Soil of subquatorial and equatorial leaves. Soil of ekvatorialnyh leaves

Holographic paths and subtropics account for 23% of the land surface. Expansion of yak in private, as well as in new brews, with the greatest number of changes in the lower oceanic areas. In the winter season of the runt of the wider subtropics on the winter peninsula of Korea, on on the islands Japan, in Central and Old China. V Pivnichniy America stinks occupy the pivdenny zones of the Appalachians and the rivnines that lie before them, a large part of the Florida Peninsula. At the new age of the ancient subtropics of the university with the smoky blackness at the winter gatherings of Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand and the ancient Uzbek coast of Africa. In the western part of the country, the subtropical subtropics are locally distributed in the whole of Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Spain, Italy, Greece, Turechchina, on the islands of Seredzemomorya, on the Caucasus Sea coastline. The runts of the subtropics and the equatorial leaves are widely expanded in Pivdenniy America(Delta of the Amazon), Afritsi (the west of the Congo, Cameroon, the Uzbek Guinea outlets), on the islands of New Guinea, Ceylon, Philippines, Indonesia, in the New Guinea Islands, in the first time of Australia

relief... The runts of the subtropics and paths are developing in the minds of the dismembered relief in front of the girders and low weights, as well as in the weak-wave ancient accumulative terraces. It is necessary to dismember the profile with a wide development.
climat... pid in the subtropics climate and warmth. Average temperature from + 13 ° С to + 15 ° С, the coldest month + 5 ° С - + 7 ° С, the hottest month + 21 ° С - + 23 ° С. ... Near the paths of the mid-millennium temperatures, the weather fluctuates from + 18 ° C to + 25 ° C.

goodness in the subtropics it is represented by leafy forests with perevazhannymi hornbeam, beech, oak, chestnut with green grass from rhododendron, laurel, intertwined with leaves and wild grapes. The tropical forest grows into a great versatile and rich-tier village and chagarnik species, intertwined by the Lyans. The growth of grassy dewline is to be found in illumination. On the illuminated dilyankas, you can develop pishne grass pokrittya, ale odnoridne.

Soil-forming rocks represented by overwhelmingly red-colored bark of massively crystalline breeds, even greater exertion: in India - 12-15 m, Australia - 5-15 m, Africa - close to 50 m, which can be explained by the high intensity in all types.
Ґrunty. Up to the group of fulvate-ferralite soils, there are a number of types: chervonozem, zhovtozemi vologic sub tropical forests, Chervoni, chervono-zhovtі and zhovtі ferrous inological tropical leaves and equatorial leaves.

processes... To inspect fulvate soil, you need to think about: a warm, warm or hot climate; bіdnі pіdstavami, ale Bagati sesquioxides and clay minerals of the kaolin group; Lisova dew, bagatious and bagatorny litter; there is a great number of biological circulation; relf, which will ensure the free drainage and wine of crumbling products of the vivitryuvannya (supplied and part of the silica).

Ferralitizatsiya- the whole process, when a large part of the primary minerals falls (with the blame for quartz) and the second minerals of the group of one and a half oxides and clay minerals of the group of kaolin and galuazite are established. Vivіtryuvannya vіdbuvaa in the minds of vіtіvіtryuvannya, for that the crumbling products of ruinous minerals - Ca, Mg, K, Na, part of SiO2 - vіvshі vіvіtryuvannya.

Hydration of oxides of saline, aluminum, which is caused by vivitryvanna, є low-corrosive in the middle, organic acids. Stink accumulate in great numbersіvnomіrno farbayut breed from yaskravoy-chervony to zhovny colora in the fallowing from іkh kіlkostі, spіvіdnіtnіa and stages of hydration. Before the injected hydroxydale, the gutter is formed into a fine lumpy structure.
In tropical and subtropical forests climb over the top of the ground and in the least significant world in the upper horizons for the development of root systems. rosette organic speech Where it is duzhe shvidko, for which high temperatures and consistently high temperatures in the soil are optimal, it is optimal for the development of microorganisms. A large part of organic surplus is mineralized as a result of the amount of humus not visible. Warehouse for humus ultra-fulvate; razchinyayut fractions of fulvic acids in the middle, created by the past, very much penetrate into the ground. Therefore, the concentration of humus in the upper horizon is insignificant. Zvvychay vin re-subscribe to the profile for the glybin value.

And the soil is established under the cover of the most productive formations of land-permanently in tropical tropical forests. Smells are widened in the great territories of the Holy America, Africa, Madagascar, in the Great Northern Asia, Indonesia, in the Philippines, in the New Guinea and Australia.

Chervoni, chervono-zhovti and zhovtі feral soil widened in tropical and equatorial areas along with high tropical and equatorial forests. In the Pivdenniy America, a zone of red and red ferral soils stretches across the entire continent: from the Andes to Atlantic Uzbek... I am hunting all the Amazonian lowlands, the Guyanske nagir'ya and the pivnichnu part of the Brazilian nagir'ya. In Africa, there is a zone of green and red ferral soils in the Congo-Guinean subsoil region (the depression of the Congo and the part of the Azande plateau, in Cameroon and the Uzbek coast of Guinea). Pass between each other symmetrically

5-8 winter and early latitudes.

To inspect soils in tropical and equatorial areas, you need:

1. In a warm climate or a hot climate, with a high rate of incidence, the rate of incidence is 7-8 months for a period of 1–2, and in іnshi it does not fall below 0.6 and

The temperature of the soil is greater than the part of the rock, or on the contrary of all the rock, to twist 20C.

2. Soil-forming rocks - products of the production of ferrous alloys or ferrallites in a warehouse, small pods, bagati sesquioxides, and from clay minerals of the kaolinite-halloysite group.

3. Lіsova roslinnіst, great іmnіkі biologіvіku circulatіon і іsnіy scorіchny litter.

4. The position in the relєfі, wіll nоzpechuyut vіlny drainage - the wine of crumbling products іvіtryuvannya (subdivided into parts of silica) and the development of strong erosions.

5. Vіk relєfu, sufficient for the approval of ferral products in vivіtryuvannya.

Ferrallіtіzatsіya - stadіya vivіtryuvannya massive porіd abo nanosіv scho suprovodzhuєtsya rozpadom bіlshoї Chastain Parvin mіneralіv (per vinyatkom quartz) i utvorennyam vtorinnih mіneralіv groupies kaolіnіtu i galuazіta nizkim vіdnoshennyam of SiO2 / Al2O3 less then 2 Vivіtryuvannya yde in minds vіlnogo drainage, to ruhlivі produkti ruynuvannya Parvin Secondary minerals - Ca, Mg, K, Na, SiO2 When vitrified hydrates of oxides and aluminum are slightly corrosive and accumulate in large quantities (50-60% or more) in the oxidative medium, organic acids. Hydroxides are accumulated in the form of goethite and hematite, and the mass of kaolinite is efficiently harvested, spirally growing in the amount of christo-zhovty or red color. Zvilnitsya

aluminium oxides crystallize and form gibbsite or hydrargilliteAl2O3 .3H2O and bemiteAl2O3 .H2O.

In ferrous crusts, the yield of SiO2 / Al2O3 is one 2-3. At the warehouses of clayey minerals, trocha more silica is stored and supplied.

Under the gently sloping tropical vologikh lisiv with a dense and rooted root system, great litter, versatile soil mesofauna, middle especially bright growth of termite, soil-dissolving is significant for your breed. As soon as the soil is established on the bark of the vivitryuvannya, it has preserved the structure of the natural breed (the so-called lithomarge), the lower boundary of the soil is easy to establish: in the sphere of the soil, it is possible to flow into the roots and the soil macro-structure of the structure, to penetrate into the first

Climatic mind Its formations are characterized by significant atmospheric falloff, stretching out to the rock: the dry season does not endure for 1-2 months. Rіchna suma fallen 1800-2000 mm, I want to reach 5000-8000 in some places, and in others it changes up to 1600-1700 mm. Significant is the number of vopadays not to supervise overhaul of these landscapes in water. Navigate to the best of the tropical forests of the daytime marshland.

Tropical landscapes will absorb a lot of warmth. The average temperature is below 20 ° C, the number of values ​​for a period of 3-5 years is 3-5 ° C.

There is a great amount of heat and inology the most middle biocenoses are enriched with light biomas - in the middle 5000 c / ha, and some more than 17000 c / ha of dry organic speech. For maximum protection of light energy, under the cover of trees, a 30-40 m thick layer of tiers of trees is grown, stuck up to the growth of light. For cich lisіv, a ryasna epіfіtna roslinnіst is characteristic. Efforts to accumulate chemical elements not from the ground, but for the rakhunka of the growing roslin, food and atmospheric water, and then, in the process of being able to absorb, fill the ground with elements.

There is a great number of organic surpluses in the soil, and the humidification and minimalization of the air goes down even faster, which is why high temperatures (in the tropics of 20 ° C with a stretch of organic growth) are optimal for Tom, instead of humus in soils is small, the storage of humus is ulmat-fulvate. Distinct fraction of fulvic acids in the middle of the world, sometimes by the way, penetrate into the ground and pour it into the great soil. It smells like sesquioxides, bind them into organo-mineral complexes, so that there is a great amount of sesquioxides and a low amount of fulvic acids: R2O3 is a little destructible. Protest, as a result of the development, the overgrowth of sesquioxides, especially oxidation of saline:

called on okremikh dilyankas (and setting up pseudomorphoses by viverilized grains of zalizovny mininerals), and in the soil rossed in a uniform manner, to soil the ground mass, setting up in small amounts other granular microsimples.

Near African woodlands, on the surface of the soil, by stretching the rock, it is close to 120-150 centners per hectare of growing surplus. Zagalny litter is estimated at 250 c / ha. Uninvolved on the floor, there is a significant litter, a large part of it is ruined by stretching out the rock of the intensive activity of runt food and microorganisms. The suction of the leaves is dumb, the thin ball of dead leaves is interspersed with the little boxes of the bare earth. At the same time with the litter in rіk per 1 hectare of soil, close to 100 kg of calcium, 40-50 kg of magnesium, from 50 to 100 kg of calories and other elements. However, a larger part of the land will be thrown into the foldable root system of the thick-tier board forest and will again be drawn into the biological cycle. In connection with the need to seize the elements of the livelihood from the products in the siege of the root mass of the trees of the tropical plank forest is grown in the near-surface part of the soil (up to 50-70 cm).

The geochemical peculiarity of biocenoses in the field is in the fact that the whole mass chemical elements Necessary for the living of the roses, to take revenge in the roses themselves and only the zavdyaki tsomu not vimivayutsya bright atmospheric litter. Yaksho virubati boards tropical forest Then at once, from the bend of the trees, the whole thousand years of the natural system will collapse, and before we make the forest, we will lose free land.

The profile of the soil of a plank forest is low (5-7 cm) humus horizon A gray coloru, which is changing by the crossing horizon A / B (10-20 cm), on a stretch of humus growth. The structure of the upper part of the profile is not distorted. In some soils of the whole group, in the course of forestry processes, an illuvial horizon B is seen, which appears to be weakly impaired from the parent rock.

Otzhe for gruntіv characteristic: іntensivne Vnutrіshnogruntovy vivіtryuvannya to ferrsіallіtnoy ferrallіtnih stadії abo, abo Slabko pomіrne nakopichennya humus ulmatno-fulvate warehouse, nakopichennya in mulistіy fraktsії kaolinite prisutnіst znachnoї kіlkostі gіdratіv oksidіv zalіza, and ferrallіtnih stadії - i gіdratіv oksidіv alyumіnіyu.

The morphology of soils varies according to the nature of the soil-forming rocks. On the main rocks, the soil of a dark-red color and good structure, on sour rocks, light, tseglyano-chervon, or red-red, with a more rotated structure. Horizons are seen A0, Afu, Bmb, Cferal.

A0 - the horizon of the bedding is tighter than 1-2 cm, stored from a dry leaf, often during the day

Afu - humus horizon, at the upper part (up to 5-7 cm glibine) there is a gray or brown barbed, coprolite or small lumpy structure, in the lower part (up to 25-35 cm glibin) - storms, zhovto-storms or red-brown storms, lumpy ... Mice on the edges of the structural surroundings, the glossy glossy polish.

Bmb is a metamorphic horizon of a brownish-red or brownish color, puffy, with a non-breast-curved structure, penetrating roots, coma passages. The strain is 80-100 cm. The barbecues are made with a glibinous stag yaskravishoy, tseglyano-chervony or dark-chervony. Often in the whole horizon there are rounded zalizisty concretions. At a depth of 150-180 cm, repair the soil-supporting rocks of the CFeral. The transition to the last one according to the appearance of the sign of the structure of the great massive breed or sediment.

The backbone instead of humus in the uppermost horizon of the same soil is in the middle of the soil. At the warehouse, humus is loaded with a lot of humus and fulvic acids. Cy spoluks (especially fulvic acids) are embedded in the entire profile. In non-frosty soils, instead of humus in the uppermost 3-5 centimeter sphere, it often reaches 10%. However, already at a glybin of 10-15 cm, it falls to 2%, and in the metamorphic horizon - up to 1% or less. At the humus storehouse, the fraction of fulvic acids is transferred, the Cg / Cf is placed one 0.5-0.6 in the upper part and 0.2-0.1 in the lower part of the humus horizon. The fraction of humic acids is represented by burrowed humic abo-ulminic acids (persha fraction in a group warehouse), bound from fulvic acids and crumbly forms of oxides of zaliz. Fraction of humic acids, tied with calcium, during the day.

The reaction for the whole profile is acidic, pH 4-5.5. Єmnіst poglinannya Tsikh

the soil is even rather small, the amount of degraded cations should be increased by 2-3 mg-eq per 100 g of soil. By the time it is brought to the cation, there is even a little bit of chafing, even if there is a great amount of hydroxyde and the smell of good structure, it may be water-penetrating. In the acidic middle part of the coloids of hydroxide and aluminum, there is a positive charge, which is why it is good to eat anion. At the warehouses, the debris is re-loaded with aluminum (60-80% of the amount of clay), in a small number of the whole profile, there is the debris of water. In general, water storage and aluminum storage are stored close to 85-90% of the total amount of clay foundations.

In the Danish hour, especially the expansion of the terms ferralsol, or feral soil, proponation with French grousers. The name is tied to the presence in cich soils of virgin oxides of saline and aluminum. As a matter of fact, the presence of strong oxides of saline and aluminum, as well as the presence of singing clay minerals, is backed up by the development of random soils on the products of old vivotryvannya, filled with cumin oxides. To this feral soil, in small widths, far beyond the boundaries of steadily tropical forests, it is not only in the landscapes of monsoon forests and ripples, but ale on the minds of apparently dry shrouds.

The number of soils should be deposited in the significant world from the ground in parent rocks oxidation of the layer and of the stages of hydration. On the rocks of the main storehouse, rich in zalizo, chervonozem, chervoni and dark chervoni ferality, good structuredness of the soil, are established. On rocks of a medium and acidic storage, especially in the wells of a dismembered relief, the soil may have signs of hydromorphism, in them there are fewer oxides of zaliza. Ce - chervono-zhovtі, zhovtі feralіtnі soil and zhovtozemi, which are often developed in the second place with gleyeluvialny ferrallіnіy and laterite soils, filled with bald concretions. By means of zalizisty concretions, they create the essence of densely cemented horizons. At erosion of soils and vyhody on the surface of such horizons, the armor of the laterite shell appears.

All the soil of the family is insufficiently treated with nitrogen, calories and especially phosphorus, as well as with microelements. Introduced kind, sobennoorganicheskіkh, yes іstotne increase in productivity.

Richkovy zaplav soils

Aluvialnya (catching) dzyarnovia and dzyarnovia bogging Gleb Farmіravanne glebaў in zaplavah rivers adbivaetstsa pad splivu NOT tolkі faktaraў glebaўtvarennya, ulastsіvih tієї abo іnshay glebava-klіmatichnay zonі but asablіvih umoў, yakіya stvarayutstsa ¢ vinіku shtogadovaga zataplennya ix pavodkay and adkladamі on paverhnі svezhaga alyuvіyalnaga nanosu.Pavodle sastavu and haraktar rachnie sediment, gidralagichnaga regime and gleba in the zvychayna vilyuchayuts vki zones: riverside, central and near-terraced.

Riverside swimming pool Equal to a slight width and a great deal of parity from one part of the heat. Here is adkladautstsa ў vyalikay kolkassi

apply the rudeness of poking and pounding. Plig of spring floods of Yani razmivayuzza and peramyashchayuzza, setting its own sable relief. Due to the shtogadovagad of freshly nano-threads, admitting and aslabelling ўvіlgatnennya litakh pracesi glebatvarennya ў geta zonі floats develops

sunken. Here the pharmaceuticals dzyarnovia weak development or the lack of sweetness Gleb with the slack humus ring.

Central heat characteristic of viranavanim reliefs and I am busy with a great sluggish prastor. The geta zone adcladayuzza has a large fine room

the most important is the soup, the coal and the glinistag to the warehouse.

At the fallowing hell the nature of the glacial floods is the central part of the floodplain, a storehouse of sweet and bright aluvial adclades.

Zyarnistaya zaplava ўtvaraetstsa ў panіzhennyah rachnie dalini, dze flood water tsyakuts pavolna and padogu stasoivayuzza. At adnosn of Pavishany months

central flood, dze flood water tsiakuts hutka, adkladaetsa coarse piaschani materials, Yaki plig aslabelnі razliv perakrivaetsa slayamі large

fine sedimentў. Plig such is the character of the flood.

The near-terrain swimming zone softening The most distant heat of speech and I will borrow it myself. Heta zone characterized by zalishnim

with a wide and wide spread of the tarfian-balotnyh gleb. It is good to take the classification, syrod aluvialnyh (catching) gleb

on the zroўni padtypak viluchayuzza aluvial underdevelopment, aluvial dzyarnovia apadzolenia, aluvial dzyarnovia (apadzolization) weakly

tia, aluvialny dzyarnovia gleyavatia and aluvialny dzyarnovia gleyevia. Asobni has a padtype of viluchani aluvialny dzyarnovia gleyavatiya and gleyevia asu-

Shani Glib. Admetnay adznakay aluvialnyh glebaў z "yalyaetstsa sweet budova glebavaga profile.

Aluvial underdevelopment Gleb farmiruyuzza ў prirechishchavay Zrozumite vyarshinyah pyaschanih gryў and ў panizhennyakh memory ІМІ. Profile of hetykh gleb

practical NOT to differentiate on the genetics of the garizonti. Viluchaetsa only weak humus Upper aluvial ball with humus ring 0.05-0.25

%. A high level of undeveloped aluminum alluvium is a low level of moisture in the form of phosphorus and calories, and acidity is of 4.0-5.0 pH. Marfalagichni Profile of the Budets Competent ranks: АІ1 (АІ1А1) - АІ2 - АІ3 - АІ4 etc.

Raslinnae pokryvayuchi on the goeth Glib the poor. Sustrakayuzza pazharnitsa ground, mace bearer sivavati, triputnik lancetalsti, myatlitsy

gigantskaya, aўran lekavi. Sucelnay dziarnin getia raslini on the paverhny Glob not atvarayuts.

Aluvialny dzyarnova apadzolleniya weak gleyavatiya glebifarmiruyutsa on the pavishennya central zaplavi pad sasnyakamі іmshistimі.

In the profile of the viluchayuzza, the onset of the garizonti is: A0 - АІ1А1 - АІ1А2 - АІ2Вg -АІ3g - АІ4g and a. Slain aluvium is viral only to the lowest part of the profile.

Aluvialnya dzyarnova-gleyavatiya Glebi ​​farmiruyuzza ў central and beautiful Chastka zaplavi. Borrowing adnosnapivaniya virananavaniya ўchastkі. For the herbal dog, the characteristic features of the rampage and crushing of cereals, the noncatoria of crushing asoki (prasyanaya, zhoўtaya) and shmatlіkae varied sa significant UD-

zelnay wagami Babova raslin.

Genetic Profile of gleb hetag to padtype including garizonti: A0 - АІ1А1 - АІ1Вg - АІ2g - АІ3g and G.D. Glibinya zalyagannya groundavikh water

profiles of dzyarnova-gleyavatyh gleba - 85-100 cm.

magutnaga gumusavaga garizont. Kolkass humus Skladanny 3-5%.

Aluvialnya dzyarnova-gleevia Gleb zaymayuts pan_zhaniya part of the central and splendid swim. Vicaristoўvayuzza pad hayage. Have

grasses The most frequent are the sustrakayuzza vilgatselyubivia cereals (canary, bekmania, mannik), crushing asoki (spicy, joetaya) and raznatraўe, syrod

yakoga peravazhayuts gіdrafіti (vyatroўnіk, lasanіtsa, chalchak and іnsh.). Profile of heterosexual gleb warehouse z garizontў: А0 - АІ1А1g - Al1Bg - Al2g. The level of soil water is at the profile of the hetey gleba, the knowledges on the clay of 0.5-0.6 m. At this level of pharmaceutical production, the gleevia garizonti is made of aluvia roznay magutnasts and sastavu.

Catching dzyarnovia swamping Glebi ​​adroznivayuzza visokay patentsialny uradlivastsyu. For іх is characterized by weak, or blіz, and nіy-

tralny reaction of asyaroddzya, visoka nasichanasts asnovamі (70-80%). Kolkass to humus Folded heat 3 and 8% and more. On the hetikh Glib farmiruyutsa

lugavia ўgoddzі with bagatim grass, which zabyaspechvayuts atrimanne 4-5 t / ha. Efektiўnae іkh vicaristanne pad voriva magchima

only grazed the regulation of water supply to the regime. The most large pasharenna Gleb hetag of the type of atrimal ў Gomel and Brestskay ablasts, dze yani vicaristoўvayuzza pad natural hayage and pasha.

In equatorial forests, red-gum and red ferrous soil are formed, filled with aluminum and gold, and even the earth is red-colored. Tsey type ґruntu establish itself with vologous and warm weather-climate minds. Basically, the average temperature here becomes +25 degrees per Celsius. The fall of the vipad is up to 2,500 meters per river.

Chervono-zhovty soil

Chervono-zhovtі feralіtnі soils are suitable for the growth of trees of equatorial lisіv. Here the trees are very productive. The earth in the process of living is full of mineral spikes. In ferrallite soils, there is close to 5% humus. Morphology of chervono-zhovtikh runtiv:

• lisova bedding;
• humus ball - zalyagє 12-17 centimeters, maє brown-siri, zhovtuvato-and chervonuvato-burі vіdtіnki, a mule;
• soil-producing species, yaka nadaє dark red hardened soil.

chervon_ soil

Ferral ferrous soil settles at an average level of fall - up to 1800 millimeters per day and when the dry season is not less than three months. On such roots of a tree, it is not so thick to grow, but in the lower tiers, a number of chagarniks and bagatorny grasses grow. If it is a dry season, the earth has dried up, it is infused with ultraviolet promenades. Tse nadaє soil yaskraviy chervoniy vіdtinok. Samiy verhn_y ball of dark brown zabarvlennya. In the land of this type, there is close to 4-10% humus. For the whole soil, the process is characteristic. When it comes to special features, the earth is molded on clay rocks, and it will ensure low efficiency.

type of soil

Margelite soil grows in equatorial forests. Before the storehouse, clay should enter, and the stench will take away a small amount of acids. The robustness of the whole soil can be reached nevisoka. Also in the equatorial forests there are feral gley soils. Even the earth's salinity and stench require draining even more. Not all types of flora can grow on them.

In equatorial forests, feral soils - chervoni and chervono-zhovty - are important. The stench is filled with zalizom, water and aluminium. Such a land is suitable for thousands of species of flora, especially quiet, as it requires permanent warmth and hair. Through those who regularly blow the planks in the equal forests, from the ground deyakі karysnі speeches, wіth generally change the structure - can be seen.