Geographic development. Understand the "territory". Geographical position: witness, see, power. Territory of the land and parameters. EGP Russia assessment

The geographic position of the state is the centralization of the territory, the land of the former institutions, the territories, the aquatorium, the land.

Geographical position is one of the fundamental categories of economy social geography... The understanding of the "geographic position", as seen in the 18th century, was particularly well known in anthropogeography end of XIX Art., as long as Ratzel’s suggestions were made to characterize the positions of power in the land.

In the minds of globalization theory geographical position nabuva the status of interdisciplinary theory, some of which allow the backyard of light in all its versatility, zoomed in with regional, sovereign and local features.

Social and economic space is not uniform. Obviously, you do not need to be filled with the minds that are necessary for your understanding in the system. The power of the social and economic space, which opens up the space to the space of the presumed object and the necessary minds of its own (function and development), can be used as a function of the geographic position.

The name of the center through its warehouses is actively pouring into the object, the geographical position of which to start. So the very thing itself is poured into the cotton wool.

At the heart of the "geographic position" is the category "position". Zgіdno M. Baranskiy, economically and geographically positioned in every way, in the area anyway, to the objects, as to lie in the position of him and may be for new ones who are not economically significant.

The main idea of ​​the geographic position as an understanding of the field in the context of the territorial relationship:

In the physical and geographical position - the price of communication in the geographical coordinate grid, in the real physical and geographical space with natural zones, regions, orography, the rise of land and sea, etc .;

In the economic and geographical position - the price of bringing up economically significant objects;

In the socially-geographic position - to socially significant objects.

Political and geographical position - to political realities. Methodically, it means the fixation and forecasting of military, international political, geoeconomic, environmental and cultural power fields;

In the ecological and geographical position - to ecologically significant objects, zokrema in the country and regions, ecological situation, In the land of those regions, the land is given to the ecological camp of those who can be injected.

One of the most important indicators of geographic location є geographic coordinates ob'єkta.

To clarify the understanding of the geographical position of the varto in the meaning of the statistical distribution between the geographical positions and the situations of finding. Characterizing the geographic position, it is necessary to adapt to food: what is it? Mіsceznakhodzhennya ob'єkta mє іnshy zmіst, what a polyaga in the form of food: de і partly what є? Also, the process of finding out the localization or belonging, as well as the position of the visualization of the information in the system. From the methodological point of view of the understanding of the slid razmezhovuvati.

Otzhe, vivchayuchi geographic position, followed by z'yasuvati, which ob'єkti to be found in the position of the object, and yak vseredin. In other words, the geographic position is characterized by a hundred-ssunki ob'єkta z yogo zvnіshnіm middle.

When a geographic position is evolved, it is necessary to see the results in line with the geographic position on the development of the object. The situation is accelerated by those that are not only geographically connected to the connection (economic and economic).

Analyze the problem, the glimpse of the real and the potential of the blue: the real one is an empirical way, and the middle of the potential vision, which may be realized (really, there can be connections). However, the presenter is guilty of establishing and theoretically possible calls. In such a rank, when analyzing the geographic position of the stumpers, it is possible to understand only the factual economical and insignificant links. Outside and all-in-one development of the geographical position, the transmission of real, potential and theoretically possible connections.

Geographical position є to understand not only local and rich in aspect, but rather clear. At the first glance, I see the first few species, the spring is natural, ecologically, socially, economically and politically geographically. The other has to go about his post-transformation in space and hour, to be immediately present in the assessment of the ninth position of the geographic position, on the past development of that factor of his further function.

For krainnoznavstva the initial role of the educator of the political and geographical position of the state. Tse razmіshennya її on political cards the light of the mainland or the region surrounding the interconnection with political realities, which are so injected. At the same time, the policy is reasonable as a matter of fact, it is aimed at overcoming in the struggle for power of interest. Vona can be a sovereign, singing organization of an environment of people.

In the spacious-territorial sense, it is possible to see the global, regional and local-political-geographical position of the land. The global position of the world of the current state on the political map of the world in the context of the global ties and relations with the other powers of our planet. The regional political and geographical position includes the distribution and interconnection with the provinces of the powerful historical and geographical region. Locally-political-geographic position - the whole region of the country in the otomed states-susidiv and intercourse with them. Yogo assessment of the successive history of prototypes and partnership. Vona is even more dynamic. At the end of the day, there is a real analysis of the types of common and mutual relations between the three countries and the international integrated institutions.

Understand "territory". Geographical position: witness, see, power. Territory of the land and parameters.

Coastal territory.

Territory and geographical position are the main elements of complex regional studies and regional characteristics, which are of universal significance for them. V encyclopedic vocabulariesі, apparently, in the literature, the territory begins as a part of the surface earthly land from entangled natural, as well as created as a result of human activity (tobto anthropogenic) powers and resources.

It often happens that the understanding of "territory" is used as a synonym for the understanding of "space". Do not go into the subtle philosophical, geographic interpretation of the rest, meaningfully, the protest, the views among them. The geographic space is three-dimensional, and the territory, from the point of view of geometries, is two-dimensional. Territory depends on its specificity, adhered to singing coordinates.

The territory is viewed as a special kind of resources. Vona shared all vidi natural resources, Population, virobnichi laboriousness, cultural and intellectual potential. The territory is more important than resources of natural speech (mineral, water, tall, and in.). Anything else can be substituted with natural or piece resources, and the territory is a resource of borrowed and uncommon, which is practically unfortunate and in the region is expensive to improve with technical means. Not vipadkovo academician A.A. Mintz characterizing the territory yak is a summarizing, informational resource.

At the witness "Territorial resources"(And it’s more and more foldable, less understanding “ land resources») Please include three elements: territory area, wealth, landscape style.

Territory area- tse is a purely physical value, as it is required to assess it in an objective manner. The territory of Yakutia for the area of ​​roads as large as six France, the ale of the city of 360 million people (population of France - 59, 5 million) will be obviously drowned.

wealth(Territory resources) - a target element, which is a kind of economic approach, a comprehensive assessment of all types of resources.

style of landscapes- tse natural base of the territory, health the landscape takes its structure and the ability to function in space and in hours with the minds, where it changes dovkilla... The "easily accessible" landscapes of the tundra and the lisotundri are very responsive to the insignificant influx of people (for example, to virite for the pipeline trench). The ignorance of the peculiarity of the winter territories can lead to non-gated changes in the landscape, to the loss of its stiffness.

Territorial resources are unevenly distributed between parts of the world, and also between countries.

Table 1

Securing the territorial resources of parts of the world

The size of the territory, together with the wealth of material resources, is important for the economy, and for the economy of the economy - for the environment (so that it is possible to develop that landscape). Forward, the community of territories, involved in natural authorities, rozrahuvav G. Taylor: in 1918, the number of people in Australia - 30 million people 19.7 million people). It’s an hour to try to develop the ecology of the whole biosphere of the Earth from the point of view of the young people between the development.

Territory, being a summarizing, public resource, is evaluated on the basis of three blocks of manifestations: natural resource potential of the landscape (mineral, water, agroclimatic, soil and biological); ethnic demographic potential (national, labor resource, resettlement and social); the potential of the state development of the territory (virobniche, accommodation and infrastructure).

Territory, by virtue of belonging to the singing natural complex, Maє low physical authorities, By the type (abo types) of the natural landscape (the nature of the relief, runtіv, height, etc.), the peculiarities of the geographical position.

Geographic location(ГП) is characterized by mutual relations of the object with its own name in the middle. At the heart of the understanding is the category of "delivery" - the place of the creation of the surface of the Earth, as well as up to the other objects, with which wines are used by the interface. The geographic position itself is substantively individualized and empowered, whether it be a territory.

“The geographic position is less methodologically significant. Mіsce, be occupied by a kind of area, whether it be a land, a district, a place, etc., in the system of geographic subdivisions of pratsi, in the meaning of the world, it must be geographic provisions, "wrote M.M. Baransky. And N.V. Gogol pidkreslyuvav: "Persh for everything, it is necessary to throw a glance at the geographic position ..., but it is undeniable that I can overpower everything ...".

The geographic position of development is to be seen as a development. First, take revenge on your own food: according to what? Other transmission of food: de і part of what є? It is a miscellaneous roztashuvannya rozkrivaє localization or accessory, that is, the position of the image.

The geographical position of the territories, regions ("internal", svitovyh) - the price of the relationship to any other objects, taken by them territories, in which countries and regions are known in the way and in which way. Stay on the rise types of geographic location.

Physics and Geography the position of the given lines a) in the geographic coordinate grid, so that in degrees of latitude and in exact addresses ob'єkta (country, region); b) in the real physical and geographical space - with natural zones, orography, land and sea, etc. Tobto physical and geographical position - the price of natural objects, which is infused into the special features of nature given m_stsya, - sea, rychok, lisovyh masses, natural areas etc.

V economic and geographical position(EGP) price reduction to economically significant objects, economic data of social and economic nature. At the same hour before the category of economic and geographical position, there is a recognition and position of natural objects (non-freezing seas, genera of cinnamon copalins, woodlands, etc.). Oskіlki economically significant objects, according to the relation to which ones start economically and geographically, the territory, business-oriented, stinks, in their wits, extend to a number of "provisions": transport, energy, resource, geographic, industrial

EGP is one of the most important factors, which is the beginning of the distribution, character, dynamism of development of productive forces.

V political and geographical position the goal is to political data. In the middle of the country, it can, for example, start with the territorial development of political forces, in the arena of the world - the centers of international political forces (light, regional powers, international unions, etc.). The position of such a territory (a light region, a country, an internal region) is a center and a country of the middle of the world, some of the most common areas, and some of the most important geographic areas.

The geopolitical camp is closely related to the political-geographical, economic-political, economic-geographical types of geographical location.

For Ya.G. Mashbits, geopolitical position shows the state of the territory of the center of power, in the range of economic and modern opportunities, modern political, economic and modern blocks, political and religious institutions.

The geopolitical encampment of the Bagatio regions and the regions is to be achieved steadily due to the current day of the geographic roots. Aje in itself Zagalom viglyadі geopolitics of vivchai geographic intelligence of political processes. Ale, tim not less, there are also some dynamic changes. In 1985, Chile made her own way to the Atlantic Ocean as a result of the transfer of the land of three islands to the place of Bigl. With such a rank, the geopolitical camp of Chili was changing rapidly in I turn the side Therefore, the possibilities of the new economic links have expanded, the strategic positions have changed. The rest is tied together with this, that in the Danish hour of growth the significance of the Holy Atlantic is due to the forecasts of geologists about the presence of the greatest sub-water genera of naphtha.

V ecological and geographical position day-to-day є putting up to environmentally significant objects, to the lands and regions, which start the ecological situation, or to the regions and regions, on the ecological mill, which can be infused with the given territory.

DP will become an important official for the development of regions, regions. The uniqueness of Russia, apart from that of the United States, is a pole in the fact that it is the most ancient of the great powers of the world: for the fall of the USSR private territories began to occupy Mayzhe 2/3 of the Territory. The "pivnichny" of the geographic position of Russia imposes a zhorstki exchange on the possibilities of farming, on the development of the territory of the country. At the same time rozvinenikh lands Russia does not have colossal vitrati, tied because of cold weather. The price and improvement of energy efficiency for the development of the future, and the improvement of construction materials, and the production of warm clothes, swelling, and alarm, as well as the improvement in the proper transport station, etc.

DP injected into the general line of development of macroregions in the light. DP Skhidnoi Europe mensh is friendly, the lower part of the western part - the persha is more continental, I will take away more masovan obsyagi zabrudnen through the atlantic transfer povitryan mas from entering the skid, etc.

Zagalnovidomo, the economic progress of the United States and Canada is rich in that it began to become a mid-ocean camp. Vono fell down їkh links with the edges of the Pacific basins і Atlantic Ocean... Oceans, before the rocket appears nuclear energy They took over America in great succession during the greatest conflicts and wars.

Geographical position - historical category. Old Russia Bula with a strong suspension, in the zaholny and whole won out in the mainstream of the European processes. Muscovite Rus, by virtue of everything, the historical surroundings, has settled on the periphery of the European development. Portugal and Spain before the Great geographic views were on the back doors of Europe, ale vikhid tsikh lands on a wide front to the Atlantic colonial powers... The geographic position of the United States in the XIX and the ear of the XX century. In addition, as a boulevard of the Erі-canal, the Persha was prompted by the Trans-continental zaloz-va road, the Panama Canal appeared, for the respect of M.M. Baransky, from the position “on the edge of the world” was transformed into the position “between two oceans”.

Geographical position of the authorities(Attributes). As a rule, the head authorities of the DP are called the following:

vidnoshennya... The whole attribute of images in the very designation of the DP;

potential... Tse the power of imagining the surroundings, but the DP - tse at once and change of mind, and the development of all kinds of connections, as well as the development of the territory itself.

History is significant in addition to the fact that in the process of historical development, some areas were transformed into provinces, and they played a role. The link to the tsim can be guessed, for example, about the role of Seredzemnomor in ancient times and in the onset of the capital, Kuzbass - on the ear of the XX century. and in Danish hour, about the change in the geographical position of the countries of the world as a result of the development of such major international projects, such as the development of the Suetsky, Panama, Kiel Canals, etc .;

distance... It is rather unwise to characterize DP without measuring the metrics and metric indicators. At the same hour, the indicators do not characterize the increase in DP: with the invariability of the physical information, there can be changes, for example, with the expanded infrastructure, expanded economic, political links. Russia from Japan is only 500 km away, from Japan to the “closer” to the United States, the provinces of Eastern Asia, Australia, and the “closeness” is not the metric indicators of the state, but the scale of the sound, the arts.

The territory is based on the power of the authorities, resources, being a space for the living of people who inhabit, pouring into all spheres of the life of life - economic, social, political, as well as spiritual and cultural.

The specific element of the Russian mentality, on the thought of bagatokh, is will. The will is the whole of a particular sense of freedom, bred by the unconnectedness of the Russian expanses, the endless patterns of the Russian rivnin. And as the understanding of "freedom" is perceived in all movs, then the understanding of “will” is specific for the Russian language itself.

Obviously, the spirits of the population and the proximity of space, for example, in Japan, at the least, took the clear regulation of all aspects of the life of the Japanese suspension for the rest of the impossibly retarded tradition, the rules in ritual.

The same, in the zaholny and the whole, you can say about Zakhidniy Europe... Practical visibility to the spaciousness, where it is possible with the present, drinking, grasping, sniffing the Europeans, getting up and getting ready to finish reading the rules of behavior, and, navpaki, "see and understand the philosopher," Іlyina, the expanse of Russia has got along without such a regulation. З І. Ilyinim Solidarity Philosopher - N.A. Berdyayev, who wrote: “. In the soul of the Russian people, there is the same lack of coherence and lack of interdependence, straightforwardness and lack of inconsistency, as in the Russian region. It is important for this Russian people to be filled with majestic expanses and to decorate them. The Russian people have a great power of the elements and the relative weakness of the form ”(Quoted for: Shapovalov V.F. navchalny messenger for universities. - M .: FAIR-PRESS, 2001. - S. 105).

Tsikavo with the caution of the writer and historian I. Mozheiko. Vin wrote, for example, about those who are Egyptian piracy - tse, without sum, a part of the landscape, ale the same tsієї land. As soon as you build it up in the middle of our Russian fox, the stench doesn’t give off that effect, which is so close to the empty space. "Smilivi areas are empty, the suvority of the sand and the skel of the people, the laconic, monumental awakening, the people of the pyramidi, the ruler of Babylon", - I wrote. Mozheiko (Mozheiko I. 7 and 37 miracles of the world. From Elladi to China. - M.: Veche, 2006. - P. 371).

Zrozumilo, in all the cich and in the small butts, there is no idea about the direct automatic infusion of territory on the lives of people. It is impossible to forget about the zvorotne inflow - the inflow of the whole life on the territory. Protest, the fate of the resources and powers of the territory in all spheres of human activity is insane.

In complex regional knowledge (and regional knowledge), the most important territorial unit is the state. Territory of state (country)- the whole part of the earthly kul, which is the sovereignty of the singing state.

V warehouse of the territory of the state to enter land in the boundaries of cordons, internal and territorial waters and lie over land and waters of distant expanses. Nadra, which is known as the land and water territory, also the power of the state.

Most of the land is the whole of the coastal land. For them, the significance of the coastal territory is more important.

Coastal territory:

Territorial waters. In these frontiers, the power of Volodya has jurisdiction in the general public. Over 100 coastal powers may travel from 3 to 12 miles. On the 22nd of the land of the Second World War, the establishment of a 200-mile zone of territorial waters was bare.

200 miles of coastal economic zones. The stench does not enter the warehouse of state territories, ale the coastal states may concede the sovereign rights to develop and develop natural resources of the bottom and overhead zones. Інші zhіnі zhіїni krystyuyutsya freedom of navigation and have access to the excess of the allowable catch.

Continental shelf. The shelf is the tse of the mainland milina, the depth of which is from 133 to 550 m. The shelf is due to the economic belonging of the coastal powers, but not to enter the warehouse of the state territories. The country may give vinyatkov the right to develop and exploit its "own" shelf, or not to conceal the sovereign rights to such water resources.

A compromise formula about the name of the cordon of the continental shelf, even if it is not guilty of moving 350 miles out of the coast.

Maritime economic zones and continental shelf of some of the seaside regions do not overwhelm the land area and increase their resource potential.

In 1988, Japan spent a lot of money - 30 billion іn - to save the creepy uninhabited island of Okinatori (the bottom part of the part was blocked from breaking. ...

The economic significance of the coastal territories is even more and more mature in the nearest hour; Tsia obstavina will explain the struggle for the Arctic continental shelf, how to rise before our eyes among the “Arctic lands”.

The territory of the skin land has its own peculiarities... The remainder will be based on such parameters as size, geographic position, boundaries, configuration, strength to the risk of spontaneous disasters and disasters.

The parameters are clearly defined.

Territory size... The size (area) of the territory of the country is one of the last parameters. Yogo is pouring into the life of the country, її share is obvious. Chim the wider country, team, as a rule, is more flexible and rich in resources, it is wider than the capacity for the establishment of a greater recruitment hallucination of the state. There is a great territory for the most unfavorable geographic location, for more opportunities for economical maneuvers. But in the lands with great territories of state, the problem of interdistrict connections is more important, more important is the focus of extensive development. All prices are demonstrating Russia - the land, which borrows the first place in the world for the size of the territory.

Territorial resources are unevenly distributed not only in parts of the world, but in terms of powers.

Table 2

Security of territorial resources of okremikh krains

The largest powers beyond the area are Russia (17.1 million km 2), Canada (9, 9), China (9, 5), USA (9, 3), Brazil (7, 7), India (3, 2). On a small part of the qix of the 7 powers, more than 48% of the land territory (excluding Antarctica).

It can be seen that Russia, due to the safety of the territorial resources of the loan, is the first place in the world. Ale in science є understands about the effective territory of the land, that is, this is the part, like lying in a wide pose with extremal minds that are not very attractive. This is the case when the average temperature is lower than minus 2 ° C, and the height above the sea level is over 2000 m. Russia has an effective territory to become all 5, 51 million km 2 from 17, 1 million km 2. It is practically impossible for Russia to have 15% of all torknuyu-quietly the people of the lands of the world, 46% of the light area of ​​non-tropical forests. The very fact that our land is involved in one of the nebagatokh on earthly cool the center of stabilization of the biosphere - 2/3 of the land area practically saved the natural biosystem.

Vatican, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, Tuva, Liechtenstein, Andorra, etc. - tse microspray. The first of them has an area of ​​44 hectares, Andorra - 465 km 2.

Geographic location... As it is shown, DP is one of the most important parameters that individualize the territory of the region, the country. For the imaginative respect of Ya.G. Mashbits, "the tse yak of the finger beats, unrepeatable in the skin people."

Geographic location can be used for crossings for the regions, and maybe not even more cumbersome to them. At home, for example, the role of the seaside (more important - oceanic) state of the land is especially important. Vono attracted by the great land. Ale 42 powers do not miss the entrance to the open sea. In Asia, Afghanistan, Laos, Mongolia, Bhutan, Nepal, Azerbaijan, Virmenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.

Mezhi. Sovereign cordon- the purpose of the line is to pass along a certain vertical area, so that it starts between the territory of the state (land, water, overhead, the vast expanse) and to see one of the continent powers and the open sea.

The history of the people, unfortunately, is the whole history of the war, and most of the remains are few in sight of the cordons. Mezhі є ob'єktom vivchenya bagatokh disciplines - geography, support and іn. Within the framework of geography, a special galuz of scientific knowledge was formulated - limology (from the Greek word "limes" - boundary).

For the data of N.S. Mironenko, who portrayed the situation in the world before 1991, rozpodil state cordons in parts of the world looked like an offensive rank. Africa accounted for 36% of all food intake, Asia - 30%, America - 23%, Europe - 11%.

There are two main stages of establishment sovereign cordon- delimitation and demarcation. Remaining is a transfer to the world (designated by common border signs) the results of delimitation, so that the cordon was passed along the border and put on the geographical map.

When vivchenny cordons geographers vykoryvuyutsya chotiri main theoretical approaches: Historical-cartographic, classical-ny, functional, geographic-political.

Within the framework classificatory approach to complete the list of cordons from such subdivisions: morphology, natural and geographical features, genesis, functions.

The morphology of the cordon is subdivided into “geometric”, “astronomical”, zvivist, straight, etc.

Closely 42% of all overland cordons in Africa are astronomical and geometric, so that they are carried out along parallels and meridians, even longer lines, etc. Typically, the parameter of geometric cordons is to serve as a cordon between states in the United States, and between the United States and Canada - all the stinks were carried out, unimpressed on natural and historical frontiers. The cordon between the DPRK and RK passes along the 38-degree parallel.

Behind the natural geographic, natural features - the cordons can be orro- and hydrographic, to be tied to natural boundaries.

per genesis, Hiking, history, triviality of existence-nya see the cordon compensation, "nav'yazani", colonial-ni, spirni, "pislyavonni" and іn. In Africa, close to 20% of land cordons were carried out by the British administration, 17% - by the French, as a rule, when the ethnic, economic, social and cultural space is more ignored.

per functions see cordon bar'єrni, filter, contact display, regulation, display and display. In principle, all the interconnections are made up of bar, filter, contact functions, food and drink in all social activities. All the smells represent the peculiarities of the suspenseful, political harmony, and the singular economic regime of the political regime in the state territory. Tobto cordon insight for some streams (quiet of other categories of people, goods, products, etc.) and close for them. Between the provinces with totalitarian regimes, the barbaric function (“cordon lock”) is often turned around, and people follow the principle of “mi” and resti divine light.

Bachelor's degree training, as a discipline " Entry v regional knowledge "... The program has been broken down for some reason ... Literature: M.V. Ivanova Entry v regional knowledge... Tomsk, 2008. Voskresenskiy A.D. comprehensively regional knowledge// Intellect on ...