Japan on the way of modernization. Features of modernization of Japan. Cobbled period of Japanese Industry
From the last five lands, the process of modernization went on, but the process of modernization was not completed, until Japan was made a "happy vyatkom" from the rules of a common type of modernization, the de-traditional and colonialism. The rest of the furnishings created a social base (both the top and the bottom) and rejection in the low-level suspensions, led to social and cultural breakdowns of the suspension, gave rise to a particular ailment and crisis of the suspension development.
There is no grip on the Japanese tradition, the suspension is smart, it’s a lot, but there’s not a lot of disagreement about cultural and technical innovations. Until then, the Japanese didn’t overwhelm their own high school, ale “spilkuvannya from the old world”, with novelties through the Dutch, far, far from the speech, of the age-old European people.
Until then, on the vidminu of China and the first lands Immediately, the Japanese tradition of statehood is not small, which is strongly opposed to despotism and the stifling of the private sector by the state bureaucracy. They also meant the development of the cities, and the privately-owned ones, the ones here, the bullets were turning stronger, but not in the distant lands. All the tse had a beneficial effect on the development of bourgeois things in the Japanese land. But still, even more importantly, in Japanese culture, there was no total dislike for the new, alien, splinters of the Japanese in their history more than once, and even more than a lot were suspected, for example, among the Chinese culture.
It’s a wonderful power to formulate organic symbiosis of tradition and innovation, as in Japanese political science I’ll call it dzassyusei (hybridity). Chim won’t explain? Firstly, the Japanese evidence is good for transforming and adapting the suspicion of the setting effectively, but it smells like it’s organic and not to overstep the tradition. On the other hand, the specificity of the Japanese tradition of the field is that the reception of the new call does not mean the rapist of the old new one. It’s new organically to become a part of the “flesh and shelter” of the autochthonous tradition. The axis of that in Japan, on the view of the other countries of the world, has not been blamed for a breakdown, but for the opposition between modernizers and conservatives.
The reform itself, according to its own policy, did not have any vinyatches, in some of the upper countries of the world, and especially in Japan, in that the reforms were carried out to achieve a clear and lasting consensus, with the obvious More recently, it has brought modernization to Japan, and has also been more responsive and more pragmatic to preserve and improve its great power. For the Japanese suspension to go to the Chinese, I will rely on the one-sidedness of the unequal agreements with the foreigners and their presence in the country, but against quietly, hto respecting the freedom to go to the unacceptable actions. At the same hour, the Japanese respectfully vivchal the old days of vibudovannya to the old lands, the spring from China. Tse zgodom bore fruit. Japan has become a single Asian land, as in its current policy with the former countries it carried out a typical imperialistic policy based on the old patterns. The patriotic attitude has been squeezing the nation in the same direction and allowing the mobilization of the suspension for the necessary reforms. All the moods of the zokrem helped Japan to redeploy the army and the navy to the old standards in the end of the 19th century. self-recast into one unrepentant colonial power... Ale the samurai spirit of militarism and chauvinism played a twofold role in the land of the country: from one side, added to the life of Japan.
A turning point in the modernization of Japan, becoming in 1868, as a result of a revolutionary political coup in its results, first in the history of Japan, she passed to the young Emperor Mutsuhito. Since this day, a complex of radical reforms has been carried out, which in the Japanese history is called the revolution "Meidzi", which means "sanctioned rule". Tse was in a still greater stage of modernization "zgori" at the time of the European Nicholas and more thrown off on the Russian idea of modernization of the traditional system and autocratic rule (reform) of Olexander.
Duzhe shvidko in Japan, the bullets were eliminated by the feudal valleys and declines to the privileges of the princes-daimyos, who transformed them into officials, who were fooling the provinces and prefectures. At the same time, the titles were spared, even though they became very confused. The land passed to the power of the villagers, as in Russia for the wikup, which led to the development of capitalism in the villages. The purchase and sale of the land of the bule is permitted without the need to be swallowed up. The state became zahochuvati national bourgeoisie, giving a solid social and legal guarantees. For the greater part, the state, having taken on itself the development of the great industrial objects, was then sold for lack of price to the privileged companies - Mitsui, Mitsubis, Furukava. Tim himself has demonstrated everything that is of interest to private business. That is why the Japanese bourgeoisie, mіtsno tied to the monarchy, pіdtrimal come in, straightened out to save the police-bureaucratic squabbles and did not fight for the power of the іy political power. In 1882, the party of the liberal bourgeoisie actively promoted the internal and especially the political policy of the government. A free union of "ієni and і swords" was formed, which became a characteristic rice of the social harmony of Japan right up to 1945 r
A special feature of Japanese capitalism has become the cultivation of paternalistic traditions, the direct contact of people working in ambushes of harmony of practice and capital. There was a special system of management and responsibility for all the middle companies: in the eyes of the Japanese working company it seemed like a kind of traditional community, dear Gentlemen, being not only a robot-manager, but the “turbot-driven daddy of the great family”. The workmen were vikhovuvali in the spirit of the "homeland-organization", without any order to the authorities. At its own devil, the company gave its "children" solid social guarantees and children. Qia practice yak having shown admittance, was successful, Japan practically did not know the laborious robotic ruffs, strikes, and so quietly that they shook the provincial lands of Europe and America.
Nareshti, in 1889 in Japan, a constitution was adopted in accordance with the Prussian law, de the emperor was deprived of broad rights: he had been approved by the Cabinet of Ministers and saw the laws; clicks and releases to parliament; nakedness and arrangement of the world; supreme command of the young forces; recognition and soundness of all civil and military orders, etc. In the fourth section (article 55) it meant that the ministry in Japan would come before the emperor. Do not take a nagadati, as the emperor in Japan was deified, and the Japanese nation itself looked like one great family, in which the emperor gravitated the role of his own kind of spiritual father.
Opportunities 1894-1895 rr. from China, in 1904-1905 rr. With the tough Russia, they changed their position in the suspension in the correctness of the reforms and even more took the nation along the path of the militaristic and imperialistic course. Until the ear of the XX century. Japan, one of the common lands, zoomed in to complete the capitalist reform of the early industrial stage of capitalism, which in the midst of a certain number of people was able to capitalize on the capitalist survivals of Russia With the whole countries of Japan, having brought closer the country’s approval of the modernization carried out “from above”, the preservation of the numerical pre-capitalism and the visibility of the large-scale immense suspension and wide enormous freedoms.
The Kazakhs, and the bourgeois modernization and the political style of Japan, are far from the backward democratic vision of the United States, but in the zaholny one, explained by the common type of Japanese power and suspension. Ale tsya succeeded in the history of the "revolution from above" in the modern land, the vicious dependence of the land on the despotic structures of power-power, through the path of tradition, go to the new vidkatami "in the Tradition, land of descent.
Food for self-revision and self-control:
1. What was the spіlny and the special in the process of modernization of the modernized powers in the XIX century?
2.What is the boule characteristic rice reforms in the Ottoman Empire in the other half of the XIX-ear of the XX century.
3.How to explain the re-creation of Iran in the nap_vcolony of the European powers in the 19th century?
4. Why did all of the Chinese reforms in the other half of the 19th century end in failure?
5. The role of Zakhid in the reforms of the Commonwealth of Independent States in the other half of the XIX-ear of the XX century.
6. Chim explain the success of the bourgeois reforms "Meiji" in Japan?
Basic literature
1.World history: handbook for university students / ed. G.B. Polyaka, O.M. Markova.-3rd ed. UNITY-DANA 2009.
2. Vasil'ev L.S. Zagalna history... U 6 t.Vol.4. New hour (XIX century): Textbook. posibnik.-M.: Vischa. School., 2010 rock.
3. Yakovlev, A.I. Draw the modernization of the territories Going and going in the XIX-XX centuries. M .: LENAND 2010.
3. Vasilyev L.S. History To go: U 2 vol. Vol. 1. M. Vischa. School., 1998 ..
4.Kagarlitskiy B.Yu. From imperіy to imperіalizmu. The state and the verdict of the bourgeois tsivilizatsii.-M.: Izd. Budinok Derzh. University of Economics School of Economics, 2010 rock.
Dodatkova Literature
1.Fernandez-Armesto, F. Civilization / Felipe Fernandez-Armesto; per, z English, D. Arsenyev, O. Kolesnikova.-M .: AST: AST MOSCOW 2009.
2.Huseynov R. History of the light economy: Zakhid-Skhid-Russia: Textbook. posibnik.-Novosibirsk: Sib. Univ. View, 2004.
3.Nepomnin O.E. Typology of Asian partnerships. Institute of Similarity RAN. - M.: Cx. Lit., 2010 rock.
Cycle and learning of the lesson.
To show the specialness of the formation of imperialism in the country with a traditional, shady civilization. Scientists are guilty of vrahuvati, so Japan, without any involvement in the call, even if I could reach the entrance, modernized the industry, covered the system of management of the country, while preserving its traditions and life. On the basis of materials, those scientists are guilty of promoting the law of inconsistency in the development of capitalism.
Planned results.
Uchnі dіznayutsya scho zіtknennya of Sunset zagrozhuvalo vtratoyu Nezalezhnosti i in Tsikh Minds young state, vikoristovuyuchi traditsіynu skhilnіst yapontsіv to korisnih zapozichen, vіdsutnіst prezirstva to chuzhoї culture, pіdgotuvalo yaponske suspіlstvo to rozumіnnya neobhіdnostі modernіzatsії i spriyalo the reforms SSMSC zruynuvali traditsіyne suspіlstvo. The development of capitalism in the country was brought into the minds of the university of the internal market. Evil and overwhelming parts of the population, the growth of nationalistic attitudes - everything was inevitable in Japan as an aggressive land, which pushed to the drowning of foreign lands.
ustatkuvannya:
- the map "Japan in the XIX century";
- Yudovskiy A.Ya., Baranov P.A. " Nova history", Pidruchnik;
- tables;
- vityagi z documents.
Basic understanding: Syogun, consul, modernization, exteritoriality, Yamato, Meidzi, samurai, "bushido", sintainism, nationalism, traditionalism.
Go to lesson
1. History of Japan in the end of the 19th - early 20th century XX table nasichena important steps... The stench is tied with the entry of Japan to the capitalist road of development. In the history of Japan, the period is richly spiral with the countries of Europe and the USA. At the same hour, Japan has small specific rice, like boules tied to geographic positions and historical development. Let us know you with new understandings and terms.
nationalism - Ideology, which is based on the idea of national wine, in particular.
traditionalism – style of Japanese civilization, based on traditional middle values.
Meijs – "Osvіchene pravlіnnya" - the hour of reforms, the zavdyaki yakim the land began to rapidly transform itself into a great power.
Busido – samurai code of honor.
Samurai– closed vіyskova caste (Samuraiv - serve, soldier, nobleman).
2. Until the middle of the 19th century Russia was a "closed land". The price has increased the economic, political and political weakness of the country. In 1854, the United States, victorious against the power of evil, snatched the Syogun's order "to see" the land. Buv of signatures of agreements about peace and friendship. A little over the United States before Japan, the European lands were admitted. The stench imposed on Japan an unequal treaty, which meant the rapist of the land.
3. Kinets of the 60s The 19th century was marked by podіyа, as they infused the development of the state throughout the whole process. These steps in the history of Japan are accepted as "Meiji Nimi" or "Meiji Revolution". Vona was tied with the restoration of the emperor's power and the release of the power of the "syogunat" (rule of the feudal aristocracy, "Syogun"), vіyskovu strength samuraiv, vlada imperatora lishe nominalnu. In 1867, the rotsi shoguns were led to the corny of the 15th emperor Mutsikhito.
About Mutsikhito, Senkwain.
Japan entered the era of modernization. Zabdannya, as it stood in front of the squad, was even more flexible: to carry out modernization behind the backward vision and not to waste one's independence, tradition. Behind the help of robots, there is a table for you to learn, like a task.
Storing tables for an additional assistant
(Commentary on reading).
Reform Meijs.
| straightforward reforms | zmist of reforms | meaning of reforms |
| Agrarian reform | A part of the earth was transferred to the villagers on the singing minds. | V to the Silk State becoming a capitalist way of developing. |
| administrative reform | Confiscation of a part of the land and the relief of the princes. | Vlada ruled the princes and podil land on the princes. |
| Viyskova reform | Introduced a foreign service | Lіkvіdovano Vіyskovo-feudal structure. The Japanese army was very good at it. |
| penny reform | Introduced dina groshova odinitsya - ієна. | I created a mind for the formation of a single national market. |
| reform of education | A decree was adopted on obovyazkovu pochatkovu coverage | The system of illumination has been degraded. |
Political device: in the 80s R. in the land a wide roar has flared up behind the constitution. A special mission has been sent to Europe and the United States (learn and vibrate the most suitable constitutional option). Misіya zupinila svіy vibіr on the Prussian version of Bismark.
Folding scheme "Political device" for additional document.
Viborche right: Place tables. Guess what is the main qualification?
New economic development risks: The first monopolistic organizations appeared in the country in the 90s. XIX century.
To whom did the promislov policy of the Meidzi district stand? (A robot with a document).
Yakі fіrmi zgaduyutsya in a pіdruchnik?
4. Changes in the way of life of the suspension. (Individual).
5. The name of the policy of Japan. (Individual).
visnovok: Japan is one non-European power. Chiy rivit to the ear of the XX century European countries... The development of imperialism was brought up in the minds of the university's internal market, the evil part of the population, and the price of Japan as an aggressive land, which pushed to the drowning of foreign lands.
Sinkwine about Japan.
Introduce the lesson in the lesson, zavdannya dodomu: § 24, robot with terms, pit. 1 per side. 254.
p. 1 food and drink up to the point of paragraph p. 147
Pitannya. Guess what in 1630-i pp. when the "zakrittya" of Japan came up and it meant. How did the land of Asia go in the New Hour?
The misconceptions from the regions of Europe preached Christianity in Japan, and there was little success among the villagers. The central government and the nobility were not satisfied, which was found in the Christian ideas of the foreign riches, not safe for the existing traditions.
In the 30s of the 17th century, the row took a number of entries for the isolation of Japan from the most recent world. Bully saw the decrees about the hanging from the edge of Europe and the fence of Christianity. The policy of the "close" of the land of the Bula Wiklikan to the owners of the power to prevent the invasion of Japan by the Europeans and the women to preserve the old traditions and feudal orders.
With the letter “zakrittya” of the land, trade links between Japan and Europe were made.
p. 1 food and maintenance up to the point of paragraph p. 148
Pitannya. How are the bags of the policy of "self-isolation" for the population and economy of Japan? Chomu in the middle of the XIX century. the government could not trim Japan "closed" for Europeans and Americans?
For the establishment of unequal agreements with the foreign powers, the port of Japan will be opened for the import of foreign goods. Inflow of European goods inoculation before the economic crisis. As a result, we won over the villagers, the natural tribute was replaced by a penny. Everything went on until the destruction of the settlement of the peasantry.
clause 2 food and drink up to the point of paragraph p. 149
Pitannya. How do you think, why did the provincial industrial lands of the world adopted the Shogun regime, how did they abide by the feudal order?
The main impulse to modernization, the modernization of the state of affairs, from the governing children, which is to start in the new position of the state in the international arena. Japan became a feudal power.
p. 3 food and drink up to the point of paragraph p. 150
Pitannya. Analyze the reforms in the other spheres of life of the country and explain how the stench has taken care of the compromise between the henchmen of the traditional institution and the henchmen of modernization in Japan.
Bully carried out agrarian reform and reform of the management system. Wanting to become a staid way, the feudal fragmentation and feudalism, the economic form of the exploitation of the peasantry, step by step ceased to exist.
p. 4 food and drink up to the point of paragraph p. 152
Pitannya. What lessons, to your mind, will you be able to learn from Japanese modernization to the countries of Asia, to the equalities of relations with the provincial powers of Europe and the United States?
Japan took the path of accelerated modernization. Uryad actively protesting the development of industry and trade, bachachi in the industrialization of the land, they are not safe from the earthly involvement in the power of the state. In the end of the 19th century, Japanese capitalism entered the monopolistic stage of development. Trade could not develop without good roads. To that the power itself occupied itself private life... Reforms, which are carried out in the economic, political, social and spiritual spheres of life, will be organically taken away by the suspension. Japan is unique in great social conflicts. There is a special type of labor force: robot teachers and recruits looked at themselves as members of the same team.
p. 5 food and drink up to the point of paragraph p. 152
Pitannya. On the map (p. 153), describe the geopolitical camp of Japan in the end of the 19th century - the ear of the 20th century. і explain why її call policy was colonial in nature.
The interconnection of native resources sponted Japan to conquest.
Power supply and power supply up to paragraph page 154
Food 1. Chomu from the land of Asia to Japan at the boundary of the 19th-20th centuries. ud-CD elk seeking significant results in the modernization of the suspension and industrialization?
In the first place, the state became the main instrument for the development of reforms, for the purpose of changing the minds of modernization. Reforms are guilty of speeding up the sphere of natural and natural government gratitude, the development of commercial pennies, and the protection of the development of strong working hands for vicarious workers in the growing industry.
In a different way, Japan should go to the state policy for the protection of foreign goods.
In the third place, the state without a median financial support and organizing the functioning of the zaliznitsa, the establishment of factories and factories (the greatest response was given to all industry and service galuses.
Nutrition 2. For Japan, in vidminu, for example, in Spain and Italy, into the distance of unique great social conflicts for the hour of great political reforms and social and economic re-making?
Japan was far away from the unique social conflicts, for which robot teachers and robots looked at themselves as members of the same team.
Rozdil "Dokumenti"
Meal 1. What kind of balls of the Japanese boule suspension formulated vimogi to syogunu? What was the reason for this presentation to the real chol of the state?
Vimogi to the shogun were formed in the name of the coalition forces, bewitching the shogunate. The dissatisfaction of the samurai, merchants, remissniks and peasants of the insurrection against the shogun.
Nutrition 2. In your own words, briefly formulate the chotiri of the most important vimogs presented in this document. What is the fault of Japan in the result?
The main reasons are: the expulsion of the Inozemts, the exodus from the power of the Syogun and the establishment of a strong centralized and independent empire.
Meals and services to the podilu side 155
Nutrition 1. Social, economic and political development of the regions, about how many were in the distribution, assess the next criteria:
The hour of the end of the promislov coup.
Tempo of industrialization of the country in the other half of the XIX - the ear of the XX century.
Provincial galus of industry in the national economy.
Feudal remnants.
Internal problems, such as the development of the country, overwhelmed the independent international policy.
The overriding type of labor is shared between robot teachers and recruited forerunners.
Mill for working and professional spiel.
2. Why only from the outskirts of the country were able to live in the modernization of industry and social reform, you should be careful not to know the inflow of new developments on the cob XX century.
Modernization, that is, becoming an industrial type of virobryation, in the end of the 19th - the ear of the 20th century became the method of politics of the great powers of the world. With the modernization of the growth of new opportunities, the expansion of export opportunities, the growth of the budget of the state, the growth of living standards. In the middle of the country, which in the XX century became centers for the development of industrial production, two main groups were seen. They call it in a rational way: the first and another stage of modernization, or organic and promising development.
Two models of industrial development. For the first group of countries, to which there were Great Britain, France and the United States, there was a typical trend of progress along the path of modernization. A series of promises coup d'état, against the backdrop of a massive, conveying industrial revolution, were introduced step by step, in the world of vision of current social, economic and cultural changes.
Most of the countries, which were engaged in modernization within the framework of the model of future development in the end of the 19th - the ear of the 20th century, sought to remember successes. So, Nimechchina became one of the main competitors of England on the retail markets. Japan in 1911 pissed off imposed and earlier unequal treaties. At the same hour of acceleration of development, the sharpening of the bagatokh wiped out in the international arena, so all the middle of the modernized powers themselves.
Numerous foldable problems created the social legacy of modernization. By the day of their stench, the boules are the same in all countries, but they entered the industrial phase of development, and they stuck with the social development of the suspension.
In Japan, a hundred years ago, the process of a great transformation of all spheres of life of the suspension, which depicts an active historical trend of modernization and internationalization of the culture of the economy, science, politics As a result, a new image of the country is formed, which organically unites in its traditional elements and old innovations. The processes are enriched with a set of endogenous and exogenous factors. Meidzi (Meidzi isin) restored an ear to the whole process, since more than two hundred years of isolation appeared to be active contacts with the countries of the Call. Three hours later, we saw a large-scale modernization, which took the form of Westernization, more precisely Europeanization. The building of the Japanese suspension, stretching out all the history of the rest of the mind, is the essence of the process of modernization.
With the revision of the traditional suspension in the backwoods, naturally, about the intensive, one-sided international transfer of social, economic, political and socio-cultural values. In the whole vipad of modernization, we are going to see exogenous factors and how to do it quickly. The transfer of values may be less important in the minds of the current state of being modernized, so while taking care to achieve wide political and economic independence. Not only in Meijian Japan, ala and in the first ten years of development in other worlds, “modernizations” and “backward” boules are synonymous - the Japanese suspense has been in great interest in the past, and in the past - in the past. Tilki in the world of dosyagnennya viskogo rivnya economical development so look wasted power.
On the character of modernization of Japan, a significant inflow is small and adaptive to the building of the population, so that the development of the new elements of the civilization, the first for all the Indian and Chinese components, and moreover, the improvement of the values In this hour, it’s important to go back to the Japanese suspension, but it’s just as likely that everything went into a single alloy. Osvita such an alloy is tied to the perceptions of the Japanese, in the basis of which, as in the other secondary schools, there is a tradition. For Japan, a characteristic evolutionary process of transformation of traditions. New elements evolved to the old structure, not ruinous, often associated with it, sometimes getting angry. Step-by-step elements, view changes in the world of attaching to the old structure, wicked to overwhelm all systems. In the beginning of the process, it’s bursting, so that it’s more embarrassing, it’s not the Japanese to pursue its traditions. Reincarnation in the Japanese suspension, to find the best, was seen without impoverished social vibuchs, a path of reforms, without revolutions, a path of evolution. The solution of problems (rubbing) with the way of compromises is a phenomenon typical for Japan, de, as a rule, choose the middle of gold between ruins and works. This idea is based on one of the basic principles of Japanese perception - the understanding of harmony “va”. For the restoration of Meidzi, zokrem, the authorities have made a compromise between conservative forces and newcomers. The first showed strength to the point of being in the suspension, others - to the preservation of the tradition. Significant part of the representatives of the trade and industrial capital, vicissitudes of the feudal clans, appeared again ready to adapt to the new era. Protest, the reform itself at the turning stages of the historical development of Japan had few problems.
The pragmatism of the Japanese gave its great power to take away all the innovations, as the stench was respected by the necessary, incredibly uniquely possible cataclysms, not acting with traditional values. There is one of the reasons why Japan was successful in responding to the Wiklik Login. Japanese advice is to inform about those who have a culture, it is hard to find, like it’s backward, it cannot be a universal vision for inheritance, and at the same time the culture doesn’t develop absolutely squarely, like it’s in a vacuum.
The reception of the ancient glances took place in the hostel struggle, for the formula the Japanese spirit - zadna technology (Vakone-yosai). Vakone uoblyuvav traditional culture. The tse of the witness imagined a splendid aspect, of tying with the spiritual values of the Japanese. YOsai meaning universal European civilization. The order of reason, well, only after having mastered the progress of western science and technology, it is possible that the independence of the country and such a rank of its privilege can be achieved. Ale the history of the old ones carried with it the care of the ruin of all the old systems. The sound of the expression was extinguished "the dismissal of the barbarians", which can be seen, as a manifestation of the cob stage of nationalism.
The restoration of the imperial power was a whole logical school of struggle against the nationalist forces of the country, and they already took a totalitarian feudal regime to fight against the loss of national independence. The Emperor became a primate forefather of self-esteem, a symbol of national unity. The spiritual leaders of the new power became Shinto powers.
The peculiarities of the restoration of Meidzi (who came to the ranks of representatives of the feudal nobility, the commercial capital, and not the bourgeoisie, as it was politically weak) rent fee in the village, the power to the land, for example, in the feudal mind at the enterprises). To that, the reforms carried out in a row have appeared to fill them with intercourse. Modernization was seen from above, through the elite of the nation, in the course of the first implementation of the most important power, which laid a tough foundation for the economy of the country, but the role of the current belonged to all private Nosyi of new economical vidnosin boules in the meaning of the world of viplekanii protection policy. Japan's entry on the way to the accelerated modernization of the building of an active economic need, and regularity of the way to the growth of the new potential for the formula " Bagata land- the army is strong ”.
At the given lesson about the land of Vranishny Sontsya. Japan for a long time and approximately until the XVII-XVIII centuries. It was not a special economic, political and social development and a traditional power. Why in the middle of the XIX - the ear of the XX century. did you make such a strong stribok and literally for 50 years from the outsiders of the light civilization in all spheres of life of the country? You will solve the riddle by completing the lesson "Japan on the Way of Modernization". About those, like Japan, re-created from the old closed land into a pushing state, as well as about the change of mind and the reason to be said in this urotsi.
Fighting for the unity of Japan Syogun did not need superniks. Such bully Europeans, who began to penetrate the Japanese islands in the end of the 16th century - the ear of the 17th century. і is actively expanding. As a result, in the first and second part of the archipelago, there was a victorious community. Vona in 1637 brought the insurrection to expand its inflow to Japan; the ale of the rebellion bulo was stifled with horror. Shoguni became bachiti in Christians not safe for the ruling elite, and that passed to the policy of the close of the country (policy of sakoku - "cordon shut").
From the middle of the XVII to the middle of the XIX century. Japan was one of the most critical lands in the world, and it was practically unhealthy to eat in it. Vinyatok was broken only for Dutch traders (and the Dutch could only stick to one on the island), At that time, Holland helped the Japanese to cope with the Catholic uprisings, ruled by the Portuguese colonizers.
Such a policy of self-isolation of the land took into account the fact that Vlad was unified in the hands of the Syoguns, Ala Japan, who did not contact with others sorry countries, More and more appeared to them in its technological and economic development. At this point, the policy of self-isolation of Japan has become a straining galm for the country. For example, in 1825, a decree issued a decree, following a Japanese military, it was allowed to lead a fire on an earthly ship that was near the Japanese islands.
Cope with Japan's self-isolation policy European powers That їm tse bulo і is not necessary to look at the mayzhe of not developed Africa and the first territories of Asia. To break the blockade into the distance only to the Americans. Commander M.K. Perry (Fig. 2) in 1853 organized an expedition to the Japanese Islands. Having approached them in the warehouses of a serious military fleet, the Japanese were forced to take action. Japan signed a trade agreement with the Americans (Kanagavsky agreement), as a result of which America was able to trade with Japan without success. For the whole American merchants, they saw the port of Shimoda and Hokudati, in this territory they were allowed to build an American settlement. Such a rank, the first blow to self-isolation of Japan, was haunted by the Americans.
Small. 2. Commander M.K. Perri ()
After signing the Treaty of Kanagawa, Japan was prompted to sign an analogous agreement with the European countries. In 1855, between Japan and Russia, the Simod Treaty (Treaty of Simod) was signed, the first Russian-Japanese treaty, beyond which a part of the Kuril Islands entered the inflow zone of Japan. Additional agreements were signed by Japan with the other countries in 1858. The agreement was called "Ansei", as they were laid down between Japan and France, England, Holland, USA. With such a rank, Japan has established official diplomatic relations with the countries of the Entry. Establishment of international treaties and decisions of Japan from self-isolation will be deprived of the first crocus on the way to modernization.
In 1867, the Japanese Emperor Komei died, and the Emperor Mutsukhito, who was emperor, died on the throne of 15 years. Mutsuhito's descent to the throne took sob nove im'ya - Meidzi (Fig. 3), which meant "illumination of the rule." Since 1868, in Japan, a re-creation has begun, as they went into history under the name "Reform Meidzi" or "Restoration Meidzi". Reforms can be divided into two large groups:
Perevorennya, recruited to the region;
Economic and political revision (European standards are taken as a basis).
Small. 3.Imperator Meiji ()
As for the reforms that are focused on the centralization of the land, it is possible to see the offensive:
The dignity of the princes and the date of Japan on the prefecture in 1871;
The introduction of a single penny unit (ієny) in 1871;
Replacement of the samurai militia with a regular army, the introduction of foreign service in 1872;
The transfer of the imperial capital from Kyoto to the political and economic center of Yedo (now Misto Tokio).
Also, they carried out anti-feudal reforms, as they fenced at the skasuvanny stanovyh privileges (for example, the nobles were fenced off to wear sword-katani).
Bully's nicknames were assigned to all the inhabitants of Japan, and not only to the nobles. With the help of the reform, the establishment of a market for the purchase and sale of land was opened. Feudal power on the ground was shaken off.
In the economic plan, the redevelopment was limited to the freedom of oversaturation of people and goods. Bully introduced freedom of trade and relocation across the country. In 1872 r Bula was prompted by Persha Zalizna road Tokyo - Yokohama with the help of economical links between regions. In addition, Emperor Meidzi fenced the workshop with devices and workshop regulations, laying the foundation for the establishment of the European type of industrialism.
One of the most important reforms of the era of Meidzi was the reform of the system of education. Buv opened the Tokyo University, and in all Japan there was a great number of schools. According to the official statistics until 1907, 97% of Japanese lads went to school. Such a heap of literacy has surpassed the indicators of England, France and Russia. At that time, there was no news for women.
A special feature of this period was followed by a copy of the standards of the European type, not in the development of Japan (for example, in the portraits of 1872 the Japanese emperor of images in the traditional Japanese style, but in the photograph of 1873)
Emperor Meidzi called the first parliament in Asia. Він був vlashtovany behind the European zrazkom. Parliament having negotiated laws according to these canons, they will be adopted in Europe. Emperor Meiji also opened the Japanese constitution. The Constitution of the Bula was written in line with the basic law of the Nimechchini (Constitution of Bismarck).
Small. 4. Emperor Meidzi at the meeting with the parliament. 1890 ()
In Japan, the European system of titles was also introduced: princes and barons appeared.
From the economic point of view, all the reforms carried out led Japan to progress. The Japanese Emperor and his closest vikorisovyvayut the method, which was reprimanding Peter I in Russia: the state itself set up manufactures and re-ventilated them to private persons, albeit for the price of Pilgrim. The vigoda was a subordinate one: from one side, the state cut off the payments from the masters of manufactories, and from the other side, the majestic masses of the population of the land were shielded. It is important to note that the labor force in Japan was even cheaper, the Japanese manufactories, and the larger backwaters and factories took away the mother's power and increased influx. Itself in the era of Meiji in Japan there are manufactories, aka oligarchy, which lasts until the whole day. In all, there are Japanese trade houses Mitsui and Mitsubishi.
This kind of economic development of Japan has led to the fact that the Japanese have become new markets of syruvini, and they have started to work. Japan, following the European lands, began to come to the policy of colonization. Її tsіkavili susіdnі territories - Korea, yaku was called "nіzh, straightening in the heart of Japan", and China.
In 1894-1895, Japanese-Chinese vіyna passed through the rock. The signing of the Simonoseksky peace treaty became the completion of the war. Japan played qiu war, and China has lost its territory: the islands of Taiwan, the Pescadores, and, most importantly, China has lost its economic independence. Behind the minds of the Simonosek Treaty, the formal independence of Korea has been thrown out, both in Japan and in Western European lands. Ale to the European provinces in the whole agreement did not vouch for those that Japan had violated the Liaodunskiy pvostriv, which were rooted not far from the Chinese capital. Tsya teritorіya Bula lasim with a little shmotochkom for Russia and the first European regions. Liaodunskiy Pivostrіv Buv is an important strategic point, besides, there can be a fortunate port, and Russia such a port on Dalekiy Skhodі buv is still in demand. As a result, the Liaodunskiy pvostrіv was rewarded in rent from the Russian Empire.
Small. 5. Beat in Japanese-Chinese wine ()
Japan did not succeed in such a turn, and she went into an alliance with England. In 1902, there were signed agreements between Japan and England about the establishment of the Alliance. Tsey Union of Bouvs of straightening against Russia. Japan and England respected Russia as their chief strategic adversary at all times. The English got into trouble with the development of the Japanese army and gave it a boost. In 1904-1905, the Russian-Japanese war fell asleep, de England adopted her ally - Japan. Tsia vіyna for Japan has appeared as an opportunity and a program for Russia. Russian empire in tsіy vіynі the Pіvdenny Sakhalin was lost, the bully was seen from the renderer Liaodunsky pіvostrova, and also the Kuril Islands didn’t nabula, about which they have long been gone. All the centers were rejected by Japan. Ale Vona saw her growing mice and did not interchange with Japanese-Chinese and Russian-Japanese wine To that, Japan was one of the main participants of the First Holy Life, which was revered in 1914.
4. Norman G. Formation of capitalist Japan. - M.: +1952.
5. Yudovskiy A.Ya. Home history. History of the New Hour, 1800-1900, grade 8 - M.: 2012.
Home zavdannya
1. Roskazhіt about the special development of Japan in the period from 1603 to 1868 rik (Shogunat Tokugawa)
2. Lead the butt of the most important reforms in the "Meidzi Revolution"
3. Razkazhіt about vіyni, as led by Japan in 1894-1895 rr. і 1904-1905 pp., what is the result?