Ecology of Kalmykia. About the ecological situation in the Republic of Kalmykia. Thematic plan for the course
In 2007, wikidi on motor transport rozrakhovuvali for the methodology, broken down by FSUE NDI "Atmosphere" (St. Petersburg), which for the Republic of Kalmykia does not correspond to the rank of the earlier signified by the methodology of the FSUE "State Scientific and Technological Transport"
The total wikidi of high-flown words into the atmosphere in 2007, in general, in the republic, put 37.3 thousand rubles. tons, of which 14.7% - wikidi of stationary dzherels; 85.3% - by road.
Since 2006, wikis have changed at the naftogazovidobutku (by 1.3 thousand tons) and at the enterprises that transport naphtha and gas (by 1.2 thousand.
Significant decrease in the number of changes in the atmosphere due to the ownership of the Komsomolska CPC-R oil pumping station as a result of the transfer of turbine generators and turbopumps to gas instead of turbine firing.
At the junction with the transition the boiler room in the regions of the republic from hard and hard fire to natural gas the wikidide of nitrogen oxides, carbon oxide, and pure anhydride and soot have changed by 21%.
In the middle, there are close to 5% of the number of foreign words, which come from stationary dzherels, when cleaned, only wikidi are received, so that drank.
Dzherelami obrudnenya atmospheric energy є industrial enterprises, such as zdіysnyuyut virobnitstvo; transfer of steam, heat and hot water (MUP "Energoservis", m Elista; MUP "Gorodovikovsk Teplovik", m Gorodovke MPOKH, village Pivdenny i іn.), View of naphtha and gas (Chernozemelskoe NGVU VAT "Kalmneft", ZAT "KalmTatneft", VAT "Kalmgaz" і іn.), Transportation of oil and gas products (TOV "tsoros", m Gorodovikovsk; TOV "Terra" Ketchenerovskiy district; TOV "Forward", m Elista), іnshi enterprises.
In 2007, there were 31.8 yews in the atmosphere. T zabrudnyuch talk. Out of the wild, 62% of the attack is on oxide in coal, which is indicative of the low quality of the engine fire and about the incomplete combustion in the engine of the car. At the turn of the basin of the Elista from the motor transport there was over 11.7 yew. T zabrudnyuch talk.
Centralized drinking water supply supplies 66% of the population in the towns of Elista, Gorodovikovsk, Lagan and 11 regional centers. Up to 76% of the inhabitants of the country use water from the mine wells, from the critical waters and the canals. In 24 settlements of the republic, drinking water is delivered by special automobile and railway transport, the population of villages. Yashalti, sat. Sarulu vikoristovu water of grinder systems for state-owned drinking needs without pre-purification and contamination.
Technical performance of water supply systems, water supply, corrosion activity of water and water supply, natural mineralization, lack of water treatment and outdated methods of water treatment are the main reasons
In 2007, try the driver The sources of centralized water supply did not meet the hygienic standards for sanitary and chemical indicators in 13.7% of the samples (2006 - 31%), for microbiological indicators - in 20.7% of the samples) (2006 - 21.5%).
Z 45.88 million m 3 waste waters In 2007, it was hoped in the water bodies of the republic, 82% were put before zabrudnenny (skid rice state farms in Zhovtnevoy district), about 15% - before the normative cleansing.
Sumarni vitrati for the submission of water service robots in 2007 piled 79 million rubles.
The Republic of Kalmykia has been installed on the stick of two zones of connection - steppe and on the floor. The step is represented by the most arid pidzone - the barn steppe, and the kestrel - the most arid pidzone - the steppe barn.
All lisonadzhennya in the republic є with a unique butt of single-piece breeding of a fox in the minds of empty and napivpustels. The development of wilderness fossil plantations on the lands of the Silskogo spododarskogo designation shall be in accordance with the Federal Law "On the Melioration of Lands" and the General Scheme for the fight against the deserted Black lands and the Kizlyarsk pastures.
The main objects are to fix the negative technogenic inflow into the middle ground in the middle of the road with the entrances, on the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia - the gas-oil boating industry, the fire-and-energy complex, and the reprocessing of motor vehicles.
On the ear of 2007, on the balance sheets of enterprises of the republic, there were 0.4 yew. T vidhodіv virobniztva and living; approved for RIK 27.1 yew. tons of entries, from some vicaristans and foreigners - 21.5%. With regard to the transmission of views for victorious, foreign affairs, socializing, distribution for the end of 2007, on the balance of enterprises of the republic, 6.4 yew were lost in explicitness. T enter.
camp led
The territory of the Republic of Kalmykia, roztasovan in the winter-western part of the Russian Caspian Caspian Sea, is referred to the most low-water regions with a look at the archetype of a weak hydrographic grid.
The main dzherel of the life is malikh richok є tali vodi, the board is insignificant. Practically the entire surface stick, which is formed in the republic, is left on the territory. The main part of the runoff is accumulated in rates and water supply, spent on vaping and filtration. The water of the rychok and lakes of the republic is strongly minimized.
On the territory of Kalmykia there are 325 water bodies, of which 135 are water reservoirs, 121 are rates, 15 are lakes, 43 are small rivers, 11 are floodplains. In the dry areas, between the Volga and Kumoy (Caspian lowlands), the surface of the water dzherela is represented by the lance of the Sarpinsk and Soviet lakes.
At the winter descent of the republic, we can go to the Volga river at a distance of 10 km, and at the first descent - 200 km to the Uzbek coast of the Caspian Sea.
The water, which is supplied from the territory of the Susidnіh regions, is victorious in Kalmykia for cultivation, water supply, silky-consumer, nutritional and state-by-run water supply.
In such areas as Sarpinskiy, Ketchenerovskiy, Tsilinny, Pryutnenskiy, as well as in a large part of Maloderbetovskiy, Іki-Burulskiy, Yashaltinskiy and Gorodovikovskiy districts, there are small rivers and small waterways Їх stik vikoristovuatsya for watering thinness, small breeding, fish breeding and for recreational purposes. There are 144 watersheds, 139 stakes, є 15 lakes on the small rivers of roztashovani, with waters. All of them for water supply purposes of the republic will be close to 50 million m3.
In order to secure the water supply, the water supply, agricultural and social needs, and to prevent the negative inflow of water in the Republic of the Republic at any time, the water supply complex, which includes:
5 storage and water supply systems with a design capacity of 124.5 yew. He's a grudge;
3 group water supply lines with a length of 1200 km;
Chograyskoye water reservoir and Chograyskoye skid channel.
Unsatisfactory indicators of water quality and surface dzherel are connected from the ground with water from the coastal smog by the water in the season
In the economic and social development of the Republic of Kalmykia, an important role is played by the underground water, being one of the main ones, and in a large part it is the only dzherel of the state-fed water supply of the population. At the same time, the vicariousness of the underground waters in the territory of the republic is surrounded by a low natural quality.
Monitoring of underground waters of underground water heating from mineralization up to 3.0 g / dm3 and 3-10 mmol water content.
A number of aquifers and complexes with fresh underground waters in the territory of the Republic of the Republic of Kazakhstan are surrounded by difficult water supply systems.
For the purpose of the underground water supply, you can go to the water supply station. There is no need to get caught up in the cultivated land.
The natural obstruction of underground waters in the territory of the Republic is accompanied by folding geological, hydrogeological and climatic minds, natural salinization in the form of zones of aeration and water-carrying capacity, development of salt deposits.
camp
The main objects of the Republic of Kalmykia are to repair a negative inflow into the camp of the atmospheric turnover, є gas-naftovo-boutku production facilities, a fire-energy complex, and motor transport.
According to the tribute to the Territorial Body of the Federal Service of State Statistics for the Republic of Kalmykia, there is actually a mass of wikis of foreign speech in the atmosphere on the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia in 2012, it has dropped 46.389 ths. Tons, including stationary dzherels - 3,856 yew. Tons (8.3%), motor transport - 42.533 yew. tons (91.7%). The main part of the Wikids, as in the forefront of the rock, comes from the transport vehicles.
Unimportant to the visibility of strained dzherels, the problem of obstructing the midst of the world becomes urgent for Kalmykia. Not in the world of the world the problem of obstruction of the natural center in the districts of the distribution of the bypass and industrial inputs. The development of transport naphtha pipelines, the maintenance and operation of the mini-enterprises for the processing of naphtha, the awakening industry and the good industry, the constantly growing middle of the republican population, which is not without health
In addition, the republic of the entire region has been injected with technogenic dzherel, which have been reduced to some territories of the Volgograd, Astrakhan regions and Stavropol Territory, in some of the industrial enterprises of the social and medical It is susceptible to the availability of certified laboratories and monitoring on the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia of the main parameters of the mid-midst, it is unreasonable to assess the negative influx on the natural mid-midst. Stationary support for the obstruction of the atmospheric weather on the territory of the republic on a daily basis. Comprehensive state environmental monitoring is not carried out in conjunction with the overall financial situation.
Stan land, soil
The structure of the soil cover of Kalmykia is formed with a tense interaction of bioclimatic and geomorphological and lithological factors. At the border of the republic, there are three main morphostructures, which enter the warehouse of dry steppe and empty zones: Prikaspiyska lowland, Ergeninskaya visochina and Manitska ulogovina.
On the territory of Kalmykia soil, according to the classical signs, there may be some types of: steppe soils (black earth, archery-black earth), dry steppe soil (chestnut, archer-chestnut, archer), water-borne soils ( ), saline soil (solonets automorphic, solonets hydrodromorphic, saline).
The structure of the soil cover rots like a nasty to anthropogenic inflow, which zoomed in the warehouse and the main parameters of the structure of the soil cover. With the intensive depletion of black soil and soils of the chestnut zone, active manifestation of water erosion in Ergeny and the Manich depression, the practical deterioration of natural ecosystems has been brought about.
The growth of the territory in the arid zone with a coefficient of 0.31-0.45, with screaming ecosystems, serve as a natural background for the strengthening of the processes of degradation and desertification. The process of desertification in the republic is manifested in the form of degradation of pastures, decrease in efficiency and degradation of the structure of the soil cover, degradation of agricultural orniferous lands, and increase in areas of broken trees.
Greater changes in the natural resource potential associated with the deserted lands are being promoted in the Black Earth regions, which are located in the borders of the republic for 3.3 million hectares. Here, a part of the beaten pasture is overwhelmed by 80%, and the number of forage feeds has decreased by 40-50%. The dominant type of desertification is pasture digression.
In general, the main negative processes in the republic are: erosion of soil (zmiv and deflation); degumification, re-development and processing of soil in piles; saline, saline, swampy, overwetted soil; obrudneniya lands; empty territory; degradation of natural forages; pіdtoplennya lands of silskogospodarskogo priznachennya that lands settlement.
One of the most notable types of degradation in the Republic of Kalmikia is the erosion, which causes the destruction of the soil and the loss of its efficiency. Zagalna square Native lands will become close to 5.0 million hectares, the area of deflated lands will be 4.4 million hectares, water erosion will grow to 0.5 million hectares, incl. 0.1 million hectares The greatest development of vitro erosion has been neglected in the lower regions of the republic; atmospheric waste, Weak erosive style of runtiv. Water erosion manifests itself on the schilovy lands of the Stavropol and Ergeninskaya visochin (Central and Zakhid zone), the de-lingering nature of the fall, as well as the vicious mechanical destruction of the soil, the serpent of the surface ball. Erosion processes are the main reason for the change in the tightness of the humus horizons, the destruction of the structure of the soils that are prone to the ball.
A wide scale in the republic has taken over the flooding of lands by underground waters, both by the wickedness of the people, as well as by the process. Technogenic growth of lands is tied, in the main, with the inherited development of growing in the republic in the minds of a foldable soil-meliorative situation with minimal or zero drainage of the territory.
There are three natural-rural areas in the republic - Zakhidna, Central and Skhidna, and some of the land-assessment districts - according to the natural resource potential.
The structure of the Silk-Gospodar ugіd by zones is very varied. So, for the Western zone with the most friendly, in the borders of the republic, soil-climatic minds, there is a characteristic high level of pinkness. In the central zone of the pitoma of the wagons are much lower, lower in the Western, there are the main countries of the republic. There is a zone of a chain of great passages with small interspersing of small dylyanoks of zroshuvanaya ryllas of channels in the Chernozemelskaya OOS.
The land fund of the Republic of Kalmykia will become 7473.1 thousand hectares for the tribute of the sovereign statistical sparing.
In the structures of the land fund of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the area of the silskogospodarskie ugid will become 6263.1 thousand hectares, of which: pastures - 5231 thousand hectares, іllja - 922.5 thousand hectares; tree-chagarnikova height, which is not included in the forest fund - 43.9 thousand hectares; on wood - 33.3 thousand hectares, on surface water objects - 181.5 thousand hectares; damaged earth - 4.0 thousand ha; land, which is in the stage of meliorative living - 303.3 thousand hectares; by roads and girders - 64.5 thousand hectares; forget the earth - 30.5 thousand hectares; іnshі land - 403.7 thousand hectares, of which piski - 223.3 thousand hectares.
At the structures of the lands, the settlement also overwhelms the areas of the Silk and the Gospodar lands - 27.9 thousand hectares, the land is forgotten to store 8.3 thousand hectares, 11.5 thousand hectares are occupied by roads, squares, streets, and the other lands were stored - 6.4 thousand hectares. ha.
The area of land mіst, which occupy 31.8 thousand hectares, is characterized by the largest part of the lands of the Silk-state vikorystannya, 12.9 thousand hectares, and lands that have not been acquired until the local level is 5.1 thousand hectares.
The area of the lands of the rural settlements occupies 30.6 thousand hectares, a part of the lands of the Silsky vikorystannya - 8.2 thousand hectares, the lands of the living and suspicious-dilovo forgetting 8.1 thousand hectares, the lands of the zagalny corystuvannya - 7.1 thousand hectares ...
In the category of lands of industry, energy, transport, communication, radio communication, television, computer science, land for securing space performance, land for defense and for the special purpose of becoming land - 7 for automobile transport. ha.
Lands of especially protected territories and enterprises (protected areas of federal significance) were deposited 583.8 thousand hectares.
As of 1 June 2007, 453.9 thousand hectares of land were stored in stock. In the tsyu category entered the land, not covered in the other categories. The reserve land includes the land of municipal institutions, which are located beyond the boundaries between settlements.
The most part of the area of destructed lands fell on the land of the water fund - 1.9 thousand ha; The area of destroyed lands is not significant є in the category of lands for industrial, energy, transport, communication, radio, television, information science, land for securing space performance, land for defense and important - special value.
The main part of the cich lands was destroyed during the development, including during the development of the Volga-Chograi canal, as well as during the development of the genera of brown copalins and geological exploration works.
stan flory
The Republic of Kalmykia has been installed on the stick of two zones of connection - steppe and on the floor. In the republic, the widening of the hedgehog spilnoti is knitted according to the type: half-shrub hedgehog. The broadening of the lineness is to be observed up to the following types: marsh, meadow, halophilic (saline), barn and the line of the weathered peaks.
Roslinna rozmaittya territory of the republic includes more than 900 species, so there are about 80 homelands. Most of the species have 12-13 families, such as foliar, cereals, haze, beans, lipocytes and іnshі. On a part of 13 families of attacks 70% of the entire stock of flora. Characteristically, for the flora of the republic, it is far from the far-most endemic species in the steppe, and also in the kind of sponginess.
In ecological culture, flora grows, the first for everything, rice of high xerophytization - close to 34%. The group of mesophilic roselin by the number of species is on the first month - 40%. On the growing soils, which occupy a large part of the Caspian lower reaches, psammophytic dews develop: Polin Pishchana, food oats (Giant spikelet), Thyme-leaved peasant, and foodstuffs. Hydrophilic and hydrophilic species are represented by such species as Gerard's yak, sedges, water-red, arrow-leaved and arrow-leaved.
The nationality of the republic is the same as the complexity of the soil cover. On the Ciscaucasian chernozems of the western zone, natural pasture dewline is represented by xerophytic grass grasses (hairy covila, Lessing covillus, fescue, tonkonig), polynomial of bile and steppe grasses, carrots, common grasses, ringworms From the legumes there are widened alfalfa zhovta, horse stables. Ephemeral and ephemeral in herbage occupy a small amount.
On Ergeny, with complex light-chestnut soils, there are such roslinny associations: kovilovii (kovil Lessinga, kovila Sareptska, fescue); white polyny (polin bila, fescue, kovila Lessinga and in.); fescue-romashkova (fescue, romashnіk, tonkonіg, kovila, polin bila); fescue-prutnyakova (fescue, verboliz, kovl, polin austriyska). All the roslinnst is to be developed in a complex with white polyny; white polyny-prutnyakova and camphor associations on salt licks. On the bottoms of the beams of Yergeni on solonetsyuvaty soils, there are solonmakuvati polins, a camel thorn, outlines, a warty loboda.
Near the central and skidny parts of the Manich float, along the shallow beams and the bottoms of the lakes with lakes with salt marshes, there is a solyankova (saltwort, sarsazan, petrosymonia thick-leaved and supportive Swede), a line of dewy and tuberous. On the terraces and sinkholes of depressions on light-chestnut soils and salt licks, fescue, kovilovy, zhitnyakova and camphor-polynova associations.
On the solonets, the black-pollinnies, the comfort-black-polinnyes and the white-polyny-zhitnyakov associations; on the light-chestnut solonetsyuvaty soils fescue-romashnikovye, and on the light-chestnut ones - kovilovy associations. In dry estuaries with solonetzuvaty soils, the virost is mostly fescue-animal growth. In the early winter and spring period, in the herbage, there are ephemeria and ephemeria, represented by thin-legged bluegrass, cybulin bluegrass, Schrenck's tulip and іn.
Near the coastal smoothies of the Sarpinsk lakes, there are overgrowths, cattails, algae.
On hummocky-ridge groves and rural dilyankas, they ferment cereal-polynov and zhitnyak-prutnyak associations, middles of widened Siberian wheatgrass, polin bila, shepherd verboli, fescue, fescue.
In napivzakryplenikh humpbacks, the growth of food is oats, food is polin. On napіvzakrіlenikh growth of polin obіdajuchi, camel thorn, verboliz and wheat grass.
At the estuaries and estuaries of the lower seas of the coastal smog, they are overcrowded with pyrils, grasses, and outlines.
At the bottom of the Caspian lowland and the Manich's depression, with the withering lakes, the periphery is overgrown with water and slightly saline water.
Formed on the territory of the republic climatic mind do not forget about the renewal of the natural path. The price of the republic is low, which is 0.2%. All the foxes are set with a unique butt of piece-cut foxes in the minds of empty and napivpustels.
Lisi republics, vikonuyut I'll write down the function, Presented by forest plantations of a piece trip, behind the vignette of a zaplavny dilyanka river. Volga. the best part of the forest fund was brought to the anti-winter forests - 45.1 thousand hectares (81%), the state-owned forest lands borrowed 8.4 thousand hectares (15%), the forest lands were harvested, so they seize the spawning grounds of the valuable 2.0 thousand industrial ribs. ha (4%).
The amount of land in the woodland grows to grow - 48%, chagarnikiv - 52%. Closely half of the area in the hard-leaved state is represented by stiglims and overwhelmed ones. The stability of the vikovoy structure in young, middle-aged and adherent nestlings is important.
The fossil fund has 28 species of leafy village and chagarnik species. The main ones are є (in the hundreds of forest-covered areas) additives - 35%, oak - 20%, poplar and willow tree-like - 3%, gold currants - 12%, oak - 10%. Coniferous plants are represented by pine and krimskoy pine - 0.1%.
fauna camp
Tvarinny light of the Republic of Kalmykia is seen as a great development. The species richness of fauna is represented by barnacles, for example, barren, steppe and forest-steppe spines.
Great interest is represented by the fauna of spineless republics, as well as a type of representations with a magnificent number of species and at the same hour, naymensh vivchenim. In the republic's insect fauna, there are 1,500 species of beetles, 150 species of blizzards, 32 species of goose bumps, more than 200 plankton and benthic forms, and more. Vidiv. Coma, recorded before the Chervona Book of the Russian Federation, more than 20 species have been revealed in the republic.
Amphibians are an unnumbered group of creatures in the species, which are common to all 4 species.
Herpetofauna is represented by 18 species. Zdebіlshogo tse vidi, timed to napіvpustelny and empty dilyankas with food soils. Here are presented the types of Psammophiles that inhabit the edges of the food and the food of the boa constrictor, the round-headed lizard and the vertikhvistka. The lizard snake bears on the dark squeaks. To reach great runners - frivolous, chotirismug and yellow-bellied inhabiting small biotopes, and more often they grow up in weakly soddy grasslands. The very and the watery vuzhi touch the water dzherel. By the great slugs of the willow and steppe dalyanoks and the small species of foot and mouth disease.
The greatest contribution in the species is the development of backbone species to bring in birds. Ornithofauna is represented by birds of wetland, steppe, such as willow complexes, dendrophils. The great versatility of birds and a great number of them are surrounded by natural and climatic peculiarities, so they fly over the territory of the republic with running paths in the main water and near-water birds. One migrant traverse the path of the Kumo-Manichskaya trap, another - the trample of the lantsyug of the Sarpinsky lakes.
Birds of water and water complexes are widely represented. Reservoirs, with islands growing on them and resting on dalyankas, during the first few years that nesting birds in the wetland complex, as well as Prisad, a small fix for the running species. Here, the vidi, recorded before the Chervona Book of the Russian Federation, are curly and horny pellets, spoonbill, Martin Kaspiy, shilodzobka, chegrava, white-fronted goose, stilt.
Ptahs for example of the creeper complexes - the chain of birds of the open spaces - the Kamianka dancer, Maliy, Syria and steppe zhayvoronki, avdotka, crane of the steppe, eagle of the steppe; The bustard and the little bustard are rarely seen, mainly on the spill.
Typical representatives of birds of the Dendrofilny complex є: magpie, crow sira, boriviter svichayna kobchik, owls. Here the steppe eagle, the white-tailed eagle, the avdotka nest.
On the territory of the republic, 23 species of birds are identified, listed before the Chervona Book of the Russian Federation, 16 of them are on the place of gnizduvannya. In addition, more than 30 species of birds are included in the CITES supplement.
The Republic of Kalmykia is located in the very center of the Chornomorsko-Caspian proletariat of birds, which is one of the main ones in the European part of Russia. The massive flow of water birds through the territory of the republic will be repaired from the middle of the season and until the ice station. In small and small winters, a part of the waterfowl will be lost for the winter on the territory of the Republic of Dagestan, the Rostov region and the Stavropol Territory.
Ссавці are represented by 60 species, among the most abundant є gryzuni. Representatives of the whole paddock are practicing practically in all spirits. By numerical species, they are populated by the small willow and the napustal biotopes, є the mole vole, the wolfberry, the great jerboa і maliy, howrah maliy. On the edge of the peasants' masses, and in the wilderness, in the midday and Grebenshchikov pischans, stribak. Muskrat muskrat is a Meshkan of piece water bodies with steep banks. Signs of hare-like performances by a hare-hare, which is a kind of ecoton perevagu ekoton to sportsmanship.
To deliver the number of huts of savtsi: fox, corsak, thir svitliy, otovidny dog, vovk. Three types of ssavts, included before the Chervona Book of the Russian Federation, in Kalmykia, only a dressing is established.
The teriofauna of wild boars is represented by two species - saigas and wild boars.
The main species of fauna of the republic, which require protection, is the saiga (Saiga tatarica). In the Danish hour of the steppe antelope, which is characterized by a high migratory activity, inhabiting the main part of the republic, the main hotel is located on the territory of the sovereign natural biosphere reserve "Chorni Zemli".
camp nadr
The territory of Kalmykia is rich in natural resources, such as for the local people. One part of natural resources (naphtha, gas, etc.) is bounded, its reserves are large, but they cannot be renewed, but it is possible to use special methods for regulating rational living.
On the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia, there are 42 genera in the carbohydrate syruvin (with cob geological reserves close to 65 million tons of flash fire), including 19 naphtha, 12 gas, 6 naphtha and gas and 5 naphtha and gas condensate.
In operation, 27 naphtha, naftogas, gas and naftogas condensate genera are used.
On the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia in the distributed fund at the moment there are 8 luxury and developmental houses, a large part of the republic is in the unfunded fund.
Mineral and energy resources are the basis of the mineral-energy base of the Republic of Kalmykia, the minerals and minerals of the Republic of Kalmykia are also stored in the minerals of mineral water, agro-minerals.
The Republic of Kalmykia is able to complete the versatile mineral-syruvine base of the widespread cinnamon copalins, which are the basis of the awakening virobnity. The main gold-sprinkled cinnamon copalins of the Republic of Kalmykia є: shell rock vapnyaks for sawing stone, cement vyrobnitstva and vipalyuvannya vapna, weekends, Loams for making ceramic tsegli, clay for making expanded clay gravel and aggloporite, clay-gypsum, piscovy and іnshu sirovin for awakening industry.
The republic has developed 64 genera of natural awakening materials, which have grown to the widespread cinnamon copalins, and even the industrialization of cich species of cinnamon copalins in the republic has not yet developed a proper development.
Geological strukturnі, tektonіchnі i gіdrogeologіchnі minds teritorії Respublіki Kalmikіya skladnі i viznachayutsya rozvitkom 2 gіdrogeologіchnih structures - Folding artezіanskih baseynіv pіdzemnih waters I order: Skіfskogo SAB (fI) i Shіdno-Єvropeyskogo SAB (fII), in yakih vidіlyayutsya Vier gіdrogeologіchnі Structure - artesian pools of the II order: Prikaspiysky (AII-M), Ergeninsky (AI-B), Skhidno-Ciscaucasian (AI-B) and Azov-Kubansky (AI-A), ...
In the middle artesian basins of hydrogeological minds to grow up in the deposits of geological and structural minds (Ergeninskaya visochina, Prikaspiyska lowland, rychok valley Zakhidniy and Skhidny Manich, Stavropolskaya vasochina.)
The territory of the Republic of Kalmykia is located in an arid zone with overburdened processes of continental salinization in the minds of an independent climate and is characterized by a great variety of hydrochemical indicators, both in terms of area and in terms of clay. The specialty of the territory is the sporadic development of the early and slightly saline underground waters. The natural background is stored in water-bearing horizons and complexes, which may be naturally hardened and located in a larger part of the underground water and increased mineralization with a dry excess from 3g / dm3 to 5g / dm3 up to 60 mm thick.
Underground waters and gigantic forward horizons practical meaning may not be able to pass through the great depth and high level of mineralization.
Stan of natural landscapes and complexes
One of the forms of preservation of bioriznomanittya and standard dylanoks of lining є the hedge is especially protected natural territories (SPNT). The existing system of protected areas in the Republic of Kalmykia through the marriage of resources is known for great difficulties. One of the important reasons to admit is that the main part of the PZF Bula objects was approved in the 70s without carrying out design-visual work, the territory was not zoned, the security zones were not seen. In the past, hunting robots were not seen in the Mislivka wildlife sanctuaries, nature monuments did not have passports, the terms and conditions of the protected areas were gone.
Particularly protected natural territories (SPNA) of the Republic of Kalmykia are represented by regional and federal entities.
Federal protected area warehouse (583.8 thousand ha):
State natural biosphere reserve "Chornі zemli" (back area - 121.5 thousand hectares);
State nature reserve "Mekletinskiy" (back area - 102.5 thousand hectares);
State natural reserve "Sarpinskikh" (back area - 195.9 thousand hectares);
State natural reserve "Kharbinsky" (back area - 163.9 thousand hectares).
Lands of state nature reserves of federal significance are not for the state turnover.
PAs of regional significance є:
1. The state established the "Natural Park of the Republic of Kalmikia" The land area is 4323 hectares, for the villagers from the obig - 258 hectares.
2. Reserves of regional significance - 9 objects:
State natural reserve "Tinguta" of roztashovany in Chernozemelsky districts of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the back area becomes -197.8 yew. Ha;
State nature reserve "Morskiy Biryuchok" of rooting in the Laganskiy region of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the back of the warehouse area is 50.0 yew. Ha;
The sovereign natural reserve "Kaspiyskiy" roztashovany in the Lagansky region of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the back area becomes -39.4 yew. Ha;
The sovereign natural reserve "Chograyskoye" of roztashovany in Іki-Burulsky districts of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the back area becomes -22.6 yew. Ha;
The state nature reserve "Zunda" of roztasovaniye in Іki-Burulsky districts of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the back of the area to become-38.4 yew. Ha;
State natural reserve "Pivdenniy" roztashovany in Іki-Burulskiy raioni RK, outside the warehouse area - 62.3 yew. Ha;
The state natural reserve "Sostinskiy" of rooting in the Chernozemelsky region of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the back area to become - 31.7 yew. Ha;
The sovereign nature reserve "khanatu" of rooting in Maloderbetovsky and Sarpinsky districts of the Republic of Kazakhstan, zagalnaya area - 52.2 yew. Ha;
The state natural reserve "Lisovy" of rooting in Gorodovikovsky districts of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the back area to become - 2.2 yew. Ha
Lands of state natural reserves of regional significance are not used for land use.
3. Reminders of the nature of regional significance - 9 objects:
- “Gorodovikovs'k Duboviy Guy”, roztashovana on the lands of Gorodoviks'k Miskiy Municipal Education of the Republic of Kalmykia;
- "Tsorosovskaya Lisova Guy", was built on the lands of the Yuzhnenskiy Silskiy Municipal Education of the Republic of Kalmykia;
- "Duboviy Guy", roztashovana on the lands of the Esto-Altayskiy Silskiy Municipal Education of the Republic of Kalmikiya;
- "Samotn_y poplar with a cascade of dzherel" rooting on the lands of the Khar-Buluk Silskiy municipal education of the Republic of Kalmykia;
- "Sanatorna Guy" was roasted on the lands of the Upper Yashkulsky Silsky Municipal Education of the Republic of Kalmykia;
The group of dzherel "Kitn Bulga" is roztashovana on the lands of the Ketchenerovskiy silskiy municipal education of the Republic of Kalmykia;
- "Ostrіv tulips" of rooting on the lands of the Baga-Burulskiy municipal education of the Republic of Kalmykia;
- "Bayrachniy Lis" of rooting on the lands of the Kirovskiy Silskiy municipal education of the Republic of Kalmykia;
- "Duboviy Guy" was roasted on the lands of the Elistiansky Municipal Education of the Republic of Kalmykia.
A change of natural-klimatic minds, an increase in anthropogenic ones, infused into the natural ecosystems, which called for a change in the area of distribution of twins and roslin, snakes of vimog, a number of plantings at the establishment of protected areas. There was a need to look at the objects of the NRF in connection with them, but there is a lot of them that cannot be seen in the protected areas. One hour from the tsim є At the time of the visit, it is necessary to carry out the maintenance of the territories by the factions of a specific profile (botanists, zoologists, landowners) with the purpose of the value of the nature conservation value of the object.
Ecological contamination of abnormalities for the middling community, as well as chemical, physical and biological contamination in the mill of the middling community and dzherela
The territory of the Republic of Kalmykia has seen the triviality of growing anthropogenic resources on land and growing resources, so that it turns into desertification and waste of biodiversity. Intensive anthropogenic growth has changed the European saiga population from the beginning.
One s environmental problems republics є the problem of education, recovery and disposal of messages.
The problem of degradation of the agricultural and consumer goods is becoming more and more urgent, and there is a tendency towards a decrease in the productivity of ryllas and pastorals.
Water resources are the basis for securing the development of the republic. Due to the water supply, Kalmykia was brought to the zone of low safety, de pomit water resources do not reach 2 l / s per sq. m. Living with an important problem of water supply of the population. For food consumption in the republic there is water supply from the ground, as well as water from dry dzherel, which according to sanitary and hygienic standards is not in accordance with GOSTs. Stan vodogospodarsky systems in Danish hour nezadovilno.
At the same time, in the end of the rock, there is a tendency to increase the number of individual vehicles, in the nearest future it is possible to check the increase of parts of the wikis in the overseas jerels of obstruction. The negative influx of transport is connected with noise and obstruction of settlements.
At the connection with the increase in areas of destroyed lands, the growth of the filthiness of the atmospheric fever is growing. mid sub'єktіv Russian Federation Kalmykia is considered to be the most deflationary and insecure territories. The average value of the deflation intensity indicator in the republic will become close to 38.6 tons / ha / ric. There is no stationary wary of atmospheric deterioration in the territory of the republic.
The proximity of the republic to the great industrial centers of the city, the trivial complex of technogenic dzherels, developed on the adjacent territories of the Volgograd, Astrakhan regions and the Stavropol region
The activity of organizations and enterprises, which looks at the federal ecological view, negatively infuses and can penetrate into natural objects and come in from the protection of the midst of the community, including those who are legal, administrative administrators
The main objects are to repair the negative inflow on the natural environment, є gas and oil pumping facilities, fire-and-energy complex, motor transport and industrial enterprises, to deal with overcapacity of agricultural products.
Companies that are ready for the development, vidbutok UVS, may be provided with certain documents: licenses for the right to register nadra. Appointments of enterprises in a large number of cases may also be indicated and provided with appropriate ecological documents.
A fire-energy complex of representations of gas stations, gas stations, small refineries and industrial enterprises, which provide heat safety for the population.
Control over environmental protection legislation shall be subject to the Federal Law dated December 26, 2008 No. 294-FZ "On the Seizure of the Rights of Legal Persons and Individual Entities in the Course of State Government Control."
Come, you are guilty of living one hundred percent of the violations of the environmental legislation established by the Code of Administrative Law Enforcement of the Russian Federation.
Dіyalnіst Management Rosprirodnaglya in the Republic of Kalmykia
The Office of the Federal Agency for Natural Resources and Environmental Protection in the Republic of Kalmykia has established its activity according to the Regulations approved by the order of the Federal Agency for Natural Resources and Environmental Protection dated June 27, 2011 No. 451.
Office of the Federal Environmental Protection Agency for the Republic of Kalmykia:
Good control and visualization:
in the halls of protection, vikorystannya and vidvorennya ob'ktіv tvarny svіtu, scho perebuyut on especially protected natural territories of federal significance, as well as the middle range of living;
in the area of organization and function, especially protection of natural territories of federal significance;
for geological vivchennyam, rational vicarystannyam and protection of nadr;
for vicories and protection of water bodies (federal state control and overseeing vicories and protection of water bodies);
sovereign land control in their own boundaries is more important;
in accordance with the provisions of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of protection of the naval middle age, including in the case of protection of the atmospheric weather and occasional access (with the blame of radioactive visits);
for vicarious, protection, zakistom, vіdvorennya lіsіv (state control and visualization) on lands especially protected natural territories of federal significance;
For the visas of the state authorities of the Republic of Kalmykia, they have been transferred to the current state of affairs of the Russian Federation for the future;
for the renewal and the role of the authorities of the state power of the Republic of Kalmykia, they have been transferred to the area of state ecological expertise, to protect and biological resources In addition, in the area of love and preservation of Misliv's resources, right to the right, attributions about the use of emerging damages, as well as about the attraction to the emergence of planting individuals, like seeing the problems of new buildings in front of the building;
for the vitrochievements, hoping for the assistance of the state authorities of the Republic of Kalmykia is more important in the area of loving and preserving the Misliv resources, hoping for the benefit of subventions from the federal budget, in the interim;
state-of-the-art visualization in the forests that have grown on the lands of especially protected natural territories of federal significance;
Keeping the state cadastre of entries, the state region in the halls of the entrances, as well as carrying out the robot from the passports of entries international crops of the Russian Federation in the field of chemical development;
Seeing licenses to legal persons and to individual entrepreneurs, who are not allowed in the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia, one and the same kind of state-sponsored business, business, travel, winter
Seeing, in the established order, permissiveness on Wikidi and skidding of foreign conversations at the navkolishn middle-class (behind a vignette of radioactive speeches) and on a high level of physical flux in the atmosphere;
Stverdzhuє standards utvorennya vіdhodіv that lіmіti on їh rozmіschennya, in addition to chislі ob'єktah on zberіgannyu i znischennyu hіmіchnoї zbroї at provedennі robіt Zi znischennya abo konversії ob'єktіv on znischennyu, virobnitstva i rozrobtsі hіmіchnoї zbroї and takozh at lіkvіdatsії naslіdkіv їh dіyalnostі;
I will establish the standards for wikidi of shkidliv (foreign) speeches in the atmosphere;
Organize the reception and look at the recognition of the approval, vicariousness, foreign affairs and distribution of visits, so that they can be served in a random order by the sub'ects of small and middle children, as a result of the state's gifts.
Weathering standards for permissible skiddings and microorganisms (with the blame for radioactive rechovins) at water facilities for waterborne corrosives;
The weather is the order of the vigilance control in the sphere of communication with entrances, which is established by legal persons, as the activity in the sphere of entitlement with entrances, according to the objects of federal state control.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS of steppe regions AT POPULATION ASSESSMENT
ENVIROMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE STEPPE REGION IN THE EVALUATION OF POPULATION (example of Kalmykia)
N.V. Badmaeva, B.V. Idzhaeva
N.V. Badmaeva, B.V. Idzhaeva
Kolomatskiy Institute of Humanitarian Doslidzhen Russian Academy sciences
(Russia, 358000, Republic of Kalmikia, m Elista, street Ilishkina, 8)
The Kalmyk institute for humanities of the Russian Academy of sciences
(Russia, 358000, the Republic of Kalmykia, Elista, Ilishkin St., 8)
e-mail: E-mail addresses have been stolen from spam bots. You're guilty of having JavaScript included for the lookup.
The statute is assigned to the ecology of the population of the steppe region. Presented are the results of sociological preliminaries, in which an assessment of the ecological problems of the Republic of Kalmykia is given: information about the camp of the midst, the turbulence of the ecological situation, etc.
The article is devoted to the environmental awareness of the steppe region. Results of sociological research in which the assessment of environmental problems of the Republic of Kalmykia is given are presented: knowledge of a state of environment, concern about an ecological situation, etc.
Already on the verge of aggravation of ecological problems in the whole world, it has interfered with the growth of the turbulence of the midst of the community and the growth of the future. A lot of pre-eminent people have been enlightened by the tendencies of social and economic development and possible ecological inheritance both for both regions and for the whole world.
The region of the country is often developed for the specifics of environmental problems. The Republic of Kalmykia is one of the most extreme regions of Russia for living and conducting state-owned activities. The extremeness of being overwhelmed, the first for everything, geographic provisions republics in arid and semi-arid zones of the Pivnichno-Western Caspian Caspian Sea. For a non-characteristic plane of the formation of a relief, the visibility of the natural hydrographic fissure and the development of the mineralization of soils, surface and subterranean waters, is encumbered by the sinks of the river of the Caspian Sea. The Republic є The water deficit region, which in the territory of the republic the water resources for their own parameters do not meet the medical and biological standards.
The stand of the ecosystems of the region is infused without the need for the middle on the sphere of the living of people, the number of which is gradually increasing. Yak stands for L.M. Tashninova, a trivial history of the government in arid territories, including in Kalmykia, has caused a strong degradation of natural ecosystems, desertification, a loss of natural resource potential and, like the inheritance, a decrease in life.
The assignment of any member of the suspension to nature is backed up by an equal amount of ecological evidence, as it should be attributed to the development of external and internal factors, as well as to pour into the whole of the individual. Due to the ecological evidence, in the most important view, in the minds of the formed ecological phenomena, which are manifested in the old people to nature and healthy life. Ecological evidence is also formed on the basis of an assessment of the standard of the modern middle age and information space, which is the basis of social rice in the quality of people.
Sogodnі odnієyu of vazhlivih problems of complex analіzu sotsіalno-ekonomіchnogo will regіonu Je doslіdzhennya ekologіchnoї svіdomostі population yak polyagaє at viyavlennі i viznachennі faktorіv Yogo formuvannya, okremih warehouses such yak ekologіchna vіdpovіdalnіst, representations to the outdoors, vpliv natural seredovischa on fіzichny i sotsіalno-psihologіchne samopochuttya і bagato ін. The main method for the development of ecological evidence є sociological preliminaries, examples of empirical sociological preliminaries allow for the development of high quality sociological characteristics.
At the link with the cyclical information of social and political and environmental information of the Kalmyk Institute of Humanities of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an additional information about the environmental information of the citizens of the republic was held. The sociological preliminaries were carried out in 2014 by the method of a questionnaire survey for a standard state-of-the-art vibration. On the whole, 300 animals were fed (N = 300), of which the choloviks - 38.7%, the females - 61.3%. Residents of Elisti and districts of the Republic of Kalmykia took part in the population in the following years: up to 20 years - 5.3%; 21-30 rock_v - 20%; 31-40 rock_v - 33.7%; 41-50 rock_v - 26.7%; 55 years and older - 12.7%.
Our presenters have tried z'yasuvati, who know the inhabitants about the ecological problems of the region, suspicious property, How to assess the inheritance of environmental problems. The main meta of preliminaries was in the region of the ecological status of the population of the Republic of Kalmykia. According to the following directives, as of the date of the last bullet:
- Z'yasuvati, to know the inhabitants of the republic about ecological problems on a global scale and on a regional level;
- The population is aware of the negative inheritance of environmental problems, which infuse into the social sphere, the economy of the region, and the community.
Ecological testimony of transmission, first for everything, knowledge of the ecological problems of the territory, where people live. Our pre-djennians have tried z'yasuvati, so that the inhabitants of the republic know about the ecological problems of the region. In connection with the cym, when asked for food, I know more about any environmental problems and stench, if you think about the advancing results presented in Table 1.
Table 1
Power supply feedback: "About some ecological problems in Kalmykia, do you know the best?"
|
Options for views |
|
|
Degradation and gearing of pastoralism |
|
|
salinity of land |
|
|
Irregular growth of lands of the state owned |
|
|
Obrudneniya land (through the entrance of the processing of oil and TPV, unsanctioned. Svalkmi) |
|
|
Zabrudnennya povitrya (Vikhlopi TEC, transport) |
|
|
Obrudneniya water bodies |
|
|
Drinking water deficiency |
|
|
Rise of decrease in the number of saigas |
|
|
Decrease in the number of species of birds and birds |
|
With such a rank, the results of the rise of opinions can be seen that the problems of degradation and gearing of pastoralism, obstruction of lands by the passage of oil refining, inappropriate growth of lands of the Silkospodarskogo sign are topical. Tsi problems are the result of active environmental management: why not rational vikorystannya pastoral, unreasonable growing and in general the conduct of the Silskoy government, as well as a view of natural copalins.
In the course of the experience, we tried the knowledge of the dzherela of the information about the camp of the midst. The quality of the information flow to the level of the ecological status of the population. Social ecological information not often super-verbose behind the wicked: one and the same ecological factors to be presented in a reasonable way. For example, the environmental protection of nuclear power plants, naphtha and gas processing plants can be represented by representatives of these organizations »Ruu and ecologists. Dzherela information about the camp of the midst, as advised by the respondents, is presented in Table 2.
Table 2
Power supply feedback: "Do you hear the information about the midst of the country in the republic?"
The results show that more than half of the respondents evaluate the camp of the midst in the republic for the results of "special cares", but we can come to our mercy. It also means that the selection of the answer to “environmental problems in schools and universities” is only 2.7%, and in total it is 3.3%. Todi yak the same information is guilty of being structured, it is guilty of the latest scientific achievements, but systemic, special features the development of schoolchildren, to represent the actual basis of information in the area of practice, to be regionally significant, to represent the historical and contemporary knowledge of the way of nature, to show the completeness of the positive and the culture of the nation On the thought of L. Yu. Chuikovo tsya information is guilty of dominating in the formulation of ecological information space.
The results of the doslіdzhennya showed to reach the high level of sturbation by the camp of the navkolishny middle. The majority of the well-to-do respondents (93.7%) are stricken by the camp of the mid-life in the republic. Ecological situation is not wicked in the past in 2.7% of the inhabitants, 3.7% could not be respected.
Among the reasons for the aggravation of the ecological crisis in the region, the respondents are named as follows: %) and інші (div. Table 3).
Table 3
Rise of suggestions for power supply: "Indicate the main reasons for the aggravation of the ecological situation in Kalmykia"
The results of sociological experience will be brought to the attention of the whole population of the Republic of Kalmykia to understand the importance of environmental problems. Most of the experienced respondents know about regional ecological problems. Dani experience showed to reach a high level of ecological information among the population, he knows a lot about the problem of desertification of lands, the most important ecological problem in the region.
Unimportant at the price, the glimpses of ecological problems in the region, by the blame of the destruction of the quality of the midst of the colony, invade the population, as it may, for good reason, the lack of a level of ecological culture. Representatives of the government also speak about the need to adjust the level of ecological culture. However, the ecological crisis is in regions that are linked to active nature conservationists, and the level of the ecological culture of the population is not the cause, since the population does not begin to be actively organized by the naturalists of nature, which are not very large-scaled by nature. win in 40-60 years. I will show you the practice of large ecological actions, inheritance of ecologically uncultured populations in nature, for social center, You can be lіkvіdovanі by residents or bodies miscellaneous self-priming with effective robotic inspectorate of special state and municipal services.
Doslіdzhennya vikonano for the financial support of the RFFD and the Uryad of the Republic of Kalmykia in the framework of the scientific project "Integration of humanities-ecologic and socially-political children with the method will take
LIST OF LITERATURE:
- Tashninova L.N. Social aspects of ecological paradigms // Ukr. Kigi RAS. 2010. No. 2. S. 95-99.
- Chuikova L.Yu. Information space as a social and psychological phenomenon, which is the origin of social rice in the context of children // Astrakhan. Вісн. ekol. cover. 2014. No. 1 (27). S.81-87.
No. 1 (22), 2011 r
4. Ulanova S. S. Ecological-geographic assessment of piece waters of Kalmykia and Ekoton systems "water-land" on the Uzbeks. Moscow: RASGN, 2010.263 p.
Sintsi V.N., Erdniev O.V.
ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF KALMIKIA
abstract
The statistic has great respect for the analytical information about the ecological situation in the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia, about the infusion of the main types of economic activity into the new community. The main environmental hazards for regional stability are outlined.
Key words: ecology, ecological situation, Republic of Kalmykia, foreign speeches, firm bybout come.
SINYAKOV V.N., ERDNIEV O.V. ECOLOGICAL SITUATION IN KALMYKIA Abstract
In article the great attention is given the analytical information on ecological conditions of territory of Republic Kalmykia, on influence of principal views of economic activities on environment. The basic ecological threats for regional stability are considered.
Key words: ecology, ecological conditions, the Republic Kalmykia, polluting substances, a firm household waste.
The ecological situation is a specific camp of the navkolishnogo center of the people, enveloped by the intermodal nature and the stately spirit of the people.
B.I. Kochurov, V.M. Kotlyakov, A.G. Isachenko, G.A. Isachenko, A.S. Shestakov, L.G. Rudenko, I.O. Gorlenko and ін. The ecological situation is based on the following characteristics: a set of problems, the type of technogenic overdrafts, the provincial factors of formulation, the type of minds, the scale of manifestation, an hour of being shown, a moment of stagnation, and of showing hospitality. Remaining the classification of the most popular, in the event of storing it is necessary to ensure that the country is subordinate to the development. The Іnshy pidhіd runtutsya on the rise of ob'єktіv for the types of organization of the middle.
For the criterion of the hospitality of the situation, the following are seen:
Zadovilna situation - the reason for the visibility of direct or indirect anthropogenic inflow, the change in the power of landscapes does not appear;
Conflict situation It’s a matter of fact, if there are insignificant in space and in hours of changes in landscapes, including in the environment, resources-producing power, which is, for some reason, little overwhelming of the structure of landscape processes as a result of natural complex abo conducting awkward nature conservation visits;
The situation is strained to be characterized by negative changes in the surrounding components of landscapes, even before the destruction or degradation of natural resources, in the number of species, before the destruction of the minds of the population;
A critical situation is to face the growth of the growth of the risk of the loss of life or to waste natural resources (including the gene pool), unique natural objects, to help prevent the growth of the number of problems through the growth;
Crisis situation - in landscapes, there are even worse values and practically little compensation for changes, more natural resources are growing and the health of the population is rapidly changing;
A catastrophic situation is characterized by the great and often non-gutting snakes of nature, the waste of natural resources and the rapid destruction of the minds of the population, vicious in the main transmutation of anthropogenic people on the landscape of the region. important
VISNIK INSTITUTU
I am familiar with a catastrophic situation є a threat to the life of people and a decline, as well as a waste of the gene pool and unique natural objects.
In response to emerging environmental situations, they are liable to: the establishment of a transmutation (set) of environmental problems; spaciousness of localization of ecological problems; The designation of a combination of environmental problems and the introduction of the revealed area to this world of hospitality and environmental situation.
Ecological camp in a number of regions of Russia is catastrophic. Avaria to the Chornobyl AES on the territory of the Russian Federation in 14 regions (Bryansk, Bilgorodska, Voronezka, Kaluzka, Kursk, Lipetsk, Orlovska, Ryazanska, Tulskaya, Penzivs'ka, Tula , 1 yew. sq. m. Catastrophic ecological situation prevailed in the Ural Federal District. For Russia, life is important to the relevance of inadvertent visits to ensure a friendly environment. Zokrema, I’m talking about the optimal proportions of the sustainable development and rational development of natural resources, about the scientifically based social and economic criteria for assessing the quality of the future, etc.
On the butt of Russia it can be seen that it is an ecological imperative for our suspension about his unrepentant connection with a living inanimate nature About that threat, which carries with it the ignorance of the interconnection of the compensatory capacities of the biosphere. If, until recently, it is possible to reveal the process of suspension development in two-dimensional coordinate systems, which were de-named without social and economic parameters, and nature looked like to lie behind the boundaries of the kerovian system, then the infection required additional three coordinate systems. nd ecology ( natural resources) Pidsystem.
The ecological situation in the borderlands of the republics, territories, regions and autonomous districts, and the special nature of the problems of the midst of the winter in the skin sub scale in the inflow of industry, transport, the Silskoy and communal government on the navkolishnє natural center.
Republic of Kalmykia roztashovuyuutsya at the extreme meeting of the European part of Russia. The length of the territory from winter to winter is 448 km, from approach to the highway - 423 km. Between winter and winter from the Stavropol Territory, at the first meeting - from the Republic of Dagestan, at winter - from the Volgograd Region, at the first meeting - from the Astrakhan Region, at the entrance - from the Rostov Region. Borrowing the situation in the inter-Volga and Don regions, at the first meeting of the European Rivne, between the Caspian and Black seas, between the Volga and the Caucasus. Near the pivnichno-skidny part of the republic, the Volga rivulet (12 km). In the first half of the republic on the cordon in the Stavropol Territory, the Chograyskoe water shelf roztashovane, on the descent - the Caspian Sea, the territory of the coastal zone to become 1.4 yew. Km. Richki: Kuma, Manich, Volga. Lakes: Manich-Gudilo, Sarpinsky lakes, Sostinsky lakes. surface waters few.
The climate of the republic is extremely continental - it is summer specotne and even drier, winters are not very snowy, sometimes with severe frosts. The continental nature of the classroom is very easy to accommodate from the entrance to the skid. A special class is the triviality of the dormouse, yak becoming 2180-2250 years (182-186 days) on the river. The average temperature is currently negative according to all republics: from -70C ...- 90C in the first part and up to -100C ...- 120C in the winter. The average temperature of lime trees becomes + 23.5 ° C ... + 25.5 ° C. The temperature adjustment is made more favorable from winter to weekday and from the first stage of the republic. The triviality of the warm period becomes 240-275 days. During the winter period, there are long leagues, in the vicinity of the day - hurtovina, and sometimes the plant grows to the school of the Silskoy government, the icy grassy grasslands and winter crops. The specific feature of the republic's territory is dry and dry: it takes up to 120 dry days. The region is arid ourselves in the European part of Russia. The usual number of litter should be 210-340 mm. Behind the minds of vologo-safety in the republic, one can see the chotiri of the main agroclimatic regions: even dry, dry, even arid, arid. The establishments of the wideness of the zones of strong winds in the Volodya region are significant wind energy resources.
The fauna of savts is close to 60 species. Numerous group to become grizzlies. Sered hijikh ssavts zvychayny vovk, fox, korsak and svitliy tkhir. Promislove development of farm animals in general has changed. The number of hijacks has increased, and the number of huts has increased. It is especially important to increase the number of people in the lower districts, de natural mind
No. 1 (22), 2011 r
take yogo multiplication. On the waters of Kalmykia, there are close to 130 species of birds and 50 species of birds occur every hour of seasonal migrations. Expanded 20 species of plasuns and 3 species of amphibians. At the border of the republic, 23 species of birds are identified, listed before the Chervona Book of the Russian Federation.
The territory of the republic is located in the characteristic feature What is the completeness of the willow cover, which appears in the common steppe and willow dilanoks, and in the very desolate region of the Russian Federation.
Unimportant to a number of positive tendencies that have emerged in the republic, there are a number of non-virulent problems that will help to take some serious decisions.
Ecology of Kalmykia is a whole land fund. The camp of land territories is everywhere to go down, and the degradation and desolation of swelling are on a larger scale. Naybilsh yaskravim with the butt of a deserted territory of the Black Lands and the Kizlyarsky herdsmen, deconfirmed and the progress of the kestrel. Over the last 5 years, the area is occupied by peaks, only in Kalmykia it has grown by 47.7 yew. Ha.
Nadra of the republics to avenge the baggage of oil, combustible gas, salt, and fuel materials. In addition, on the territory of Kalmykia, layers (5-48 m, 60-120 m і 480-500 m) are covered, and uranophosphoric ores are to be replaced. Imperturbable due to the prospect of a young one, or even becoming obstructed by the territory and soils during naphtha-flow (in conjunction with the bottom of the ground waters from the cough spheres).
The value of the change in wikids from stationary dzherels in 2009 in the period from 2008 (Table 1, Fig. 1) was linked to fast wikids on the sites of Stavropoltransgaz TOV: Kamish-Buruns'ke LVUMG (in the near future 1.7 up to 0, 17 thousand tons - not working compressor station "Artezian"), Astrakhan LVUMG (from 20.2 to 25 tons - no repair work was carried out on the main gas pipeline). The change of wikis is also tied to the reorganization of business enterprises (emergency-road galuz, naftogazovidobuvna galuz) after an economic crisis. Decrease in the number of power industry enterprises (boiler rooms) as a result of the elimination of the boiler room, the transition to autonomously scorched living quarters and gasification of settlements.
Table 1
Number of wikids in the atmosphere
Wikidi from stationary dzherel, yew. T Basic obrudnyuchі speeches, scho wikidayutsya from stationary dzherel, yew. T Wikidi for vehicles, yew. T Sumarniy wikid, yew. T
solid. Substances dioxy d sirki oxide in carbon a oxide nitrogen in Oroda carbohydrate (without VOC) VOC
2,2 0,1 0,0 1,0 0,2 0,6 0,3 30,8 33,0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Small. 1. The dynamism of wikids, scho to wrap up the atmosphere, from the stationary dzherel, yew. T.
There is a great number of industrial wikis of foreign rivers into the atmosphere (Table 2) coming from the naftogazovidobutku enterprises, the enterprises transporting naphtha and natural gas through pipelines, and the heating industry (heating industry).
Stationary monitoring of the atmospheric weather in the territory of the republic is not carried out, comprehensive environmental monitoring of the midst is not conducted. In a given hour, the Administration of the Federal Environmental Protection Agency in the Republic of Kalmykia has started overseas laboratory to watch over the camp of the new center
VISNIK INSTITUTU
Table 2
The main dzherela wikids, which will bring conversations into the atmosphere
The main dzherela wikids, wandering speeches into the atmosphere Obsyag wikids, yew. T
MUP "Energoservis" 1.51 0.23
Kamish-Burunske LVUMG TOV "Stavropoltransgaz" 2.05 0.20
ZAT "CPC-R" OPS "Komsomolska" 0.61 0.66
VAT "Kalmytske road management" 0.49 0.49
Centralized drinking water supply supplies 66% of the population in the towns of Elista, Gorodovikovsk, Lagan and 11 regional centers. Up to 76% of the inhabitants of the country use water from the mine wells, from the critical waters and the canals. In 24 settlements, drinking water is delivered by special automobile and overhead transport, the populations of the villages of Yashalti and Sarulu vikoristovuyuyut water supply systems for state-owned drinking needs without prior purification and infection.
The dynamics of the drainage of sewage waters and the amount of runoff waters in the republic are shown in Fig. 2 i in table. 3.
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Small. 2. Dynamism of slippage of sewage waters, mln. M3.
Table 3
The amount of waste waters
Thrown off at the water ob'єkti, mln. M3
Total Without cleaning Normally clean Regulatory cleanings on cleaning spores
Total in% before the obscuration of obstructed sewage waters
40,22 34,94 100 0,00 5,28 87 13
The inhabitants have been given water for their own chemical warehouse in 50% of samples it is not susceptible to vimogam through high mineralization - 0.6-10 g / l (additions instead of sulfates, chlorides and salt salts) and hardness in the boundaries of 10-12 mg / eq / l.
Technical performance of water supply systems, water supply, corrosion activity of water and water supply, natural mineralization, lack of water treatment and outdated methods of water treatment are the main reasons
Unsatisfactory quality of underground waters for sanitary and chemical indicators in a number of districts is summed up in the main high level of backward mineralization, which is brought about by the nature of and other microelements of natural hiking.
No. 1 (22), 2011 r
River water Kuma is referred to the category "brudna", the Tersko-Kumsky canal - "pomirno zabrudnena", r. Skhidny Manich - "zabrudnena", lake. Manich Gudilo i r. Elistinka - "duzhe brudna".
The main dzherela skidannya obrudnenny st_tichny waters near the surface of the water ob'єkti are given in table. 4.
Table 4
Main dzherela skidding sewage waters near the surface of water ob'yokti
The main dzherela skidding of sewage waters near the surface of the water ob'yakti Obsyag skidannya, mln.M3
SUE "Skhid" 15.3 13.8
VAT "Kolomatskiy" 14.8 13.9
MUE "Miskvodokanal" 5.5 5.3
SUE OPKH "Harada" 2.5 1.8
SEC "Istok" 1.9 1.8
From the backbone of the number of entries, which are accepted, the entrance to the warehouse is 80%, the number of entries is -20%. The dynamics of the adoption and utilization of inputs to the distribution and living and the number of times is shown in Fig. 3 i in table. 5.
^^^ Approval of entries, million T * "vicoristano and foreign entries,%
Small. 3. The dynamism of the adoption and utilization of the ways of living and receiving.
Number of visits and living
Table 5
Approved visits to the virobnitstva and living, mln.T Vikoristano and foreign
All I class not safeguards II class not safeguards III class not safeguards IV class not safeguards V class not safeguards Overall, mln.
0,007 0,000002 0,000005 0,0001 0,004 0,003 0,009 130
The general meeting of the entrances to the virobnytsia and living in Kalmykia amounts to 200 thousand tons. The number of visits to unauthorized names cannot be found.
The problem of distribution and burial of entrances and living is especially grievous. Shorish obsyag smittya on zalishchutsya by 6% -8%. Administrators of the municipal authorities do not lead the robot through the process of going through the path, while implementing the latest technologies for utilization. And to that the stench of broken rules and norms is different. The problem will be accelerated even more so that it is not a matter of practice and efficiency of storing the names of the halls - every day there is reliable information on the inventory of all the accumulated inputs. Promislovi methods, which will ensure the hygienic and ecologic hope of utilization, do not become stagnant in the republic.
The backyard area of land occupied in the republic by sanctioned and unauthorized haunts, pits, pits, scooped with apertures for the entrance to become 426 hectares. The number of organized entrances is 18, the area occupied by them is 134.4 hectares.
VISNIK INSTITUTU
The hidden objects from the distribution and the burial of the by-the-line smitty do not correspond to the modern sanitary and ecological vimogs. On the name of the part of self-borrowing, the clearing came in. An unacceptably great party of coming, low rіven forcing the secondary syruvin out of them. In other words, in the Republic of Kalmykia there is a day-to-day system of processing and secondary registration of inputs. There is a system for sampling, sorting and processing of a small kind of smittya to be overpowered by velma, for that, there are no common technologies, and the netting of professional enterprises is poorly developed.
come in I-Ш classes nebezpeki in mіru nakopichennya on zbіrnih points spetsіalіzovanih of companies, scho toil lіtsenzії on dіyalnіst Zi Zborov, vikoristannya, zneshkodzhennya, transportuvannya that rozmіschennya nebezpechnih vіdhodіv, pіdlyagayut vivezennyu that utilіzatsії for mezhami respublіki (Volgograd, Stavropol, Astrakhan) in spetsіalіzovanih pіdpriєmstvah.
The situation with the entrances to Elisti may have been reduced due to the introduction into operation of a new polygon of solid by-pass entrances, which is also being designed. Tse permitted zabezpechiti їh іzolyatsіyu that zneshkodzhennya, garantuvati sanіtarno-epіdemіologіchnu BEZPEKA population is static zabezpechiti stіykіst solid pobutovih vіdhodіv of urahuvannyam dinamіki uschіlnennya, mіneralіzatsії, maximum navantazhennya on odinitsyu ploschі and takozh mozhlivіst away ratsіonalnogo vikoristannya dіlyanki pіslya Yogo zakrittya.
Prodovzhu we will spend a lot of hospitality and food utilization of biological views. For the first time, it is necessary to adopt on the federal level a single normative legal act, which gives a clear indication of the classification of inputs, including medical and biological ones. In addition, from the day-to-day legislation, it is up to the nature-boring sites to be utilized.
Problems in the spheres of connectedness with entrances can only be violated by spilny zusillas of specially empowered organs, professional organizations and community organizations. The implementation of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Federal Center for Improvement and Connections with Entrances" proposes to develop a general scheme for clearing the territory, to conduct a zone, to prepare maydans for the city center. Such a robot has already been carried out by the employees of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Federal Center for Improvement and Improvement with Entrances" in a number of the main regions.
The assessment of the ecological situation on the territory of Kalmykia will show that it is unaffected by the high level of anthropogenic inflow and stress on the ecological situation, the republic can be achieved with a high ecological rating. Kalmykia is one of the friendly ones in the ecological regions of Russia and the most popular recreational opportunities, up to which water and growing resources, landscapes and dzherela are available. 1
1. Kochurov B. І. Geography of ecological situations (ecological diagnostics of territories). Tomsk: IG SO RAN, 1997.S. 156.
2. Kochurov B. І. Geoecology: ecological diagnostics and ecological-state balance of territories. Smolensk: View of SSU, 1999.S. 154.
3. Kochurov B. І. Ecodiagnostics and development balancing. -M., Smolensk: Magenta, 2003.S. 384.
4. The sovereign additional story "About the stan- dard about the protection of the navkolishny middle of the Russian Federation in 2009". M .: Infra-M, 2010.S. 524.
A.P. BOGUN
HOSES OF ZMENSHENNIA IN FLUED TECHNOGENIC FACILITIES IN THE REPUBLIC OF KALMIKIA ON NATURAL Ecosystems
abstract
Look at the main views of the inflow of technogenic objects on the natural center of the Republic of Kalmykia and come in for a change negative infusion on natural ecosystems.
Key words: ecological monitoring, technogenic object, pouring into the navkolishn middle-dwelling, come in from the guard of the navkolishny middle-dwelling.
Presentation on the ecology of the native land of the biology teacher MBOU "Chervonopartyzanska ZOSH іm. Hero of Russia Z.A. Daudov "Parakhonya Volodymyr Oleksiyovych Actual problems of the ecology of Kalmykia
Map of ecological resources of Kalmykia
So is there an ecological problem?1.Ecological problem - the price of negative from the point of view of the people and the life of the midst, amalgamated by both anthropogenic and natural factors.
anthropogenic
biotic
abiotic
Dovkilla
2. The ecological problem is the change of the natural environment as a result of the technogenic inflow, which leads to the destruction of the structure and function of natural systems and leads to negative social, economic and other inheritances (B.I. Kochurov, 1998).
technogenic injection
Dovkilla
Economics
3.Ecological problems, whether they are appearances, are tied with the inflow of people to nature, the animals of nature to people and their economy, living and stately significant processes (N.F. Reimers, 1992).
Economics
1.Opustin_vanie
re-entangled pastoralists
(Perevipasannya)
Vitrova erozia
(Deflation)
water erosion
soil salinity
Blocked soil and water and naphtha products
2.Secondary salinization of soils
Prorahunki in Budivnistvі
groveling
Near the Republic of Kalmykia, there is a salinized ryllas area
2824.7 yew. Ha.
3 water pollution
(The filthiness of drinking water)
Near the waters of the Republic of Kalmykia, from the southern territories and regions, close to 3 million m3 of industrial waste waters are thrown off, and more than 200 new ones are not safe.
In general, according to Kalmykia, sanitary and chemical indicators are the best in Russia.
4.Reduction of the number of individuals of protected species of roslin and tvarin
- Scientific pidhid to nature reserve;
Mistseviy (local) ecological monitoring, i.e. Monitoring of the most important characteristics of the navkolishnogo center, concentration of high-flown speech in the atmosphere, water, soil;
Shlyakhi revision of ecological problems:
- vicorystannya modern methods with water purification sporud;
Renovation and protection of biogeocenoses; - further expansion and expansion of western zones, standard ecosystems, unique natural complexes; - protection and breeding of wild species of roslin and tvarin;
International sports at the right to protect the middle; - wide education and ecological education of the population.
dzherelaG. M. Borlikov, V. A. Bananova "Dynamism of desertification of dry lands of the Caspian region" // Social and economic reconstruction in the Caspian region ... - Elista: APP "Dzhangar", 2002. - 256p.
Didova Ye. B. Development of the natural resource potential of the degraded agricultural lands of Kalmykia due to the complex melioration. Abstract of a dissertation on the scientific level of Doctor of Sciences in Silk and Social Sciences. - M.: 2012.