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The Epoch of Oleksandr I: Unrealized Possibilities of Reforms. Constitutional project of Oleksandr I Political projects and reform of Oleksandr 1

The accession to the throne of the young Emperor Oleksandr I was taken in suspension as the ear of a new liberal era in the history of Russia. In the midst of the problems of internal life, it is especially important for the form of sovereign rule. The originality of the situation was due to the fact that the monarch himself became the initiator of the interchange of autocracy. As early as 1809, Oleksandr I entrusted M.M. Speransky with the great plan of the sovereign revision. The author of the project imagined two ways of resolving the problem: enclosing autocracy with specific forms of law, or “enclosing its internal and essential power of institutions”. Vin wrote that “slavery is political є, if the will of one or the other to become the law of all” / 1 /.

Inspired and guided at the earliest pores of Speransky, the sovereign at once change his point of view and see through the large-scale re-creation. A number of factors can be seen among the reasons. First, for everything, next to mean, that the development of projects was carried out by Speransky in a small townhouse, the community lived sensitively and could not accept reliable information and take part in the discussion of such an important problem. In addition, Speransky stumbled upon dissatisfaction and opposition to the aristocracy and food bureaucracy, as they were catching the thought of the injected keels.

The note “About old and news of Russia"M. M. Karamzina. On the thought of a number of pre-eminent people, in a new historian, they have spurred the so-called conservative kids. He criticized Oleksandr I for the reformatory fix, calling out to see a quiet revision, which could weaken the autocracy. Alleged with the knowledge of the historical past of the land, Karamzin argued that only autocratic rule can vryatuvati Russia. At the same time, the author implied that the state's official is guilty of being guilty of new ideas and thinking more about people, not about form. The political platform of history conveyed not the vision of the young emperor, but a call to the date, following the Western European legal norms and Russian historical traditions.

In such a rank, in the first period of the reign of nourishment about the state re-incarnation of the meanings of the dominion and the establishment in the suspension with the alertness. The very reaction of the rest did not allow Oleksandr I to go to the end of the program of M.M. Speransky. The food about the boundaries of autocratic power has become overwhelmed.

The uprising, already practical, decisions have become the implementation of the Constitution in the Kingdom of Poland. Oleksandr I looked at the way of yak first croc on the way to the gift of lawful order and Russia. The superintelligent enemy honored the Emperor's application for Russian suspension... Decembrist S.G. Volkonskiy wrote: "... His words about the widening and in Russia, the constitutional order of government introduced by him, made enmity stronger in my heart ..." / 2 /. The first author, A.A. Zakrevskiy, wrote to PD Kiselov: "The sovereign's move, spoken at the present time, is beautiful, ale the inheritance for Russia, it can be zhakhlivi ..." / 3 /. Some judgments did not zupinil the emperor, and the robot respected the project of the constitutional wake-up call for Russia.

In 1820, Oleksandr I was close to the introduction of an interconnected constitution. Read the document, the emperor voiced himself by the head of the viconavcha power. The law was passed on to the Zalnorossiysk Diet. But the project has lost its butt and lost hope. The reason for this is that they are from all over the country, as well as in Europe. Influencing the situation in Spain and Italy in 1820, Oleksandr I meaning: “I love the constitution, and I think that a skinny, good-natured man is guilty of loving them, and how can you steal the stink of being hardened without any guilt? Not all peoples are ready for the same world for them to accept ”/ 4 /.

During the same period, the local partnerships discussed and in a simple way discussed food about the rights of power, about the share of autocracy and political organization of Russia, which were broken up by N. To this, Russia is guilty of the blame, on the author's thought, the constitutional monarchy, the people who have voiced their voices over the whole stately life. By the way, with the project of P. Pestel "Ruska Pravda", Russia was denuded by the republic. As the author wrote, “the Russian people do not belong to the high-ranking estate of the family. In addition, the district is due to the people, and it has been adopted for the good of the people, and not the people, for the good of the district ”/ 5 /.
The problem of the need for re-development of the sovereigns, the first for everything, the intercourse of the autocratic power, was really blatant and relevant for the country. Vona was actively negotiated in the winter suspension stakes; At the same hour, the Emperor, who has enthralled with the virile power of suspicious thoughts, graciously accepts the nobles and the nobility of the university as the same, and all of the reformist ideas. Yak by definition N.I. Turgenev, "Oleksandr, judging from usy, died a despot, ale was born, we are abusing" / 6 /.

Notes:

Speranskiy M.M. Design and notes. M.-L., 1961.S. 837.
Cit. For: S. V. Mironenko Autocracy and reform. Political struggle in Russia in cob XIX v. M., 1989.
Cit. by: Ekshtut SM.A. A joke of a historical alternative: Oleksandr I. Yogo companions. Decembrists. M., 1994.S. 123.
Cit. a
p: Hartley J. M. Oleksandr I. Rostov-on-Don, 1998. P. 213.
Vibration social and role philosophical create Decembrists. M. 1951.Vol. 2.P. 145.
Turgenєv N.I. Russia and Russia. M., 2001.S. 519.

2. The Age of Oleksandr I: Unrealized Possibilities of Reforms.

At the entry of the bull, a short description of the encampment of Russia on the cob of the 19th century is given, if the new tsar has come to power. Oleksandr I renounced Russia as agrarian, feudal. Unimportant to the possibility of the development of capitalist wins, but, without hesitation, it would help the state to return from the country to the entrance, the young emperor's supporters did not respect the necessary prices. Tim for an hour Oleksandr, being young, will bring energy into the first stage of his rule by setting up liberally and not having lost sight of the possibility of reforms. Deyakі zmіni bouly brought on the very cob of the rulership of the tsar. Reforms of the boule of war in 1812, as the majesty of the majestic vitrates of the state and the manhood of the entire population.

After the end of the war in 1812, the rock in Russia was done by the nikols. Fortechni, having spent time in the militia, with important rozcharuvannya perekonulya, but in the eyes of the tsar the stench did not deserve will. Oleksandr I understands the need for reforms. More than that, he organized the robot over the project of the villagers' education. (Vidpovidalny - A.A. Arakcheev). Aleksandr I, a project and implementation in the era of Oleksandr I, a project and a project for implementation in the era of Oleksandr I, a project and a project for implementation in the era of Oleksandr I, for a project of a biopromeshchetskim, and for a period of 200 rockets, cannot be found in thoughts about the promotion. Alle the negotiation of that non-radical project, which was brought up in an atmosphere of secrecy. The basis of Arakcheev's project was the proposition of a cupuvati to fit a mattress into a storehouse. Kozhen, who went free, the peasant is guilty of having to trim the land nadіl not less than 2 dessiatines (by the day, tse tse buv zlidenniy nadіl). At the end of the day, the finance ministry said that the treasury would not be worth 5 million rubles at a fraction of the cost. Todi, in 1818, a special committee was built for the development of a new plan. The activity of this committee is classified as secret, but history has become less than a hundred years later. The committee of boulevards of breakdowns has a project, not in the form of a number of vitrates, ale insurance on coverings and non-meaningful terms. For the decisions of the tsar, there was no distance from the right (that is, secret).

The same is the situation with the draft constitution, breaking up with the initiative of the sovereign. In 1815, he was granted the Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland. Tse saw the first croc to the constitutional gift of Russia itself. The draft of the Russian constitution was finalized to the office of the Imperial Komisar under the Polish district Mikoly Novosiltsev. The project ("Statute Charter") has been put together by him and passed on to the parliament, without grasping what the monarch could not see the law, giving freedom to all the Russian children, including the crises, and the federative devices of the state. At the birch tree in 1818 r in promov on the opinion of the Polish Diet, the emperor talked about the date of the constitutional device of all Russia.

The robot on the project went to the bezposrednim kernel of prince P.A. The Polish constitution was taken for a moment. Senators were appointed tsar, and the members of the lower chamber were often appointed, and the members of the lower chamber were robbed at the hands of many different vibrations. Russia otrimuvala federal devices, distributed to 12 nominations, in the skin of which is formed by its representative organ.

At the same hour, M.M. Speranskiy pratsyuvav over his project, which is often referred to V'yazemskiy's project. As in the official version of the news, the legislature is guilty of a bicameral body: the Senate becomes the upper house, then Speransky has a unicameral body of power. Krym tsoy author proponuvav prizupiniti vyssuyu paper pennies and enter the average ruble.

NS. Mordvinov buv tezh sturbovaniyu by shook the way of liquidation of social and economic tariffs of Russia from the start, solving the problems of winners in the development of private power, competition, promoting the intensively modernization of the system of bankruptcy

The official version would not have been progressive in the area of economy, as Mordvinov's project, in the area of improving the rights of specialness, the project of the secret committee has a hole in it. More important is the little voicedness of the "Statutory Diploma" of the guarantees of the lack of touch of the individual. Nichto not a moment of making a decision without a notice of a call. It is not a matter of punishment for punishment, as through the court and in accordance with the law. Freedom was roaming around. As a whole, the project "Statute of the Charter" was less intertwined with the autocracy, and now it started after Speransky's project. Ale yakbi "Statute deed" was introduced into the theater, Russia entered on the way to the representative system and huge freedoms. The implementation of this project has come close to Russia in the lands of Europe.

Until 1821, the robot over the "Sovereign Statute" Russian Empire"Bula is over.

“At 1820 rr. having become a revolution in Spain and Italy, I was honored for independence in Greece. " The fear of the Russian revolution was "put to the table in the farthest drawer" and the draft "Statutory Literacy". Approximately from 1820 r Oleksandr began to opanovuvati marvelous apathy. Once again, talking about those who know the crown and go in private life. Until the earliest twenties, Oleksandr Pavlovich was introduced to the indigenous re-revolution in the political sphere and on the way to the hopeless practice of private changes and updates to the current system. The reason for such a change of V.O. Klyuchevsky is that those who Oleksandr Pavlovich poured the revolutions in Italy and Spain, the ghost of some kind of wines at the heads of the Life Guards of the Semenivsky regiment in 1820. M.N. Pokrovsky ordered that as soon as he knew the need for greed in liberalism, the emperor immediately made all the liberal repairs, having discovered his own help. Close to the point of view of the loanє S.B. Okun. A number of historians (N.Ya. Eidelman, S.V. Mironenko) caught a thought, but the idea of a re-creation became due to the explicit or true university of social support and fear of the emperor to go into the conflict with the main one. The course of the series becomes according to one of the values - "conservative", after those - "reactionary". Yak wrote V. O. Klyuchevskiy, "the order and suspension rose, as nikols did not go earlier."

Ale suspilne life did not know the apathy at once with the king. Those who disagree with the rate of return have become unanimous in all the spheres of the suspension, are denoted by historians. In 1816 r vinykla tamna office organization, called the "Union of Poryatunku". Oleksandr Muravyov, Colonel of the General Staff, chastened. Among them were Prince Sergiy Trubetskoy, Mikita Muravyov, Matviy and Sergiy Muravyovi-Apostoli, Ivan Yakushkin. With the head mark of comradeship, the introduction of a constitutional and community freedoms was launched. Negotiated in the suspension and nutrition about the law. Getting up to feed about Tsarevbyism. Ale began to see that Oleksandr was getting ready to call the villagers and to introduce a constitution. To that, the zooseredity of the Zusille was revived in the preparation of the community thought before the future reforms, in the propaganda of constitutional and voluntary ideas.

“In 1818, he became the substitute for the Union of Prayer and the Union of Prosperity. On the number of yogo there were also individuals who were in the forefront of the organization. " The new "Soyuz" was of a greater character. New bulo has close to 200 people. By one of its main goals, "Soyuz" has embraced the development of goodness, helping and humanizing morality. Yah members are guilty of blame for the publicity of the fact of the harsh hassle of krypaks, the "vinischuvati" of the sales of one and the same and without land. Varto bulo domagatisya usunennya from the army life of svavil, severe punishment, assault. But in a short hour of its discovery, the "Union of Prosperity" has risen even worse than what has been planned. In 1821, the secret office of the "Union of Prosperity" in Moscow was voiced by the organization of the release. Ale Vinyklo (1821) two new suspensions: Pivnichne-in Petersburg and Pivdenny-in the army parts, which were housed in Ukraine. The stinks pidtrimuvali the ringing between themselves, pounced to the ob'nannya, ale went richly in good ways.

The personal support was channeled by the Duma, before which were Sergiy Trubetskoy, Mikita Muravyov and Evgen Obolenskiy. The program document of the partnership was "Constitution", broken up by NM Muravyov. Behind the zm_st is the project of Muravyov, with the project of Novosiltsev - Vyazemsky. Vyazemskiy pіdtrimovіv close stosuns with bagatma members of the suspension і, vividly, knowing them with the project. A selection of two projects fell into the saved monarchy, zaprovadzhennya I will arrange a federalі stems of a bicameral representative body, formed by the urahuvannya main census. True, in accordance with the project of Novosiltsov - V'yazemsky law, the representative body was significantly expanded, and the monarch was surrounded. Russia is guilty of being a constitutional monarch. Ale the most vidmainst was in the fact that Muravyov did not mislead the introduction of the constitution without the use of critical law.

The program document of the Pivdenny Partnership was written by Pestel "Ruska Pravda". Russia in niy was voiced by one and only republic with a unicameral parliament (Narodniy vich). Vibrating right hoped all individuals, which reached 18 years.

In general, it is necessary to say that Muravyov's project will be more realistic than Pestel's. Ale, it’s a pity that the tsar didn’t want any reforms that would suspend the development of the country.

Oleksandr I knew for a long time about the discovery of these partnerships, but not the devil. In the autumn of 1825, they were overburdened even when they died, and they were punished for the protection of the certificates of the Pivdennogo partnership. 19 leaf fall 1825 Oleksandr I died at the age of 47 years. Folding from the throne (brother of Oleksandr Kostyantin was brought to the throne and the king is guilty of Mykola, not even popular today in the army) allowed the progressively adjusted nobility to try to take the power in hand. Buv to navi the reversed dictator - Trubetskoy, but history is not accepted in a clever way. The insurrection of the Decembrists on the Senate Square was stifled and Vlad was transferred to Mykola I.

If you add a bag to the 25th rule of Oleksandr I, you can start coming up. Unimportant to the liberal mood of the emperor in the first rock of his tsar, and the development of projects for the development of rural villagers and constitutions from the initiative of the king of special changes in the land was not broken. The land of prodovzhuval has become unrepentant capitalistically, practically has no shareholder partnerships, few banks, having become indifferent to the food of great law, special freedoms, which was summed up by the statement of Russia from the Entry. On the other hand, the need for change was seen by the support, like the nobility (about what to say about organizing some of these partnerships, as they put themselves in place of the change of the way of the historical development of Russia), so by the peasants, their lack of support

Hope relied on Mikola I.

Visnovok.

At night from 11 to 12 birch in 1801, the last palace coup was seen in Russia. Emperor Pavlo I was killed as a result of the serpent of St. Petersburg nobility. Oleksandr, who reigned in Mayzhe for a quarter of a century, entered the Russian throne (1801-1825). About the Emperor himself, in his glances, the most super-verbose witnesses of the contenders have lost sight of them. Vіn caught up directly with the opposite look, frightening the same dії. Tse was explained by the kind of rice and character, as well as by those minds, in which wines were wicked. Vіdіrvanija vіd homeland, daddy, wіn wіkhovuvіvsja from an early childhood with his grandmother Katerina II. To Tom Oleksandr, he was constantly advising him to be a grandmother and a dad, cunning and prikhovuvati his help. Some of the fellows talked about his hypocrisy and lack of strength, and about inspiration - about knowledge, wickedness, privacy. Those and inshe drowned in new, dopovnyuchi alone. Seeing Napoleon's visceralism: "Oleksandr is clever, accepting, but you can't do it: guilty: tse is a fair Byzantine ... thin, hooked, cunning." Obviously, after the glances, Oleksandr I Bouv Liberal. Win buv is clever and I couldn’t miss the spirit of the hour, in the first place with the incessant ideas of the French Revolution.

Oleksandr I is a real politician. Having ascended to the throne, winn new policy the Russian state. Ascending to the throne, Oleksandr I voted in an ugly way, so that the basis of politics would not be a special will, or a whim of the monarch, but a suvore adopted laws. The population of the boulevard was obіtsyanі pravovі guarantees from svavolі. All the same, a little great suspicious resonance, there was a hope for the introduction of a constitution in Russia. Ale bully and prorahunki, and great, for example, in the latest politics.

Vіtchiznyanu vіynu 1812 r seen as a special stage of political activity in Russia. Vіyna bully wiklikana to the sharpest from Russia and France. The main reasons for the failure are: the fate of Russia in the continental blockade of England (until 1812 Russia practically ceased to be victorious from the blockade); the hegemony of France in Europe, which is mainly due to the lack of security. On the side of Franzia, Viyna had an unfair, zagarbnytsky character. For the Russian people - it became visvolnoy, led to the participation of wide popular masses, having renounced the name - Vitchiznyanoi.

At the end of the hour, Russia was already leading two victories - from Turechchinoyu and іranom. With such a rank, Russia could not oppose the great army to Napoleon. France was occupied only by the sea from England, for France Russia it was the main and only one on land, and she could have centralized all the forces on the way from Russia. Until then, in Russia, there were even more vile roads, which made the army's communications easier, delivering everything necessary for the front. True, it was a problem for Napoleon, since he entered Russia. In the economic sense of France, there was more and more prosperous land. They have a lot of capitalistic ideas, but France has more money to spend on money.

Protest, the leaders of the small command and patriotism of the people, Napoleon and his army were knocked down. In the capacity of the city, all the people of the population were looking at the change in the course of the government of the country.

Oleksandr kindly reveals the heritage of the political, economic and social statements of Russia from the leading European powers... Win thinking about the prospects of living a majestic land from a lethargic camp. However, step by step, look at the development of Russia, the suspension of the Russian change. From the liberal it turns into a conservative, and in the rest of the rock life in the reactionary policy. Having become a relative, distrustful, he could not help but be recognized on the concrete right of him in the governing power.

List of literature.

G. B. Polyak, A. N. Makarova, N. S. Krivtsova i in. Russian History: Pidruchnik for Universities M., 1997.

History of Russia. A course of lectures from the history of Russia from the recent hours to our days. Ekaterenburg, 1993.

Klyuchevsky V.O. Vibrani lectures `The course of the Russian history`. - Rostov-on-Don.: Fenix, 2002 .-- 672p.

R.A. Arslanov, V.V. Kerov, M.N. Moseikina, T.M. Smirnova Posibnik for newcomers to universities "History of Russia from the found hours to the end of the XX century". // www.humanities.edu.ru

Tarle E. Vitchiznyana was born in 1812. -Moscow .: Presa, 1994 .-- 544 p.

History of Russia IX-XX century. Pidruchnik pid ed. Ammon G.A., Ionic N.P. - M .: Infra-M - 2002 816 p.

Nabula іншого turn - win having become re-transformed into one of the leading state bodies of Russia. CHAPTER 2 THE PROTECTION OF THE RULE ORDER ALWAYS IN THE MIDDLE OF THE RULE OF OLEXANDER III (1881 - 1894) 2.1.

Even in his youth, he became a snake in the middle and didn’t get lost in his life. Chapter 2. Oleksandr Oleksandrovich in the role of Tsarevich. § 1. Characteristics of Oleksandr Oleksandrovich. From 12 April 1865 Oleksandr III became Tsarevich. If a professor of Moscow University A.N. Chevilev is a professor of the Moscow University, he knows that he is a scholar of nudity with a slump ...

Help me. Tsey gurtok became the name of the "Secret Committee". Yogo member on the choly with Oleksandr Bully is young, blessed with good intentions, altogether lacking in knowledge. In the protest of the first rock of Tsar Oleksandr I, they lost the good fortune of the fellows. "Oleksandrovikh's day is a beautiful ear ..." - this is how A.S. Pushkin. The policy of "sanctified to absolutism" was born and lost. 2 April ...

Clearing the management of the spiritual lives of the Russian army and the fleet. In the protest of the Church, the prodovzhuval became a superintendent state power. A conservative turn in the uryadov_politice Oleksandr III is supervised by a different turbot about the economic development of Russia. Selyanska reform is underway. In 1881, a law about the binding wikup by the villagers of the land and ...

For the fate of the new emperor's tsar, it was hard to finish off a great number of reforms, such as to change the management system, to polish the education and life of the people as a whole. The stinks were partly effective and played a significant role in the cultural level of the state. The reform of Oleksandr 1 is briefly described in the statistics.

Oleksandra's board 1

In the history of Russia, as well as the largest powers, a new ruler came to the throne through a series of intrigues, evils and deaths. Imperator Sin Katerini the Great і Peter Fedorovich (as the book onuk was killed in 1801 by the swindlers. The palace coup came, and Oleksandr Pavlovich took over the throne, which was Oleksandr 1. With the arrival of the new monarch, The rules of Paul 1. The liberal reforms of Oleksandr 1, briefly listed in the table, did not have an answer for everyone.

Reform Oleksandr 1 - short zm_st

For the ear of the 19th century, the bully is characterized by an autocratic-kriposnitsky way and the buzz of a new way of political and socially-economic life. Oleksandr 1 got the power in a folding yak called, as well as in the inner camp. Having come to the throne, they skasuvav the Chancellery of Taєmna, fence the tortiri and tіlesnі punishment (for nobles and merchants). There was also a lot of vyazniv, which were settled in the fortress of Petropavlivska.

If you talk about the reforms of Oleksandr 1 briefly, then at the ear of the ruling bully, Russia has done a lot of liberal repairs. At the same time, a zavdannya yakogo is formed - a discussion of the general nutrition of the life of the Russians, in the center of those there is a beauty, an expanded awareness, a state re-creation. It’s a sign of the tsar’s decree, where the project is going to talk about ale real deeds to the tsim namir.

Reform Oleksandr 1 short - table


	Political amnesty. Skasuvannya Taєmnoi office.
	Replacing the colleagues (dismissed by Peter 1) by the ministries under the supervision of the ministers of the ministry. Created by the Committee of Ministries.
	Of course, Pomishchiki can make the villagers feel from the land, with the rest of the guilt to pay the wikup.
	Introduction of a new regulation chief pledges... Schools of advanced stages (paraphysical, secondary schools, gymnasiums, universities) are experiencing a decline. Pidstava of five universities - Vilensky, Derpt, Kharkiv, Petersburg and Kazansky. Until the end of his life Moskovsky.
	The university needs meaningful independence. Now the stench can vibrate professors and rectors, winosity vlasnі solution s drive their right. In general, there is a view of the censorship statute of a liberal character.
	Reform on the territory of the Baltic states. The results didn’t agree with the results, because the proper control was not successful.
	Gift of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland.

Tse naivazhlivіshі reform Oleksandr 1 in short. The table reveals the main part. Zapam'yatavsya specialty in the period becoming Speransky. On the other hand, this project of state reforms, so that they could change the life of the state, and itself - the establishment of the suspension until the rulership of the land, was not honored by the emperors and the ruling tops. In 1812, Speransky's rosi had a check from the outside to the occupied townships and posilannya. Talking about the reform of Oleksandr 1 is short, it is also a matter of guesswork, but the stink is not ready to allow the radical change of the living order.

Zmіni in svіtі

In the 20s of the 19th century, radical steps have been started up to the initial pledges. For 1821 rіk it was built earlier than the beginning of the university - Kazansky, Moskovsky. Professors in the field of education and court. Established in 1817, the Ministry of Spiritual Rights supervised all the establishment and education. A call to the imported books and the origin of the books gave the postage to the development of coverage.

Oleksandr 1's ministerial reforms became a significant croc. Short zm_stїх: the staff of the central administration bodies was strictly ordered, the lance was strictly ordered; At the place of collegial appointments came the ministries, the leathers from various subordinate orders and appealed for their performance before the Senate. Tse bula tried to rebuild the control system as a whole. Tsei zahid viyavilasya effective chastkovo - central control of the boulevards, however, the greedy nature of the people took up the hill. The embezzlement of the state, the hopelessness of the main people of the country, and habarynstvo have become known. Old-time human vices have known for themselves to walk in the new system.

vіyskovі settlement

In 1816, Oleksandr 1 rotsi, having invented a way, the zabdyakov who tried to change the waste to the army - vіyskovі settlement. People in the qikh settlements of goiters' knitted boules at once carry to the service take care of the crap earth. Misce bulo vibrano shvidko - state lands of the provinces of Mogilev, Novgorod, Peterburzka and Kharkiv. If we describe the reforms of Oleksandr 1 briefly, then we can say that the camp of the army has been destroyed.

meaning of reforms

From the hour of the rule of the bullet, the first crocs were taken before the control of the state was awakened, ale the stench was perceived unpredictably. However, the founders of the redevelopment in the light of day began to change, which took place in the other half of the 19th century and entered history under the name of “great reforms”. The growing cultural level of the suspension, in the state, has increased the number of the well-known population, such as reason, some necessary changes.

It is possible to describe the state reforms of Oleksandr 1 with a short offensive rank - in the country there was a great number of decisions, and the new ruler came up more thoughtfully, below his successor. Two cyclists passed the emperor and his closeness - the stench became magical in the eyes of the law, and also pushed back into the spirit of the spirit. However, an important hour, on the yak fell the wines and changes in the political organization, squeezed into the financial camp of the country, which, in its own devil, was driven into the sum of the quitrent, fed by the people. With the help of the advancement of the well-being of the state, new laws were introduced, which reduced the goodness of the common people.

end of rule

Oleksandr 1 is very good at thinking that he is not satisfied with his policy of growth, and he won’t be able to bring the power to the end of the day. Tim took an hour to start building up the international situation. The Emperor is seen from the turboboot information about the land, more and more roses have come. Wines died on the 48th of life in Taganroz before the hour went up.

India, as it was spoken on the cob, is tightly tied to religious and traditions, and it is possible to go through even less than ten years, but women are not just official, but informally they have become all huge rights.

V.V. Tishchenko *

Russian state and suspension, volodyucha rich history, great power of constitutional development. One of the stages of development for part of the constitutional projects was the Persha part of the XIX century.

S.A. Avakyan, at my glance, listened to respect, that "ideas of the constitution and constitutionalism in Russia since the ear of the XIX century. . The term "constitution" is associated, before the beginning, with the Old American and European revolutionary tendencies, and the ruhs, which gave you a negative feedback. ...

The progress in the implementation of the constitutional reform was carried out before and after Vіtchiznyanoї vіyni 1812 r The initiator of the idea of the introduction of the Constitution, as if it didn’t sound wonderful, but the Emperor himself. Oleksandr I spoke repeatedly about the representative government as the most fair to his political organization. Tse z perekonannya vіn namagavsya realizuvati, completing M.M. Speranskiy in 1809 rozrobit the great plan of the sovereign re-revolution. However, the plan was conceived of failures, for which they perceived active and sub-active reasons. Alee dumka about the need for fundamental political reforms in the wines not overshadowed.

The Grand Duchy of Finland since 1908 has little of its constitution, it will start the principle of power, a unicameral parliament, self-discipline, power the army, freedom to a friend, a penny odinitsy (Finnish mark) and T. D. Z 1815 r. Manifesto about the admission of the Duchy of Warsaw to the naming of the Kingdom of Poland, and even 13 people of the Kingdom of Poland were rattled about the gift of the constitution, self-righteousness, the power of the army and freedom to the friend. Oleksandr I 15 leaf fall 1815 having consolidated the constitution of the Kingdom of Poland, the text of which was published in Warsaw. I would like to say that there’s a more progressive one, not in the lands, de isnuvv the bourgeois rule of law.

Already, the very presentation of the nutrition about the need for reform was a magnificent crocus forward in the development of constitutional ideas. One of the most radical projects of the other half of the tsar Oleksandr I, the new constitutional project of M.M. Novosiltsev.

In the last literature, there was a statement about Oleksandr I, about the crafty and the unruffled sovereign dyach. Zvvychay in Yak proof to direct the spirit of M.M. Speransky in 1908 r.

At the birch in 1818, Oleksandr I arrived in Poland at the opening of the Seimas, de-vigolovyu prom, yak, the enemy bombed, so it rose. The tsar was naked, that "legally-vilnі establish", as win "daruvav" Poland, they were the subject of his permanent "thoughts" and that guilt was encouraged to expand them all over the country. The tsar clearly giving a sense of intelligence, as if the success of the Polish experiment to lay down a share of the constitution in Russia. Robot over her rested in the end of the same rock from the Kerivnistvom M.M. Novosiltsev. For the first time, the version of the constitution can go to the "A short viklad of the foundations of the constitutional charter of the Russian Empire" Danish document ts_kaviy tim, shho buv praises by Oleksandr I as the basic principle of constitutional will arrange. Until the offensive - 1819 fate, and the document was ready and fought by Oleksandr I. Later, the fate was extended.

In 1820, the project of the Russian constitution "State Statute Charter of the Russian Empire" has been deposited. There are two storehouses in two buildings: one in French mov, one in Russian. The "statutory grammar" was passed on the bicameral introduced in Russia to the parliament, which is fundamentally new for Russia to the authority. People's representatives were guilty of "going into the sovereign parliament ( state duma), Folded from the sovereign and two chambers. "In the Russian parliament, the" messenger "of the Seimas began, poklikanі action in the skin science, on which the distribution of the land was transferred." The statute "gave the Seim the right of veto in the contiguous legislative powers of the emperor. Vona brought the country into 12 districts, or the nominations. The skin included 3 - 5 provinces. Organize control in the nation as a whole was organized with the imperial ones. "Statute letter", transferred the federal territorial principle of sovereign, introduced in Russia, decentralized the apparatus sovereign government, For the protection of differentiated autonomy (from the constitutional for Poland and Finland to the legislation for the other territories with a special vision of the status of Moscow and St. Petersburg). Uryadov cabinets of ministries, as the guilty ones, discussed the food and nutrition, in order to order the structure of management of the land, allowed them to quickly resolve the problems. Vona voiced the introduction of freedom of speech, freedom of expression, the equality of all before the law, freedom to the friend, the lack of touch of an individual. Particular respect in the documents is given to the right of private authority. The independence of the ship's authority was also voiced.

With such a rank, the preparation of the document clearly indicates that in 1820 the Emperor Oleksandr I was acting close to a radical re-awakening of the state system, before the constitution was introduced. However, now the tsar is virish, so you must think of undeveloped and new shkidlivs. At the same time, they were reassigned about the discovery of the secret revolutionary comradeships of the Maybut Decembrists, the development of the new settlers and soldiers of the Semenivsky regiment, revolutions in Pivdenniy Europe, the same disagreement with the Polish Sejm itself. Having become a thought, the introduction of the constitution can serve as a catalyst for the shocks in the land, even more terrible and unbearable.

Oleksandr I

Russian Emperor Oleksandr Pershy (1777-1825) ruled Russia from 1801 until his death. Historians call this one batkovbivtseu. Vin nachebto knew about the preparation of the palace coup, in the course of the murder of his father, the Emperor Pavlo Pershiy, altogether did not kill "against".
Oleksandr got the share of the tsar in the folding hour, in Europe there were no breaks ("Napoleon"), in Russia the ideas of education and the French bourgeois revolution were "wandering". The land, as you know, the bully needed reforms, as from one side, they rewrote the life and devices of the suspension from the European history, allowing them to develop in the leg at an hour, but in the last Axis and spin.

A short biography of Oleksandr I

1777.12 breast - born. Father is Grand Duke Pavlo Petrovich, mother is Grand Duchess Maria Teodorivna.
Babusya Oleksandra Kateryna the Great saw the little girl from the fathers, who resigned vikhovuvati yogo to the authorities' court, so she didn’t respect Sina Pavel sincerely to rule Russia
1784 rik, 13 birch - Katerina II completed the work on "Nastanova about the vikhovannya of the great princes"
... The high-ranking people їх highness (April 27, 1779, the brother of Oleksandr Pavlovich, Kostyantin, was born), more than the others, are presented with two great nobles: 1-st) justice; 2-nd) love to the neighbor; for that and the first thing you need to know, how small the smell is pretty much more accurate and more accurate about speech, healthier and more mindful ...
1784 rik, 10 chervnya - Swiss lawyer F.-C. Lagarp presented to Katerina II a pedagogical note, prepared on the basis of "Nastanovi"; nebar Lagarpe of the signings of the vigilante of the grand dukes
Colonel Laharpe, Swiss Republican, Chanuval of abstract ideas of French enlightened philosophy, is the head mentor and politician of the grand dukes' political thought. He told the children about the possibility of a rose, the blessing of the people, the agreement of the state, the natural equality of people, justice, the natural freedom of the people, lack of deafness and the school of despotism, the abomination of slavery. Read the Grand Duke of the Russian language and history, as well as the moral philosophy of Mikhailo Mikitovich Muravyov's inquiries, the lyudin and non-falsity writer was elucidated in a liberal-political direct. A zealous look at the behavior and health of the great dukes, who were given orders to the general-in-chief to count N.I. Saltikov, a typical nobleman of the Katerininsky school, who firmly knew how to live at the court
1792 31 linden - the Baden princess Luisa arrived in Russia, she later accepted Orthodoxy and rejected it.
1793, 28 Veresnya - Oleksandr Pavlovich Shlyub and Oleksandr Pavlovich Alizaveti
1 794, zhovten - Laharpou was stripped about the delivery; after leaving Russia through a little bit of miscellaneous
+1794, 6 leaves - death. Becoming a new emperor; Oleksandr Pavlovich - the decline of the throne, the sign of the governor-general of St. Petersburg
1799, 27 linden - Marya Oleksandrivna, two thousand dona Oleksandr and Alizaveti died in St. Petersburg
1801, from 11 to 12 birch -, as a result of which Pavlo I was killed; to the throne of the cast of Oleksandr I
1801, 12 Bereznya - the new emperor, having taken the goiters on himself, is responsible for governing the people "for the laws of the heart in Boz, I honor the most important grandmother of our sovereign Emperor Katherine the Great"
Yogo accession to the throne ruined in Russian, overly noble, suspension of the galaslivy of the drowning; in front of the king for the whole comradeship, we will suvorim with great fast. Karamzin say that the rumor about the arrival of the new emperor will be accepted as a sound of peace. Trivial tension of nerves out of fear was allowed by the bright words of cheating: people on the streets and in the booths cried out of joy; when they knew and didn’t know, they drove one of them, and they were surrounded, as if on the day of Holy Sunday.
Soon the new, 24-year-old emperor became the subject of burnt respect and dedication. The call itself, the beastly, the appearances on the streets, like the situation, whirled a charming performance. For the first time, the sovereign was kicked to go for a walk in the capitals of the pish, without any retinue and without any embellishments, to visit without a year, and as a courteous message to bow to the beast (N. Klyuchevsky)

With a hand, Oleksandr pardoned 156 people who had become involved, who had pardoned and allowed him to turn to the service of 12 thousand earlier people who had been called by Pavel, who took the fence for importing different goods and products into Russia (including books and music) noble vibori, sounding priests and deacons from those of the forest, renewing a penny for additional help for the reduction of provincial scientific institutions - the Vilny economical suspension (5 thousand rubles) and Russian Academy(6 thousand rubles). April 2, having updated the letter of honor to the nobility and the local authorities;
1802-1807 - diplomatic and vyskovs of Zusill Oleksandr, who reigned against Napoleon's aggressive policies
1807, 7 linden - Tilzitsky svit, as a result of both Russia and France, they transformed from the enemies into allies
1808.13 Present - Oleksiy Arakcheev became a member of the Viyskiy Ministry. Russia brought Finland to itself.
1808, May - Oleksandr I, daughter of Oleksandr I and Oleksandr Oleksiyivna died near the family.
1811.15 Veresnya - consecration of Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg
1812, 17 Bereznya - the head reformer of Russia M. Speranskiy, directed by Oleksandr to send
1812-1813 - w
1813, 13 June - Russian vіyska on the cholі with Oleksandr I and Kutuzov crossed Niman. Earn of Possibilities for the Russian Health European Campaign
1814 25 linden - Oleksandr I turning to Petersburg
1814-1821 - Oleksandr I occupy the right, turbots, problems (including the family ones) of Russia and Europe
Thousand weights twenty one, 24 May - Oleksandr I was told by the local agent Gribovskiy about the political changes from the list of participants. Oleksandr said in French: "Don't change karate."
1825.13 Veresnya - the king's friend arrived to Taganrog.
1825 27 zhovtnya - Oleksandr I Raptovo Zhovtnya
1825 19 leaf fall, 10 years 50 khvili - death of Oleksandr I

The reasons why Oleksandr I reforms were vimagali

kriposne right
Revealing svavillya over legality in a haunted life
unclean country management system

In (the first of his) decrees, as in private conversations, the emperor obeyed the basic rule, as if he was going to be cheruvated: at the place of a special svavil, strict legitimacy was settled. The Emperor more than once ordered the head off-duty, suffering from the Russian state order; tsei nedolіk vin naming "svavillyam our rule". For the sake of a shortage of wines, having ordered the need for the indigenous, i.e., the main laws, which have not yet been built in Russia

Reform Oleksandr Pershoi. short

Even before Oleksandr's convergence to the throne, a group of "young friends" was mantling around the corner, so it was the very same and the winners who wore the ideals of Rousseau, Locke, Gibon. The stinks approved the so-called secret committee, in which the plans of a liberal sovereign exodus of Russia were discussed. Prior to the committee were Count P. A. Stroganov, Count V. P. Kochubei, Prince A. A. Chartorisky, N. N. Novosiltsev, M. M. Speransky. As a result of robots Oleksandr and yogo odnodumtsiv

12th Chest 1801 - a decree on the right to buy land by merchants, townspeople, sovereign villagers was approved
8 spring 1802 - established by all ministries, the leaders of the ministries of the ministries - uniaxially (and not collegially) took the decision and carried for them a personal statement, and the decisions of the government officials - ministries
8 spring 1802 - extension of the rights to the Senate: denunciation by the "keeper of the laws", by the court of the institution
20 fierce 1803 - the decree "about wilnyh (wilny) hlіborobіv": landowners could release krypaks from the land for wikup
1803 - a new provision was adopted "About the inducement of the chief pledges": one system of schools - 4 steps: paraphysical schools (at the church) - 1 ric, provinces (for the townspeople) - 2 rocks, provincial gymnasiums - 4 riches (for the university)
Vidkrito University: in Derpt (1802 rik); at Vilno (1803), in Kharkiv and Kazan (1804).
1804 - the adoption of the university statute, which closes the self-regulation of universities: the vibration of the rector and the professors, the Supreme Court, the lack of control of the administrative authorities in the university
The work of privileged lyceums: Demidivsky in Yaroslavl (1805), Tsarskoselsky pid in St. Petersburg (1811), Rishilievsky in Odessa (1817), Nizhinsky in Nizhyn (1820).
1804 - the declaration of the liberal censorship statute
1809 10 Bereznya - a decree, like a fence for the helpers to dominate the villagers to Siberia; fence of publicity
1810, 1 sychnya - - thanks to the proposal of M.M.
1816 - The decree about the development of the villagers of Estonia from a country without land
1817 - Decree on the development of the villagers of Courland as a country without land
1818 - a decree about the development of the villagers of Livland from a country without land
27 leaf fall 1815 - the introduction of the Constitution in the Kingdom of Poland, which entered the warehouse of the Russian Empire

In 1818, 1819, Count Arakchev, Admiral Mordvinov and Minister of Finance and Dol Gur'ev for the war of the Tsar Buli prepared the design of the village food production. Skvaleno Oleksandr, but not realized. In 1821, the Novosiltsevs, under the instructions of Oleksandr I, had a draft of the Russian Constitution "State Statute of the Russian Empire"

The end of the reforms of Oleksandr I

Oleksandr I did not bring his reforms to a logical end. Overbought between conservatives and liberals, like both hammer and kovadl, add up to dissatisfaction with either progressives or retrogrades, zhorstok struggle with Napoleon was driven by the forces of the emperor. Pislya peremogi over Napoleon in yogo actions to see in the volume and lack of consistency: from one side there is a constitution, from one side - vijski settlement, from one - turning from Speransky, from the one who was a child "The most eldest people in Russia", mysticism and rapidity passed through the religion - all the reasons for the character and actions of the tsar of the first rock of rule were the cause of reform.