r, was very important to assess the meaning of what was becoming. Bagato guessed the razpovіdі dіdіv about those, as all through two rocks of the glorious change of Dmitry Donskoy on the Kulikovo field Moscow was burned by the Vіyski Tokhtamish. However, history, Ljubljacha, repeat, for the whole time went in a great way. The yoke, which was heavy over Russia for two and a half centuries, ended."From now on, our history is a true stately fortune, describing no longer a life of princes, a future of the Kingdom, which is worthy of independence and greatness. podiv, to smell the famous place in the political systems ", - writing to M. M. Karamzin.

On the eve of the sacred feast of the 500th richest day on the river Ugri in 1980, on the birch tree of the legendary rychka, there is a memorial in honor of the famous occasion of the Russian history, which began in 1480 on the border of the Kaluzky region.

conqueror

On the ear of the fierce 1481 fate Ivana Vasilovich led the 20 thousand army to help the Pskov people, for the most part they fought with their own forces

Livoniy... Lutii frost Russian "captivity and burned all the land of Nimetsku from Yur'ev to Riga" "Revenge by the nimtsy for his own in twenty or more". On the first day of the same day, Ivan III from the Men of Novgorod and Pskov, the 10th Sight from Livonin, which finished off peace for a day in the Baltics.

Piznish, in 1492 rock on the right birch of Narva, Ivan III, the future of the Ivangorod fortress on the other hand of the Nimetsky town of Rugodiv (Narvi). By the construction of a fortress, the Novgorodian land was built from the side of the old suspects.

Sheds 1483 to rocky radianske vіysko on cholі with ivan Saltikov Travina violated in the great trip to the skhіd - against the vogulіches (mansі). Dіyshovshi with fights from a spate of up to Irtisha, Russian got into court and got over to Both, And then on tsiy may rictsi - right up to the lower reaches. Having podkorivshi Mistsevs Hunt (Ugra), the stench before the winter got up to safely turn to Batkivshchyna.

Pidkorennya Tver and Vyatki

After five rocky pislya "standing on the Ugri" by Ivan III, one more crocus until the residual reduction of the Russian lands: to the warehouse of the Russian state, it is turned on Tverske principality... Long ago, those hours have passed since the proud and important princes of Tver confronted the Muscovites about those who took Russia from them. History has allowed їkh a super-list to the corny of Moscow. However, Tver has become one of the most important Russian towns, and the princes of the Buli are among the best.

Lithuania was bursting with the hope of Michael of Tver. In 1484, the fate of the win was over with Kazimir, the agreement, for destroying the points of what had been reached earlier, please with Moscow. The rise of the new Lithuanian-Tver union was unambiguously directed towards Moscow. At the end of the year 1485 r Ivan III was bared Tveri viynu. Moskovskі vіyska invaded Tver lands. Casimir did not have time to help his new ally. Do not be able to rely on one by one, Mikhailo swearing an oath that there will be no more mothers of any odds and ends from the dear Moscow. However, without a bar, having laid down to the world his oath was ruined. Knowing about the tse, the Grand Duke took a new army. Moscow regiments went to the walls of Tver. Mikhaylo is mysteriously vtik from the place. Tver people on the choly with their boyars opened the gates to the Grand Duke and swore allegiance to him. The Independent Grand Duchy of Tverske took its toll on its own. Vyatka was transferred to the Russian state in 1489 r- the land beyond the Volga is a riddle for contemporary historians. Outside of Vyatka on the right, the zbirannya of the Russian lands, which did not enter until the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, was finished. Formally, only Pskov and the Grand Duchy of Ryazanske became independent. However, the stench was in the wilderness from Moscow. Roztashovy on the not safe borders of Russia, and the land often demanded the help of the Grand Duke of Moscow. Vlada Pskov has not been overwhelmed for a long time, in what super-read to Ivan III. Ryazan was ruled by the young prince Ivan, who was brought to the grand duke by his grandchild-nephew, and in everybody's ears.

Successes of the new policy of Ivan III

The Grand Duke has been active in calling politics. An important achievement was the establishment of the Allied Vidnosyns with the German Emperors - with Fridrikh II, and then with the blue Maximilian.Wide links with the European lands helped Ivan III virobiti not only one century, the court ceremony and the sovereign coat of arms of Russia.

Until the end of the 80s. Ivan was left with the title of "Grand Duke of All Russia". The titles of the title of Buv Vidomy in Moscow from the XIV century, Ale itself in the city of wine becoming an official and from the political world has been transformed into reality. Two terrible dashing - political fragmentation and Mongolian-Tatar - went in the past. Reaching the territorial unity of the Russian lands by the well-appointed department of Ivan III. However, it’s impossible to make a mistake. The young power demanded a change from the middle. First, it was necessary to secure the safety of these cordons.

In 1487, the grand knyazivski rati Kazan Khanate- one splinter burst into the Gold of the Horde. Kazan Khan made himself a Vasal of the Moscow State. Tim himself may be twenty years away from the rest of the Russian lands.

The children of Akhmat, who were Volodya the Great Horde, could not take their priesthood, because of the number of their fathers. Krimsky Khan Mengli-Girey became an ally of Moscow, Winning the strength of the Great Horde, so the Polish-Lithuanian state, and the friendship with him, more and more changed, as in 1491 the children of Akhmat on the Crimean III sent half an hour to help him. The recent spoky at the gathering and at the meeting allowed the Grand Duke to turn up to the last of the new political buildings at the entrance and the private visit.

The central problem here is lost to Catholic Lithuania,for an hour, every hour she kept up the grip on her Orthodox children, she crossed over the rights of Orthodox Christians and nasadzhuvala Catholic faith.As a result, two Russian-Lithuanian wars (1492-1494 r. І 1500-1503 r.) Vyazma, Chernigiv, Starodub, Putivl, Rilsk, Novgorod-Siverskiy, Gomel, Bryansk, Dorogobuzh and in. title "The Grand Duke of All Russia "Having become like a new zmist in the city of rock. Ivan III voted for himself the sovereign not only of the lands of the former lands, but of the Russian Orthodox population, who lived on the lands that were included in the warehouse of Kiev Rus. Not vipadkovo Lithuania for the last ten years was considered to recognize the legitimacy of this new title.

Until the ear of the 90s, pp. XV Art. Russia has established diplomatic relations with the Bagatma powers of Europe and Asia. І with the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and with the Sultan of Turechchini, the Grand Duke of Moscow poddzhuvsya razmovlyat tilki yak rіvny. The Muscovite State, who knew little about ten years ago in Europe, quickly discarded the international recognition. Amazingly, for the tsar Ivan III, the merchant from Tver Afanasy Nikitin defeated and described his Hodinnya across three seas.

internal revision

All the middle powers acted upon the remnants of political fragmentation. The princes and boyars, who have recently become a majestic dominion, have taken in її. Bezlich family of the old Novgorod and Vyatka boyars forcibly resettled to the new earth. In the last ten years of the Grand Duke Ivan III, there were more princes. After the death of Andriy Menshiy (1481) and the two-year-old uncle of the Grand Duke Mikhail Andriyovych (1486), they pinned their heads to Vologda and Vereysko-Bilozersky. The sum was the share of Andriy the Great, prince of Uglitsky. In 1491 rotsi vin buvs of decisions and injuries in health. The elder brother, having guessed that he was stabbed to death in a difficult 1480 for the country, and in that he was "not corrected". Saving the svіdchennya, but for the year Ivan III repent of the fact that he was very happy with his brother. Ale, no change, it’s still nice - after two rockies, Andriy died. In 1494, Ivan III's last brother, Boris, died. Sviy Volotskiy share of wine overflowing synam Fyodor and Ivan. Behind the commandment, we add up the remains, a great part of the Batkiv decline due to him in 1503 passed to the Grand Duke. After the death of Ivan III of the pitom, the system, in its most significant meaning, did not change anymore. I want to win over their young blues, Yuriya, Dmitri, Semyon and Andriya, with lands, the stench didn’t have any real power in them. The dignity of the old princely system has clamped down on the establishment of a new order of governing the land. In the end of the XV century. in Moscow, the organization of the central administration has arrived - " order ", Yaki boules are direct successors of Peter's "colleges" and ministries of the XIX century.

In provinces, the main role was played by the gratis namіsniki, who were appointed by the Grand Duke himself. The zmіna і vіysko became known. At the place of the prince's squads, regiments came to be stored for help. Pomizchiki cut off from the state for an hour of their service to the inhabitants of the earth, as they brought them income. The earths were called "masts". The provinces or early service meant the loss of the mat. The bosses of the whole house of the Moscow sovereign will be sent to the house of honor and honor. U 1497 r buv visions of the Code of Law- the first state-owned star of laws from the hours of Kiev Rus. The Code of Law, having introduced the single legal norms for the whole country, has become an important croc to the change of one Russian land..

In 1490, the fate of the vіtsі 32 rocks died sin and the governor of the Grand Duke, the talanovitiy commander Ivan Ivanovich Molody. Yogo death brought up dynastic crisis, Yaka caught the last fate of the life of Ivan III. Pislya Ivan Ivanovich became overwhelmed by the small-scale synonym of Dmitro, who represented the elder of the line of the great prince's land. The first contender for the throne of Buv Sin Ivan III is from another whore, the maybutny sovereign of all Russia Vasil III(1505-1533 pp.). For a large number of applicants there were spritiny and injected women - the widow of Ivana Molodoy Voloska princessa Olena Stefanivna і friend of the squad of Ivan III, Vizantіyska princess Sophia Paleolog... Vibir mіzh blue and onuk appeared for Ivan III right in the region is not forgiven, іn kіlka evolved in his decision, pranguchi saw this option, as bi didn’t vaccinate until the new low mіzhusbіtsya death. The "party" of the priesthood of Dmitry the grandson took the upper hand, and in 1498 he was crowned according to the unprecedented rank of the Grand Prince's ceremony, after having nagaduv the rite of passage to the kingdom of the great emperors. Yuniy Dmytro has been voted out by the head of dyda. On the shoulders of you, there are royal "barmi" (broad shoulders with expensive stones), and on your head - gold "hat" However, the triumph "of the Grand Duke of All Russia Dmitry Ivanovich" was unpleasant. Already at offensive rotsi Olen’s mother was disgraced. And three times later, the rock behind them closed important doors dungeons.

The prince Vasil became the new slave-dweller to the throne. Ivan III, as a great politician of the Middle Ages, was brought to chergovy time to sacrifice the sovereign consumer and their homeland in respect, and the share of their loved ones. Tim, an hour before the Grand Duke, was uncomfortably old. You have gone to complete the right, commanded by the dad, the grandfather, the grandfather and the others, on the right, in the sanctity of which Ivan Kalita has convinced, - " zbirannya "Rusі.

yogo power

vlіtku 1503 m the Grand Duke was struck. The hour has come to think about the soul. Ivan III, who was not so harsh about the clergy, was not a little less godly. The ailment of the sovereign is viral forgiveness for the monasteries. when Trytsyu, Rostov, Yaroslavl, The Grand Duke turned to Moscow.

The new one did not have a fuse, and they saw the first Moscow princes, even after their pragmatic pragmatism, the temple of the meta life was clearly visible. Vіn buvav ugly and often instilling zhakh we will feel sick, ala nicoli didn’t appear in thoughtless zhorstokostі, as one of the sufferers is cuddly, who is "kind to people", not abhorring the word that was spoken to you in the dock.

27 October 1505 Ivan III, "By the grace of the sovereign of all Russia and the Grand Duke Volodymyrsky, і Moscow, і Novgorodsky, і Pskov, і Tversky, і Yugorsky, і Vyatsky, і Permsky, і Bulgarian, and others" diedin Moscow there are 65 years of age from the family and traditions in the empire of the great Moscow princes and tsars of the Arkhangelsk Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.

The rule of Ivan III was trivial 47 years. Sophia Palaeologus lived with him for 30 years. Vona gave birth to youmu p'yatokh siniv, the eldest of the nezabar became the great Moscow prince Vasil IV, And also chotir'oh daughters.

Until the end of his life, Grand Duke Ivan Vasilovich Mav the opportunity to indulge in the fruit of his work. Over the course of ten years of rule, the half-divided Rus' re-transformed itself into a mighty power;

The territory of the state was rapidly expanding, one by one there were victories, hundreds of people were tied up with distant lands. The old old Kremlin with small cathedrals is still building thin, and on the places of the ancient ukrileniye the tense walls and basti, folded from the chervonoi zegli, grew up. In the middle of the walls, the vastness of the cathedral has grown. They covered the new princes with a gentle stone. The Grand Duke himself, having accepted the proud title of "the sovereign of all Russia", got out of the gold-cloth shati, and on his own decline, I went to the crown. Ale, for that it’s a skinny - whether a Russian is a Russian, a peasant, or a sovereign of a celestial land - having learned the maturity of the Muscovite state, one of the most famous writers was inadequate. It was necessary to know and new understanding - ideas, in which the old times of the Russian land, and the independence, and the strength of the sovereigns, and the truth of the virginity. Russian diplomats and writers, princes and chentsi were busy with a joke. Those who took the name of the world, those ideas were put together by those who are called ideology in the modern sciences. An ear of the form of the ideology of a single Moscow state is dated to the period of the prince of the Grand Duke Ivan III and Yogo Sina Vasil (1505-1533 rr.). At the very same hour, two basic ideas were formed, but they lost their invincible reach to the table, - Ideas of the Divine and Independence of the Moscow State. Now everyone needs to know that at the gathering of Europe a new and strong state - Russia - has emerged. Ivan III and his oth otochenya have hung up a new political task - to bring back the ancient and ancient Russian lands, which were known under the rule of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Not all politicians are convinced by the same force of power. The swift passing of the power of the Grand Duke of Moscow led him to think about the need for shukati guiding his actions.

Demand bulo, nareshti, zmusiti Lithuania to viznati, scho won the ancient Russian lands "not in truth", is illegal.

Tim is the golden key, which was taken by the creators of the ideology of the United Russian State all the way to some political "locks" vchennya about the long-time pokazhennya vlady of the Grand Duke. They thought about it and earlier, but even under Ivan III, Moscow, through the pages of the literature and in the mouths, voicedly declared that the Grand Duke had obliterated the sight of God himself and from their Kiev ancestors, volodya in the X-XI century. all Russian land. Likewise, before that, as they chastised the Russian Church, the metropolitans lived together in Kiev, later in Volodymyr, and later in Moscow, so also in Kiev, Volodymyr and, nareshti, the Great Princes of Moscow, the Great Dukes of the Holy Fathers themselves sovereign Ivan III made a promise to the tse itself, in 1472 r. "My ancestral land, people of Novgorod, from the beginning: from the fathers, from our ancestors, from the great prince Volodymyr, baptizing the land of Rus, from the great-grandson of Rurik, the first great prince in your land. quiet of the great princes, a collection of Kiev, і up to the very Grand Duke Dmitry-Vsevolod Yuriyovich Volodymyrsky (Vsevolod the Great Gnizdo, Volodymyr prince in 1176-1212), and see that Grand Duke and before me ... " Thirty rockets after the hour of peace negotiations with the Lithuanians went in the distance for Russia at 1500-1503 rr., The Ambassadors of Ivan III received: "The Russian land is from our ancestors, from the old days, our fatherland ... I want to stand for our fatherland, as God can help us: we have God as a helper and our truth!" The dyaks did not guess the "old thing" vipadkovo. At those times, the understanding is even more important.

To that great prince himself, it was even more important to declare about the history of his family, to show that wine is not a whiskey, but the ruler of the Russian land for "old times" and "truth". Not a less important bullet and thought about those who are the dzherel of the great prince's power є the will of the Lord himself. The Grand Duke was beating more and more

Ivan IV the Terrible - Ivan III the Great

Ivan IV - onuk of Vasyl Glinsky-Slipogo, and Ivan III? Sin Vasil the Dark, tobto? Slipogo.

Ivan III was born on the 22nd, and Ivan IV? 25 sickle. From the first day to the next? 216 days.

Did Ivan the Terrible's traditional history of Kazan's take from Ivan Grozny not inflate his status? the great prince of all Russia and to become the king of wine, becoming a little bit to the end of the day. It’s wonderful to be built, so as Kazan in the vidmina from Rus to Rus was the kingdom, from which Moscow was in the wilderness, rallying Danin to the Tsar of Kazan. The history of the Russian-Kazan greats is tangled and superintelligible. At them, we can poach, like Moscow, perebayuyu in the order of Kazan, one hour from the tsim constantly demonstrating his mastery, dictating his power to the Kazan kings.

Joseph Skaliger (1540-1609). His own wisdom of the past viclav in two fundamental practices: "Correcting the Hours" ("De emendatione temporam", 1583) and "Zbori Hours" ("Thesaurus temporum", 1606). At the bottom of the portrait there are words in Latin: "Josip Just Scaliger, Sin Julia Caesar Bourdin"

Michel Nostradamus (1503-1566). Yak and Scaliger, Nostradamus was busy for the last few hours. Tіlki that "malyuvav" passed, and tsey - maybutnє

Written by Scaliger. The upper part, the main part of the text, is Vikladena in Latin, and then a couple of rows in Greek. The last row-signature of Skaliger: Joseph Skaliger, Julia Caesar sin

The title arch of the main work of Skaliger "Correcting the Hours". Vidannya 1629 rock. The colony of allobrogues is indicated in the image of the vision. Tse, slyly, coolly, so as a history to read, how the allobrogues of the boule were conquered by the Romans and sank into oblivion for the second thousand years to Skaliger

Fragment of chronological tables from Skaliger's book "Correcting the Clock". It is written in walnut. Pislya of the Egyptian Queen Cleopatri at once, without any transition, go the Romans Gai Yuliy Rimsky, Kesar August etc.

Evseviy Kesarіyskiy (pom. Bl. 339) and і th "Church history". At the beginning of the chronology, Scaliger is victorious in the tables of Evsevia. It’s important to say that there’s more than a thousand rockets. Easier to find out in the inshe. Seemingly, Scaliger took up the writing of the embraced original Єvsevia, and for the identification of both vikorisovyvayutsya one and the same word, like in order to їkh pokazhennya. You can let it go, for Caesar, tobto Caesar, and sin of Caesar є just by one person

Skaliger's "colleagues" in chronological terms: Jean Boden (1529-1596), Isaac Kazubon (1559-1614), Seth Calviziy (1556-1615) and Dionisiy Petaviya (1583-1652). Remaining revised and embellished the concept of Scaliger, transformed the date from the Old Light into the vigilante for us, including the propony of the fierce rakhun of rock before the people of Christ. Zero point on the chronological scale will appear only in the middle of the 18th century

One of the first ideologists of the cyclic development of the history of Nikkolo Maciavellia (1469-1527)

James Asher (1580-1656). Tsey Irish theologian gave not just his version of the chronology of the Bible exact dates... So, for example, the Svitnaya came in from 22 to 23 Zhovtnya 4004 BC, and the all-important flood occurred on 7 breast 2348 BC.

Vigadani Sigizmunda. The Polish king Sigizmund the Old (1467-1548) was born through 99 years of the birth of the emperor Sigizmund (1368-1437). Through 99 years of age the Polish and Swedish king Sigizmund Waza (1566-1632) was born

Relevance of the chronology of the monarchs of Savoy (Zlivka) and Portugal (right-handed). The Dukes of Savoy from the 18th century (the stench is the kings of Sardinia) served as an eye for the writing of biographies of the Portuguese kings, as the "wreck" appeared on the "correct" intervals - 90 and 99 rocks. A demonstration of the piece nature of light chronology and, in general, history

Continued parallel to the rulers of Savoy and Portugal. All Carly Emmanuel appear in numerological ties with the Portuguese Juan. Well, you can see that the stench itself appeared in both lists, and the stench itself appeared. Vipadkovosti ts'go in the edge of maloymovirna

Dobre vіdomo, scho the grandiose dome of the Roman Pantheon, prompted in the II century, crumbling into concrete. Is the technology given on the basis of what information has been given? It is clear to me that it’s clear that it’s possible to pereduvati, in Pershe, it’s awesome in concrete of more simple forms, but, in a different way, it’s awesome if it’s masov. However, I don’t want to bachiti for the whole hour of history. That and the letter, before the speech, stretching out the past thousand rock, i.e.

The gate to the ancient Egyptian temple of Amun in Luxor. Beat on yourself the respect of the upper horizontal blocks. Wonderfully correct forms and ideally equal surfaces. Especially in the mix of vertical sticks, as the led is pomitnі. By the method of virubka, a block of kam'yanogo massif, how to describe history, it is unwise to covet such accuracy. I, smut, is not necessary, since both parts of the temple were all covered with a ball of plaster, so it was saved. Obviously, you can only talk about the method of forging into concrete.

E. Lissner. Polish ladies, laid on in the Moscow Kremlin, the Russian militia is being built

Fragment of the picture showing the Russian wars. No differences between them and their ancestors, who fought for five thousand years before them, are not visible. Radianski war on their horses "v'yhali" in the 17th century right from this old time

Samiy Kinets of the 17th century. Polish krylat hussars to smash the Turks. It is not only the miraculous faces that are similar to those of the mid-nineties, but the primitive Turkish cavalry, which can be imagined to reach the most common species. As soon as one is amazed only at them, it is hard to see the image for an hour. Five hundred years, a thousand, two? On the right, slyly, not in the artist, but in the scientific history, from which that information was drawn

Clouds of the Polish hussar of the other half of the 17th century

Clouds of the cuirassier of the first half of the 17th century: in Italy, Netherlands and Nimechchin

Astronomer Edmund Halley (1656-1742) and the first historical twins, who captured him with their glory: Mikola Copernicus (1473-1543) and Galileo Galilei (1564-1642). In fact, the inspiration of our viri in those who vigadan by historians

Historical doors: Roman Emperor Charles V of Habsburg (1500-1558) and Spanish King Charles III of Bourbon (1716-1788). Yak bi was not detailed in the historical era of Charles V. And he himself may be the emperor, who is a keruvav with the majestic territories in Europe and America, є the character of Vigadanim

Historical doors: the Dutch ruler Wilhelm I of Orange (1533-1584) and the English king Wilhelm III of Orange (1650-1702). The hypnosis of portrait painting does not give us the ability to become aware of the real, imagined characters. However, Antonis More, like a viconav Danish portrait of Wilhelm I, and all Durer and Titian, who reigned the reigning people, were so realistic, like the whole era of the XVI century

Olivier Cromwell (1599-1658) and British General Ralph Abercrombie (1734-1801). It is important to believe that such a kind of historical child like Cromwell has not disappeared. However, this is so

Does the Saxon Kirasiri want the ancient Sholem in the Napoleonic Wars? Adzhe battlefield is not a place to demonstrate a high-class mod but a designer visukuvan

The beauty of the hours of Napoleon's warriors

Theodore Zheriko. The wounds of the officer of the Imperial Guards overwhelmed the battlefield. 1814 RUR

Classical antique Sholem і Sholem cuirassiers of the Napoleonic Wars. The stylistic dispute is obvious, is it less possible in the natural development of the formation of two thousand rockies?

The portraits of Napoleon lived on before becoming Emperor. Napoleon skrіz rіzniy

І tsya young lyudin - also Napoleon. Here youmu 31 rik

Antoine Jean Gros. Napoleon on the Arkolsky bridge 17 falling leaves 1796 rooku. Written in 1797 roci. Myth, created by Napoleon himself and views on his replacement see an artist... Mіst buv burials on the last day without the middle-class participation of the blond general

Andrea Appiani. Portrait of Napoleon. 1805 Napoleon of images in the capacity of the Italian king and in the age of 36 years. One way not to stock up

Jacques Louis David. Coronation (fragment). 1807 Before us is Napoleon, at the same time, both antiquity and middle

Cathedral of Invalids near Paris. Napoleon's ashes rest

Tomb of Napoleon. Sarcophagus of ruptures made of red quartzite, specially for the whole delivered from Russia. There are a number of householders who have contributed one to the first and the second from the material. The Emperor's dream to guard the twelve krylate goddesses

Part of the exter to the Cathedral of Invalids in Paris. French antiquity is so rich that it is possible to dedicate a book to it

American psychologist Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)

Yak bi was not there, taking Kazan became the most important thing for the whole hour of Ivan the Terrible's rule. Naturally, Vlada from Moscow has neglected new and better values. In the first place, the dzherel tse is depicted adequately, as, for example, in the so-called Kazan writer, it is said directly, that Ivan became the Russian king from the bribes of Kazan.

In 1561, Moscow became a daughter, if the Patriarch of Constantinople blessed Ivan for the kingdom and overshadowed the Book of Victory of the Great Emperors. In the drive of the whole Ivan vlashtuvav pishnі svyatkuvannya. After 14 years of coming to the kingdom! Is it possible to do it? And why did they dance, celebrate their wilderness from a distant father? Along with it, we will be constantly advised that Ivan the Terrible didn’t get involved in what he owned in the land, nor behind the cordon, he wanted to be happy, he wanted to be spiritually, and he wanted to do it.

For repressions, which were carried out by Ivan IV to his people, he was nicknamed the Terrible. Tidying up of Novgorod? one of quiet vipadk_v, if he gave vent to his schliness to the point of horror. Ale і about Ivan III, you can say the same. Winners in history like Ivan the Great, protest at new boo and іnshe, is it less widespread in popular historical literature? Grozny.

The Novgorod tragedy, which began in 1480 rotsi, will come to a head. It’s not wonderful. Behind the nature of repressive visits and zhorstokosti, it’s just like the nightmare that will fall on Novgorodians in 90 years. Zamchuvannya tsyogo epizodu from the biography of Ivan III, like those who called him Terrible? Appearances of the same order, which the academic preachers can grasp, are in a fight, but someone might have wondered about the identity of the two dignified rulers.

The fact that he was victorious in 1480 rotsi, Ivan III did not get well, and through 9 rockiv, in 1488? 1489 pp., Novgorod pogrom repeated. All the same: the blame for the population, the plundering of the place, that zabuttya everything in the future.

1571	Naval Tatars to Russia	1472	Naval Tatars to Russia	99
1571	The attack of the Tatars on Moscow	1480	The attack of the Tatars on Moscow	90

Under Ivan the IV thief, they were shown the opposite way on the Oka River, having seized Moscow and burned down the city. Grozny himself, having learned about those Tatars who crossed the Oka, became angry and vtik. Under Ivana III

5 Matrix of the Scaliger of the vorogs zupinili at the steps to Moscow, on Otsi. Ivan, angry Tatars, having thrown Vіysko, burned Kashira and all the way to the Kremlin, where they were and all the townspeople. The Tatars' attempt to bypass the Russian screen was not successful. Further away, there is a standing on the river Ugri, which marked the end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke.

Tsikavo, khan Akhmat turned back, if the fall of the leaves instructed, the Tatars could not fight against them. And yak, to eat, having conquered the Russian land of Batiy, was specially robbed for the whole winter *? And why can we talk about whether it’s finale in the fight against the Tatars in 1480, when 90 years later they were easily plundered and burned the capital of the Russian state, and did Moscow win the capital of the XVIII century in the XVIII century?

* It’s time, by the way, I’ll stupefy the people, year old schoolchildren with blind histories like winter hikes Batiya with wonderful Mongolian horses, good food for food. Let the unfortunate historians try to bring dozens of horses into the winter nature and marvel at how they will come back. I think people deserted before the completion of the experiment and didn’t dare to see the inevitable sight of unhappy creatures. Oh, well, yes, forgetting, we have horses "not of the same system."

Batiy had 20,000 vernaculars “by hand”. Price for the most modest pidrakhunks. I yak minimum, three horses per ludin. Skіlki f for cich herds to get a living? Do you know the recent rewriting of history, that the horde of horses is guilty for the month of getting close to 5,000 tons of feed, or something? 165 tons of today? Tse? vlіtku, and a charge? even more. By the way, to find the tenth part of the price of food in the minds of a charge, it is unlikely to be imagined in a foreign territory.

The presenters of the Russian middle age, the problem was raised, they would be glad to change some of Batyev's vіyska, having started, the writers could simply overwhelm him. There’s nothing to go around. A strong change in the Tatar-Mongolian world would not be in the snake of the conquest of the Russian place, nor in the control of the conquered territory. (For the cultivation of the cich Territories, the traditional number of the invading Russia is unlikely to be sufficient.)

Good, but Napoleon Bonaparte did not know anything about the great art and creative talents of the Tatar-Mongols. And then, singingly, it would be more beautiful to go to Russia before going to Russia, having purchased the necessary quantity of superb cognacs, and not being angry with Russian snigivs, which they put on themselves, in a kintsev rakhunka, with the yogh cavalier.

What kind of walnut was king in Moscow? a small state on the extreme social gathering of Europe, why should it stand on the loss of political life and not to get over it? Is it far from provinces with a cold climate, economic and cultural appearance, internal instability and political weakness, - how about the world of the basileus of the sea and the tribe itself? What were the thoughts of the Batko and Vizantiyska Elita, who did they live in civilized Rome and were born with a wild barbarian? Why is it Pope of Rome, who took the fate of the nobility, the nobility, deceived Moscow? woodstechko, did the Tatars constantly get excited?

Without thinking, the whole history of Sophia Paleologue? no more nizh vygadka, oskіlki nіyak does not fit into the reality of that hour. Then you can fit into the chronological matrix.

Before the populist tsikh, two of the Ivanovs had a blue bullet from Dmitra. Do not get lost, the author of the Russian history named Ivan III onuk Dmitry Vnuk. However, Dmytro did all one share a share of his brothers by name? His biography is surrounded by the same fog, as in all the names of Dmitriyev Ivanovich. And then, behind the fog, it is possible to roar, which is better for showing the similarity of the characters, not their vision.

If Ivan IV was in 1553 when he died, the court of the nobility from the side saw the oath of the synovium? some of that will be too old. Ale the axis after three dozen rockies Ivan died, and once again the princes and boyars lost their lives to the nemovlya Dmitry. Nedovgo think, the stink of yogo dominate in Uglich. Behind the wondrous zbіg obstavin itself in Uglichі right in the hour to reign іnshy Dmitro, sin Ivan III. Yogo prisisko? Vein. The first one there is something to drive in, then it is dumb, ale through 99 the rock was sent to the cob of the prince. Zhilki win to the kingdom. We are guided by the name of False Dmitry. per 108 Dmytro Onuk will come to the end of the Grand Duchy until he becomes the co-governor of his grandfather. Why it has become so, it is not clear, the history of the Tsia is also dark, like the history of the False Dmitry. The first axis of the same False Dmitry knows something to drive in, then something is dumb. And Dmytro Onuk is thrown to vyaznitsa, and there is a fault, I know, someone is in the world, someone is not himself. Oboh Dmitriyev Ivanovich terrorized Vasil Ivanovich, who coveted his own: one became Vasil III, the one became Vasil IV. Ale tse vzhe іnsha history.

I know everything about Urmak's abduction to Siberia, everything is written about it in any handler from history. However, I don't know much about 99 rocky to the whole for the cultivation of Zakhidny Siberia, it was directed by the author of Fedor Kurbsky, to the prisvisko Chorniy, and Ivan Travina, and also by Saltikov. The Siberian Khani called themselves the Vasals of Moscow and the goiters agreed to pay tribute. It’s obvious that the story of history is not more widespread about the history of history: the abduction of Urmak Timofiyovych from the canonization before the split of Ivan on the Third and the Fourth, and since the time of the split in the sky, I’ll say it too often , hto pishov and having brought Siberia to the Rus lands. Well, you will not say, how did all the science go on a campaign є "lipa"?

3 books of 100 great Russians the author Rizhov Kostyantin Vladislavovich

3 books Historical portraits the author

Ivan the Terrible Ivan IV the Terrible. According to the little boy of the 16th century. Childhood. Tsar Ivan was born in 1530. From nature, he wins the rosum of living і nasty, thoughtful і trochas deafening, sparing great Russian, Moscow rosum. Ale obstavini, the middle ranks of Ivan, early on

3 books Vasil III. Ivan Grozny the author Skrinnikov Ruslan Grigorovich

Ivan the Terrible Introduction U XVI century. Great changes have come in the history of European nations. The light standing on the poros of the New Times. Great geographic views have laid the ear of the light trade. The reform added a new dimension to the history of the spiritual development of the world.

the author Radzinsky Edward

Ivan IV the Terrible

3 books of Titani and tyranny. Ivan IV the Terrible. Stalin the author Radzinsky Edward

Ivan the Terrible And then the rest of the bridle fell, which was streaming his addiction, - Anastasia died. The death of Ivanov's tsar was broken: as if the friendship on this bulw was like a cob of the great and bright, so at once it came to become the cob of a new tsar.

3 books of Matrix Skaliger the author Lopatin V'yacheslav Oleksiyovich

Peter I and Ivan V? Ivan the Grozny 1 666 People of Ivan, Peter's brother 1530 People of Ivan 135 thousand six hundred and fifty two Insurrection and fire in Moscow 1547 Insurrection and fire in Moscow 135 Little Petro and Yuniy Ivan, Maybutn_dimatych Write stories, oh

the author

5. Persian tsar Kambis abo Kir - tse Ivan the Terrible chi Ivan Molodiy, and Egyptian Nitetis - tse Ester = Olena Voloshanka BATKO, SIN, LYUBOVNITSA. Tse - BATKO I BLUE. Moreover, in the young versions of the young Ester = Olena Voloshanka, she was a squad abo

3 books The Conquest of America by the Ermak-Cortes and the Reforms of the Ochim of the "ancient" Greeks stabbed the author Nosivsky Glib Volodymyrovych

19.2. Here Xerxes - tse Ivan Grozniy, Masistiya - tse yogo sin Ivan, Artainta - tse Olena Voloshanka = biblіyna Ester Rozpovіd Herodotus as a matter of fact with a lot of intelligence. We have already developed a lot of pictures of the famous history of Esther from the 16th century on the sidelines

3 books About Shakespeare. [From Hamlet-Christ to King Lyra-Ivan the Terrible.] the author Nosivsky Glib Volodymyrovych

38. The sixteenth century on the sides of Shakespeare's tragedy and chronicle Grammatics Hamlet the Elder and Vasyl III, Prince Hamlet and the young Ivan IV the Terrible, Gertrude and Olena Glinska, King Claudius and Ivan Ovchina Mi in the scholarly signified

3 books of pre-written Rus. Russia is pre-ordain. Russia and Gold Horde the author Fedosov Yuriy Grigorovich

Chapter 2 fragmentation of Pivnichno-Skhidnoi Rus. Grand Duke Mikhailo Yaroslavich Tversky. Moscow share. Grand Duke Yuriy Danilovich. Death of three Russian princes in Horde. Ivan Kalita and Metropolitan Petro. Pidnesennya Moskvy. Simeon Gordius. Ivan Chervoniy and Metropolitan Alexiy. Lithuania,

3 books of Moskovia. Legends and myths. A new look at the history of the state the author Bichkov Oleksiy Oleksandrovich

Ivan Timofiy III Vasilovich the Great, the Terrible, Saints (1440-1505) The tragic post of the autocrat of the All-Russian Ivan Vasilovich IV the Terrible overshadowed the image of the yogi father and namesake in mass media, wanting to achieve more success in the future Mozhlivo,

the author Istomin Sergiy Vitaliyovich

З books Book 1. Biblіyna Rus. [Great Empire XIV-XVII capital on the sides of the Library. Russia-Horde and Osmani-Otamaniv - two krill of the United Empire. bibliynyy FSU the author Nosivsky Glib Volodymyrovych

2.1. Ivan III Vasilovich the Terrible і Ivan IV Vasilovich the Terrible yak two partial duplicates in the Russian history First go to talk about those, as Ivan the Grozny saw in the Bible, we were told about the paradox

3 books of Russia in historical portraits the author Klyuchevsky Vasil Yosipovich

Ivan the Terrible Dity. Tsar Ivan was born in 1530. From nature, he wins the rosum of living і nasty, thoughtful і trochas deafening, sparing great Russian, Moscow rosum. Ale obstavini, the middle ranks of Ivan's dignity, they took a rosum early, gave him something unnatural,

From books I know light. History of Russian tsars the author Istomin Sergiy Vitaliyovich

Ivan IV Vasilovich the Terrible - Grand Duke of Moscow, tsar and great sovereign of all Russia Rocky life 1530-1584 Rocky ruling 1533-1584 Batko - Vasil Ivanovich, Grand Duke of Moscow. Mother - Grand Duchess Olena Vasilivna Grand Duke Gliany - Ivan s 1533

З books Russian history. part I author Vorobyov MN

IVAN GRIZNY 1. - Dzherela before the vivchennya of Tsar Ivan IV. 2. - History of food. 3. - The specialty of Ivan the Terrible. 4. - Periodization of the king. 5. - Estimates of the specialness of Ivan the Terrible. 6. - Reform the 1550s. 7. - "Stoglaviy" Cathedral. 8. - Taking Kazan and its meaning