Both powers are referred to Latin America. The nature of Latin America. Osvita, schools and literacy in Latin America

Sinking the edge of the continent Wine of America It covers the whole continent with adjacent islands, a part of the planet was called Latin America in the distant historical past for the time of the fallow lands of the European colonizers. The list of the provinces of Latin America (and their capitals) includes 46 powers and independent territories, which may be rich in spirits in history, culture and economy.

Mayzhe all the regions of the region may go to the oceans, which cover the territory from the sides. Qia furnishings for a new entry into the world of trade - export of vitro products and sirovini become the main part of the economy of the skin state.

Have two vimir

Lands of Latin America on the map of development in the zone of ekvoret, which extends the territory geographically into the winter and the first time. Closeness to adequateness allows you to cut off rich sleepy light and warmth, so you can pick up the harvest of tropical fruits and agricultural crops tsiliy rik throughout the territory under the name Latin America. Region є Batkivshchinoy withoutlichі exported cultural grows.

Introduction to exotic and ancient times

Unimportant to the territory of the world, the entire list of the regions of Latin America and their capitals is invariably attractive for tourists of all earthly affairs.

Otzhe, the list of countries of Latin America with capitals:

• Argentina (Buenos Aires);
• Antigua (St. John's);
• Bagami (Nassau);
• Barbuda (St. John's);
• Beliz (Belmopan);
• Brazil (Brazil);
• Barbados (Bridgetown);
• Venezuela (Caracas);
• Guyana (Georgetown);
• Haiti (Port-au-Prince);
• Honduras (Tegusigalpa);
• Guatemala (Guatemala);
• Grenada (St. Georges);
• Grenadini (Kingstown);
• Gviana (Kayunna);
• Dominikanska Republic (Santo Domingo);
• Dominika (Roseau);
• Columbia (Bogota);
• Cuba (Guiana);
• Costa Rico (San Jose);
• Mexico (Mekhiko);
• Nicaragua (Nicaragua);
• Nevis (Buster);
• Paraguay (Asunson);
• Panama (Panama);
• Puerto Rico (San San Juan);
• Peru (Lima);
• Saint Kitts (Buster);
• Saint Vincent (Kingstown);
• Saint Lucia (Castries);
• Surinam (Parambarino);
• Uruguay (Montevideo);
• Chili (Santiago);
• Ecuador (Kyto);
• Jamaica (Kingston).

vinegreen vologі lіsi To grow on the territory of tsikh lands, to feud with their greatness. In the midst of the development of food representatives of the deprivation here can be used to create the rare breeds: American ostrich, lama guanaco, linivets. The number of species of birds and ribs is numbered in the thousands.

A blessed climate, private beaches from the black sand, mountain ridges, large volcanoes, waterfalls, because of the aroma of kawi, brawling green in any hour of rock, to knock out the people of exoticism lovers. There is one more reason for the addiction of the tsikh mists. The entire list of the regions of Latin America and their capitals is a midpoint of self-made traditions and cultures, archaeological relics, surplus colonial architectures.

Homeland of tango and Maradoni

In the name of the ancient lands, the Europeanized Argentina has not spared the chances of moving on its territory of the ancient civilization of the Indians. Її addiction in іnshomu. Here you can see the edge of the steppe, the chagarniki of the lisiv, the mountain peaks; The majestic metropolis contrasts with the beautiful settlements of cattle in the empty country. People's voice says: "Yakbi the Lord has settled on the Earth, Win vibrav bi for the implementation of the bazhanya Argentina."

Argentina, Buenos Aires - the words are not randomly tied from the hours of the economic capital. During the last forty years of the population of the country, Buenos Aires is one of the most beautiful places of the world. There are a lot of wide avenues, hmaroochoses, shaggy embankments, beautiful parks, small areas.

Among the fans of football, the name Argentina, Buenos Aires, has long been a single tsilim. Here itself you can touch on national traditions Argentines, to the greatest drowning - football.

Іnsha vizitna card of the country - Argentine tango. Here you can get to know the history of tango, enjoy the luscious, sensitive rucks of the dancing wager.

The land is sacred

Another land of Indian America is Brazil, which has borrowed the most part of Latin America over the area, a land of advanced technologies and leading positions in the economy, hostile to the first place, in the first place with its own atmosphere.

Superintelligent, unique Brazil is enchanting with the first miti of the sweet light, the earth of the red color, the scent of flowing roses, the endless expanses and the good nature of the world population.

The natural treasury of the land - Iguasu watershed, Tsukrova head mountain, Fernando-de-Noronya archipelago - a marine reserve, famous beaches with holy names, caressing warm sea. Inadvertently picking up riddles, taunnichi jungles of the Amazon, called the head "lungs" of our planet - 50% sour.

Tvarinniy svit Brazil is neurotic and versatile - over 600 types of friends. Among them, there are native individuals, which cannot be seen more nowhere: the grisoon of the head for the dog - the capybara, the water boa anaconda, the crying mawpooch of the marmosets.

The most important architectural feature of Budov Brazil is the 38-meter statue of Christ the Savior at the top of the Corcovado mountains. Architectural belongings - the capital of Brazil, plans for the greatness of the blizzard. There is not much of a skin tone є a memorial in Ouru Preto - the main architectural supermarket in Brazil.

Ah, carnival, carnival, carnival

The most barvy, the most fiery carnival in the world of Rio de Janeiro, a wonderful, unforgettable, slightly deluded in the days of the carnival of the great people of the people, the hospitality city of Brazil.

The entire list of the countries of Latin America and their capitals can boast of a great number of adorable cities.

At the very center of the Caribbean Basin

Food beaches in the midst of a clear-cut water and an incredibly beautiful and beautiful nature - which can be more beautiful for those who want to see it from the point of view The island of Puerto Rico (USA), who loves the bastion of the region - the Caribbean

Possibilities of active interaction with oceanic hviley are given a surfing center. The visota of khvili on the ocean expanses can reach 15 meters in around an hour. The coastal waters of Puerto Rico, in the knowledge of some of the best barriers of reefs and clearness of water, are the ideal place for diving.

The pristine nature of the islands is seen as a paradise of diverse flora and fauna of reserves and national parks.

Fans of old times may be able to touch the spirit of the old days. There are no small houses in the history of the city of Puerto Rico. One s popular songs- a castle, rots in the territory of old San Juan, prompting in 1589 rots, 50 years later, when he fell asleep on the cob.

Latin America

(Latin America)

History of Latin America, Demographic situation in Latin America, culture of Latin America

Geographical position of Latin America, population and religion of Latin America, economy of Latin America, powers of Latin America

Rozdil 1. Country houses about Latin America.

Rozdil 2. Nature Latin America.

Rozdil 3. Population in Latin America.

Rozdil 4. Culture of Latin America.

Rozdil 5. Religion of Latin America.

Rozdil 6. Economy Latin America.

Rozdil 7. Powers in Latin America.

Latin America- the region, which has been spreading in the winter and stretching towards the cordon of the United States and Mexico at winter, to the Vognaya Earth and Antarctica in the first place, and stretching for more than 12,000 kilometers in length.

zagalny vidomosty about Latin America

Latin America-yaky region USA at winter and Antarctica at winter. Including the ancient part of the Pivnichnaya America, Central America, the islands of the West Indies and the mainland. From the start to be washed by the Pacific Ocean, from the outset - by the Atlantic.

On the territory of the region, 46 powersі fallow lands with an area of ​​21 million km, which makes up 15% of the earth's land. The population of Latin America, according to the estimate for 1988, Sklalo 426 million Chol., Abo 8.3% of the world's population.

In the rest of the rock in conjunction with the growth of the national self-confidence of the Anglomans land The West Indies, most of those who knew the political independence, and the name "Latin America" ​​in the literal meaning is not stagnant until all the territories, but the whole region, left by the rest of America, is called "Latin America" However, the term "land of the Caribbean basin" is a number of shortcomings. Such lands, such as Cuba, the Republic of Gaiti, Puerto Rico and ін., І "Latin" and "Caribbean", in connection with the opposition of Latin America to the Caribbean Prior to that, the understanding of the "land of the Caribbean basin" was not meant to be defined: in some vipad before all countries were put (crim USA, Central America and the private part burning continent.

On the territory of Latin America, a number of subregions are seen: Middle America ( Mexico, land Central Americaі West-Indіya), behind the warehouse to enter until the territory of the witness is close to such for geographers, Yak "Caribbean land" ("land of the Caribbean basin") і "Mesoamerica" ​​(I want and not to become involved with them); Laplat region (, і Uruguay); Andean territories (, Republic of Venezuela, Columbia Republic, Peruvian Republic, Republic of Chile i). Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguayі Republic of Chile They call them the lands of the "Pivdenny Cone".

The name "Latin America" ​​was introduced by the French Emperor Napoleon III as a political term. Latin America and Indochina looked like the territory in the sphere of special national interests of the Other Empire. The whole term means those parts of America, in which they are shaped on Romanesque movs, tobto territories, populated by vicissitudes from the Iberian Pyostrov and France, stretching the XV-XVI century. One region is called Ibero-America.

Belt of the Cordillera, yak in burning continent I will be called the Andean Cordiliers, I will find in the light a system of ridges and mountain arrays, as it stretched over 11 yew of the Pacific Uzbek. km, the highest peak of that, є Argentinian Aconcagua (6959 m) near the cordon Republic of Chile, І same here (in Latin America) there is the most active volcano of the Earth - Cotopakhi (5897 m), the spreading close to Kito and the most beautiful waterfall of the svitu - Angel (979 m), the spreading in Republic of Venezuela... And on the Bolivian-Peruvian cordon, roztashovane is the best of the highest lakes of the svitu - Titikaka (3812 m, 8300 sq. Km). There is also a small river located here - the Amazon (6.4 - 7 thousand km), which is the most watery river on the planet. Nybilshe lake-lagoon Makaraibo (13.3 thousand square meters. Km) Republic of Venezuela... Trivial light of Latin America is rich and versatile, nowhere else can you see linivts, armadillos, American ostriches, lami guanacos.

In the course of the conquest, the European conquerors of Primusovo planted their movi in ​​Latin America, to that in all states and territories spanska mov becoming sovereign, for a vignette Brazil, De office mova - Portuguese. Spanish and Portuguese language, function in Latin America, in the view of national types (options), for those in power the manifestation of a number of phonetic, lexical and grammatical peculiarities (which are most autonomous development. Near the lands of the Caribbean, the sovereign movs є the chief rank of the English and French ( Republic of Haiti, Guadeloupe, Martynika, French Guiana), and in Sourinami, Aruba and Antilles (Netherlands) islands - Dutch. Boliviaі Republic of Peru, I guarani in Paraguayє official translations, on them, like і deyakie іnshih (in Guatemala, Mexico, Peruvian Republicі Republic), іnu writing і there is literature. In a number of regions of the Caribbean Basin, in the process of international competition, the so-called Creole Movies were formulated as a result of the uncommon development of European Movs, like the rule of English and French. In zagaly, a significant part of the population of Latin America is characterized by duality (bilingualism) and navi duality.

The religious structure of the population of Latin America is meant to be the absolute conversion of Catholics (90%), the origin of colonial Catholicism in the United States of America, and belonging to the former history of religion.

The history of Latin America is rich, tsikava and versatile. If only, here were the ancient civilizations of the Aztecs, Inkiv, Moche and Bagatio of the Latin American cultures, with the help of the Spanish conquestors led by the wire of Ernan Cortes and Francisco Pis. Nadal was the fight for independence from the Spanish crown, by the wire of Padre Idalgo, Francisco Mirandi, Simon Bolivar and Jose San Martin, and the news of the history of drug lords, hunts, terrorists

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Dozens of versatile national parks, deserted archaeological monuments, places with colonial architecture and commissioned missions of significant mottos, created in the whole region.

land of mysterious civilizationінків, Mayanі Aztecs, the land of the pristine red and noble cabal, the head of the Tyutyun and the Caucasian region of the planet, as well as the city of the middle of the autonomous and cultural traditions of the cultures, Latin America is occupied by the lower

The term "Latin America" ​​is the name of the sign of the fallow territories of the European metropolises, of which the office workers developed from the folk Latin - zokrema, Spanish, Portuguese, French. Today, it should be included in the list by the day "Indian America" ​​(which is more polite), I would like for travel agents and tourists to the region, it seems, it is more necessary to become "Latin".

For tourist senses, Latin America - a line "bouquet" directly. Why don't you go for a ride - and in order to make a special touch on the legendary monuments of architecture, and to take a ride in jeeps in national parks and, obviously, with a savor of acceptance in the coastal hotels. The publika, as a member of the Latin American land, is a supple people with a penny (the reason for being in Latin America is even dear). They have already traveled around the world a lot, they have repeatedly shot in the lands of the Great Eastern Asia and brought them to the minds of their residents (70% of all tourists in armor are five-star hotels). Passive lying on the beach stench in a great way is vazhayut for beautifully creative reasons, for anyone in Latin America, everything is necessary.

The term "Latin America" ​​can be seen as a region, a cultural and geographic light, or a group of powers, which may conceal the impossibility of geographic, political, cultural and other needs between themselves and at the same hour, strongly evolve from one country to another. All the values ​​are similar, so I will interchange them.

Otzhe, Latin America is a region of retouching in the Western period between the American cordon (Rio Grande) at winter and Antarctica at winter. Includes a private part Wine of America, Central America, West Indies and mainland. Surrounded by 2 oceans: from the sunset - the Pacific, from the outset - the Atlantic. Here 46 states and long-standing territories have been removed. home area close to 21 million km2, which is about 15% of the back land area of ​​the Earth. Between the mainland regions pass in the main along the great rivers and mountain ridges. Most of the countries may go to the oceans and seas or islands. Until then, the region is located at a very close proximity to the one that is even more rooted in the economically renowned state of the United States. With such a rank, the economic and geographic position of Latin America is even more friendly, unaffected by the isolation of all regions. per I will arrange a sovereign Latin American countries are the sovereign republics, the powers in the warehouse of the Spivdruzhnosty, England, or the Volodymyr of Great Britain, France, USA, Netherlands (mainly islands in the Atlantic Ocean). Great political conflicts during the period are not spared. Explain the price of the attack. In the first place, the powers of Latin America may have something rich in culture, history similar to the level of economic development, then in fact there is nothing to do. In a different way, relєf i natural mind in general, do not miss before the development of extreme conflicts: a lot of rychok, heterogeneous relf, etc. I’m dumb on the fallow land, I’m dumb on the ground. Lands-masters є for them, rink about vyroblenoy products (whether it be a shoe or a built-in state of the art), create a working community for the population, invest great capital with the method of further development of economy for economy natural resources(Including in the capacity of tourist centers), in the obviousness of which it is not easy to summarize, it didn’t pay off. Plus pay for "moral Skoda" tsikh "colonies".

Yak butt can be taken Gviani (volodinnya France). It is located three times more than an eighteen-year-old, covered by the “overseas department” of France. 150 rocky won won the Bula the city was sent to the citizens, but the situation changed: at the present time the representatives will sit at the French parliament. The population is mainly on the Uzbek side Atlantic Ocean There is also the capital of Guiani, the city of Kaynn. Most residents pratsyu on state enterprises, And іnsha chastina is engaged in the silskoy state gifts (viroshuyuchi sweet potato, pineapple, rice and corn). There is also a functional rocket and space center (in the Kourou). Guiana is an economically emerging country, where it can be found in the financial support of France (the problem of life here is far from the lowest in the world). Evaluate the plans for improving the economy with a path to the development of the promises, And also mastering the victoriousness of the majestic fox arrays.

The geographic position of Latin America is evidently and in the development of the state's pride in three aspects. First of all, going to the seas and oceans and the appearance of the Panama Canal, in other words, is close to the growth of the United States, in a third, a great natural resource potential, which has not gone far into the reality of what is a great factor in the historical factor. Aje mayzhe all the localities of the country in the past bully colonies, and deyaki nini become fallen asleep. I think that the stench needs to be missed and become highly blameworthy, viciously, not without the help of the other, industrial and postindustrial powers.

The territory of Latin America has been inhabited by twelve people from Pivnichno-Skhidnoy. Asia, As they changed with the migratory flows and established the number of Indian tribes and nationalities. The found camps of the first people are carried out until the 20-10th yew. BC e. At the hour of the invasion of the European conquerors in the 15-16th century. The majority of the Indian tribes was at the early stages of the primordial communal harmony, and was occupied with family members, love and ribalism. Ayma-ra, Aztecs, Mayan, І ін. The early class powers created. On the rise of H. Columbus, which is the tip of the island of the Antilsky archipelago, the coast of Central America and the Republic of Venezuela (1492-1504), the boules of the first Spanish settlements on the islands of Espanyola ( Republic of Haiti) І Cuba, which became the strongholds of forged penetration into the heart of the American continent. Expeditions of conquestadors led to the approval of the Spanish panovania in the territories of Mexico, California, Florida, Central America and the entire American continent, with the blame of the territory Brazil, Yaku conquered, and Guiani, captured by England, Holland and France. The struggle of the Indian leaders, who entered into alliances with foreign zagarbniks, was defeated by the conquest of Latin America by the colonizers. The conquest of America by the Spanish and Portuguese, mostly completed in the 16-17 century. Unimportant to all the living support of indigenous inhabitants (in the colonizers of Bagatyokh, they were told to all kinds of people), and Portugal planted their own language here, their religion in Latinism (Catholicism) and the great form of Latin The English, French and Dutch colonization also poured into the history of Latin America, albeit less, less Spanish and Portuguese.

Development of capitalist vidnosin, village and mischief of the 18th century. (Selyanska in the Republic of Peru 1780-83, the revolt in New Granada in 1781, etc.) They rooted the colonial system and aroused the awakening of the national self-awareness of the local population. viyna for the independence of the English colonies in North America 1775-83 and the Great French Revolution accelerated the pro-process. As a result of the revolt of the Negro-slaves, which took hold of the Republic in 1791, viyni slavery was shaken off against the French colonizers (1 801) and the independence of the Republic of Gaiti was conquered (1804). panuvannya in Santo Domingo (current Dominikana). for the independence of the Spanish colonies in America in 1810-26 ended with the demise of the colonial regime. Mayzhe all Spanish colonies have won political independence. Experience Cuba i Puerto Rico not far away through the involvement of the United States and Great Britain. In the midst of a wide popular movement in the spring of one thousand and twenty two, the independence of Brazil from Portugal was thrown out.

The osvita of the powers declared on the basis of a change of mind to accelerate the development of capitalist denominations. Preservation of the great patron landlord and privilege in the galmuvalo church process... In the middle of the 19th century. feeling like a new start of the revolutionary ruin, huge wines v Argentina, Colombian Republic, Mexico, Republics of Venezuela, Uruguay, Guatemala and the idea to carry out important social reforms in the Peruvian Republic, Honduras, Brazil. Bully housed a flock of taxes from Indians and slavery of Negroes (without affecting the land), dignity of noble titles. In 1889 the monarchy was abolished and the republic in Brazil was annulled. For the arrival of socialism and its collapse (krim Kubi), the pishov is active process development of capitalism.

Latin America nature

Specialties of the relєfu L.A. are characterized by the appearance in the geological Budov two years structural elements: Ancient Pivdeno-American platforms and the young, rugged belt of the Cordilleras, which are called in the burning continent Andean Cordiliras(Oh vidgaluzhennyam є Antil'ska island arc). The first are the old flatlands and plateaus - Guianske, Brazilian and Patagonian and lowlands and rivnines - Amazon, Llanos Orinoksky, Gran Chaco, Pamp.

I will find the belt of the Cordilleran-Andes in the light of the system of ridges and mountain arrays, as it stretched across the Pacific Uzbek by 11 yew. Km, the highest peak of the Wandering Pivkul is Argentine Aconcagua (6959 m) close to the cordon in the Republic of Chile. In the Andes, on the Bolivian-Peruvian cordons, roztashovane is the most high-mountainous lakes of the svitu - Titikaka (3812 m, 8300 sq. Km). belt Andean Cordiluri It is characterized by frequent ruinous earthquakes (Mekhiko, 1985) and volcanoes (Columbian Ruis, 1986, Mexican Popokatepetl, 2000), there is also the most active volcano Zemli - Kotopakhi (5897 m), which is located here.

The folding of geological budov and the beginning of the riches, and the versatility of the brown copalins L.A. In her case, 18% of stocks of naphtha products, 30% of black and light metals (chromium, zinc, manganese, etc.) and 55% of rare metals metal(, Titan, stronts_y and ін.) Holy, not ruffling post-communist powers. For reserves, a number of copalines around the territory of Latin America occupy the first place in the world (with a Russian Federationі China): for example, according to gold ore, beryl and also girsky crystal -; for Selіtri and Cuprum - Republic of Chile; by lithuania - Bolivia; by graph -. great stocks of naphtha productsі natural gas zooseredzheni in the Republic of Venezuela and Mexico.

I'll look at my geographic development especially in low latitudes (with tsomu land the most area maє close to ekvatora) L.A. I will take away the rich sleepy warmth, which for a large part of the region is characterized by a hot type of climate, mid-month temperatures are above + 20, and seasonal changes appear in the main in the winter mode of dropping, and not temperatures. The most friendly mind for the cyclical vegetation of the growers and allowing the growing of all tropical plantations and the living of the agricultural culture.

Seasonal temperature fluctuations are the most common for extreme winter and winter L.A., as it goes into subtropical and about latitude(In Santiago, for example, Average temperature midnight + 20, lime + 8, and on Vognanoy Zemlya + 11 and + 2), and, moreover, in the mountainous regions of the tropics. Short-hour temperature drops (right up to the first Path) occur in times of invasion from the high latitudes of the cold povitryan mas For this reason, the meridional straightening of the mountain ridges is more important.

Mіzh surrounding regions L.A. There are significant indications in the number of fallen goods and also in the number of drops according to the seasons. Yakshho in the Amazon and on the pacific grasses of the Equatorial Andean Cordillaries, the season of boards is practically trivial, and the usual rate of fall is 10 yew. Mm, then on the Pacific Uzbek Republic of Peru and on the first nights of the Republic of Chile the boards are not skinned, but the Atacama Kestrel - one of the most arid on Earth (1-5 mm fallen in a rice).

The climatic features of L.A. They have infiltrated the settlement and the state's development, still the stench creates some problems during the development of new territories, for example, the Amazon basin.

Kraini L.A. the most beautiful in the world water resources, The mid-range runoff of the region (550 mm) is even higher than the average size of the land runoff. Naydovsha river - Amazon (6.4 - 7 yew. Km) є the most watery on the planet, to bring wine to the ocean close to 6 yew. Cubic meters of water. Vsiy rychka L.A. May the hydroenergopotential increase in the amount of 300 million kW. Naybilshe lake-lagoon Makaraibo (13.3 thousand square meters. Km) is located at the first entry of the Republic of Venezuela.

Three soils are located on the Brazilian plateau, in the Middle Republic of Chile and on the descent of Argentina (Pump). There are a few lands that can absorb special smells of obrobka, and the smell of stench quickly consumes its freedom and degrades.

As a result of trivial isolation, L.A. we can finish our own flora with a significant number of endemic species, birth and homeland of the roslin. Foxes occupy almost half of the territory of the region, and in the area of ​​permanently green ekvatorialnyh lisiv L.A. loan 1st month of the middle of the continent. In Latin American forests, the growth of rich trees with valuable wood (chervone, balsa, sandalwood, etc.) and roslin, which give more important technical and medical wood, coca, etc.). Region є Batkivshchina of such kind of cultivated grows, like pineapple, arachis, dormouse, spice of pepper, potato, tomato, kvass and іn.

Tvarinniy svit L.A. Bagatious and wild, nowhere else are there lines, armadillos, American ostriches, lami guanacos. Immediately, the fauna of the region saved some of the controversy with the food of the ancient African and Australian times, which is to inform about old calls with them, the wintry, in L.A. representatives of the common people, characteristic of Australia, are taking part.

L.A. all the hospitality is seen in the need for economical development, tied with rational victories and protection of natural riches. For the grandparents of the Latin American people, the last third of the capital was blamed for more than 400 years. There are green foils under the threat of danger Amazonia- "the legends of the planet", while keeping the fast pace, the stench will continue to smell until the middle of the XXI century. The area under protection still does not overtake 1% of the region's area (in Japan - 15%, Tanzania - close to 10%, USA - more than 3%). Panіvnі methods of farming have led to the general acceleration of the processes of erozії runtu, sprout, in the "wheat belt" of the Argentinean pumps they have covered no less than a quarter, in Mexico - more than 70%. In the 1970s, 17 provincial industrial zones of Argentina, Brazil, the Republic of Venezuela, Republics of Columbia, Mexico, Peruvian Republic, Uruguay and the Republic of Chile, they are naked and ecologically threatening.

majesty tropical fools- tse one of the most valuable riches of Latin America. It’s a pity, the stench is shitty to scurry, well, like the blame for any kind of roselin and twigs, it will clutter up the ruined natural balance. The aim of a lisy is to be recognized by the wine richness and versatility of flora and fauna. There are no less than 40 thousand species of roslin, 1.5 thousand species of birds and 2.5 thousand ribs in the Amazon basin. There are also dolphins, electric vugri and іnshі divovizhnі things in the rivers. It is possible to name such vidi, like araucaria chiley and brazilian, giant bromelia, xylocarpus (Karapa), kapok (all the names of the trees), henne, chocolate, mahogany tree, gorlyankovy, coconut , "Fire sword", philodendron. Nayaskravish representatives of fauna: alpacas and vicunas, relatives of lamis (stinks are appreciated for the farm, yak chinchili), nandu (similar to the ostrich birds), penguins and seals (lingering on the bird's-eye turtle), elephants Melodiously, little hto knows what Latin America is the father of cartoons, popular in Russian Federation... Also here we are picking things up to go beyond the cordon of Likarski Roslin. For example, sarsapareli woody liani. It’s a little unfortunate, some folded here is a lantsyuga, but then you can get a glimpse of natural and ecological balance, it’s very easy to destroy it.

Latin America is roasted in subtropical, tropical and subquatorial belts Pivnіchno Pіvkulі; equatorial belt; subquatorial, tropical, subtropical and pomirny belts Pivdennoy pivkuli. Great inflow on climat nadaє peretin її ekvator. At the same time, in the area of ​​ekvorenaya roztashovna is much longer, then Latin America won a great amount of sleepy energy. To keep the vegetation period Roslin is practically tsilorichnym and allows you to engage in silly state gifts. A large part of the region is characterized by a hot tipi klimata, De mid-month temperatures are higher than + 20 ° С, and seasonal changes klimata are manifested in the main in the winter mode of fall, and not temperatures. Seasonal fluctuations in temperature are often more frequent in extreme winter and early winter in Latin America, when entering subtropical and middle latitude Earth - generally +11 and + 2 ° C), as well as in mountainous regions. However, the temperature, so the very thing and the cost to lie down is not only (but for an hour and not the style) geographical position, Ale shche and і і і і і і і і і relief-fa і vіdryannyh wt. So, on the wind from the Atlantic (that is why there is a slow transfer of the winds), passing through, as seen by the vologue (at the sight of the boards), as to turn on the rivnin (with the waters of the girskih rychok), shy vologim. On the pacific school of the Equatorial Andean Cordillaries (in the Columbian Republic and Ecuador) І close to new uzberezhzhі, the norm of falloff is 10 yew. Mm, Todi Yak in the Atacama wasteland - one of the best rainless earthly cool- 1-5 mm. Yaksho in Amazonia The season of boards is practically trivial, then at the extreme winter gathering of Brazil it doesn’t win 3-4 months, but in the Pacific Uzbek Republic of Peru and in the winter of the Republic of Chile the boards of the last year. In general, no less than 20% of the territory of Latin America is introduced to the zones of lack of waste. Farming can be found here as a piece crop. So burn, do not let the cold vis-spirit penetrate into the central part of Latin America. The Pacific... Then, you can pass without pereshkodnoy from high latitudes (high meridionally), but periodically and trample, or even have a short-hour character.

Pink beaches, a blessed climate, small landscapes - all of them are attracted to the main Central America and especially to the islands of Vaga India. At the state's goals Central America and the West Indies are seen in the Middle Ages for the whole region of the rooted plantation of the Silskoy state, in which it is especially important, the pineapples and bananas. Ideal for viroshuvannya kava Vvazhaєtsya Pacific P'єdmont (grabbed the nagir'ya) with its combustible volcanic soils and friendly climatic minds. Guatemala kava the growth of specially planted trees in these trees, the growth of aromatic words in grains in large quantities of aromatic words in grains, in the case of dormouse varieties. Approximately in the same area, twist a red cane.

Population in Latin America

The Ethnic Warehouse of Latin America can be finished with strings, which can be cleverly divided into 3 groups. The first group consists of Indian tribes, which represent the indigenous inhabitants (15% of the population in Danish hour). Most of the Indians are located in Bolivia (63%) and Guatemala. Another group - the price of European immigrants, the first for all the Spanish and Portuguese (creoles), and the two maritime powers before they began to pick up expeditions for the advancement of the development of the borderless sea. Among the participants in the Spanish and Portuguese expeditions are the boules Vasco da Gama, Christopher Columbus, Amerigo Vespuchs and the first in the sea. The third group was formed by negros, who were brought in as slaves for robots on plantations. There are very few representatives of the cich groups. More than half of the inhabitants of Latin America are mestizos (sites from young people and indians) and mulati (sites from young people and negroes).

Most one-year-olds in the ethnic group Uruguay, Republic of Chile, (the center of the country of the development of colonization, the population of the last half of the 19th century, they have the most European immigrants). From the colonies of Spanish and Portuguese colonies, Guyana is growing. Asia(In the main іndіytsі). It is not often the case that there are Arabic names. Peresi-Lents from Blizky Descent I can find here great successes supervisors of their supervised activity. Vіdomy colishnіy Argentini Carlos Saul Menem, as well as colishnіy the president Republic of Ecuador Jamil Mauad Witt (si-novya arabiv-immigrantiv). Actively declare about themselves the Japanese, scho they had a meal in the 30-40th pp. For example, two expresident of the Peruvian Republic Alberto Fukimoda (having been robbed in 1990 and '95 pp).

Latin America is also a place of change of cultures of helpless races, peoples, ethnic groups and interweaving of traditions and sounds of children civilization... At the link with the cym, the rights of deyaky peoples, zokrem, indians, people of wicked blood, і ін., З side of Europeans. It was a serious problem until the fierce 15 of 1819. The same time, Angosturskiy was brought up from the initiative of Bolivar, on which a document was accepted, which would void the equality of all the inhabitants of the colonies. A quiet feast in Latin American panu tolerance for all peoples and religions.

Formation of lucky people L.A. was added on the basis of different ethnic and racial elements, more than 15 fierce 1819 clicks in the Republic of Venezuela from the initiative of Simon Bolivar Angosturskiy congress having voted the parity of the inhabitants of the colonial colonies of Spain, independently from their ethnic affiliations. The staff of such revolutionary solutions for their hour, the land of L.A. to be tolerant of their own populations, and self-indulgence Latin American culture develops on the equal basis of old traditions and grows in mutual enrichment.

In the Andes (Cordillera) regions, with the blame of Costa Rica, and Paraguay, they rely on Indians and Metis, and most of them are "Indians" among them, the people of Quechua and Aymara store 54% of the population. In the republics of Peru and Ecuador, Quechua is becoming close to 40% of the population, in Guatemala, half of the inhabitants are Indians - and even more richly mixed.

Brazil and the regions of the Caribbean (Republic of Venezuela, Republic of Panama, West Indies), Kudi in the XVI-XVIII centuries. for robots on the plantations of the bulo, a sprinkle of milion is imported from Western Africa, Bagato people with a dark color of shkiri. Mayzhe 45% of Brazilians are mulati and black, in Dominikan, Republic of Haiti, Jamaican on Malich Antilles, the rate is 90% per hour.

Near the lands of the past colonization, the mass settlement of yak began in the second half. Nineteenth century - Argentina, Uruguay and Costa Ritsi - overtake the sites of the European Immigrants; Indians, half-breeds and mulati stocks with them less than 10% of the population. Moreover, in the opinion of the Andes territories, in the colonization of which they took part in the main Іspanії, The warehouse of immigrants from Europe is here to be promising: there were a lot of italians, nimtsiv, slov'yan. The stench gave the pass to a compact settlement, openly closed national colonies.

From the Spanish and Portuguese colonies behind the ethnic warehouse, Guyana is located, Surinameі Trinidad і Tobago, de 35-55% of the population are warehouses from India. In Latin American countries, it is possible to meet and people with Arabic names, who are unimportant to the myriad of vigorous activity (most of them are traders and commercials). Zokrema, Sinami Immigrantiv-Arabiv Buli in 90-I pp presidents Argentini (Carlos Saul Menem) and republics (Jamil Mauad Witt). All the active people will remain for an hour to declare about themselves the Japanese, as they settled in L.A. in the 30s-40s of the 20th century, one of them - Alberto Fuchimori - in 1990 and 1995 was robbed by the president of the Peruvian Republic.

With such a rank, the present-day absolute majority of the lands of L.A. more sophisticated. In the population of the skin of them, in quiet proportions there are such ethnic groups:

The main people of the country (in Bolivia, Ecuador, the Republic of Peru and Guatemala in the main way of respecting two peoples - the Spanish nations and close to them for the number of Indian people - Quechua, Aimara, Maya)

All and even innumerable indigenous peoples; Approximately 2 million Indians in Brazil, Venezuela and Colombia may not be linked economically to the population;

So called the transitional groups - recent imgranties or landmarks, which have not been sufficiently assimilated by the main peoples of the country, but have lost the links with the countries to the entrance, albeit a significant world;

National Menshini - Vikhidzs Єvropi And Asia has remained ten years since they have not yet known the assimilation.

For example, representatives of over 80 peoples live in Brazil at once, Argentina and Mexico - more than 50, in Bolivia, Venezuelan republics, Colombian republics, Peruvian republics and 25 Ukrainian tribes -

For hours the conquest of the European conquerors primuso planted their movi in ​​L.A. Spanish and Portuguese mov and function in L.A. in the view of national types (options), for those of power, there is a number of phonetic, lexical and grammatical features (the best in the pink split), which is explained, from one side, in the midst of indian

At the edges of the Caribbean Basin there are sovereign movs є the leading rank of English and French (Republic of Gaiti, Guadeloupe, Martynika, French Guiana). At Surnamia, Arubi and Antilles (Netherlands) islands - Netherlands.

Indian Movies Pislya Conquered by L.A. bully vitisneni in vuz'ku the sphere of the by-side splitting of the imported indigenous population. On the seasons of Quechua in Bolivia and the Republic of Peru and guarantees in Paraguay, in official language, on them, as well as some people (in Guatemala, Mexico, the Peruvian Republic, the Republic of Chile, there are no expansion in inheritance low rivnya literacy of the main mass of the Indian population.

In a number of regions of the Caribbean Basin, in the process of international competition, the so-called Creole Movies were formed as a result of the unrepentant development of European Movs (as a rule, English and French) by the languages ​​of the French. Gaitianska Creolska Mova became the sovereign order of the French. Surinami has a function of Creole movs: Saramaccan - in English and Portuguese; Juka and sranantonga - English. Ostannya, from the name of "Surinamese language", є order from the Dutch language, on which art literature is developed.

Vzagal, for a significant part of the population of L.A. characterized by duality (bilingualism) and navi duality.

Repairing from the 40s of the XX century. The growth of the population in the region was rapidly accelerating, and its middle tempi increased from 1.8% in the 20th century. up to 2.4% in the 40s and 2.8% in the 50s, having reached its apogee. Ale in the fake stench has declined, stabilized by 2.3%. According to UN forecasts, until 2025, the population of L.A. up to 790 million chol.

Intensive growth of population in the region є a legacy of severe decrease in mortality in the region period while sparing high people. Would you like to see if Єvropiі Wine of America 100-150 years passed, L.A. the staff of the advancement of light medicine and sanitation has known only 25-40 years. Already in the first half of the 80s, the mortality rate per 1000 inhabitants of the sklava in the region 8 rozvinenikh lands- USA (9) abo Western Europe (11).

On the basis of Europe and Pivnichnaya America, the rapid mortality rate in L.A. (For the blame of Argentina and Uruguay) it is not supported by the decline of the people of life, because the structure of the population is young on the continent. Children and children up to 15 years become close to 45% of the population of the region (for the population in Europe, the indicator is 25%, in the USA - 30%).

The average population in L.A. become close to 20 chol. for 1 sq. km, the same time at a time from the most populated great regions of the world. So, on the higher seaside smoothie, which borrows 7% of the territory of Brazil, lives close to half of the population of the whole country. One hour, great inner districts and pivden L.A. populated in the small, majestic region of the equatorial forests in the Amazon basin is practically deserted.

For the Latin American countries, the characteristic intensive process of urbanization: even in 1900 r, 10% of the population lived in її towns, then in 1940 it was 34%, in 1970 - 57%, and in 2000 r - 80%, according to UN forecasts, the indicator was in 2025 r stock 84%. The visoka of the pitoma of the city of the Moscow population (80-87%) may be the land of the "Pivdenny Cone" and the Republic of Venezuela. Moreover, yaksho on the cob of the twentieth century. The growth of a part of the local population in the region was mainly due to the increase in agriculture from Europe;

In the process of urbanization, there is an increasing concentration of the population in the great places and metropolitan areas. In the morning, in the metropolitan areas of Mexico, the Republic of Peru, Argentina and Uruguay, 25 to 50% of the population of the cikh regions is growing. Great Mekhiko (more than 26 million Cholovik) і Sao Paulo (close to 24 million Chol.) Pretending to be from Tokyo for the status of the greatest place in the Earth.

Culture of Latin America

The birth of contemporary national cultures L.A. be held until the 17th century, if in the colonial volodinny Іspanіїі Portugal Were you formulating new ethnical diversities, as one kind of one appeared as a result of insights geographic minds, The racial warehouse of the sacks, the step of preserving the traditions of the indigenous population and the peculiarities of the European colonization. With a great deal of intercourse of industrial cultures, there was no mechanical addition to the elements of Indian, European and African decline.

In the lands, great compact groups of indigenous populations have been protected by ancient traditions, glorified by their own "dualism of cultures. samobutnya іndіanska culture, yak svoїm korіnnyam syagaє dokolumbovі tsivіlіzatsіy. Sche in the mid. of the XIX Art. in Gvatemalі, Bolіvії, Ekvadorі, i Mexico respublіka Peru vinikla techіya іndіanіzma yak antithesis Look zemlevlasnitskoї olіgarhії, yak zaperechuvala mozhlivіst samostіynogo ekonomіchnogo i cultural rozvitku kraїn of іndіanskim population I respected the price of the population as a negative factor.

Yak a negative reaction to such a doctrine of the formulated position about the dominant role of the Indian race. The ideologists of the traditional trend in Indianism have hung up to extinguish the "Indian communal communism" on the basis of the old-fashioned traditions of the empire of the Russian people. Traditions oppose "immanent humanism" indiancy - kindness, love to family, closeness to nature, intelligence to the beauty of light, so that the "natural" quality of humanity, to the standards of anti-humanity. Ale in the 60s of the 20th century The tradition has gone from its main thesis - the power of the community path to develop the indian and the need for integration in the social and economic and cultural life of the nation.

The directors of the Latin American counties from the Indian populations are considered to be in that, as the decision of the Indian food in the significant world is to lay down the further suspicious progress of the cich powers. Zokrem, in Mexico every hour hold President Lopez Portiglio (1977-1982 rr) boules of the National Rada of two-house robots-indians for stimulating new operations on the basis of two movs and two cultures and management on the right folk culture... I will call this idea "new Indianism", so that the understanding of "a plurality of ethnicities and a plurality of cultures".

On the establishment of national cultures in L.A. A great inflow celebrated the achievement of the regions of political independence in the 1st quarter of the 19th century. The development of the Latin American suspenseful thought, science and culture has become an easy joke national freedom, Vlasny Mystsya at the Holy History and Culture. Progressively misleading the creator of the intelligentsia L.A. I was ready to turn to the humanistic and democratic ideals of Europe, її cultural decline... Immediately, she pushed away from the Old World - and for the establishment of her self-identity, and in the hope of seeing a new side of the culture of the country, which especially appeared in the other half of the XX century.

Ale parallel to L.A. The following concepts of historical and cultural self-reliance have been formulated, aspiring to the priming of the political hegemony and cultural and ideological description of young countries. One of them - "brazilianidad", proponated in the 30th pp of the XX century. Let us see the sociologist Gilberto Freire, who guards the uniqueness of the Brazilian civilization and biological links between the peoples of Africa and the Caribbean. The ideologists of the 1964-1985 rr regime gave the concept of "Brazilianidad" the right to the provincial role of the country not only in LA, but in Africa.

Great-power idea of ​​national vinyatkosti and passages has been revealed and the concept of "arkhentinidad", as obruntovuє (dina in L.A.), a pass of representatives of the biloi race. The thesis about the specifics of the Argentinean national spirit, the way of life, in which the collective soul of the community as a whole appears in the first place. In historical memories and artistic literature the image of a shepherd-gaucho as a victorious defiance of the spirit of "archentinidad" is very much magnified.

And all the learning of the interdependence of the processes that develop in the light, incl. in the field of culture and community thought, led in the 80s-90s before the entrance of the bagatokh pupils, literators and children of culture L.A. from the concept of "special way" and "self-made development", based on the opposed historical parts of Europe and America. It’s a lot of them (like, for example, the Mexican philosopher Leopold CEA) at once to put food about the need for a good stribk in the development of light culture in general, changing the way of life and the values ​​of the people, the step-by-step formulation

Religion of Latin America

The religious structure of the population L.A. It is considered to be the absolute revaluation of the Catholics (90%), the examples in the colonial period, Catholicism became one of the most common religions, and the belonging to the first European traditions was transferred to the Catholicism. Freedom of religion has become a vis-à-vis and constitutional freedom of independence, and in a number of powers (Brazil, Guatemala, Ecuador, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, El Salvador, Uruguay and the Republic of Chile

Ale in Argentina, Bolivia, the Republic of Venezuela, the Republic of Gaitia, the Dominican Republic, the Republic of Colombia, Costa Rica, Paraguay and the Peruvian Republic have lost the right to patronage in such a way that churches are given Columbia Republic (from 1887) and (from 1954) tied with the Vatican concordat - a preserve about the legal regulation of the Catholic Church.

The church traditionally played an important role in the political and community life of the "Catholic continent", from the middle of the twentieth century. її was hunted down by the straining ruck of modernization, and representatives of all levels of the confessional hierarchy - from ordinary priests to archbishops and cardinals - were the priesthood. The range of modernizing trends of the Catholic Church in L.A. appearing to reach the wide - from the head of the Chilean Catholic Church, Cardinal Silva Yenrikes, who condemned "how the citizens were dying, injustice and brotherly violence," national university Bogota and Professor of the Faculty of Sociology Kamil Torres, who is a partisan zagіn and having lost in the battle of Vosnya in 1965, the leader of Gaslom of the last in L.A. became the words "The binding of the skin Christian - be a revolutionary. Skin revolutionary - rob the revolution".

Itself in L.A. Regions of the Gostrich Social Problems companies viruchikh - Christian lower communities, were actively involved in political life. Uzagalnennyam dos vidu cikh communities in the middle of the 60s of the XX century. became "theology of vizvolennya" - the fate of serving the cult in the vizolіy struggle for additional theological arguments, asserting on the Sacred Writings, papal encyclopedias and the most religious documents. Within the framework of the "theology of the church", there is a sense of: "theology of the revolution" ("Theology of the revolution"), by the most recent representatives of the socialism Don Elder Kamara and Archbishop of El Salvador Oscar Romer, killed for an hour of service by the righteous extremists 24 Bereznya 1980 r

At the III Conference of the Latin American Episcopal for the sake of the present 1979 p Puebla of the newly-elected Pope John Paul II і by "people of good will" in the struggle "against evil, for the establishment of a just, strong and more peaceful suspension. The documents have been condemned to repressive regimes in the region, but for some time they have condemned violence in the fight against the right-wing terror. capitalism, so i socialism Visuvalysya yak accept suspіlnogo I will arrange, todі sturdzhuvalosya, but the Latin American Church is guilty of dying the "third way", proponuvati svitovі "shhosnew".

Others send for Catholicism for a number of old traditions in L.A. є Protestantism (on the ear of the 90s, about 20 million chol.), representations of the great number of churches and sects. Having retreated to the enlargement in the region in the first ten years of the XIX century, it became the largest population in the Bagatio regions of the West Indies. Brazil is home to more than 10 million Protestants (including 6 million Pentecostals and 1.5 million Baptists), in Mexico - 2 million more than 1 million (mostly Pentecostals). Growing up in the middle of the last ten years of Protestant churches is one of the peculiarities of the religious situation in L.A.

The non-Christian religions in L.A. the most widely represented Indianism and Islam (Guyana, Surinameі Trinidad і Tobago), and on the continent - іudaism (only in Argentina more than 300 thousand chol.).

Economy Latin America

The first rock_v conquered about L.A. the glory went about the continent with the Kazkovo rich nadra and the generous tropical nature, which allows viroshuvati, tsukrova trostina, bavovnik and tyutyun. That і until the present day in the new economies for the Latin American powers preserve the role of exporters in the mineral sector and products Silskoy government... Ale the continent is seen from some of the other regions behind the level of exploration of the territory (post-production) robots carried out for 1/5 of the territory).

Kozhna region L.A. specialize in exporting a number of types of products and products, such as those that can be safely stored up for good. Brazil is supplied to the rinock zaliznu ore (1 month per view in light), (2nd month), manganese ore (3 month), kava, cocoaі soybeans; Argentina -, wool and wheat (half of all L.A. export), Republic of Chile - mid(1 month), salt and molybdenum (2 months) and fruit; Republic of Peru - rudi kolorovikh metal(2nd place in the light with zinc and silver form, 4th - with lead). , Surinam and Gviana are among the leading bauxite virobniks. Ale chastka L.A. in vidobutku naphtha badly decrease: from mayzhe four in unsocialistic light to another light up to 15% in the end of the 80s.

Inspiration of industrialization in the structure of industrial promises In the last ten years, significant changes have been seen. A part of important industry has grown in the foreign part of the production of galusa (from 41% in 1960 to 65% for the ear of the 90s), at the provincial position in the 70s there were metalwork and machinery, in the structures of the remaining significant and a variety of automatic layouts and computers. In the countries-exporters of black gold (Republic of Venezuela, Mexico), as well as in Argentina, Brazil and the Colombian Republic, the development of naphtochemistry - the production of plastic, synthetic fibers, rubber, polymer

Altogether, I was delighted to be in touch with three Latin American giants - Argentina, Brazil and Mexico, microelectronics, robotics, aerospace and atomic energy appeared. The Tsikh Krayn has stuck with the "green revolution", altogether galusi economics in L.A. to celebrate with the insignia of the Silskoy dignity. Uninvolved in the 60-70-s rr. in the provinces of agrarian reforms, landholding and earlier, it was characterized by a bipolar system: at one pole - the majestic latifundia from their irrational land stocks, growing agrarian areas with the same low agrarian products; on the other, there are great masses of landless and landless villagers.

Traditions for L.A. monocultures appear dosi - for 10 products in a fit? partostі All products of the production, in which the role of playing grain is played (in the ranks of the regions of Central America and the Caribbean basin - kava, tsukrova trostina and bananas). To become somewhat low and agrotechnical level of the Silskoy government: on the ear of the 90s. For a number of tractors for 1 yew. The region has grown up in the Silskoy state government in 8 times, before more than 2/3 of the tractor park in Brazil, Argentina and Mexico. In small lands yak and earlier widened plows and machetes.

All at the edge of L.A. attack of 15% of light meat meat, 18% - corn, 19% - bavovny, 21% - fruit, and in the most popular agricultural regions - Mexican food, Argentinean Pump and Shidne uzberezhzhya Brazil. Closely 4/5 of all the products of the Silk state dignity are circulated in 5 countries - Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, the Republic of Venezuela and the Republic of Colombia.

The idea of ​​\ u200b \alisation, so that the root of the power machine galuzei Promislovostі for satisfying the needs of the economical development, the winikla immediately after the end of the Other svitovoi vіyny. For the implementation of a large-scale project I am going to take over the obsession of a significant part of the economy. In Mexico, the process fell on the fate of the presidency of Aleman Valdes (1946-1952), in Argentina - Juan Peron (1946-1955), in Brazil - Getulyo Vargas (1930-1945, 1951-1954), in the Republic of Chile - Gonzalez Videli (1946 -1952). Tse allowed zbіlshiti virobnitstvo until the end of the 50s industrial products in proportion to the pre-war period by 2.5 times. A wide range of earthy powers (for example, "Mexicanization", "Venezuelanization", "Columbizatsii", "Argentinizatsii") and the hallway of infrastructure continued in the 60s and 70s.