Chorna africa. Chorna Africa is built from ancient Mexico. Russian Academy of Sciences
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Chorna Africa: past and present. A guide to the News and News of the Tropical and Ancient Africa
ROSISKA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
ІSTITUTE ZAGALNU ІSTORІЇ
AFRICAN DOSLIDZHEN CENTER
UNIVERSITY of Dmitry Pozharsky
Edited by A.S.Balezin, S.V. Mazovia, І. І. Filatovo
Prepared for the sake of Dmitry Pozharsky University
A. S. Balezin, A. B. Davidson, A.V. Voevodsky, A.L. Omelyanov, L.V. Ivanova, І. V. Krivushin, M. S. Kurbakov, S. V. Mazov, A. D. Savateev, І. І. Filatova, G. V. Tsipkin, N. G. Shcherbakov
Science editors:
A. S. Balezin, S. V. Mazov, I. І. Filatova
reviewer:
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the School of Historical Sciences of NDU Higher School of Economics A. Ryabinin, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chief Scientist of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences; P. Cherkasov
Entry
Qia book - about the history and the present day of Black Africa. This region is called Africa for the first day from the Sahari or Tropical and Indian Africa.
Why not all continents? So it has already gone historically, since the lands of Pivnichnaya Africa - Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco and Tunis - since the Arab conquest (in VII-VIII centuries I. E.) They became part of the Arab world in the Arab world and enter Africa is also engaged in Africa. Obviously, it doesn’t mean that it’s not a real African problem, Africa will be magical, virishuvati, with spiritual forces, spring, within the framework of the African Union, which will unite all the edges of the Black Sea to the continent. The links between the two regions to the continent have become increasingly familiar to the history of the Old and Tropical Africa, which has greatly evolved from the history of the ancient part of the continent.
What about that season? Help turbo. Chorna Africa is one of the most disadvantaged regions of the world. Having accumulated there a great confrontational potential to transform itself into more and more vibuhoneless sums. Zatyazhnі gromadyanskі vіyni, chislennі mіzhderzhavnі, etnіchnі, relіgіynі konflіkti, slabkіst tsentralіzovanoї derzhavnostі, krichuscha vіdstalіst i bіdnіst, velichezna Quantity bіzhentsіv, zrostannya іslamskogo fundamentalіzmu i Chornogo racism - not Povny perelіk bіd, SSMSC perezhivaє Africa on Pivden od sugar. The whole region is a tedious generator of "instability", as the founders of globalization reached Russia.
Map 1.
A complete opir of colonial expansion in Tropical and Pivdenniy Afritsa in the XIX - on the ear of the XX century.
Map 2.
Pidbags of the colonial division of Africa. 1914 RUR
Map 3.
Regional map of Africa. 2015 r
Map 4.
Political map of Africa. 2015 r
The title of the book guesses New and New Hour. It is the purpose of understanding the wikipedia among the historians of numerous super-streams. We will start a "new" stage in the history of Africa from the Great geographic views, At the turn of the XV-XVI centuries, If the Black Continent is more and more becoming a part of a single world, and "new" - from the ear of the XX century, Koli Chorna Africa has become irreversibly linked to the economic and policy of the colonies.
My bachimo, by my own readers, have illuminated people, as they are going to be history, but not an Africanist. Vvazhaymo, that the book will be a simple guide for students, as they learn history, and for people who are historians, who are concerned not only with the meeting, but with general historical problems.
The obsyag of the handler did not allow us to hunt all the problems of the history and the present of Africa, all the African pre-colonial and contemporary powers. We got magalized on the head and the most typical one. They looked at both social and political history, the history of culture and literature of Africa kicked in, and the history of Russia and Black Africa came to the fore. At the bottom of the є th edge of the country, there are also regional and African countries. Roll call and repetition of materials with such a move is inevitable. We are not impressed by the shortage. Nawpaki, one and the same podіya, represented in the early sections for the small cutters (for example, about colonization and about anti-colonialism), is shown to be more richly faceted.
Editing of documents for documentary additions is foldable through all great things, and we got rid of the heads. Russia has got a few more publications from the history of Black Africa, most of them are mentioned in the library. Also, all the authorizations of the book took part in such publications, as the stench was rich in djerels, including archival ones. The team of authors may well be able to trace the African school of academician A.B.Davidson, one of the leading figures, which relies on pershodela. Necessity to one science school, as it is so important, will give us an overwhelming glance at the history of the Black continent. Yogo mi and proponmo to our readers.
Himself edited by Davidson in 1989, he was the first in our country to be the first in our country from the history of Tropical and Holy Africa. Winning the period from 1918 to 1988, the first time we took part in this writing 1
History of Tropical and Pivdennaya Africa. 1918-1988 pp. M., 1989.
At the last capital, there was already a collection of pidruchniks from the News new history Black continent - in the course of lectures A.S. Balezin 2
Balezin A.S. Tropical and New Africa in New and New Hour: People, Problems, Subjects. Navchalny posibnik... M., 2008.
Before A. L. Umelyanov's tritomics 3
A. L. Omelyanov New History of Africa for the first day from the Sahari. Navchalnyy pos_bnik. M., 2009; Win the same. Colonial history of Africa for the day from the Sahari. Navchalnyy pos_bnik. M., 2011 rock; Win the same. Postcolonial history of Africa for the day from the Sahari. Navchalnyy pos_bnik. M., 2011 rock.
The skin of them has its own passages and shortcomings. We tried to multiply the first and, as far as possible, to unique the other.
A. S. Balezin, S. V. Mazov, I. І. Filatova
part I
Country houses
§ 1. Political card
In political relations, Tropical and Pivdenna Africa (the whole region is also called Black, or Sub-Saharan Africa) is the supremacy of powers that have been rooted on the African continent for the first time in the Sahari and the islands. In an hour before the warehouse of Tropical and Pivdennaya Africa, there are 48 independent states and 3 fallow territories. The region is divided into 4 subregions: Skhidna (18 states and 2 fallow territories; 8 million 868 thousand km. ), Central (9 powers; 6 million 613 thousand km 2; 133 million people) і Pivdenna Africa (5 powers; 2 million 676 thousand km 2; 60.6 million people).
Skhidna Africa extend into 5 zones: South African, African Riga, Great African Lakes, Pivdenno-Skhidnu Africa and islands of the Indian Ocean.
The Southonil zone includes the Republic of Sudan (1 million 886 thousand km 2; 40.2 million people in 2015) from the capital Khartoum and the Republic of Pivdenny Sudan (620 thousand kilometers from 12.3 million people in 2015) the capital of Juba.
The Horn of Africa zone includes the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (1 million 104 thousand km 2; 99.5 million people in 2015) from the capital of Addis Ababa, the State of Eritrea (118 thousand km 2; 6.4 million people In 2014 city) from the capital of Asmara, Republic of Djibouti (23 thousand km 2; 810 thousand people in 2014) from the capital of Jibuti and the Federal Republic of Somalia (638 thousand km 2; 10.8 million people in 2014) from the capital of Mogadish, a larger part of the territory of which it occupies the self-proclaimed state of Somalia, and the capital of Hargeisa (the British Somalia), as well as the autonomous establishment of Puntland (in the eastern part of the central part of Somalia) півдні).
The Republic of Kenya (581 thousand km 2; 45 million chol. In 2014) from the capital of Nairobi, Ob'ednan Republic of Tanzania (945 thousand km. the capital of Dodoma, the Republic of Uganda (241 thousand km 2; 36.8 million people in 2013) from the capital of Kampala, the Republic of Rwanda (26 thousand km 2; 11.3 million people in 2015) from the capital of Kigal and the Republic Burundi (28 thousand km 2; 11.2 million people in 2015) is the capital of Bujumbura.
Pivdenno-Shidna Africa includes the Republic of Mozambic (802 thousand km 2; 24.7 million people in 2014) from the capital Maputo, the Republic of Malawi (118 thousand km 2; 16.6 million people in 2014) the capital of Lilongwe, the Republic of Zambia (753 thousand km 2; 16.2 million people in 2015) from the capital of Lusaka and the Republic of Zimbabwe (391 thousand km 2; 13 million people in 2012) from the capital Harare.
The zone of islands in the Indian Ocean includes the Republic of Madagascar (587 thousand km 2; 22.4 million people in 2014) from the capital Antananariv, the Republic of Mauritius (2 thousand km 2; 1.3 million people. In 2014) from the capital Port Louis, Republic of Seychelles (459 km 2; 92 thousand people in 2012) from the capital of Viktoria, the Union of the Comorian Islands (2.2 thousand km 2; 744 thousand people in 2013) from the capital of Moron і overseas department of France of Mayotte (374 km 2; 227 thousand chol. in 2015); administrative center of Mamudzu) and Reunion (2.5 thousand km 2; 845 thousand people in 2013) with the administrative center of Saint-Denis.
Went to Africa extend into 3 zones: Guineyskoy, Zakhidny Sahel and islands in the Atlantic Ocean.
The Guinea zone includes the Republic of Senegal (197 thousand km 2; 13.6 million people in 2013) from the capital of Dakar, the Republic of Gambia (10.7 thousand kilometers from the Republic of Gambia; 1.9 million people in 2013) from the capital Banjul, Republic of Guinea-Bisau (36 thousand km 2; 1.7 million in 2014) from the capital of Bisau, Republic of Guinea (246 thousand km 2; 11.6 million in 2014) from the capital Conakri, Republic of Sєrra Leone (72 thousand km 2; 6.2 million people in 2013) from the capital of Freetown, Republic of Libera (111 thousand km 2; 4.5 million people in 2015) from the capital of Monrovia, Republic of Côte d'Ivoire (322.5 thousand km 2; 23.9 million in 2014) from the capital of Yamoussoukro, Republic of Ghana (238.5 thousand km 2; 27 million in 2014. ) from the capital of Accra, Togolezka Republic (57 thousand km 2; 7.6 million people in 2015) from the capital of Lome, Republic of Benin (115 thousand km 2; 10.9 million people (2015) from the capital Porto-Novo and the Federal Republic of Nigeria (924 thousand km 2; 182 million people in 2015) from the capital of Abuja.
backward Sahel(The zone between the wilderness of the Sahara and the Sudanese savanna), including the Republic of Mali (1 million 240 thousand km 2; 15.8 million chol. In 2014) from the capital of Bamako, Burkina Faso (274 thousand km . in 2014) from the capital of Ouagadougou, the Republic of Niger (1 million 267 thousand km 2; 17.1 million people in 2012) from the capital of Niamey, as well as the Islamic Republic of Mauritania (1 million 31 thousand km 2; 4, 1 million people in 2015 r) from the capital of Nouakchott, which takes an hour to take part in a part of Pivnichnaya Africa.
The Republic of Cape Verde (4 thousand km. 2; 525 thousand. Chol. In 2015) from the capital of Praia and the British overseas territory of St. Deer Island, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (394 km 2; 7.7 thousand chol. In 2014) from the administrative center of Jamestown.
To the warehouse Central Africa included the Republic of Angola (1 million 247 thousand km 2; 24.4 million people in 2014) from the capital of Luanda, Republic of Cameroon (475 thousand km 2; 22.5 million people in 2013) from the capital of Yaounde, Central African Republic (CAR) (623 thousand km 2; 4.7 million people in 2014) from the capital of Bangi, Republic of Chad (1 million 284 thousand km 2; 13.7 million people in 2015) from the capital of N'Djamena, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) (2,345 thousand km 2; 81.7 million people in 2015) from the capital of Kinshasa, Republic of the Congo (342 thousand km 2; 4.7 million in 2014) from the capital of Brazzaville, Republic of Equatorial Guinea (28 thousand km 2; 1.2 million people (2015) from the capital of Malabo, Gabonese Republic (268 thousand km 2; 1.7 million people) . in 2014 r) from the capital Libreville, the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Prinsip (964 km 2; 190 thousand chol. in 2014) from the capital of Sao Tome.
Pivdenna Africa including the Republic of Namibia (826 thousand km 2; 2.1 million people in 2011) from the capital of Windhoek, the Republic of Botswana (582 thousand km 2; 2.2 million people in 2014) from the capital of Gaborone, the Pivdenno-African Republic ( PAR) (1 million 221 thousand km 2; 55 million people in 2015) from the capital of Pretoria, the Kingdom of Lesotho (30 thousand km 2; 2.1 million people in 2014) from the capital Maseru and the Kingdom of Swaziland (17 thousand km 2; 1.1 million people in 2015 with the capitals of Lobamba and Mbabane.
All nine sovereign lands of Black Africa, with the blame of Liberation, in the past will be the fallen territories of Great Britain, France, Nimechchini, Belgium, Italy, Portugal and Spain. Earlier than the last (1931), the sovereignty was known by the PAR (until 1961 - the Pivdeno-African Union). U 1942-1944 rr. Ephiopia renewed its statehood; it was seized by Italy in 1936. The main reason for decolonization fell on the other half of the 1950s - the other half of the 1970s; The rest of them rejected the independence of Zimbabwe (1980) and Namibia (1990 4
I would like to formally carry out the UN implementation of the PAR mandate for the management of Namibinya in 1966.
The powers of Tropical and Pivdennaya Africa kept their cordons from the colonial period. Tsі cordoni have become unpowered by stretching the usyogo period cold viyni... However, two new powers - Eritrea (1993) and Pivdenny Sudan (2011) - have appeared, apparently, from the Ephesians of the Sudan, however, the first time between them.
African lands, for the sake of the Somalia and the Ethiopia, from their own large European metropolises and mandate holders were reassured by the same powers; besides, Rwanda has added English, Equatorial Guinea, Latin Spanish, - French and Portuguese, Seychelles French, Czech, Russian At the same hour, the deyaki of the state gave the official status to the Arab (Mauritania, Chad, Sudan, Jibut and Comorian Islands) or the African Movs (Uganda - Swahili, Madagascar - Malgasy, Burundi - Kirundi islands - Shim'a-siva, PAR - Zulu and more than eight mov 5
Including Afrikaans, established on the basis of the Dutch language.
And Zimbabwe is nyanja and chothirteen).
Most of the powers of Black Africa - svitski. State Religion of the Sun in Chotyr Lands: in Jibuti (Islam), Mauritania, Somalia and the Comoros (Islam of the Sunni sense).
During the period of independence, authoritarian tendencies were characteristic of the regions of Black Africa. The main thing that matters is the greater number of them, up to the number of power devices and the presidential or presidential form of government. Federations of countries: Sudan (1956), Nigeria (1963), Comoros (1975), Ethiopia (1995), Pivdenny Sudan (2011) and Somalia (2012); parliamentary republics - five: PAR (1961), Botswana (1966), Ethiopia (1991), Mauritius (1992), Somalia (2012), moreover, in PAR and Botswana, the president of the Ocholyu district, in the opinion of the traditional parliamentary republics. In addition, the constitutional parliamentary monarchy, under the king of a purely ceremonial function, was established in Lesotho (1966-1986 and since 1993). At the same hour, an absolute monarchy was saved in Swaziland (2005) 6
By tradition, in Swaziland there is a simple diarchy: the king ("lion") and the queen-mother ("elephant"), protest in the reality of the rest not with any real political changes.
In the political minds of Tropical and Eastern Africa, the role of formal institutions, established by the constitution, is not always of real significance. In the era of cold war in the whole region, I wanted the model of a one-party state to be saved at the same time in Eritrea (the Popular Front for Democracy and Justice is one and the same party ruling from 1993), Central (Angola, Gabon, Cameroon, Republic of the Congo, Chad, Equatorial Guinea), Skhidnoy (Jibuti, Zimbabwe, Mozambik, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Ethiopia, Sudan) , PAR) and for two regions of Zakhidnoi (Gambia, Togo). More than the others were served under Vladi Gabonese Democratic Party (from 1958), Democratic unification of the Cameroonian people (from 1960), Tanzanian Chama Cha Mapinduzi (from 1961), Congolese Party of Pratsi (from 1963-199) The Botswanska Democratic Party (from 1965 r) and the Deed of the Togolese people (from 1969).
All powers of Black Africa are members of the UN and the African Union. Colonies of France and Belgium, as well as Ghana, Seychelles, Equatorial Guinea, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bisau, Sao Tome and the principle of entering before the International Organization of the Francophonie; large British colonies (Crimea, Gambia, Zimbabwe, Sudan, Great Sudan and Somalia), as well as Namibia, Mozambic and Rwanda - in the National Social Security; the number of Portuguese colonies - in the Union of the Portuguese Territories; the states of Western Africa (Crimea Ghani, Liberation and Cape Verde), as well as Chad, Cameroon, Gabon, Sudan, Jibuti, Somalia, Uganda, Mozambique and Comoros - in the Organization of the Islamic Spіvp. There is no specific regional organization that is common to all African countries for the first time from the Sahari. Integration to become a larger world in the subregional, in the main economic region: the states of Central Africa and Burundi adopt the economic trade of the countries of Central Africa (1983), the territories of the African lakes - African countries -Development of Africa, as well as Angola, DRC, Madagascar, Mauritius and Seychelles (1975)
The post-colonial era has become a period of state-of-the-art internal political conflicts for Tropical and Eastern Africa. Most of them slept in the end of the 1980s-1990s. until now, the heroes of the Army continue to support the Lord in Uganda (from 1987), the violent conflict in Somalia (from 1991), which in 2009 brought about the revolution in the partisan central visit in Darfur at the entrance to Sudan (since 2003). In June 2009, the jihadist movement "Boko Haram" launched a fight against the central district of Nigeria, the jihadist movement "Boko Haram", in the chest Selek "), on one side, both Christians and animists (the" antibalaka "militia), from the last; in the middle of 2013, a community of war in Pivdenny Sudan fell asleep under the regime of President S. Cypriot and driven by insurgents from the people.
The political situation in the region is accelerating and interdependent territorial conflicts. Naygostrishy from them - along the border of the super-cross between Sudan and Pivdenny Sudan through the naphton-bearing regions of Abyei and Kafiya-Kingi and Mist Heglig, Dzhau and Kaka; a recent trip. However, there is a large number of current territorial conflicts over the past few years of cordon delimitation in the colonial period. First for everything, the super-cross between Ethiopian and Somalia - through the regions of Ogaden, between the Ethiopian and Eritrea - through the Badme district, the Bure district and the village of Zalambessa, between Eritrea and Djibut - through the regions of the Ras-Dumeyra Sea Rukwanzi islands on Alberta lakes, between Malawi and Tanzania - through the islands in the Mbamba on the Nyasa lakes, between Swaziland and PAR - through parts of the Mpumalanga province. One category of territorial conflicts is represented by conflicts, victories of dominant independent African powers on the outskirts of strategically important zones, over which large metropolises are to be controlled. Madagascar, Mauritius and Seychelles claim to be lost to the French ocean, the deserted Eparse islands (located near Madagascar), the Comoros - to the French overseas department of Mayotte, Mauritius - to the Utriman archipelago
§ 2. Population
Formation of ethnolinguistic picture. Unimportant to the trivial middling distributions and having all the new and new tributes, it is important for the majority of paleoanthropologists to agree on the fact that the ancestors of the happy people, and Homo Sapiens,і Homo sapiens sapiens, Appeared in Afritsi. Found remains Homo sapiens sapiens boules appeared on the territory of the current Episode. Їх вік - 195-200 yew. Rock_v.
Zvidsi, from Africa, Homo sapiens sapiens rozselivsya all over the world. The date of the "result" is not set yet: the results of the growing genetic dosages give even a wide range of timings - from 50 to 120 yew. Fortunately, the deyakі archeologіchnі danі is super-genetic. However, genetics did not have any sums of money in the fact that the group is a member, the yaka left the continent, the bull is small and of the same order. This is to explain the significantly greater genetic, physical and linguistic development of the population of the African continent in the context of the populations of the other regions of the world.
Here, there is an invariably high nilty with the blue-black color of the shkiri, and the low-growing san (earlier they were called bushmen) with the yellow-brown shkiry and Mongolian rice, and the light-skinned fulbers with the European Rice. A little physical similarity, or some evidence - the most inaccurate and politically compromised methods of determining what would not be a group of population. The African people are mostly familiar with them.
Judging by the found Egyptian letters and educative testimonies about the inhabitants of Africa for the first day from the Sahari, thousands of years in that region, like and at once, populations of dark nations. A little bit of the same and every kind of stench may smell before the people who inhabit the continent at once, judge it importantly. Vinyatok here - all the same san, to this day live in empty areas of PAR and Namibia. Our ancestors rode here from the central and districts of the African continent, close to 140 thousand. Fatal to that. This means that the ancestors of the San and the peoples close to them, they inhabited the ancient edge of the African continent, right up to the latitude of the Great Lakes, and found autochthonous populations of the whole continent. San bully mice and zbirachs, lived in small masses and were not small leaders. At the peepers all over Africa, the stench overpowered the rock babies and petroglyphs, how to depict the sounds, ritual scenes, love, vіynu, etc. D. Single podbny dzherelo. The earliest from the cix Image 27 yew. Rock_v.
Nearly 2000 years ago, on the first continent, in the region of modern Botswana, the first cattle appeared - the ancestors of the lizkom (yaki, koikoini or hottentoti). Їх DNA can also revenge elements characteristic of the cob population of the continent, moreover, і elements of the DNA of the Eurasian prowess and navi deyakі elements of the DNA of the Neanderthals. The elements of settling down from people who turned to Africa from Europe and about 3000 years ago.
Lіzhkom spoke on movs, sporіdnenih mov san, and, winking out for the day, zmіshuvali with them. Until the 1st century. i. That is, we just reached the miscellaneous of Good Nadiya. Physical viglyad lіzhkom і dignity, a bit more cultural and linguistic insights are taken into account. Lіzhkom lived in great groups and became the first people of the whole region, in which there was a social hierarchy and indifference.
Having appeared in the whole part of the continent of farming and a lot of great viku, they will knit with the broadest of these peoples, who spoke the Bantu language. Close to Thousand Rock BC. That is, the stench came to widen the territory of the modern Cameroon, perhaps, through the hanging and expanding of the Sahari. Tse bula is not called migration, it is more for the action of the expansion of the Bantuyaz population on the eastern part of the mainland, which has been trivial in the capital. Ishov is in two streams. One collapsed uzdovzh of the Uzbek coast of the Atlantic Ocean and a lot of modern Namibia. Rukh tsієї group on the day of the zupinil kestrel Namib. The Іnshі group, having settled in the valley of the rivers of the Congo, up to 1000 r. BC. e. Reached the Great Lakes. In the area of modern Tanzania, the stench was destroyed for the first day by three paths: on the territory of the modern Zambia, on the territory of the modern Zimbabwe through Malawi and on the territory of the modern African country through the National Provinces of India. Up to 300 rubles i. That is, the Bantuyazian population has reached the level of the narrow Uzbeks of the modern couples, having broadened along all the general and central parts of the territory of the country. The spit became the sites of the first khvili of the migration.
Bantu buli by highly organized peoples with a rooted social hierarchy and leaders, and the smell itself gave an ear to the first sovereign institutions in the whole continent. Хni stosunki from san and lіzhkom bully foldable: the ancestors of the spit bully kudi are more beautiful, less lіzhkom i dignity, they drove them to the west, fought with them, but they fought with them, altogether, we got over them, exchanged goods with one product. In the midst of nashelnyh drawings of dignity, there is a small image of low-growing ones, filled with bows and arrows of dignity, and there are bantu among the older copies of giants.
The food is about those, if the Bantu itself was overturned by the Zambez and especially by the Limpopo, which until recently became political. At 1652 r, a Kapska colony was established on the mission of Good Nadiya. On the ear of the XX century. (T.E. On the ear of ethnographic doslidzhen) the sites of the Dutch colonists - Afrikaneri - appeared to be the sturdzhuvati, but on the territory of the PAR, the stench appeared before the Bantu, or, take it, one hour from them. So the stinks brought their right to the territory of the land (the dignity and hardly a rozrahunok, obviously, were not taken). Before that, as they supervised such interpretations of history, they stifled themselves. With the end of the regime apartheid the date of arrival of the Bantu on the territory of the day couples, the ear will see all the distant ones.
The ethnic picture in winter from the latitude of the Great Lakes and before the deserted Sahari in the region called Sudan is foldable and tangled. DNA to live there people can also take revenge on deyaki elements, characteristic of the cob population of the continent, ale, nizh DNA dignity. Historians vvazhayut, as if in all the western part of Sudan were respected by the people, they spoke Bantoid language, similar to the Bantu language, but at the same time they were not numerous and saved only in the central part of the Sudan. During the first half of them, the Nilo-Saharan Movies were widened (for example, songs in the middle of the Niger River), which were spoken by the population of the middle states of Western Sudan, the Niger Congolese Movies in Yoruba and іgbo at the entrance and gathering of the new part of the modern Nigeria), as well as the Afraziyski movs, the very greats of the є mova house at the celebrations of the modern Nigeria. The people of ancient Egypt are close to the moving Berbers of Pivnichnaya Africa and the population of ancient Egypt is evidence of the fact that people used to speak them for the day as a result of the visit of the Sahari.
There was not a single stream of great migrations here. The number of the population grew in rocky with good weather minds and changed in the rock of dry land or some spontaneous hardships. Some of the groups collapsed chaotically, settling in places where they could cleanse the water. By the way, the versatility of people here is just as great, but the inhabitants of the forces, who have been rooting for them, do not mind moving one by one. The people of the Uzbek Guinean backwaters live, they speak Guinean movs, sporid bantoid, but are often seen from them.
Ethno-linguistic situations in Skhidny Sudan are still folding. Stretching out to capitalize the region of suffering from the invasion of Arab slave traders and interjudicial warriors. Through the broader movement and the number of people, they think that more and more large groups of population have been shattered here as a result of chaotic migration from the beginning and during the winter. One of the most numerous young group in the region is niloteca. Among the people who are growing with the movs of the group are Turkana, Masai, Kalenjin, Luo.
Infectious nilties inhabit the upper Nila and rapidly grow from their suspicions and language, and physical viglyad. The stench flashed around here from the night: Egyptian monuments saved the image, podbnі to їkh viglyadom. Collapsing for the day, some of them reached the Great Lakes region and the Bantu people lived there. At the same time, the group changed its minds from the local populations and took over their language, but saved their physical viglyad. Tse zmіshane of the population became the ethnical base of the powers of the Inter-Lake District.
Dіvchata to the people of chagga. Nimetska Skhidna Africa, 1906/1918 rr.
Bagato people of Pivnichno-Shidnoy Africa - the modern Eritrea, Eritrea and Somalia - seem to be on the Movs of the Kushite group, which should be located to the Afrasian Movno family, Ale Movi Amhara, those of the Eritrean Seven peoples. The Qia group appeared here as a result of resettlement to the territory of Ninish Eritrea of the southern Arab tribes. The stench was lost to the local populations, but they saved the language, hoping and getting strong "food".
A strong inflow of Arabian viprobuvav one of the wines of Central Africa, Swahili. The structure of the wines should be followed up to Bantu groups, and ale in yogo vocabulary without lich Arabic words. A collection of Swahili Bula from the great African-Arab population of the Mis-powers of the African-African Uzbek. Ale step-by-step, chastkovo through work, having transformed into the language of the inter-ethnic integration of all the other parts of the continent.
The small and central part of the largest island in Africa, Madagascar, is inhabited by people, to say my own, close-spoken language of the Second World Asia, and perhaps some of the Indonesian physical rice. The Malagasy perekazy guess the resettlement from the descent, however, if the details of the migration of migrations did not go away, it would not be far away. On the descent of the island, groupies are rewarded, and they speak Bantu moves, similar to the Bantu names of Mozambique.
The New Hour has a great influx into the process of ethnogenesis on the continents, such podiatry, like the work of trade, the formation of the pre-state political decisions and the emergence of Europeans, have been brought up.
One of the results of the transatlantic work was the destruction and fragmentation of ethnic groups in the areas that served as dzherels for the work. At the Zakhidniy Afritsa region and the upper course of the r. Volta and zlittya rychok Niger and Benue, and in the Central - the area of the middle and lower current of the river. Kasaji, Congo tide. Arab work in Pivnichno-Skhidniy Afritsa made the same inflow in the pivdenny regions of the modern state of Sudan, and in the East - on the other part of the modern Democratic Republic of the Congo, between the lake. Tanganyika i r. Lualaba, with one tide of the Congo. At the same time, the need to take part in the process of taking part in the process of taking part in the process of taking part in this process in the middle of the consolidation of the first generation of the first generation of clans in order to organize the loss of steel
Chorna Africa builds on old Mexico
The henchmen of long-standing pre-Columbian contacts between the Blacks and the Meskians of the African continent and America, in their hypothetical motives, especially often go to Mexico. True, the number of those who are in charge of the idea of a kind of contacts will be negligible until the end of the day. The price can be explained in such a way. In the first place, as has already been said, the lingering of the pre-colonial past of the African peoples, in a fair way, can only be resigned; Velma far away from the residual solution to become overwhelmed, to find cardinal problems. On the other hand, in science stakes, a thought is widely extended about those who lived on the Black Sea continent, who lived on the first day from the Sahari, who were land-based people, who didn’t live in distant oceans. First, thirdly, it is not possible to get rid of the rakhunks and the popular ones to the tsikh feasts in the historical sciences of the land.
It is necessary to give rise to new evidence of the old transatlantic links in the two continents.
The price of the botanical science - the plant, characteristic of one region and the knowledge of the territory of the country (bavovna, garbuz-gorlyanka, tyutyun, maize and other), І materials of physical anthropology, wines of American wine black rice. It is also said about the creation of the ancient Mexican mystery, which is to depict people with a clearly negligible type of individual. Nareshty, ostn, I’ll vividly appear hypotheses about the penetration of Africans to the New World in the pre-Columbian hours - the price of information about the letters of their letters about the distant voyages of Negro flotillas in the black expanses of the Atlantic. Moreover, it should be noted that intensive Mexican-African contacts reigned in the era of the Olmec culture (1500-1000 years BC.
I do not have the power to sort out all the useful hypotheses of a kind in science, I am deprived of the deeds of them, the most significant and original ones.
First of all, in the general community, I have brought up an African theme when looking at the problems of pre-Columbian connections in the Old and New World, when I was professor-philologist from Harvard University (USA) L. Winer. In 1920-1923, the rocky win published a solid tritomics book "Africa and the View of America", having tried, on the basis of old letters, to bring the uninterrupted and trivial infusion of the Black Sea continent into the culture and development of American pre-Columbian cultures.
Formerly, in 1930, the Frenchman J. Cuvier started at his book "Berbery in America", and the Baghkans of the Indian African region more than once recalculated the Atlantic and poured a luscious infusion on the aborigines of the New World. The proof of this was the "zbig" in the names of peoples and folklore: for example, the Lipi tribes from Bolivia and ancient Livians; brain from the Sahari and American muskogi, Moki, moskitiv, moho, midge, etc.
From his side, the American R. Harris (1936 ric) was named after the geographic name in the region of the Uzbek coast of the Mexican inflow, and in the Antilles, more often to become African. On the other hand, there are linguistic manipulations to add science. Moving ancient Indians in grammatical structure and vocabulary is absolutely not similar to Indian or African. There are absolutely no-nonsense groups, і, vigorously in and out of sound, equivalents, would-be theoreticians try to cope with a rude methodical pardon, yak, naturally, grateful for themselves і pardon grasses.
In Danish hour, the most active preacher of the skorigovannyh glances of L. Viner is the most active advocate of L. Clegg. Guess bezdanny, for his words, facts from anthropology, archeology, folklore and history of the mystery, vin stverdzhun, that black groups of immigrants came to the New World in unforgettable hours: not long history population of America. For Clegg, to find the Australoids - dark-haired people with thick hair, people - all the more deprived of the options of African negroes. Dal Vin declares that the civilization of the Olmecs - the Persha Yaskrava and the highly degraded culture of pre-Columbian Mexico - was blasted out by bullets from Black Africa.
Particularly often to prove the transoceanic contacts of America and Africa, the figures of ancient Mexican sculptures, how to depict people with obviously African rice (giant cam'yan heads, how to locate the cultures of the Olmecs on the Uzbeks , Maya and ін. In Central and Pivdennaya Mexico).
In 1869, in the "Bulletin of the Mexican Suspension of Geography and Statistics" there was a small note on the signature of H. M. Melgar. The author, an engineer for a professional, stverdzhuvav, in 1862 rotsi yomu spared to viyaviti near the village of Tres-Sapotes (state of Veracruz) on the plantation of a flower cane divoviznu kam'yanu sculpture, I don’t look like everything, in my home. Zamitka suprovodzhuvalasya finish with the exact little bit of the statue itself. And even in 1871, Melgar became naked, appealing to the "obviously Ethiopian" viglyad of the sculptures: "I absolutely perekonnaya, that the negroes more than once flooded in the cich regions and began to continue in the era of the beginning of the world." The demand to say that this kind of hang-up is absolutely unprecedented, altogether gave the backward spirit to the panuvali of those in scientific theories, as they explained whether they were reaching the American Indians by the cultural influences of the Old World.
Giant cam'yan heads in sholomah, hanging from shaved basalt, were repeatedly seen in the rural regions of the southern Mexican states of Veracruz and Tabasco (Uzbek Mexican outlets). Yak zyasuvalosya, all stench (at once vіdomo 11 pieces) to lay down the ancient culture of Olmecs, the development of such a fit, on the thought of some in the first millennium BC. e. (800-400 rocky BC.) That is, the letter of the respectable їkh vivchennya bulo has been established, so tsі kamyanі statues depicting the heads of people of the Mongolian race. African - tse, as a rule, all-headed people with a strongly protruding lower part of the guise, and the Olmec sculpture is a round head of the Mongolian type.
In the swampy jungles of Holy Mexico, you can still see pure-blooded Indians, like two drops of water, similar to the ancient sculptures of Olmecs.
One of the most frequently heard arguments is that the pre-Columbian voyages of Africans to Central America are rather small - figurines of dark men, painted on clay vessels of the ancient Maya. Ale on the little ones it is good to see that people are pictured for the hour when they visit the religious rituals and grow out of them only individuals and parts of the body.
Black color has become a sacred and evil color among the Mayans. The sacrificers were happy to give themselves up to participate in the people who were offered them. In the same way, the artists portrayed the gods of menace, death and death.
In 1961, two speleologists from the United States visited the Loltun Glybin on the Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico), a marvelous sculpture of a Negroid viglyad. The deyaky dozvilny heads immediately stripped them off with a superb proof of the transfer of negroes in the land of the ancient Maya. It was flooded with light and long forgotten rows of Mayan manuscripts about coming from the sea, from the side of the sea, fierce black people - devouring human meat. However, they immediately saw them without a blind eye, changing over to the point that in the Maya literature they were about one of the nabigivs to the Yucatan of the Canibals-Caribbean - the warriors of the Antilles.
In order to bring the priesthood to the presence of significant cultural achievements in the ancient population of Tropical Africa, the occasional authorization to admit the obvious surplus in visnovka. For example, H. Lawrence in the article "African Perspectives of the New World" stverdzhu, that negro tribes led and colonized America back to the voyage of Columbus and Vespucci. For the sake of your glances, you should look at the ancient Mexican images of anthropomorphic plants with negro rice, as well as for people who are obviously Negroid vigles (in the valley of the rivers) Pecos, in Texas and on the islands of Vakhrg. It is a pity that the rest of the last few years in the whole region, more often than not, have spoken of these hypotheses. The group of American Indians' blood, anthropologist E. Matson (USA) and his colleague were brought back to life: Americans (indigenous people of America) were bully on the grounds of ancient African bulls, ogres in the blood of German people
They made their contribution to the "Panafrikansky boom" and deyaki radianski author. So, E. Lvova, seeing her ancestors from the history and ethnography of Africa, may have tried to know the "negro roots" of the old American civilization. At the same time, Vikoristan has argued for the reasoning of the authors, including G. Lawrence.
"Ispants," E. Lvova, "they created in America, there are no unknown creatures in America - Nela dogs. For the latest news, Europeans created such creatures only in one picture of the world of" Unknown Afrikans "... They were caught in the imaginative mystery of America. The sculptural images in Chichen-Ica are "tall figures with vuzy heads, your lips and curly short hair, how to whirl the enemy outside ..." "
However, pointing here to the evidence of a long-standing African-American connection across the Atlantic does not show any criticism. A scrapbook of information about Nela sobatsi. Such creatures are widened throughout the world and in America (the stench is in the first place, and in the first part of the world). It’s unlikely that the stench looks like one і obov'yazkovo Mexican dzherel. Shvidshe for everything in the rural regions of our planet їх they were invited to be called squarely.
The mystery of E. Lvova about sculptures of people with negro rice will sooner be seen as a curiosity, and not as a serious proof in the scientific superperechts. On the right, there are people who are depicted on the reliefs and copper-gold disks from Chichen-Іtsi, they are not calling out "African" hair, nor negro rice. The eyes of the images in round volokhati (mozhlno, hutryan) hats or sholomakh are a detail of the Odyagu of the Toltec war. Legions of conquerors-Toltecs invaded the 10th century from Central Mexico on the land of the Mayans and ruled there on the first nights of the Yucatan island, transforming the Mayan city of Chichen-Itsu into their capital.
Yak z'yavayutsya on the light of the evidence of African-American ties, you can hit on the butt of the "ancient African subject" in El Salvador, "on the road two meters from the surface of the earth".
Mistsevian archaeologist-professional S. Boggs has been revised to reconsider the authenticity of the fact and returned to the place of Colon (El Salvador). Z'yasuvalosya, the object of the appearances in the undisturbed sphere of the earth at a depth of 2 meters, which obviously put on the old one. The wrinkles from the bent іkla hіpopotam are close to 19 centimeters of the head and the stylized images of the monstrosity (crocodile chi snake), zakovtuє naked zhіnochu figurku. For the visit of authoritative factions, a lot of really African activities and was prepared more for everything in Skhidny Congo, ale ... not earlier than the end of the 19th century. The subject of the wake of the road in the sphere of the volcanic popel, wicked by the earth robots from the middle moat, gave such a depth of 2 meters. Not far from the ditch in the 19th century, there was a colonel, who was a collector of old-fashioned spirits and those of the world's most brilliant speeches, and there was no sense in it, which was the same. This is the final of the history. Ale on the right is crushed. Slightly about the sorcerer rose widely, they penetrated into the popular newspapers, and the "Salvadorian masterpiece" for the best diffusionists, becoming another proof of the curiosity of African infusion on pre-Columbian America.
In super-speeches about pre-Columbian connections of Africa and America, it is even more common to pick on such an argument, such as the appearance of negro rice in ancient Mexican sculptures, to depict anthropomorphic things (for example, terakotov figurines from those graves). Oleksandr von Wutenau, a foreign minister and diplomat, took a great collection of rare rarities and a glance at the tsikava for us the problem in two barvy books: Pivdenniy America"I" Unsatisfied faces in ancient America 1500 r. BC e. - 1500 r. Not. e.. "
Ale hiba does not show the native population of the New World a great physical type, hairline, color of shkiri and other signs of stretching the entire territory of a part of the world - from Alaska to the Vognaya Earth? First, it’s not the anthropologists themselves who wrote about the recent debates and the fact that the facts were raised in one way, that the abundant genetic rice of American aboriginals was brought to America through the Bering Channel and Alaska by the first migrants from the Czech Republic. Among the cich of the prime ministers and pickers, there were people with the Mongolian, with the negligent, and with the European rice. "To that negro skeletons (as well as the images of people with negro rice. - V. G.) is not proof that, be it a flotilla or some ships, they moved to the pre-Columbian hours of the Holy Atlantic."
Some serious arguments about the old African-American connections є biological, vernacular, botanical dynas - the henchmen of roslin, characteristic of one region and emerging in the territory of the country. Crazy, the main role of the middle mais (maize) is a culture, which is vidomo, spontaneously American and obroblyuvannym Indians of Mexico and Peru not in the 5th millennium BC. e. Near the ground, yaku fakhivtsi distal from the deep upper part, virito on the territory of the mechiko place, wild meat sawdust was found. At the start of the meeting, I spent about 80 thousand rockets in the ground of the saws, so that before people appeared in Novy Svit.
Before they were in love, they brought the Portuguese to Africa for their views in Pivdenniy America (Brazil), not earlier than the first half of the 16th century. Archaeologist A. Goodwin during the digging of the city of Ife (Nigeria) - the capital of the ancient Yoruba state - saw a small piece of ulamk in ceramic dishes adorned with cornucopia. The foremost archaeologist-entusiast, M.D. Jeffries, has made a large number of ornamented shards of 1000-1100 rock. By such a rank, vihodilo, the Yoruba tribes from Western Africa knew corn for 400-500 years before the voyage of Columbus. Yak won, could she have been to the Black Continent? Who got it? Nareshty, why is it that such an important sorceress has been identified?
The rest of the food is not a tribute to the current archaeological mod. As a result of its decision to lay down a residual opinion: we have developed transoceanic contacts with Indians of the inhabitants of Black Africa. Tim is more concerned with the problems of chronology and periodization in the history of pre-colonial Africa and far from its residual history. Chi did not blame the whole plan and sorcerers in the city of Ife. Shards with small pieces of metal at the same time with the other thousands of ceramic tiles made a vimostka in one of the city's quarters. Under what was the king, the ceramichna vimostka appeared? Accurately, the food price is still uncomfortable. Yak Vinikla Todi Date 1000-1100 Rocky?
M.D. Jeffries viviv її purely intellectually, on the basis of the offensive world. Deyakі old, tell the Yoruba to bring, that the first capital of the Central African state passed in Ili-Ife (i.e., In Ife). In a few hours of the rule of the fourth king of the Mistsevo dynasty, the capital was moved to the town of Oyo. For some dzherels vіdomo, scho between 600 and 1000 rocks, the land was flooded with something like crazy, as soon as I fell asleep Ily-Ife. Dalіd slіd a simple reception: the offense of semi-mystical refusals to come back, and the hour of the function of the capital is surrounded by 1000 rock. Є Also vіdomostі, where the place Oyо buv is close to 1100 rock. A lot of knowledge in Ife, which means that an archaeological ball with shards is not carried out until 1000-1100 rocks.
Timing for an hour, do not take care of the glimpses of the summarized chronological Vikladoks of M.D. Jeffreis, you can pay here on a critical approach against the idea of growing a maisu on African land in the pre-Columbian era, in the pre-Columbian era. In addition to the fact that it is clearly Portuguese, the fate in the wider community of the central agricultural culture at the entrance of the Black Continent. Some of the authors caught the stew, but according to the clay they "rolled" not an ear of corn, but a similar grain - for example, sorghum. 400-500 years before Columbus, instantly rose throughout the world and until now successfully progressed from book to book.
Іnsha roslina, scho vikoristovutsya beckon for proving African-American calls in a long time, is a gourmelon. Vaughn has become a fan of only African culture. Already the first Europeans, who arrived to Novy Svit in the 16th century, podivat the whole roslin in Indians. So, after all, there was a transoceanic call? Do not sleep with visnovka. On the right, in fact, the surplus of the gourmet-gourd is known at once in the girskih stoves of Mexico in balls, which can be dated to 7000-5000 years BC. That is, it’s just a matter of fact that the fanatical henchman of pre-Columbian contacts didn’t find it, but at that hour the first inhabitants of Africa could overwhelm the ocean. Moreover, they brought T. Whitaker and J. Carter to the mothers of the gourmet, so that we could be transferred to the salty sea water without a change of authority for 225 days, so that it would take an hour for the American coast to reach the natural ...
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BROTHERHOOD conceptologist
THE BROTHERHOOD OF PEOPLE IN AFRICA
Irakoze Oleg, Niengabo Jean-Jacques, Sindayigaya Kalikst (Burundi), cadet; science curriculum: Lapshina Olesya Gennadiyivna, candidate of philological sciences, associate professor, m Omsk, FGVOU VPO “Omsk branch of the All-Russian Academy of material and technical safety im. General of the Army A.V. Khrulev "
Abstract. The statistic looks at the interests of the peoples of Africa in the pre-colonial and colonial period and in the period of struggle for independence. Key words: the concept of "brotherhood", history of Africa.
BROTHERHOOD OF THE PEOPLES OF AFRICA
Oleg Irakose, Jean-Jacques Nyengabo, Kalikst Sindaygaya (Burundi), cadets Supervisor: Olesya G. Lapshina, Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor Omsk, Federal State Military Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Omsk branch of the Military Academy of material and technical assistance named after General AV Khrulev "
Annotation. The article examines the relationships between the peoples of Africa in the pre-colonial and colonial periods and during the struggle for independence. Key words: the concept of "brotherhood", the history of Africa.
What do we know about Africa? We know, that the colisk of people, on the thought of anthropologists; tse svit of exotic creatures і roslin, tse hundred [tribes і мов; the whole continent, on which edge the geometric clarity of the cordons can be seen; We know that all of Africa suffered under the colonial regime and labor trade.
Haggard's and Bussenar's romani family houses. We have learned more about the zhorstok of work, colonial distribution and important exploitation of the peoples of the fallow lands. In the 60s, rock became the name of the heroes of the national-visually striking struggle, for example, Patris Lumumba. Idea Adnannya - brotherhood - people of the whole The continent against the colonizers became the key in the XX century. We know about the economical difficult and the more difficult ones. Ale tse duzhe superficial knowledge. Along with the history of Africa, there are thousands of rockies. Here the ancient powers boomed, the monuments of the mystery were protected.
In my own preconceptions, I would like to clarify the relations of the peoples of Africa in the pre-colonial and colonial period and in the period of struggle for independence. About those who enter into the concept of "brotherhood" in the manifestation of Africans in the period of history.
We are also bruised before the special conflicts on the African continent, and we are afraid to unite the powerless ethnic groups of Africa at once.
First, for all we will talk about Tropical and Pivdenny Afritsa (they call Chorna Africa or Africa for the first day from the Sahari), which are the bulk of Burundi, as they are in the whole part of the African continent.
In a long time ago and in the middle of the year, there was a lot of information about Egypt and the most ancient regions. Revealed about the land in the continent, its dimensions, outlines and cultures, bully more and more vaguely and spiraling on the inventory of the ancients (Herodotus), Old Egyptian and Arabic mandates and merchants, and European ones. And the traditions of cartography, pledged by Ptolemies, were actually taken up to the end of the 19th century. ... The price is explained by some reasons:
Tropical Africa is dominated by Pivnichnaya decilkom pustules - Sahara, Libya pond, Danakil. Shelters were enthralled by the conquerors to make their way to the center of Africa and the days of Africa;
Only conquerors and merchants brought Africa together and to finish the trivial hour. They have a lot of obvious things - mastery and exploitation of labor territory, vidbutk of riches, work. To this end, we have heard about the people and their cultures from the records and the calls of the captains and the masters of non-polite judges and merchants. Vcheni, such as the culture and history of Africa, were violated here in the 18th and 19th centuries. A great role was played by the missionaries and colonial officials, who had lost the reports of the peoples' records, the records of historical references, which brought the culture of African peoples into being;
Visibility of letter dzherels. Most of the people on the continent didn’t miss letters, they got into the letterless. Bagato from them they rejected the lettering ten years ago ("Young people"). However, some of the people were victorious about the power or suspicion of the writing system. So, the people of Ethiopia do the trick with the original ancient sheet of the warehouse type. Found writing should be up to II Art. n. e. Tsey of the letter didn’t get lost. The African researchers themselves vvazayut, who found the dzherelo - usnі materials (chronicles, orders and instructions, standard information and right, in the norms of which it is necessary to declare about social news). However, archaeological excavations also shed light on the history of the people of Africa. But it’s not easy to get good care of the old velma items, the splinters in the areas with a clamate tree are rotting, they threw rusty and grow even more quickly, and the unnecessary settlements grow tropically tall. So, changes in non-traditional lands, which are seen for the period from 100 to 300 years, in the whole part of Africa are taken for 30;
The problem of chronology. The people in Afritsa, as a rich people of ancient times, did not have a single calendar. The skin people of Bula have their own lytochislennya system. One day of the history of the history can be recorded from the records of the Arab and European, and the date of the transfer to Africa, which is well known to us by the calendar. One day to set up a date, additional help was saved in the memory of the people about the darkening of the sun and the month, the comets.
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■ ^ BROTHERHOOD conceptologist_
Irakoze Oleg, Niengabo Jean-Jacques, Sindayigaya Kalikst "Brotherhood of African peoples"
From the same time, beastly before, as the early state decisions were formed, about which it is possible to declare letters to and sleep dzherel and archaeological digging. The tribes of Tropical Africa want small and small cultural and religious cults, albeit similar in nature, they allowed them to play a lot in some cultured rice, especially civilization, not similar to Christianity in Europe. Here, the first great political statements appeared already in the early middle. One of the Arabian mandates, Leo Afrikansky, zgaduvav about 15 kingdoms of the Black Earth, and the quiet kingdoms, which are not bachiv, have lost a lot more.
In the pre-colonial period, the peoples of Africa have been living in the post-migration period. Tse is tied to environmental problems. So, the deserted prick of the dear Sahari called for the great resettlement of the tribes on the first day and on the continent. On the thought of Bagatokh of pre-slidnikiv (R. Moni), "the hanging of the Sahari, as on the cob of neolith has not yet become empty, but became it in the end of the period, called to the isolation of Tropical Africa from the Middle Sea itself in the Danish world of the world." The result of this was the migration of tribes from pivnos to pivden. The migratory tribes either assimilated or subdued their tribes in the new territory by a rapist noble. Okremi people in the XIX-XX cent. Practically saved the tribal way, and it’s a good time for the political education of the country.
Tsikavo put to moisture on the ground. Some authors said that there is no land in Africa, and that there is no land in Africa. On the day, the earth lay as a whole, in the yak, on the thought and presentation of the Africans about the world, not only did they live, but their ancestors. The ancestors themselves were respected by the righteous rulers of the earth, and even they lived in the same tribe, as the people of the people were from some ancestors. The same statement about dispute in science is called tribalism (in English "Tribe" - "tribe"). Until our days, there is evidence of the adventurous activities of the Hutu and Tutsi within the framework of Banyaru-Anda and Barundi. To that, in a territorially great state, it is even more foldable ethnichny warehouseіdinі great ethnic groups were rarely formed. The semblance of quilting in the hundred-ness of all the middle state-governing bodies, which took the form of blood-sportive ones, such titles as “brother of the ruler”, “sin”, “uncle”, “sister”, “squad”, and so on. they were simply dignitaries, not tied to real disputes with the supreme rulers.
The idea of \ u200b \ u200bmaking in such social statements, like the militia (if a skinny, grown-up person once became a warrior, young people (elements of pre-class suspension): "class of shepherds", "class of young warriors", "class of older warriors", "class of old men", etc.
In the middle of a number of peoples, they set up political approval - the leader. On the number of them were the leaders (as a rule, from the origin of the first settlers), they were assigned to the majority of the same tribesmen and in the process of orderless order. Among the great peoples of the continent, some chiefdoms were acquired right up to the end of the 19th century.
Omsk Orthodox Spiritual Seminary
stolittya. The early powers were among them.
In such a rank, it is possible to make offensives about the relations of the peoples of Africa in the pre-colonial period:
The idea of brotherhood between the Bula tribes, some of the rulers and leaders of that hour of mind, which is the basis of a strong tribe, or sovereign affirmation, to that the tribes and chiefdoms were united and wondered to confirm the powers of one;
brotherhood of those present in the surrounding tribes and in the surrounding groups of the tribes; people are tied up spilna meta or dyyalnist;
caste and disunity of tribes, isolation, indifference come into contact with those who did not come from the ancestry with the conquerors. The colonialists were keen to fight between the rulers and the leaders, who were corroded by the wicked ones and the sights.
Suchasnі cordon between the leading countries of Africa є absolutely equal geometrically accurate lines, the Nemov continent was poured, like a pyrіg. This is how the conquerors approached, those who lived in the new land, absolutely not the warriors of the national, ethnic and religious values. It is not a shame to talk about the history of the Congo, Nigeria or Tanzania in the pre-colonial period, for example, the territory of the middle Congo is included in the number of countries: Angola, the People's Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. You can apply the price indefinitely.
Chotiri capital Africa for the day from the Sahari Bula continent, stars in the land of the Near Descent and Europe, and then to America went "black gold" - non-citizens. Retreating from the zhahu of the violent resettlement, many tribes have abandoned native masses. Інші knowledvsіm: either the bully of humiliation, or they merged into the іnshі tribes and ethnic groups.
The zagalna bida united the peoples of Africa. At the new, colonial period, the idea of brotherhood and national unity had the upper hand. Winnickla is the idea of a national, it is possible to say, continental unity, as it helped the out-of-the-way Zusillas and for the help of the friendly countries to recognize the soundness. Bully votoreni tamnі brotherhood, in which people enjoy the idea of zvіlnennya. The whole brotherhood of Muslims in Algeria, the Afrikaner brotherhood in the PAR, the Madaniyya and Kadiriyya orders-fraternity at the celebrations of Africa and in. Apparently, the Christian faith played a role for the Chimal in the common tribes, as it promoted the values, as it brought people closer to the rule of one God.
The main process of decolonization of Africa is coming from the Other World War. Rock of Africa - rock of zvіlnennya - boom of the strife of 1960, since the colonial fallowness of 18 lands. And in the period 1961-1963 rr. more 9 countries. About pragnennya to freedom and one thing all fit to talk extinguished mayzhe skin edge. So, the word "adnist" is used in the gaslahs of 22 regions: Angola - "one will forget the force", Burkina-Faso - "one ", Guinea-Bisau -" Unity, struggle, progress ", Jibuti -" Unity, equality, peace ", Republic of the Congo -" Unity, light, progress " -
■ ^ conceptology of brotherhood_
Irakoze Oleg, Niengabo Jean-Jacques, Sindayigaya Kalikst "Brotherhood of African peoples"
heroia - "unity and vitality, peace and progress", Papua-Nova Guinea - "unity in business development", Rwanda - "unity, pratsya, patriotism", Tanzania - "Freedom and independence", republic ", PAR -" in unity - strength / Rizni people get together "and in. The word "brotherhood" is in the Hashes of 3 lands: Benin - "brotherhood, justice, pratsya", Mauritania - "Honor, brotherhood, justice", Niger - "brotherhood, robot, progress". The idea of one can be twisted in words and words from the meanings “at once, like one”: Zambia - “One Zambia - one nation”, Kenia - “Let's try to get it right at once”, Mali - “One people, one meta, one vira -”, Svara "Mi - fortune", Senegal - "One people, one meta, one vira".
Africa has become simply necessary for the presence of a foreign African organization, for some of the country’s country can’t keep up the colonial decline on its own. Europeans are smaller and even stronger in the new political events in Africa. However, the whole hour did not become calm and radiant, as people were cheating. For an hour of uninterrupted conflicts, the wards of power, as representatives of non-elite tribes were consumed by the leadership of the top. Pochavsya endless submission of power, racial discrimination and the establishment of the apartheid regime in the PAR. This was the cause of internal conflicts, as they did not feel like they were in a given hour. In 1963, the Organization of African Unity (OAU; Organization of African Unity) was established in 1963, and in 2001 it was renamed into the African Union. Until the end of 1973, the warehouse of the OAU consisted of 42 states: Algeria, ARK, the Shore of the Elephant City, Botswana, Burudi, Upper Volta, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bisau, Dahomey, Zaire, Zambia, Lesser , Liberation, Libya, Mauritius, Mauritania, Malawi, Tricia, Malagasy, Malagasy, Malagasy, Morocco, Niger, Niger, Rwanda, Swaziland, Senegal, Somalia, Democratic Republic of Tanzania, Sudan, Leone, South Africa Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia.
Cycle of the United Arab Emirates: improvement of the unity and solidarity of the countries to the continent; The main principle of the OAU is the equality and non-handling of the internal rights of the member states; povagu їkh territorial integrity and independence, peacefully regulate spiritsnaya nutrition and іn.
The entire post-colonial period of Africa has been in the war. The first is one of the peculiarities of Africa. In the 90s of the last century, the boyhood events were conducted in the territory of more than 15 African powers (Angola, Ethiopia, Liberation, Republic of the Congo, Mozambic, Somalia, Senegal, Sudan, Mali, Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda.) Now dzherela confliktu perebryuyut all over the country. The stinks are connected with social-political, economic (resource), national-ethnic, territorial and ideological distributions. In the 90s of the OAE rockets, the situation on the continent is not already in control. The leaders of the Bagatyokh lands called out to organize the organization, as to unite the African lands, so Gaddafi proponent to establish the State of Africa.
In the XXI century, the situation has changed little. Local conflicts and tensions occur in the ranks of the regions. I leave it at a loss to talk about the tendencies of the advancement of the level of safety. The reasons for being overwhelmed by the amount of money, as well as a lot of rock in that:
etnichne mislennya. This mentality, if in the quality of "own" Ident-
representatives of the singing tribal group are registered. There are a lot of different tribes, so as in the same state, a few other tribes can live. Intermediate incidents can be even more cruel, in some cases, genocide. Tribalism negatively infuses into suspension processes, making it possible to preserve and preserve national tribal independence (at the same hour, it allows us to preserve the traditions and families of the tribal group);
the highest step of the persona of power. The development of a political situation, as a conflict often lies in the peculiarities of the leader's behavior, his special motivation. Bagato from them vіyskovі. The І їх image of the development of civil society;
The rich resources of Africa, such as, as and before, are attracting people from the country, as they are fighting for the re-development of the spheres in the flood.
Also, it is possible to create two young ones, to build prototypes about the establishment of the peoples of Africa before brotherhood:
the peoples of Africa pragnut to ob'єdnannya. The stench is learned, at once - the stench is power. For them, the word "brotherhood" is synonymous with the word "adnist";
the manifestation of the majestic number of ethnic groups from my own does not allow me to reach the day;
Bibliographic list:
1. Balezin S. Tropical and Pivdenna Africa in the New Hour: People, Problems, Subjects. Navchalnyy pos_bnik. M .: KDU, 2008.272 p.
2. Lvova E.S. History of Africa in persons. Biographical Narisi. Issue 1: Africa in the pre-colonial era. M .: Muravei, 2002.256 p.
3. Organization of African unity (History of origin and activity). Zb. Dokumentov, M., 1970.
4. Organization of African Unity (Collection of documents), in. 2 (1966-1969), M., 1973.
Folklore of the peoples of Africa for the day from the Sahari. The robot on the zbiranny and vivchennyu African folklore was carried out from the end of the XIX century. By European Muslims, mandates, colonial officials, and even more experienced linguists, ... ...
Tsey term is also one of the meanings of div. Africa (value). Africa on mapi pіvkulі ... Vіkіpedіya
Africa. Ancient history- A long-standing camp of the people at Lake Rudolf (Turkana). Kenia. Private and Private Africa. In the other half of the 4th millennium BC. That is, in the pivnіchno shіdnіy part of the territory of Africa, social differentiation has endeavored, with small ones ... ... Encyclopedic assistant "Africa"
Africa. Serednov_chchyya- Pivnichna Africa and Egypt in the VIII first half of the XII century. Private and Private Africa. Middle Ages of Africa and Egypt are closely linked with Pivnichny Seredzemnomors. Repairing from III Art. Egypt and the land of Pivnichnoy Africa, which were part of ... ... Encyclopedic assistant "Africa"
Africa. Physical and geographical sketch. Flora and growth- Floristic area The nature and growth of Africa is based on a specific geographic situation, as well as geological past the mainland. In Africa, for every day from the Sahari, there is a number of systematic ... Encyclopedic assistant "Africa"
Africa. I. Numerous houses The word "Africa" is like the middle of the big business. To respect merit two hypotheses: one of them will explain how the words come from the phynic root, like when singing ... ...
Africa. historical drawing- Literature: K. Marx, Economic manuscripts 1857 1859 pp., K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2 vidavnitstva., T. 46, part 1 2; Engels F., Anti-Dyuring, ibid., V. 20; Lenin V.I., Imperialism, like a stage of capitalism, Outside of creation, 5 views, ... ... Encyclopedic assistant "Africa"
I I. Numerous houses The word "Africa" is middle-class. To merit merit two hypotheses: one of them will explain how the words come from the fynikisky root, like when ... ... Velyka Radianska Encyclopedia
Country houses. A. the other for the size of the Eurasian continent. An area of 80.3 million km2 (with islands). Shuffle over in the middle with an ekvator. A. Omivayut: on the S. Seredzemne m. (Chastina Atlantich. Ok.), On the Z. Atlantich. apprx., in V. Indiyskiy apprx. i enter ... Radianska Historical Encyclopedia
books
- Chorna Africa. Today is gone. Navchalnyy book on the News and News of the Tropical and Ancient Africa, Oleksandr Balezin, Sergiy Mazov, Irina Filatova. Authors' team - scholars to the Institute home history RAS, Institute for African Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences and Russian universities (ICAA MSU, MGIMO, NDU VSHE) - available and laconic forms viclav ...
- Chorna Africa: past and present. Navchalnyy posibnik,. The team of authors - scholars to the Institute of Foreign History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Institute for African Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Russian universities (ICAA MSU, MGIMO, NDU VSHE) - in accessible and laconic forms of viclavs ...
- Chorna Africa has passed and today Navchalnyy book on the News and News of the History of Tropical and Ancient Africa, A. Balezin, S. Mazov, I. Filatova, ed. MSU, MGIMO, NDU VSHE) - in accessible and laconic forms viclav ...
Central African Civilization (Chorna Africa)- a cultural and historical region, roztasovaniye on a weekday from the Sahari. Chorna Africa is the first generation of the people, as it is not able to learn about traditional writing, it can see the folding process of forming a civilized self-awareness and developing a high conflict. Colonization of Black Africa zruynuval fell large space, Including social, economic, trade and communal services. In the process of decolonization, an expanded idea of pan-African ideology and "Afrosocialism" has emerged. The political institutes, introduced from Europe and inorganic for the muscular runt, could not preserve the modernization of Black Africa. For the young statehood, the revolutions and the huge revolutions became especially ruinous. Try federal I will not be far away, for the blame of the PAR. The largest federal state in Nigeria does not become stable and borrowed from one of the provincial ministries in light of the corruption of power.
As for the statehood and the local economy in Tropical Africa, there is English, French, Portuguese and European "colonial" movement.
Problems of Tropical Africa are recognized in the statistics In the large regions of the region, the basis of the suspension is the communities and clans, and the homeland and ethnic interests dominate the social ones. The role of the traditional elite is to act as rulers and leaders, and the new elite is formed on the basis of social groups They took away the European education and took back the culture of the past. New elita is represented overwhelmingly by bureaucrats and politicians, and not by a promiscuous aristocracy. In Africa, they learned about the "educators", as they disowned the vicarists of the European tradition to replace the African monasteries "Chornu Europe". The hookers of "cultural nationalism" stand up for the preservation of self-made African culture. The ideology of religious nationalism is the concept of pan-Africanism, which is one of the peoples of the black race, which survived colonialism and labor trade.
Christianity is dominant in the middle of the new African era, so as the middle of the people of the world will accept the position of Islam. While in the past, Christianity is associated with the colonizers, it is now a provider of globalization, which leads to the marginalization of the African suspension.
Chorniy Afritsa has a population of 600 million Choloviks, of which 80% of the population is from Silsk. At the top of the list of other regions of the world, behind the vignette of Europe, the population is growing, but lives outside the border (46% of the population). The majority of the land may be the majestic called Borg, and the industrial export becomes less than 0.1% of the world.
Neoliberal globalization called for the change of decile authoritarian regimes, but overnight weakened the German foundations of statehood and social attitudes and made international criminalization of economy (drugs, trade) economical. There is a great number of urban dwellers, which, as a result of the mass resettlement from the African village, became an important center for the formation of Islamic fundamentalism.
The geopolitical situation in Afritsa changed due to the spread of the Radiansky Union. Even in the not too distant past, especially Chorna Africa was poured into zones by the superpowers. The SRSR has given a great deal of help to the social regimes in the economic “socialism”. Moreover, the importance of the political orientation of the African lands was elementary simple. If the students at the hospitals from the geography have learned difficult from the whole food, the author recommends more respectfully familiarize themselves with the economic map of the continent. The land, which was located on the corner of the country and with poorly promoted state gifts, "will be", as a rule, socialism. І, navpaki, lands with an admittedly rooted economy and bagatimi natural resources, Got lost to capitalism. If the prototype of the two political and economical ones has ended, the stability of the African continent has collapsed. Even earlier, for the political order of the superpower, they gave the sutta and often free help, promising the local power, now there is a need for it.
Chorniy Afritsa had a dramatic social and economic situation. At the borders of the inflow of іslam and іnhіh іruvans іsterіgayutsya crooked mіzhusobytsі. A lot of mіscevіh political actions declare that life under colonialism bulo in a lot of times more beautifully, nіzh seogodnі. For example, in Zaire, before the thrashing of the Independence in 1960, 140 yews functioned. Km. Dorig with hard pokrittyam, vtsililo deprived of 15 yew. km. In Angola, Somalia, and the other lands of the zruynovany backwaters. The majority of the African landowners are charmed in the health and honesty of the national economy and not to be seen by the politicians.
In the large regions of Black Africa, the gross national product is rapidly speeding up, the shortage of food products is prevented, and the international humanitarian aid is stolen. Mistsevі national modelsі suspіlno development turned out to be unsuitable. Politicians, who escaped the power of democracy on the basis of the principle "from dirt to princes", compromised the national path of renewal, quickly eroded the authority and power. Bagato “democratic” leaders turned out to be incompetent and corrupt.
Feel the social marginalization of Black Africa, which is experiencing the most severe crisis in history. As a result of the nationally-vis-à-vis-à-vis-à-vis collapse, anti-colonial neo-radicism has been formed, the basis for its centrism (negatively placed before the Sunset) and the self-worth of the African model of "spiritual harmony of civilization without cars." The ineffectiveness of Chergov's beast appears to the traditional values, even two demonstrates its weakness in the background of the callous light. It is notable for the lack of independence of Africans to integrate the light of day until the cultivation of traditional values is suspected, or even to science. Tsey shlyakh, which has shown progress in the Asia-Pacific region, has appeared unacceptable in Africa, de psychology is in the middle of the day, and hate at all.
Introduce butt to prevent the manifestation of universal development strategies. Liberalization of the economy in the lands, which does not develop, does not always lead to good results. Feel free to distribute between Pivnichchu and Pivdnem, the Center and Peripherals of the capitalist capitalist government. "Shokova therapy" has become "spend ten years" for Bagatyokh regions Latin Americaі Africa. It became obvious that it was not only necessary to ensure the function of the mission and the social hour, but the unpreparedness for positive re-creation of the social life.
***
The emergence in Pivdenny Afritsa in the late 19th century of the most common ancestors of the mid-range and polymetallic ores stimulated the influx of the English capital. As a result of the Pivnichna Rodesia from 1924 to 1953. became colonial volodinnyam. “The British Indian-African Company, which won the monopoly right from London to the development of the magnificent territory from the Congo to the Zambez, developed the main industry, the future of the city, the highway and automobile roads. The breeders were large for the settlers from Europe, the colony developed successfully, effective agricultural farms were established. As a matter of fact, during the decolonization process, the situation changed dramatically.
Chorniy Afritsa has a light pole of vivacity and zlidniv. The gross national product is rapidly speeding up, the level of life and the quality of life, the growth of corruption, and the country cannot be realized without foreign loans and humanitarian assistance. Miscellaneous models of suspension development turned out to be unsuitable, and the "long-term" economical programs for the development took on a lot of activity. That is, when they came to power in the wicked democracy of politics, they quickly drain the authority and dovira. Bagato "democratic" leaders turned out to be not only incompetent, but corrupted on a hostile scale.
Chorna Africa has become the epicenter of conflicts on the continent and in the world. In Western Africa, revolutions and huge revolutions in S'єrra Leone and Liberation led to an all-over economy. At the Church of Africa, there are permanent conflicts in the regions of the Horn of Africa (Ethiopia, Eritrea and Somalia).
Liberation("The Land of Freedom") the bulwark was founded in 1847 by the great sites of African slaves, who turned from the New States to the historical fatherland. To this, historically, the old international Liberal-American women were made. On the ear of the 80s, Liberation became a prosperous African land, de-prosperous offshore business and a Lieberian ensign, one of the best people for foreign ships. At ninety, the fate of the enormous war in Liberation and S'єrra-Leone threw the land into absolute chaos. African-Americans, united by the Masonic Lodge, have a capital of trimmings of the Muscovite Negroes in the right way, then the hour of the enormous war of the American-Liberation has flowed into the country. Liberation became one of the most popular regions of Black Africa (better than life in Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo and Zimbabwe).
Zbrojna wrestling in Angola(18.5 million people) is being conducted on the cob since the 1960s. Miscellaneous groups were taken from one side of the USSR and Cuba, and from the other side - by the United States. For an hour, the enormous war, which tripled 27 rockets, lost more than 2 million. Cholovik, 8 million. In the country there are over 3 million Іnvalіdіv, which went to the opposite mini. The land came from a bloody confrontation with a ruined economy.
Democratic Republic of Congo(To the colossal Belgian Congo) due to the lack of independence, there were ethnic conflicts and huge events in the most important part of the province of Katanga, and later in the small provinces. The land became the epicenter of the First African Holy Spirit, including the First and the Friend of the Congolese War. The Democratic Republic of the Congo, according to Forbes magazine, is one of the most secure countries for the introduction of the countries of Iraq, Afghanistan and Somalia. Ale tse not zupinyaє Russian self-made tourists from different provinces with permanent conflicts.
Roztashovana on the cordon with Rwanda, the "capital" of the Congolese province, Pivnichne Kiev - Goma - is to be proud of this year as an unbeatable place in the dashing 90s rock. That is why they drive in and out here at night. Unimportant for the commandant's year, the UN peacekeepers, who were in power in Budivly, surrounded by a prickly dart. Nearly the squalor and unsanitary conditions are terrible. Himself in Gomi in 1998, a friend of the Congolese, or Great African War, was honored.
As a result, provoked by the visit of the huge war in Chorniy Afritsa and the African tribes of Tuts and Hutu, before the Rwanda American priest Paul Kagame is an ethnical tutor. In Rouen, the Hutu tribes, adopted by the French, became 85% of the population of the country, and the Tutsi, the United States, became the Buli in the minority (15%). In 1994, the President of Rwanda and Burundi and the military forces of the changing world flew at the same time. Naturally, the American special services were not honored. The Hutu tribes gave themselves some help with those who suffered and thought they could learn to help themselves with the help of their handlers - machetes and motikas. Approximately one million lives of Africans have been paid for American-style democracy with the inactivity of the UN peacekeeping forces. 2 million Hutu flew from Rwanda. At the same time, the canybal democracy of Washington was established, having access to a large load of cobalt, which is necessary for the US military-industrial complex. An excellent American marionette saw the insurrection of her peers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Mistsev Tutsi have made the protest against China of a rich genus of Medi in one of the Congolese provinces.
If you are going to the capital of Rwanda - Kigal - from the territory of the Congo or Kenia, then, when you drive through the roads and the road, you will be enchanted by the European view of the city with the central streets that are safe for walking. You can say that this is atypical for the Central African countries. Tim Bolshe, in the 90s, Rwanda was the epicenter of the most popular African conflict, about some kind of memorial and museum dedicated to genocide. Auschwitz is brought before the first technologies for the destruction of millions of people.
Have a lot of natural resources Mozambique(Vugilla, titanium, natural gas, Gidroenergy), when the independence in 1975 was thrown out and the choice of the socialist way of development, the community of the country has fallen asleep, and the land has become one of the most popular in the world.
"Brothers of Slovenes" lead the powers of Black Africa with a podvayut rich spіlnogo with the native Batkivshchyna.
V Equatorial Guinea Vlad and business belong to the "family" of the Nguemo dynasty. Tsya African land, yak і Russia, a lot of naphtha and kleptocracy (elite with indiscriminate pragmatists to embezzlement). The keys to post in politics and business borrow relatives, guards, children, cohans. Mitzsevo dictator has ruled the land since 1970, when Forbes modestly estimated everything at one billion dollars when exporting naphtha at 13 billion. So, as the head of state changed the rest of the uncontested "democratic" choice, the United States will dictate that it is correct. Syn of the dictator of the bailiffs in the bazhanny to buy a retail yacht for a price of one hundred thousand dollars, just like from the prominent worker of the Russian business Romy Abramovich. For GDP (for the exchange rate) per capita, it is close to $ 16 thousand. For GDP (at parity of purchasing power) $ 32 thousand. The land was led in Chorniy Afritsi. The whole indicator shows "average temperature on a lykarny", as 70% of the population live outside the border (less than $ 2 per day).
The region of Black Africa - Gabon (do not cheat with the priest Gapon), Obidvi region, de GDP per capita for the exchange rate to become approximately $ 15 thousand. The governing party of Gabon is not infallible and honest, "Alone Russia", but the head of the African Democracy, the skin tribe is allowed to the mother of his party. The possibility of coming to power is close to absolute zero. The land was ruled by a dictator for ten years, and after his death he became a president. Like vidomo in Russia vlada to lay on the immortal and immortal Kremlin tandem.
Svitovi record-holder independent zlidniv. The results of the geopolitical transformation of Black Africa are especially demonstrative of two large British colonies. U 1953 - 1963 rr. The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland was abolished, and in 1964 the Republic of Poland was annulled, and in 1964 it became a republic. Zambia... Independent land voted to induce anti-capitalist "Zambian humanism". As the state became stronger, the Bula was nationalized strategically for the economy of the world. Bili boules expelled from the country and іkh mісtsia managers and farmers took over the nationalities - comrades in the party of power. Respect for the degradation of economy, lack of productivity, shortage of food products. The first independent Zambia, rich in natural resources, has been transformed into one of the best countries by its independent patriots.
Zimbabwe(In the past, the British colony of Pivdenna Rhodesia) was set up to the best we apologize to the regions Africa. And then to the power came the patriotic nationalities. They drove out big people of a non-titular nation (about 270 thousand), including farmers and fakhivtsiv, and lowered the land to record-breaking glybin. Buv of the establishment of the inflationary record (200,000,000%) of the independent currency in terms of the value of the US dollar. The sovereign belongings sporzhnil, and the corrupt party of Vlad was engaged in the smuggling of diamonds.
In 2009, there was a series of prompts to pin down the movement of the international currency and go to the American Dolari and Randy PAR. In addition, the money bills of 10 - 100 trillion have become the main souvenir for foreign tourists, who are welcomed by the waterfall of Viktoria. Zimbabwe step by step to talk about a crisis for the additional help of Chinese loans - to develop infrastructure, there will be hotels. Ale in the part of the current Botswana and especially the PAR Zimbabwe to be one of the most famous regions of Black Africa, ignorant of the generally high literacy of the population (over 90%).
Nigeria. Blisk and evil black gold. For ten years, Nigeria was one of the most important regions of Western Africa. Aleksandr moved to the naphtha "golka" the land was rapidly degrading. Political affairs and officials, the army and the police of corruption. Medicine, education, culture and science are chronically not worth a penny. Bezrobіtnі and illiterate young people to rebuild the army of boyovikіv, and іnzemnі companies to import fakhіvtsіv for naphtha. It is possible, tsya nigerian model to serve as a dear order for the Russian party of power. For GDP per capita, Nigeria will last 13 months in Chorniy Afritsa and 177 months in the world. Periodic vіyskovі revolutions to produce new marauders to the power. It has become not safe to expand into suspensions for the purchase of large and poor populations (80%).
Nigerijska Nafta will give 90% of the foreign exchange expenses and will save 80% of the pre-existing part of the state budget. In the rock of political stability, tourism additionally gave up to $ 10 billion. There is a shortage of professional national managers in the country. Regardless of the reform of the remaining rockets (the privatization of the largest refinery and the introduction of a new price for gasoline), there are still few positive results.
Nigeria, as a loan from a small place in the world with a vid of "black gold", has become one of the most popular countries of the world. Colossal arrivals from the export of naphtha are assigned to a small purchase "in the law", including members of the order and the most corrupt officials. Interventions on social and religious grounds between Christians and Muslims are trivial. Zd_ysneuyutsya attack on naftopromisli, the large-scale villainy of naphtha from pipelines.
Delta Nigeru, as a result of the barbaric exploitation of the naphtha ancestry, is on the edge of an ecological catastrophe. The soil is obstructed from the siltskogospodarsky circulation, the water is contaminated, the ribs are cut off, the ailments are widened. Here the rulers will drive the insurgents (among the people, the bandits). The militants of the anti-ordinary organization "Rukh for Delty Niger's zeal" are fighting against the foreign transnational corporations (Shell, ExxonMobil, ChevronTexaco, etc.)
On a great scale, unauthorized use and villainy of nafto products from pipelines are within reach. In the land, there is great concern for community warfare among Muslims and Christians. The most prominent representatives of the international national “elite in law” live on “hacienda” lined with marmura, adorned with gilding and enclosed with a prickly dart and walls with nests of mufflers. The handrail often lives in cardboard boxes for the whole family. Behind the broken roads rush cars of the representative class.
Visnovki. Central African civilization is a folding process of forming self-awareness and developing a high level of conflict. The colonization of Black Africa zuynuvala folded a rich and invisible space, including social, economic, trade and communal communities. In the process of decolonization, an expanded idea of pan-African ideology and "Afrosocialism" has emerged. In Africa, they learned about the "educators", as they disowned the vicarists of the European tradition to replace the African monasteries "Chornu Europe".
The new African elita is represented overwhelmingly by bureaucrats and politicians, and not by a promiscuous aristocracy. In the middle of the church of elite, there is dominance of Christianity, so that the middle of the people of the world will accept the position of Islam. While in the past, Christianity is associated with the colonizers, it is now a provider of globalization, which leads to the marginalization of the African suspension.
Neoliberal globalization called for the change of decil authoritarian regimes in Chorniy Afritsa, but immediately weakened the German foundations of statehood and social victories and made international criminalization of drugs, trade Some African people are an important center for the development of Islamic fundamentalism.
Information for discussions. If "Brothers slov'yani 's democratically powers Shіdnoї Єvropi vіdvіduyut samostіynі powers Kraina Chornoї Africa, zvertayut uwagi not tіlki on mіstsevu ekzotiku, ale vіdznachayut bagato spіlnogo of Process scho vіdbuvayutsya on postradyanskomu prostorі (deіndustrіalіzatsії, demoralіzatsіya, dezіntellektualіzatsіya suspіlnogo Zhittya). True, Chorna Afrika, for home-grown nationalists, has already taken up the same place on the periphery, and Russia and Ukraine have been kindly and last but not least. If you are amazed at the TV programs from the regions of Black Africa, the stench is often smelled by the programs of the Russian pro-Kremlin channels. And there and there the glorified boisterous efficiency of the folk tribal "democratic" leaders, replaced by the songs and dances of the primitive folk show-business, as well as the important function of suppressing the electorate. In Black Africa, it is successful to compete for the main macroeconomic indicators, corruption and evil of the population, a large number of new independent powers of the affected space. Defend the "democratic" bai and hani, who blamed Besya in the fat "family business".
In Black Africa, it is successfully competing for the main macroeconomic indicators, the corruption and the evil of the population of the new independent states in the vast expanse. Brothers from Chornoi Africa see the founders of successful deindustrialization, professional incompetence and corruption of nationalities and comrades in the party of power. For the ryvnem koruptsii and the elderly population of Russia, Ukraine and the majority of the affected powers, it is important to stay in Black Africa. The oligarchic model of democracy in Russia and nationalistic in Ukraine turned out to be unsuccessful, and the "long-term" economical programs evolved to take on a lot of activity. And there and here they came to the government on the wicked democracy of politics quickly to waste the authority and dovir. Bagato “democratic” leaders turned out to be not only incompetent, but corrupted on a hostile scale.
Russia is acting, but it has been implicated in the status of a great power. If the modernization of the corruption is successful, the Moscow Kremlin can take its ranks on the African Niger. Between a democratic Russia and not less than a democratic Nigerian richly spilny:
- Offended by the land is overwhelmingly large of naphtha, how to rob the unhelpful reference of modernization. The budget of the powers is to lay down the price for export naphtha.
- And there, and there, the political elita and officials have been corrupted.
- Federal power. Russia has 200 nationalities, in Nigeria there are more than 250 indigenous peoples and nationalities. Islam is supported by 50.4% of the population, 48.2% are Christians.
- The offense of the country is left with approximately the same demographic mitz. The population of Russia is 143 million, and the population of Nigeria is 152 million Cholovik (2010). Ale in Nigeria, the number of the population is growing, and in Russia, it is decreasing.
- Bagato “democratic” leaders turned out not only to be incompetent managers-marauders, but also to be corrupted in especially great sizes.
- Nigeria Mistsev's "elita in the law" is also raised against the common people. In Russia, the authorities predict a Nigerian scenario in Blazhaev ten years.
Chorna Africa and the affected powers are leading in business on state resources, corruption in the new sex industry is the sale of women. The sex industry behind the cordon, according to the version of the Canadian journalist Viktor Malarek (author of the book "Selling Natasha"), "to work" with women from Russia.
Chorn Afrika's special hot gift was handed over to the Ukrainian independent patriots, dropping the land onto the periphery of the world. The GDP (PCS) of Ukraine is two times smaller than the African powers of the PAR and Botswana. Brothers of Ukraine from Black Africa are being seen by the founders of successful deindustrialization, professional incompetence and corruption of nationalities and comrades in the party of power. All the same instills optimism, well, unaffected by the failures of the European integration, the next ten years will be completed by the brotherhood of independent Ukraine from Black Africa.
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