Viborns of the organization of the mice self-brewing 1864. Mistsevo self-government in the Russian empire
2. Why did Oleksandr 1 see the introduction of the constitution in Russia for a change?
A) At the start of the village riot, B) started the 1812 fate; C) the nobility repaired the opir of reforms.
3. Decree on vilnykh hliborobiv 1803 rock:
A) granted the special officer freedom to the sovereign villagers; B) having secured the privileges of one-family villagers; C) allowing the helpers to let their villagers go for the wikup.
4. What part of the population of the Russian village was reformed by PD Kiselyov? A) sovereign villagers b) helpers; c) krіpakіv courtyard villagers; d) krіpakіv ornykh villagers ;; e) residents of the Vyskovy settlements.
5. What kind of crop did Russia take on itself according to Tilzitsky svit? A) the blame was for the fact that France was responsible for all the territorial changes in Europe; B) became an ally of France against England; C) the goiter is bound to enter the vіynu against England.
6. Visnachte, about whom Ide mova?“Having been born in the family of a non-rich pomice. U 1808-1810 rr. having occupied the post of the vice minister. In 1815, it was actually a cherub in the State Council and the spiritual power of the ministries. Driven by uncontrollable honesty. Vicona official. Buv merciless and bring inhumans in his diligence. The first and foremost people woke up negatively to the point of despairing. A) N. Novosiltsev; B) M. Speransky; C) A. Arakcheev.
7. Yaka meta vіyskovyh settlement? A) strangle the villagers' sickness; b) lowering the power of vitrati on the oppression of the army, c) organizing mass training reserves
8. Who got rid of the Russian army to the point of being assigned to the post of Kutuzov? A) M. Barclay de Tolli; b) P. Bagration, c) I. Murat.
9. Visnachte, about whom Ide mova?"Yogo generic coat of arms embellished the deviz" Virility and terrain ". I made a reputation for being an honest, cold-blooded and self-sufficient officer. Commanding the Russian armies in several military units. in advance Vіtchiznyanoї vіyni In 1812, he was the vice minister, commanding the first army. Yogo was not liked by the courtiers of the Kar'aristi. Bagato hto zinuvachuvav yo at the entrance of the Russian vіysk i navіt they kept repeating about their joy. "
A) M. Kutuzov; B) M. Barclay de Tolli; C) P. Bagration
10.23 May 1816 to the fate of Oleksandr 1, having confirmed the position of Estlyandsky villagers, behind the yak in the Baltic provinces:
A) has been strong enough right; B) krіposne the right is boiled down;
C) there are a lot of obligations of the villagers in the fallowing of the soil and the quality of the land.
11. The first name of the organization of the Maybut Decembrists was called:
a) "Union of Poryatunku", b) "Union of Prosperity", c) "Union of Officers"
12. M. Muravyov's "Constitution" narrated: a) safeguarding the copyright law; b) zvіlnennya villagers without land; c) the protection of the landowner.
13.What's the best way to get up in Russia for P. Pestel's project? A) constitutional monarchy, b) democratic republic, c) autocratic monarchy.
14. Recruiting service - price: a) the binding of the villagers pratsyuvati to the state manufactory; b) the presentation of the singing number of people from the taxation camp for servicing the needs of the army; c) a tribute from the peasants to the Utrimania of the army; d) the binding of the taxable camp to list the number of soldiers.
15. Galma at the development of the economy of Russia bulo: a) the patrimony of the land; b) repair shops; c) kriposne right; d) the visibility of the front from the side of the power.
16. Before the warehouse of the Zemstvo Reform of 1864, the following was included in the reinsured:
A) the viborn character of the zemstvos; b) the zemstvos were robbed on the basis of the main census; c) provincial officials could be recognized only for the zgoda of zemstvos; d) in the ranks of the provinces of the zemstvo, there was no change in the list; e) zemstvos took revenge on licenses, schools, roads, vyaznits.
E) on the number of all provincial zemstvos there was a central zemstvo; g) zemstvos buli storenyi, who will more and more replace the central organization of management.
10.2. EVOLUTION OF BODIES
IN THE RUSSIAN ІМПЕРІЇ
Petrenko Mykola Ivanovich, Doctor of Law, Professor, Head of the Department of Theory and History of Power and Law
Mісce robots: Mіzhregіonalniy іdkritiy sotsіalny institut, m Yoshkar-Ola
Abstract: the statistics analyze the processes of formation and development of legal regulation and organizational design of the systems and bodies of the public administration in Russian Empire... Respect was given to the structural motivation of the organizations, the order of the formulation and the general competence.
Key words: organization of the local self-assembly, zemstvo, zemstvo selection, duma, administration, voice, province hati, viche.
EVOLUTION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE
Petrenko Nikolay I., Professor, Doctor of Legal Science, chairman of the Department of Theory and History of State and Law Place of employment: Interregional Open Social Institute, Yoshkar-Ola
Abstract: in article processes of formation and development of legal regulation and organizational registration of system of local authorities in the Russian Empire are analyzed. Attention is paid to structural creation of separate bodies, an order of their formation and volume of competence.
Keywords: local governments, zemstvoes, territorial meeting, thought, justice, public, lip log huts, veche.
Self-assembly is a form of organizing power on a small scale, attracted to the peoples of Russia for a long time. Visually middle-aged democracy bully Veliky Novgorod and Pskov. The territory of Novgorod was extended to two sides and five-resht, which in its own circle, extended to the streets. Vіyskova organization of Novgorod Bula is represented by a clutching-armed regiment, which is completed with two hundred of the skin from five cities. The food of the flowing life of the inhabitants of the sides, -resht and vulytsy were violated at new times, and they were robbed of ulitsk and Konchansk elders and socialists. Miske viche, glad panev, prince, mayor, tisyatsky - all the stench came in as the local government bodies. All important food, including the acceptance of laws, the establishment and establishment of an agreement with the prince, the deprivation of other townspeople, the deafening of food and the establishment of the world, the mobilization of the people's militia, the development and procedure of supporting the decision Preparation of the robot for the visunennya food for the occasion and for the acceptance of the message, they laid their hearts on the ordering authority, for the happy panіv. The structure of the latter included various and earlier individuals. Chinne ruled by zd_ysnuvalosya mayor, tisyatskiy, prince, elders.
The order in the 15th capital of Novgorod, the order of Pskov and Vyatka, Vlad of Moskvy, grafting to the order of the self-winding system and self-production. Parallel to the strengths of the central apparatus of the Moscow State, the sphere of small-scale self-production was sounding. By the sovereign posoving persons at the places of worship, the bully men, who served their functions according to the system of bathing. The stinks picked up the tributes, sighted the mains, please, tried the court functions, and settled for the rakhun of the local population.
Lower administrative unit Bula volost. By the organ of the hair management of the Bula Volosna Chancery - Skarbnytsya, ocholyuvanna sotskiy abo old
sti. The villagers, who inhabited the volost, were socially ordered with the land, with woods and bows and carried the burden of state taxes and duties. Apart from the ordering functions, the volost office for the participation of representatives of the villagers looked out for the little-important courts. The forms and organization of the muscular self-production right up to the 16th century did not become normatively fixed, and they were based on the motifs and traditions.
At the end of the day, the control system was formed and did not match the administration of centralization of power, in the middle of the 16th century in Ivan IV the system was installed. The replacement of natives and volostels in the provinces of the bulo is based on the labial and zemske samovryvannya. Lip management, on the thought of V.O. Klyuchevsky, was a system of law-enforcement agencies, which they called the labyrinth huts. Ocholyuvali їkh viborns from serving people in old age, in order of which there were picking from the number of tractors and people tsіluvalniki. Earlier, the elders were ordered by social, five-syat and foremen. The stench was vibrated in hundreds, fifty and tens. They were also vibrated on police boxes, left in their own room for a number of courtyards in the provincial district. Under the jurisdiction of the labial administration, there was a realization of criminal and criminal policy.
Pomishchitskogo zemlevolodinnya in the provinces did not build, and also it did not build in the volosts. As a result, the townspeople, the palace peasants, the black-haired peasants got the right to choose “loving heads”, so that the elders і “ killing people"- Tsiluvalniks and Zemsky Courts. In their own virtue, the stinks have relied on the viborns of the villagers' communities - hundreds, ten, fifties.
At the seventeenth century, lip self-assembly and self-assembly are replaced by the military commander. Tse skasuvalo organi m_stsevogo samovryaduvannya. Chastkovo tsei pere_s buv compensation
Petrenko N.I.
EVOLUTION OF ORGANIVES OF THE MISTSEVOE SAMOVRYADUVANNYA IN THE RUSSIAN ІМПЕРІЇ
introduced into the scope of public administration of the new forms of noble self-discipline. So, in a number of turns, noblemen's pleasures were formed during the voivod with a viborn path. With them, bring the goiters'yazanі bully pogodzhuvati okremі your dії.
Cardinal reimagination of the municipal service by Petro Perchim. The land was distributed in the provinces, distributed in the provinces. Provinces were made for the district. At the top of the provinces, governors were held, as they were appointed tsar. The stench of the civil management, the command of all the people who were housed in the territory of the province, the police and court functions. In the capacity of the pre-revolutionary, collegial organ under the governors, with the help of the vibors of the Muscovite noblemen, 8 - 12 individuals were formed by landrates in a warehouse. Provinces were run by the provinces. Zemstvo commissars were in attendance at a number of districts. Zemstvo commissars were in the order of the zemsk chamberlains.
In 1723-1724, the boules' rock was established by the magistrates, in Moscow - the Burmister chamber. The burghers entered the chamber. The stench was vibrated on vibrating zbora. In the first places of the land, zemstvo huts were grounded with viborny stevedores, who were transferred to the order of the town hall, and not the commander.
The new organization of the local self-assembly boiled down to the collection of taxes, they took a look at the police, and took up the social sphere. Zokrema took up the development of national education.
The most important thing in the plan for the improvement of the municipal service was that Katerina II adopted on April 21, 1785, the Certificate of Rights and Leadership of the Russian Empire. In the capacity of a special legal sub'єkta in the document, there is a “suspension of the city” in the capacity of the union of local residents, independent of the country’s belonging. Myskiy Vlady was punished to accompany the oblik of townspeople, who were sponsored in the Myskiy upholstery books, designated for these special purposes. Inhabitants of the places in fallowness due to prosperity and belonging to the country were divided into a number of distributions.
The Zagalna Duma was looking for three rocks. Vona was enchanted with a mischievous head. Voices from the skin discharge are small only one voice when voted.
The Zagalna Duma formed its own storehouse of a six-voice Duma, before the storehouse which included the head and the multitude of voices - one each from the skin of the "Gradsky suspension". The six-headed Duma was a viconious organ at the Duma, which also saw a number of nourishing dumas. Riznytsya licked in the fact that the rest was taken to look more folding food, And the persha is for keeping current references.
At the State of 1785, the third organ, which is called the title of the "Gradsky suspension", was established.
In the provinces, the implementation of the system of organs of the muscular self-dressing has not gone far into the general public. All the townspeople were set up, small picks were also set up for the sake of (representatives of the small groups) .
The rule of Paul I was marked by the further empowerment of the centralization of power. Representative organizations of self-production in places of interest were special children Provincial Administrative Office on Mystsyakh - Ratgauzi
vibornous bull.
Large-scale reforms of the other half of the 19th century social relations they catalyzed the process of establishing fundamentally new organs of the international management. Oleksandr, another of the first in 1864, signed the Regulations about the provincial and povovyh zemstvo installations, and the sixteenth worm of 1870 - the place of the camp. The reform has been applied to the improvement of the independence of the local communities and the consolidation of the strength of the population's faiths for the creation of a new establishment from the life of the population. Zemstvo samovryaduvannya bulo is conceived as isolated from the state publicly correct, deprived of being taken care of and being transformed in the interconnected boundaries by state bodies and by the possessed persons.
Provisions about provincial and local zemstvo installations transferred sub-groups of rural residents to three children (landowners, local residents and villagers) for the collection of rural communities.
The Zemske Zybrannya and the Zemska Administration was included in the Zemsky Establishment. The zemstvo was formed from the zemsky vowels, as well as the members of the posadoy (the obov'yazkova possessed the head of the state lane, then the deputy from the spiritual domination, then the mischievous head of the county town, and then the representatives of the poets followed). Zbori went to the session. Call the session triva ten days.
Zemski set the boules of the stems on the provincial and povitovy ravny, ale the stench did not fill the volost, in the big world there was a lot of regulation.
By the organs of the Mysky samovryvannya buli, mіskі viborchі zbori, mіskі dumi and mіskі governors. Ocholyuv all tsі organi the mischievous head.
For the rule Oleksandra III will accept the new edition of the Regulations about the provincial and occasional zemstvo establishments from the 12th worm of 1890 to the 11th worm of 1892 to the rule of law, to which the legal status of the microbial organs of self-production has been introduced. Vona hung in the power of sovereign control over the zemstvos, giving the status of an important Lanka to the sovereign apparatus, increasing the representation of nobles in them. For example, only the nobles denied the right to participate in the election of the first time.
Writing a lute revolution Timchasov's uryad destroyed Chergov and tried to reform the system of self-government bodies. Planning to fall asleep zemstvo organizations in the volosts and on the outskirts of the cities of the rural thought and government. The events of 1917 brought about the collapse of the Russian empire and led to the elimination of the system of local and local self-government bodies.
The article was revised by the Antiplagiat program. Originality 81.76%.
List of literature:
1.Uroshkin N.P. History sovereign institutions pre-revolutionary Russia. M .: Vishcha school, 1983.S. 34
2. Isaev I. A. History of the State and the Law of Russia. M .: MAUP, 2005.S. 96
3. Institution of self-regulation: history and law of history. M., 1995.S. 152
4. Kishchenko OA Problems and perspectives of development of micro-self-priming in Russia // Problems of re-implementation and regulation of social and economic systems. SPb., 2007.S. 141
5. Klyuchevsky V.O. Create: In 9 volumes. Vol. 2. The course of Russian history. Part 2. M., 1987.S. 51
6. Komkova G. M., Krokhina Yu. A., Novoseliv V. І. State Vlada and Musical Self-Dissection in the Russian Federation. M., 2004.S. 119
7. Kutafin, O. Є. Municipal law of the Russian Federation. M .: MAUP, 2008.S. 159
8. Limonov A. M. Misceve samovryaduvannya in the Russian Federation. - M .: YuІ MVS RF, 2008.S. 183
9. Mokriy V.S. About the development of micro-self-assembly in the Russian Federation and the supply of the third legislative regulation // State Vlada and micro-self-assembly. 2007.S. 148.
10. Presnyakov A.E. Princely law in Old Russia... Lectures from the Russian history. M., 1993.
11.PSZ-3. T. X. Vid. 1. # 6927; t. XII. N 8708.
The development of the micro-self-assembly in pre-revolutionary Russia was given by the mailings of the Zemsk (1864) and Mis'ka (1870) reforms of Oleksandr II, the latter meta - decentralization of management and development of the soil of the Russian self-assembly in Russia. According to the Regulations about provincial and occasional zemstvo establishments in provinces and provinces, zemsky organizations were established: viborn zemsky zbori (provincial, povitov) and acquired them from the provinces of zemstvo administrations. Zemske viborche the right to be interconnected by the main qualification; vibori will be on the back of the ear.
On the basis of the zemstvo vowels, it is possible to collect: a) by landowners; b) local partnerships; c) Silsky masses. Vibori was carried out separately on three vibrating z'yzda. At the same time, the villagers' vibors were not straightforward: the voices were robbed of the villages of the viborniye of the Silk partnerships. Among the vibrating z'yzda, the following did not take place: a) individuals younger than 25 years; b) individuals who are perebuyut under criminal proceedings or court; c) individuals who have been taken over by the court of a huge virok; d) Innocents, who did not swear allegiance to Russia, could not be selected in the voices of the governor, vice-governor, members of the provincial government, provincial and new prosecutors and cooks, and the work of the police.
The provincial zemskі zbori was formed from the voice, which was picked up by the random zemstvo fences from its own warehouse. The voices were based on three rocks, in terms of which they are recognized as the Ministry of Internal Reference. There was no service for the wagoner. Assigned to the zm_st of heads and members of the zemstvo councils lay in the zemstvo zibrannya. Zemstvo organs of samovryaduvannya were entrusted to the zemstvo zavidvannya zavidvannya mіtsevym gospodarstymi right, zokrema: 1) zavіduvannya lane, capitals and pennies zbora zemstvo; 2) the power to lay down the zemstvos of the budіvels, which are the way and the way of getting them, as they go to the zemstvos; 3) come in to secure the national food; 4) zavіduvannya zemstvo good fortune; pinning up the wickedness; pіkluvannya about the motivation of the church; 5) a meeting about the development of international trade and industry; 6) participation in the education about people's education, health protection; 7) vikonannya to the zemstvo for the needs of the vіyskogo і civil administration; the fate on the right about the service duties; 8) the distribution of quiet sovereign penny fines, distributed in the provinces and in the provinces, laid down on the land; 9) recognition, distribution, tightening and vitraction, on the submission of the Statute on Zemstvo Obligations, Labor Fees for the satisfaction of Zemstvo demands and in.
Zemstvo establish the right, on the submission of the out-of-town civil laws, nabuvati and see the ruhome and the nerve of the land, lay down the agreement, accept the crops, appear in the role of the positive and the right in the courts of the land on the land.
The organization of the Moscow self-assembly began in 1870, and was based on the same principles as the local self-assembly. Bullets open the organization of the Moscow self-assembly: the city council and the city council.
Zemsky and mischievous organizations of self-production did not undergo any ordering, but they didn’t go through their own scent, under the control of the uryadovy bureaucracy in the individual ministry of internal provincial authorities. At the borders of their own, more important zemsky and miscellaneous organizations of self-production, boules of self-sufficiency. In such a rank, there were two systems of management on the machines: 1) state management; 2) zemske, miske samovryaduvannya.
Under Oleksandr III Bully, reforms were carried out, and some of them were put down to some shortcomings, as the practice of Zemsky and Mysky samovryvannya appeared: the distinction of Zemsky establishments as uryadovyh. As a result, in the zemstvos there was an increase in the value of the stanchion ear (the role of the nobility was strengthened, the villagers were given the right to rob the public, the remainder were appointed governor from the number of candidates who were recruited by the villagers). Organizations of samovryaduvannya practiced the control of uryadovts.
The system of Zemsky and Misky samovryvannya, which was based on the new Regulations of 1890 and 1892, included such structural elements.
The provincial zemskі zbori took shape, under the head of the provincial leader of the nobility (as if the tsar did not recognize the person with his head), from the voice. The number of individuals ranged from 29 to 62 individuals. In addition, before the warehouse of the provincial zemstvo zybrannya were included individuals who stayed with the new owner (povitovy vatazhki of the nobility, the monarchy cheruyuchiy sovereign mine and in.). The provincial zemskiy zbori cling once to the rik, not to the breast, to the session, as it was not guilty for more than 20 days, but the governor might continue to live on the term of the necessary needs. Win also gave a call for the conduct of supervised zborivs, on which, however, they were able to negotiate the deprivation of the food, as they were ordered in the requests.
The provincial zemstvo administration was built up from the heads and two, Chleniv (the number of the remaining ones could have been increased by the permission of the minister of internal rights to six), which were scouted by the provincial zemstvo zybrannyam. At the same time, the recruits could be not only the voices of the Zemsky zboriv, ale and all the individuals, who may have the right to participate in the Zemsky vibrating fences, that is, who are the active vibrating right in the provinces of the Zemsky zbori. With the head of the governor, I will be deprived of that one, who will have the right to enter the sovereign service, so that the rule is only a nobleman, or a person with a vision of sanctuary.
Zemstvo selection of the povit was formed from zemsky vowels, as well as members of the posadoy (the head of the governor of the sovereign lane, the head of the povitovy town and in.). Vono was picking up the choroku for the session did not get worse. The session took ten days. Governor міг prodovzhiti tsei termіn. Golovuvav on the provincial zemstvo selected the leader of the nobility. Povitova zemska administration. The way to find a local government administration of the same province. For the shedding of their functions, the Zemstvo authorities were given the right to impose pennies on the population, as well as to introduce natural obligations in some cases.
The Miska Duma was also the head of the Municipal Council and the Deputy of the Spiritual Council. The viconavchy body of the micro-self-priming bullet was the city administration, before the warehouse, which included two to six members (in fallowness from the size of the place). Golovuvav the head of the Miskiy government The term is more important for the local organs of self-production on the vidmina of the zemskiy ones, which turn into three rock, becoming chotiri rock. The Miska Duma is given no less than 24 hours to hold out the blame until Miska.
Organism of the local self-preparation: they were satisfied with the satisfaction of the needs of the population, the vision of obov'yazkovyh for the inhabitants of the world regulations on anti-fire, sanitary food and nutrition. Mis'kі dumi could set up the zbori: from the unkempt lane (not more than 1% of the rate or one tenth of the arrival); from promislovichnykh certificates; from the pledges of the tavern industry and in.
Uryadova administration in the person of the governor zdіysnyuvala watched the zemsky and mіskim samovryadvannyam. The governor has passed on the council members and presented the heads of the provincial zemsky councils and the heads of the provincial and regional municipalities at the approved ministries. Zemsky and mischievous governing bodies for the representatives of self-government bodies: zemsky fences and municipal councils. At the same time, the governor has the right to conduct a revision of the administration and all the subordinate orders and the installation and explanation of the drive of the quiet damage. The governor was given the right to take the skargi on the administration.
Viborns individuals who take a plant in the collegiate organs of the Zemsky and Miskiy samovryadvannya, vvazhali scho perebuyut on state services. The heads of those members of the Zemsky councils, the heads of those members of the local councils could be given to disciplinary constrictions.
On the rural parish, near the village of Sylk, there were organizations of the village samovryaduvannya. By the organs of the Silskoy community, the Bully Silsky Gathering and the Silsky Elder. The Silskoy’s performance was immediately taken to the family members that in. In addition, at the gathering, the planting individuals were selected (the Silsky headman, the pick of the tribute, the waiters of the grocery stores, the Silk clerk, etc.) Silske suspension was built by the gospodarskoy odinitsa. The volost was an administrative unit. The territory of the parish was built up from the lands of one or the same decilkoh agricultural partnerships. At the volosts, in the middle 20 yew. Cholovik. On the hairline manager there was a turbot about the duties assigned to the peasants, watching over the Silk townspeople and the help of the local police. Bodies of the hair management of the boule: hair gathering, volost, hair foreman, hair clerk, as well as social workers, foremen and deyaki and posadov individuals. I’ll look out for the authorities behind the village’s installations. The regulation about the zemstvo chiefs was introduced in 1889. The peculiarity of their legal status was due to the fact that they smelled like courts and administrative organizations.
For the first few days of its discovery
Organizational samovryvannya, or put їх під own control.
Postupovo For the sake of the deputies, they took part in the meetings of the Zemsky and Misky Organizations
samovryvannya. The Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1918 r established the principle of unity
I am glad that the authorities of the sovereign power are in strict order
the lower organs of the lower organs.
Over the last few hours, one of the main principles of organizing and doing business
All Lankans I am glad for the principle of democratic centralism. tsey
the principle of buv pokladeniya in the basis of combining all glad in one system.
The principle of democratic centralism is adopted in the constitutions of Radiansky
period, and in laws that regulate the organization of
Lanok I'm glad. Tse Law on settlements, Silski councils of people's deputies
Russian Federation (1968); The law on the Misky, the district at the Misti Radi Narodnykh
deputies of the Russian Federation (1971); The law about the regional, regional radio of the people
deputies (1980).
In the whole month of self-preparation, it began to look like an institute,
the powers that be are bourgeois democracy. Tilki on the cob of the 60s, pp.
XX Art. Step by step, the news about Mistsevo began to develop
territorial self-production. I know the problem of the legal status of the
Authorities of Vladi Bula were given in the period of preparation and discussion of the project
Constitution of the CPSR 1977 r Pidsumkom became consolidated in the Constitution of the
about the presence in the Radiansky Union of the systems of international organs of state power,
in a principled plan not to be seen before
constitutional provision.
A new stage in the development of a self-dressing self-dressing bouv of dressings with priyattyam 9
April 1990 to the Law of the USSR "
samovryduvannya in the Ukrainian PCR. "Dani Zakoni played a singing role in
the development of the micro-samovarduvannya. However, protistoyannya representatives
organ (Rad) and vikonavchy organs, singing confrontation
organs of state power and masses of organs - tse in the bag called to
I am glad to the release of the Muscovites. Zhovtni 1993 rock within the framework of the establishment of the crisis of power
in the Russian Federation, the Regulations on the basis of organizing
micro-sampling in the Russian Federation for the period of the
constitutional reforms, approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian
According to this Regulation:
1) organs of self-priming in places, villages, villages
settlements of buli viborni and іnshі organi
samovryaduvannya - zbori representatives, the head of the monetary samovryduvannya.
On territories, which include a small number of small towns and villages,
for the special solutions of the organs of the muscular self-priming of the microscope
Single organ of the muscular self-priming of all territories;
2) in towns and villages with populations up to 5 thousand. Cholovik Mistseve
self-priming could exist without the need for populations through
Zbori, go and vibrate the head of the
periodically call before the gathering, gathering. In the main populations
points (places, towns, villages, etc.) were transferred
stem of representative collegial organs of the muscular self-production
the head of the self-priming machine.
Near the towns and villages of the population, 50 thousand ____ u1074 c. Lyudin's head
administrative office being appointed as the head of the administrative territory, region, city
federal significance, autonomous region, autonomous okrug abo
robbing the populations;
3) viborny representative organ of muscular self-priming pracyuvav, yak
as a rule, on an unstable basis and clicking on his own
as the head of the Musical Self-Regeneration. With a great decision
the vibrational representative body was signed by the head of the
samovryvannya.
Prior to the competence of the vibrational representative body of the muscular self-priming
included: the consolidation of the monthly budget and the sound about the
the establishment of monetary taxes and payments (for payments and weather
the head of the self-regulating machine), hardened by the program development
territory, acceptance of the provision (statute) about the self-righteousness,
zd_ysnennya control over the performance of the head of the self-assembly;
4) the competence of the head of the micro-self-production included: management
by the municipal government, ordained by the main and
municipal government, marketing budget, securing
vison, as well as vison of the most victorious
functions. Moreover, the function is the head of the self-brewing machine.
bezposeredno or through the organis established by them;
6) the organisation of self-priming was overpowered by the right of self-reliance
to start the structure of the self-assembly.
On the basis of the development of the micro-self-regulating process, it became accepted
Constitution of the Russian Federation 1993 rock, which was brought to the foundations
the constitutional mode of such a position, like the
self-discipline to the forms of the people, the guarantee of the
self-priming, the manifestation of the muscular self-priming of the authorities is more important,
organizational separation of organs of muscular self-priming from organs
sovereign power, lack of municipal power, in that
number on the ground.
12 Mistseve samovryvannya-complex and versatile phenomenon,
regulations of the Constitution of the Russian Federation 1993 r Vono vistupa not only yak alone
from the foundations of the constitutional harmony of the Russian Federation and the form
folklore, and yak is a type of social management, form
Decentralization of power and self-organization of local residents,
the community of people for independent solutions of nutrition of the
meaning, form of public authority, interaction with
sovereign dominion.
The problematic of micro-self-priming is given by a number of those who have
nutrition of constitutional and legal development of modern Russia, including
numbers: more importantly between the Russian Federation,
regions of Ukraine and municipal institutions;
the territorial organization of the micro-self-production; municipal
more important nutritional value; status of bodies and
posovyh features of the miscellaneous samovryduvannya; municipal
moisture; financial finances.
The decision of the federal legislation is actually
means the designation of the mice of self-assembly in the sovereign
mechanisms of the Russian Federation.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation, and following it the Federal Law “On the
so start to become one of the basics
constitutional harmony of the Russian Federation, to be recognized,
guarantee and stay in the entire territory of the Russian Federation.
Mistseve samovryadvannya in the Russian Federation - a form of creation by the people of their own
vlady, yak will be taken care of in the boundaries established by the Constitution
RF, with the help of federal laws,
federal laws
its own specificity of solution to populations without an average and
through the organ of the muscular self-regulating power supply of the muscular value
visit from the interests of the population with the urahuvannya of the historical and the most popular
tradition.
Mistsev self-dressing in tsiy quality is logically connected with us
Russia is a democratic and legal power (part 1 of article 1
Constitution of the Russian Federation). The Constitution of the Russian Federation informs about the reasonableness of the value
samovryadvannya, scho will provide the people with good health
own power (part 2 of article 3 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation), the implementation of the rights of
the fate of the right-ruled power (part 1 of article 32) and a number of
basic rights (Articles 24, 33, 40, 41, 43),
the spirit of the giants of the mother,
power (part 2 of article 8; part 2 of article 9), I will change my mind before
Announcement of the administration, people and states, changes of the federation yak
whole, service in the form of a national food service.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation guarantees the organization of the independence of the
self-regulation, its organs in the system of management of the suspension and the state. V
Approved to the station. 12 self-priming organisms do not enter the system
organs of sovereign power. Besides, I’ll get up,
samovryaduvannya in their borders more importantly independently,
seeing a special sphere of mussel food in the organisms of the mussel
self-directed work independently and forward to the front before
their populations.
Approved to the station. 16 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the provision of Art. 3 and 12, we guarantee
miscellaneous self-discipline, you can’t change your order,
established by the Constitution itself. Niyakі іnshі constitutional norms are not
We can super-read the provisions about the self-discipline mintsev, we will fix it in
The spaciousness of the freeze-up self-priming є the whole territory
RF. Municipal education is available with urahuvannya I will arrange a federal
powers, hunt the entire territory of the federal sub-units,
The territory is characterized by a low population density.
Zgіdno st. 3 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation in support of sovereignty and single dzherel
rule in the Russian Federation є її a wealthy people,
vlada bezposedno (tobto the referendum, vibors), as well as through the organ
sovereign power and organisation of self-discipline. In such a rank, m_stseve
samovryaduvannya - one of the forms of realization by the people of the proper power.
- transferred by federal laws vimogi (umovi), which vis-à-vis nature
self-discipline, its role in the system of peoples' leadership, presentation and order
Formation and performance of organs of micro-self-priming, legal mechanisms and
guarantee of the realization of the rights of the hucksters at the self-righteous meeting. Such є:
Guarantee of the self-regulating device, its independence in the world of nutrition
miscellaneous value; development of organizational forms; visibility from systems and organs
sovereign power; vidpovidality of organs of muscular self-priming in front of the population;
їх vibration, visibility, publicity; state control of the self-regulating device that
See the offensive principle:
1) the principle of self-sustainability of the muscular self-regulation in the boundaries of the second is more important -
textually consolidated in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. It expands on all bases of the muscular
self-regulation and manifestation as a legal, organizational, economic and financial
self-reliance at the top of the nutritional value;
2) the formation of representative democracy with the forms of direct will of the people of the community
(Turn into the organic sound and the interconnection of the
self-righteousness by the hulks of the referendum, vibrations,
volition);
3) inconsistency of one municipal education with the other municipal
establishment in the boundaries of their competence;
4) the binding of the visibility of the representative body of the muscular self-priming in
to the municipal education for good health
5) the priority role of the representative organs of the muscular self-production in the systems of organs
self-priming (the role of
to adhere to the will of the entire population of the municipal
the nature and the state of mind);
6) publicity of performance on the health of the miniature self-assembly;
7) securing by the authorities of state power for the ministry
city budgets;
8) the guarantee by the state of the minimum state social standards for
Satisfaction with the basic living needs of the population,
before the introduction of municipal institutions;
9) state guarantees and support of the micro-self-assembly;
10) the principle of subsidiarity, interrelationship and communication of organs of the muscular
self-righteousness with the organs of state power in the safe living
the population is ruined on one of the dzherela of the land, on one of the many
і functions, in the interchange of prominence for the pursuit and protection of the rights and freedoms of the people і
a huge man, for the head of the minds, who will take care of every day's life and great development
people.
In foreign lands, the principle of self-discipline is not overtaken by itself
dogma і to achieve mobile change in succession to the development of the suspension і of the state.
The tendencies for the development of modern principles of micro-self-production in foreign
models of micro-self-mixing and universalization of the principles of micro-self-mixing on
bases of international legal acts.
According to the functions of the micro-self-priming self-priming process, the basic principles of the municipal
dіyalnosti. Functions of micro-self-priming amalgamation with nature, micro-control in the system
people, zavdannyi and goals, for the achievement of those who are
dіyalnіst.
Mistsev self-styling, put together one of the foundations of any democratic harmony, being
bend the power to the people, I will take care of the control to the hulks. stverjuyuchi
the democratic ambush of the organization and the power of the government on the mountain ryvn,
municultural self-righteousness is the basis of the people.
Based on the principles of democracy and decentralization of power, volodiyucha self-reliance
at the top of all food of the nutritive value,
optimal knowledge of local and national interests, the most effective
implementation of social and economic potential of self-righteous territorial
The functions of the micro-self-priming process are based on the singing style and stability,
more in them to manifest themselves permanently, directly injected into the population, organs
self-priming on the municipal side of the blue with the most effective
Virіshennya nutritional value. At your own smell, show the possibilities and
the efficiency of the system of micro-self-priming, characterizing the social
self-priming and healing process.
In order to improve the role of the muscular self-dressing in the organization and health of the people, the building,
development in the process of municipal activity, and more importantly of the micro self-priming
you can see the next basic functions:
1) securing the participation of the population in the first place in the world;
2) management of the municipal authority, financial resources of the
samovryadvannya;
3) provision of comprehensive development of the territory of municipal education;
4) ensuring the satisfaction of the needs of the population in social and cultural areas,
community service and important servants of life;
5) protection of the community order;
6) the representative and the owner of the interests and rights of the micro-self-dressing, guaranteed
Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws.
Mistseve self-righteousness poklikane self-determination populations
Municipal education of nutritional value.
To this, an important side of the municipal activity is guilty of being the head of the minds for
the effective participation of the hucksters in the health of the mice self-production.
To the tsikh of the minds of the persh for everything to be mentioned:
1) the appearance of viborn organs of the muscular self-priming;
2) viceroy in the municipal activity and direct democracy institutes;
3) the material and financial basis for the provision of nutritional value.
Municipal right to establish legal guarantees for the participation of the population in health
municipal activity.
Approved to the station. 3 The law on the principle of organizing the organization of micro-self-production
hunters may have the right to the health of the miniature self-assembly yak
bezposeredno, so and through their representatives directly from the stati, races,
nationality, movi, walk, main and posovogo camp,
being brought to religion, perekonan, nesting to the huge ob'єdnan.
the principle of the territorial organization of the MC - the whole of the legislation establishing the provisions
and vimogi, for example, the procedure for approval begins.
re-implementation of municipal institutions (MO), warehouse of the territory of MO, as well as the order itself
the establishment and change between. (The current principle of the territorial organization of the MS in
Generally, start at the federal level)
3 principle
1. The order of the establishment and re-implementation of the MO
2. The procedure for the establishment and change between the MO
3. Warehouse of the territory of the Moscow region
Mistseve samovryadvannya visit on all territory of the Russian Federation in miskih, silskih
settlements, municipal districts, municipal districts and internal territories
mіst of federal significance
Reception of the settlement and territorial principles in the formation of MO
Dvorіvneva territorial organization of MS in the boundaries municipal district
The fate of the population in accepted solutions
Population size when approved silskogo settlement
Amendment to the laws of the sub'єktiv of the Federation of the Ministry of Defense of the status of the Moscow region,
silsky settlement, municipal district, municipal district, internal municipal district
The territory of the Federation of the Federation is divided between settlements.
Establishment between the Silsky settlement (before the warehouse, where two or more
settlements) as well as the municipal district, as a rule of thumb
(Transport) accessibility
The scope of the territory of the Moscow region
Vrahuvannya dumki of the population during the release of food about the establishment and change between the MO
The clash of historical, religious traditions, the need for the development of minds for the revision
on-line power supply of the mass value of the development of MO
The establishment of that change between the Ministry of Defense by the laws of the Federation
Safeguarding the steel and complex development of the territory of the Moscow Region by means of an effective
Virіshennya nutrition of the meaning, the stem of friendly minds
life of the population
A cliff of historical and cultural traditions, at the designated warehouse of the territory of the Moscow region,
the establishment of this border
O. Chinguzov
In 1861, the need to carry out the first bourgeois reforms in the administration of justice, the court, education, finance, and the government's authority was imperative. Smells mali on the metі of pristosuvati autocratic political mode of Russia to the consumption of capitalistic development, the protection of the class, nobility-pompouschitsku day.
Reforms, carried out in 1863-1874, were rewritten by the male meta. The bourgeois reforms of the whole period are characterized by incompleteness, imperfection and university. Far from everything, which was projected in the atmosphere of a suspension-democratic attire, won the year its adherence to the general laws.
One of such reforms was established by the establishment, which are guilty of the boule, taking care of the local law. The Zemstvo reform is not enough to ease the ruh in the land, to win over to its side a part of the "liberal suspension", to change its social support - the nobility.
In the birch forest in 1859, under the Ministry of Internal Affairs for the heads of N.A. Milyutina was set up for the development of the law "On the state-government-led management in the state". Already in advance, it was reported that the news of the organization of the world management did not go beyond the purely state-owned food of the world value. In April 1860, the rock Milutin presented Oleksandr II with a note about the "time rules" of the city management, as being based on the principle of vibrancy and meaninglessness. At the quarter of 1861 r under the grip of reactionary courtiers N.A. Мілутіна и міністра internal reference S.S. Lanskoy yak "liberal" sounded at the exhibition.
New Ministry of Internal Affairs P.A. Valuiv, the signs of the same and the head of the committee for the preparation of the reform of the society self-discipline, based on their conservative views, protest in the minds of the revolutionary movement in the country, they do not care about the principles of earthly reform. If the vibration system in the Zemsky project was changed, install it, as it surrounded the representatives of the main mass of the population of the country - the peasantry, which was called the representative of the robots and the remnants and gave the landlords a great experience.
On the way of a democratic-democratic movement in the land (the nebula of the growth of peasant warriors, the strengthening of the revolutionary movement in Poland and Finland, student education, the growth of constitutional houses of the nobility), the mind of the early self-rule Valuєvu bulo otrimano pidgotuvati project "Establish a new state for the sake of". Behind this project, it was announced that the State Radio was informed about the representatives of the provincial zemstvos and ministries for the advance negotiation of laws before those introduced to the State for the sake of the State. If the revolution has been revived, the autocracy has taken on its own mind to allow “representatives of the population to participate in the legislation” and have been interrupted by the reform of local government.
In the birch of 1863, the buto was revised the project "Provision of provincial and povovyh zemstvo establishments", which was sent to the State Council on the 1st of 1864, was approved by Oleksandr II and rendered the force of the law. The whole law in the Russian suspension of the bureau of acceptance is ambiguous. Axis scho writing vidomy huge dyach A.I. Koshelev in his notes: “Bagato will be unhappy with the regulations”, “They knew that a number of Zemsky institutions and rights were presented to the Zemstvo, and then they were surrounded. Inshі, and in that number I, brought, that at the first time, quite enough of what they gave us; then we are going to take care of the rostrum and the cries of this little one, which is meted out by the viconos, our liaison is summarily in the wake, then the suspension, come by itself. "
Zgіdno іf the law of zemstyuvanі zemskі established were laid out from the ordering bodies - the occasional and provincial zboriv zboriv, and the viconavchy - the occasional and provincial zemsky councils. Tі and іnshі were found in a three-ric term. The members of the zemskiy zborivs were called golosniy (they had the right to vote). The number of recurrent vowels in different situations ranged from 10 to 96, and the provincial ones - from 15 to 100. Vibori in the provinces of the Zemsky Zbori were carried out on three vibor z'yzda (in chickens). The efforts of the vibors were divided into three groups: 1) general landowners 2) local vibors and 3) vibors from the rural partnerships. Pershuyu included all landowners who were not less than 200 dessiatines of land, individuals who could not afford to spend 15 thousand rubles for a sum of 15 thousand rubles, and also the trust of the clergy of landowners, who were less than 200 dessiatines of land. Tsiu kurіya was represented mainly by landowners-nobles and partly by the great commercial and industrial bourgeoisie. Merchants of all three guilds, the owners of trade and industrial pledges in places of income ponad 6 thousand rubles, and also the owners of the mishnicky lane are not less than 500 rubles in other and 2 thousand rubles in great places. Tsya kuriya Bula is represented by the head rank of the great Moscow bourgeoisie, as well as by the noblemen-masters of the local real estate.
The third kurіya was made up of representatives of the Silsky communities, the chief rank of the villagers. However, at the same time, both the religious nobles and the clergy - also the representatives of the "Silskoye comradeships", could have been balotuvaty. As soon as the first two chickens were vibrated, they were straight, then on the third, they were full of steps: a handful of the Silsky descent vibrated the representatives to the hair descent, on which the vibrators were vibrated, and then the vibrators were also picked up the vowels in the winter. The baggage accessibility of vibrations in the third course is small, to hold in the zemstvos the most possible and "good" publics from the peasants and the self-indulgence of the Silks' meetings with the choice of representatives in the zemstvo from the middle. It is important to note that, according to the first, the landowners were plundered by the same number of voices in the zemstvos, as well as in two, which became overwhelmed by the station in the zemstvos of the nobility. The axis of the dania about the social warehouse of the zemstvo was established for the first time of the trinity and the beginning (1865-1867 rr.). In the provincial zemsky zbora, the nobility was 42%, the villagers - 38%, the merchants - 10%, the clergy - 6.5%, the inshy - 3%. There was still a greater number of nobles in the provincial zemstvo councils: noblemen became 89.5%, villagers - only 1.5%, and 9%.
Representatives of the provincial і provincial zborіv zborіv bully povitovy and provincial vatazhki nobility. The heads of the administrations were plundered at the zemsky fences, with the head of the county council of the land they became the governor, and the provincial administration - the minister of internal right. The voices of the zemskiy zborіv echoed in a choric manner at the session for the viewing of the rіchіtіv of the viconau authorities, for the consolidation of the plan of the zemsk state government, for the incomes and vitrates. The voices of the zemstvos of the zhodnoy wine city for service in the zemstvos were not denied. Zemstvo administrations were ongoing. Members of the councils trimmed the singing fee. In addition, the zemstvos denied the right to use their own paid (for hiring) zemstvos, viewers, statisticians and other zemstvo services (which became the third element in zemstvos). Zemstvo zboris were taken from the population at the utrimania of the Zemsky. The zemstvo took away the right to take a special fence to get from trade and industrial pledges, ruhomich and unruffy mines. At the practical level, the main taxes of the zemsk zborivs were laid on the peasantry (for the tithe of the peasant lands, the zemsk zbir became 11.5 kopecks, and for the tithe of the inshikh-5.3 kopecks). The main vitrati of the zemstvos (80-85%) were sent to the local authorities and police; 8% were spent on medicine and 5% on national education.
Zemstvos have been relieved of some bi-that is not a lot of political functions. The sphere of activity of the zemstvos was interconnected by the state-sponsored meals of the local significance. At the time of the zemstvos, there was a focus and insurance of the masses of the masses, the zems' service, the zemstvo schools, licenses, wealth and prisons, the "education" about the food trade and veterinary services, the future service of the church, Budinks for the Divine. In the meantime, the vikonannya zemstvos of the municipal government-administrative functions looked by the district itself not as a rule, but as a binding of the zemstvos: earlier, the administration was occupied by the administration, now the turbot is about the monastic lands on the right. The members of that zemstvo service got involved before the ship's release, as the stench went beyond their competence.
However, in the boundaries of their competence, the zemstvos intervened under the control of the city and central government - the ubernator and the ministry of internal rights, as they did not have the right to endorse, whether by decree of the zemstvo, having vis-à-vis “contrary to the laws” of foreign powers. Bagato s decisions of zemskiy zboriv could not enter into force without the approval of the governor of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The zemstvos themselves did not neglect the viconau ruling. For vikonannya their decisions (for example, tightening of underpayments for zemstvos, vimoga vikonannya of natural duties, etc.) zemstvos bully zvrtatya for spriyannya to the police, as it did not lie in zemstvos.
According to the provisions of 1 September 1864 about zemstvos, the introduction of zemstvos was transferred in 34 provinces, to about half of the provinces of the land. Zemstvo reform was not extended to Siberia, Arkhangelsk, Astrakhan and Orenburzka provinces, or even more promising landholdings, as well as on the national outskirts of Russia - Poland, Lithuania, the Caucasus, Kazakhstan and the Middle. Alle і in quiet 34 provinces, on which the law of 1864 was extended, the zemstvo was not introduced immediately. Until the ear of 1866, the stink of boules was introduced in 19 provinces, until 1867 it was born at 9, and in 1868-1879 rr. - in the other 6 provinces.
The competence and activity of the zemstvo were more and more intertwined with legislative calls. Already in 1866, a series of circulars and "rose" was issued by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Senate, which gave the governor the right to approve from any zemstvo individual, who was announced by the governor of the "unfortunate earthly services"
In 1867, the fences of the zemstvos of the rural provinces were sent out one by one and made one decision one by one, as well as drukuvati without the permission of the local provincial authorities to call about their fences. The heads of the zemsky harvests of crops were tied up before the threat of a threat to curl up the late harvests, as the food was discussed on them, "as if they did not blame the weather under the law." Circulars and decrees 1868-1874 pp. they put zemstvos in even greater fallowness in the name of the governor, squeezing freedom of debate at the zemsky councils, intervening the publicity and publicity of their dates - they saw zemstvos in view of school coverage.
І all the zemstvos played a great role in the virіshennі mіtsevіh gosudarstvіh and cultural nourishment; in the organization of the municipal household loan by the nobility of the establishment of the village mercy partnerships, in the attachment of the post office, in the road maintenance, in the organization of medical aid in the village, in the public education. Until 1880, 12 thousand zemstvo schools were built. Zemstvo schools were the best. Establish a medical institution in villages, if there are numerous and incomplete conditions (those who were brought up in the middle to 3 per week) were fully approved by the Zemstvo. All the while, it’s going to go ahead at the end of the reforms in an hour, since the number of Sylsk schools is insignificant, and medical assistance is available in the villages. The role of the zemstvos is great in the statistical vivchenny camp of the people's statehood, especially the rural one.
The zemstvos, unaffected by those who smelled the stink of the state's food, nevertheless became a kind of political school, through which passed through a lot of representatives of the liberal and democratic suspicious straightforwardness. In general, the reform can be assessed as a bourgeois by his character.
The development of capitalist changes in the direction of capital law was enhanced by the implementation of that reform. The bourgeoisie fought for the establishment of the non-stop organs of the Moscow administration in order to ensure that they were able to reach the position of the city.
Miske samovryaduvannya was reformed on quiet ambushes and zemske samovryaduvannya. In 1862, in 509 places, there were organized the all-state committee for the development of the maybutnoi reform. In 1864, the project of the new city's position was already ready, and after several glances, and if it was less than 16 hearts, 1870 didn’t, nareshti, having affirmed Oleksandr P.
For the city's position in 1870, Miska Dumy (introduced by Katerina II), which formed from deputies from the camp groups, bully replaced non-stop, members of yak-voices - were robbed of rockets based on mine qualification. The initial number of voices in the range from 30 to 72; in Moscow the number of voices was 180, in Petersburg - 250. The Miska Duma robbed the Miska council, which was put from the Miska's head and two or more members.
All the payers of city taxes took part in the vibrahs of the public - the householders, the governors of the commercial and industrial enterprises, banks and others. , for the other - the middle paysites, they also rallied one third of the taxes, for the third - all of them.
Skin zbori, robbed the third part of the number of voices established for this place. With such a rite, the thought was overwhelmed by them, and they are robbed of the local authorities of the most paid tributes of the city, so that the most (in the scale of this world) bourgeoisie.
Robots, servicemen, intellectuals, who did not pay the local taxes, did not take part in the publics' vibors. So, in 1871 r In Moscow, with a population of 602 thousand people, the right to rob and be taken to a small mind, only 20.6 thousand people, (close to 3.4%), out of which 446 people became the first vibration, 2200 other і 18 thousand units - third.
The competence of the local self-government, as well as of the Zemsky one, is surrounded by the framework of the state-owned food, the welfare of the city, the establishment of the market, the discussion about the international trade in health and the people busy with goodness.
The primus dominion for the submission of their decisions was not small, and the misconceptions were established - the stench of the order was blinded to the eyes of the governor and the minister of internal justice: the little heads of the provincial ministries were solidified in the seats of the ministers - the heads of the ministers. In a word, a miscellaneous samovryaduvannya, like a zemske, did not have an organ of the martyrdom, but deprives it of a separate organ from the food of the métsevoy domination.
Throughout the 70s, a new situation was introduced throughout Russia, with the blame of Poland, Finland (deserving a lot of problems) and only conquered regions of Central Asia.
If they did not introduce zemstvos to the Caucasus, the tsar's uryad placed here in the hands of an official the majesty of the Mistsevo statehood. But, be afraid, the development of trade and industry is not trusting in the time the government is superfluous in the hands of bureaucrats, the rite is in the "Misery of 1870", as well as in the Caucasus. In the Pivnichny Caucasus "State of 1870r." bulo was introduced in all great places, in Transcaucasia - in Tiflis, Baku, Kutais and Erevan; in Gori and Akhaltsikhe, the bulo was introduced in the simplified view. In all other cities and towns of the Transcaucasian region, the state has lost its gift from the local police. For the quiet purposes of attracting the bourgeoisie in the places of the Pivnichny Caucasus, there are many banks, and in Tiflis there is a commercial bank.
Carried out in the life of the law about the self-righteousness of the self-righteousness in the region was borne on its own by the name of the autocratic harmony and the interests of the nobility. On the organization of the self-righteous self-assembly, as well as on the zemstvos, a number of "obovyazkovyh" vitrates have been laid down, a large part of which, by the day, are little paid from the state-owned cities.
The main dzherels of the city's income are the estimated gains from the unstable mine and the tribute to the trade and promises. In Moscow, the end of the 70s, dzherela became 76% of the income to the budget. So, as the critical role in the local self-production was dominated by a greater minority of the great bourgeoisie, then the rest of the reversal of the tyagars of the local tribute to the minority of the people of the population. The assessment of the main and income passed from the previous local self-production, that is, in fact, in the hands of the great bourgeoisie.
By the most important article of the city's vitrats, on the Crimean significant vitrats for the state-owned consumer, bouli vitrati for the well-being of the place: in Moscow, the end of the 70s, for the whole article, 31% of the vitratic budget became close to 31%.
Near the center of the great place, there lived a lot of merchants and manufacturers, boules and bridges and sidewalks, and high street illumination, some and a horse, just like the outskirts of the population, they were drowned in the mud and the sea and the center was helped to grow. In small places of amenities, there was practically no improvement - in all places of 50 provinces of European Russia, vitrati for amenities were on the ear of the 80s, in the middle, close to 15%.
The turbot of the local self-righteousness about the people's education, people's health and the "huge pikluvannya" was not too big: in all places 50 provinces on the ear of the 80s mortgage Vitrachalosis was close to 3 million rubles, on lichens, brothels, poor people, - close to 2.5 million; as a whole, it became close to 13% of the zalny budget.
Unimportant to the interconnection of the reforms of the local self-government, it has become all the great croc forward, the splinters have replaced the coli, feudal, bureaucratic organization of the management of the city by new ones, based on the bourgeois principle of self-government education. chimalu role in the state cultural development of the post-reform place. With tsom in huge rusі The mischief-makers took on their fate poorly, as both merchants and manufacturers were not very much concerned with politics.
In such a rank, with all its half-heartedness, the reform of the self-propelled artillery piece went all the way forward. Situation of city dumas and zemskiy zborіv were published, and they could be heard about them in newspapers. New organizations of self-discipline, both in localities and in villages, based on bourgeois rule, have taken the capitalist development of the country. Ale і organisms of self-priming, as well as organizes of zemsky samovryvannya, bully under the constant control of the tsar's administration. All power in the places yak and before the bull is in the hands of the governors and the second administrators, who are recognized as the possession.
The governor, like in the XVIII century, has a wide range of administrative rights, as well as judicial rights, including the government from any government officials in the province. The governor's office had і vіyskovі garnіzoni. If there are any oversight, the governor of goiters will be able to live all the necessary visits, not to check the commanders and help from the central government. The governor received orders from all the organizations of the Galuzev households, including the number of those who are under the orders and services. Once on three occasions, there was a change in zobov'yazaniyu buv ob'yzhdzhaty pіdvladnuyu territory, viroblyayuyu revіzіy all state bodies, vyavlyayuchi vіlakі wickedness, especially habarnitstvo. In a word, the governor is a monarch in the ministry. The chancellery was entrusted to the governor for the vikonannya of these functions. Under the new bulo, the provincial government was established in the quality of a pre-radioactive organ. Bula was based on the seat of the vice-governor, who was the deputy of the governor and at once, having chased the Kazenna chamber, the body of the financial management.
The governor of control and activity of new bodies of the city administration: presence in the village right, near the right of the city and zemsky samovryaduvannya, factory inspections and inspectorates. Klyuchovyi became a posad of the reference book.
14 serpnya 1881 to get started Razporozhennya about come before the interconnection of the sovereign order and the great calm. In fact, the repressive authorities were given more importance.
In 1882, a special law about police visualization was adopted, meaningfully driving the system of cich calls.
The liberal period in the development of Russian statehood ended, the era of counterreforms began.
The stench reigned in the fate of the rule of Oleksandr III and the bullet with a fair reaction and the introduction of reforms 60-70 pp. Counterreforms started working on the land and on the reform agenda. On the right here in the offensive. The introduction of the zemstvos helped the inflow of the bourgeoisie and actively weakened the positions of the nobility. In a number of provinces, there was a "shortage" of voices from the nobility through the rapid number of noble landowners. In the industrial provinces, the representatives of the nobles in the zemstvos were speeding up for the rakhunka to make the trade and industrial bourgeoisie and the new landowners from the merchants and the rich villagers.
A series of bouts of sturbing with opposing attitudes and constitutional vimogs of the zemsky deeds. These moods especially appeared in liberal opposition to Russia at the turn of the 70s and 80s.
Uryadov's reaction to this made it possible to enforce the role of the nobility in the zemstvos for the protection of the local government in the zems' institutions, to enclose the representatives and the rights of the bourgeois elements, in the power of the rural estates, to control the land ... The reactionary nobility vimagalo vzagalі lіkvіduvati the restlessness and vibration of the zemstvos. In the general plan and in the development of a project about the re-creation of the Zemstvo installations, the author of which became the director of the office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. HELL. Pazukhin. It took an hour to discuss the project in the State Radio Uryad without bothering to go to the satisfaction of the house of the most reactionary part of the nobility.
The 12th worm of 1890 was solidified with a new "Provisions about provincial and provincial zemstvo installations." Formally, the principle of the lack of class and vibrancy of the Zemstvos has been preserved, however, the principle has been strongly discouraged, in which it has fallen into the sense of the Zemstvo counter-reform. So, the landowners of all camps could use the yak before, now it has become a chicken of the landowners. The price for the noblemen has changed in two, and the number of voices of the landowners has changed significantly; As a matter of fact, there has been a change in the number of voices in the smallest chickens - Myskiy and Silskiy. The villagers were amused by the electoral representation: now the stench was picking up only candidates in the zemskiy vowels, a list of those who looked at the times of the zemsk chiefs, and for the submissions of the governor from the z'yzdu, the voices were made. The clergy added to the vibor rights. Risko increased the vibration qualification for the minority, since more than half of the members of the community were freed from the right to share the fate of the electorate in the zemstvo. As a result, the pitoma of the noblemen in the provincial zems has moved from 42 to 55%, in the provincial ones - from 82 to 90%, in the provincial councils the pitoma of the noblemen has moved from 55 to 72%, and in the provincial ones from 90-94%. Votes from peasants have now been collected: in provincial zems' fences 31% (substitute for a number of 37%), in provincial fences - 2% (substitute for a number of 7%). Pitoma of the voices of the bourgeoisie are quickening from 17 to 14% in rural zems and from 11 to 8% in provincial ones.
Whilst, no cardinal changes in the social warehouse of the zemstvos of 1890 did not bring counterreforms, more and earlier, unimportant to the tendency to the "bourgeoisnyuvannya" of the zemstvos, the nobility in them respected.
Zabezpechuyuchi rіshucha perevaga noblemen in zemstvos, zemstvo counter-reform went on farther to interchange the rights of tsi noble zemstvos. Now the governor will actually increase control over the activity of the Zemsky institutions. Win my skasuvati be-yak decree zemstvos, put on the negotiation of zemsky zboriv be-yake food. Introducing a new administrative lanka - the provincial presence on the right of the zemstvo (mediating the institution between the zemstvo and the governor), which revised the "legitimacy" and "professionalism" of the decisions of the zemstvo elections.
The Zemstvo counterreforms hocha and zhalmuvala, but all the same it could not start the process of "bourgeoisization" of the Zemstvos. They knew the collapse of the hope for the stranglehold of the Zemsky liberal ruch, yak prodovzhuvalo growths. In general, counter-reforms, 1890 fate, did not re-create the zemstvos in the nobility. Slid also means that in the zemstvos a great role was played by the bourgeois nobles. Tі and tіlі autocracy is not enough when carried out by the mіskoї counterreforms. 11 worm 1892 r was seen in the new "Miskeeping", for which the vibrations of the rights of the local population were meaningfully urged. Now, not only the working people of the city, but the other bourgeoisie - the other traders, the orderlies and the others - have become involved in the participation in the local self-production. Tse reached the significant advance of the main census by the way. The crossing was given to the noble households and the great commercial, industrial and financial bourgeoisie. As a result, the number of viborts themselves in the city of thought grew rapidly; for example: in Petersburg - from 21 thousand to 8 thousand viborts, in Moscow - from 20 thousand to 8 thousand viborts. In such a rank, in the cich two capital cities with the right to participate in the choices in the self-made city, no more than 0.7% of the population lived. In some places, the number of vibrations increased by 5-10 times, so the number of voices, too, often took part in the vibors. At the same time, more than half of the places in the zagal were not a little vibrational mini-self-made.
Zgіdno "City regulation" 1892 more and more obeyed the system of management and administrative involvement in the rules of the local self-righteousness. The governor did not only control, but rather directed the entire activity of the city councils and councils. The mischievous minds could not now kill the croc without the proper "permission, the permission of that hardened". The very heads of the city and the members of the city councils now looked like they were serving officials, and not like the representatives of the city's population. However, in the practical misconception of counterreforms, like the first counterreforms of the 80s and 90s, it has not been implemented in the main: the active social and economic processes of the development of the Russian, post-reforming, powerful city of the aristocratic
The monarchy so and couldn’t have been able to overcome the differences in the minds of the city. For the winners in them, the role of the nobility there grew up the number of approved noble intellectuals, as a way of driving the bourgeoisie.
In such a rank, the transition of autocracy to the ear of the 80s of the XIX century to the direct and inviolable reaction appeared possible as a result of the weakness of the rural and robotic ruin, without the strength of liberal opposition. The autocracy has a long way to go to carry out a series of counterreforms in the state power, in the field of education and presi, in the sphere of religious administration. The head of the state, as the autocracy set itself, fell in love with the fact that it improved its social base - the class of those who helped the position of the bully brought about by the rural reform of 1861, and the reforms of the 60-70s.
However, the reaction did not go far into the program of counterreforms in the way in which it was conceived. After the reactionary drive along the way, the “redressing of fatal pardons of the 60-70s” (bourgeois reforms) has been reversed since the mid-90s, with a new revolution in the land.
At the very top, at that hour, there was no sense of unity: the order with a reactionary straightforward imaged a ludicrous "glance" of the reforms of the 60s-70s, the boom and the disaffected, as if the "act" was done to the spirit of the hour. " To find among the most distant representatives of the conservatives (M.M. Kovalevsky, V.I. Semevsky, I.A.
Moreover, in the context of the revolutionary era of the 90s, in practice, they did not go into the realm of realizing and reacting in practice, as the laws of the 1980s were seen in the laws of the 1980s. The reaction appeared to be powerless to turn back the historical progress.
The problem of modernization, so that the basic renewal of all spheres of life from the economy to the sovereign harmony, arose before Russia at the turn of the century. Internal policy was based on great power principles. Social tension has grown, amalgamated by a quick development of new economic forms.
Zagliblyuvavshis conflit between the industrial and rural sectors of the economy. The post-reform community could still stream the social differentiation of the peasantry. The Russian bourgeoisie claimed to have a political role in the suspension, in support of the nobility and the sovereign bureaucracy. The main support of the autocracy - the nobility involved a monopoly on power. The autocracy was forced into political actions, passing from reforms to reprisals. The system of vital organs of power and control of the ball is clicked to change the power of the emperor.
Russian-Japanese wine 1904-1905 rr., Yaka called to the shock, she made the effort even more. The land was on the verge of revolution. Vona regretted writing for the construction of a peaceful demonstration on 9 June 1905 to rock and in a short term she hunted the whole country.
Under the grip of the revolution, the autocracy was inspired to take action. On the 6th of 1905 Mykola II signed the Manifesto, as the system of state power was consolidated by the legislator of the State Duma, named "buligins" in the name of the current minister of the internal right of A.G. Buligina, who has broken this project. The Duma was set up for "the forefront development and negotiation of legislative propositions, which are subordinate in force to the fundamental laws, through the State Rada to the supreme autocratic power." The draft of the legislative council was not satisfied with anything, and the revolution was widening more and more. The All-Russian Political Strike has rested at the Zhovtni in the country, they got up zaliznytsi, Bula is parallized by a robot of industrial enterprises. In the whole situation of Mykola II, nothing was lost, as the publicity of Manifest 17 June 1905, in which the development of the country and the granting of civil freedoms and the void of the legislative body - the representative of the State The Duma, as the lower house of the Parliament, considered and considered the budget, adopted the laws. However, for the entry into force, it is necessary to solidify the State for the sake of (the upper chamber) and the Emperor. On April 23, 1906, the tsar approved the Fundamental State Law of the Russian Empire in the new edition. The stench smelled the stem of the State Duma, the State for the sake of and for the sake of the ministries. Bula used the characteristic of Vlad the Emperor yak "nemezhenoi". Protest, the main prerogative of this was taken care of.
As a result of changes in the sovereign order, Russia nabuvala actions of the constitutional monarchy, which were fixed in the Basic Power Laws in the edition of 1906: the State reform was carried out for the sake of and adopted in the new autonomous provision for the head of state A new image of Russian parliamentarism was created.
The order of the formation of the State Duma was victorious in the law of 3 December 1907, according to the law of 11 breast of 1905, the ring of vibrations rang out loudly. The whole population of the population - women, vіyskovoservice, so called "mandrіvnі inorodtsі" (that is, kochivniki-cattle), were given the right to rob and to be deprived. Vibors were transferred two-way, around the provinces and regions and in great places... The number of electors who take part in the elections in the provinces and regions was established by a special list of administrative administrative units. A single quota was established for picks, vibrations in places: 160 people in capitals and 80 people in other towns. As for the members of the State Duma, as for the pickers at the picks, then the number of those selected is nominated by the limit list for the provinces, regions, cities. All in all, there were 412 mandates on the list, of which 28 were places.
If you want a number of people to share the fate of the electorate in the Duma, it is impossible to be aware of the smart, the wake-up, the public from the vibors of the administrative and political, the protest, the outward social directness is obvious: do not admit the spirit of the spirit in the Duma. For several purposes in Pershu Cherga served a high main and vikov qualification and non-admission to participation in the students of the students, the number of members of the Dumi, who were sent from the cities. To be built, as an organ of power, molding according to such principles, can be called a representative deprived part of intelligence.
On the ear of the 20th century, Russia has become an agrarian land, so the agrarian food is of little importance for it. The agrarian reform of the ear of the XX century is tied to the name of the head of the Uryad P.A. Stolipina. Її carrying out is tied with revolutionary steps 1905-1907 pp.
On April 5, 1905, the decree "About the gift of the population to be destroyed by the borgs" was adopted. On this basis, the bulo carried out an attempt to reduce the shortfalls from the food ration, until 1866 the Borgs were canceled for food.
At Veresní 1906 by the decree “On the transfer of office lands to the order of the Head Department of Agriculture and Land Management, the resettlement policy of the Uryad will be resigned for the promotion of resettlement houses.
In 1906, the decree was adopted "On the swallowing of deyakim obmezheni with the rights of the inhabitants of the country and of the particular coli-mary subordinates." Edin's rights were voted for all those who were given to the sovereign service (behind the vinyat of "inorodtsiv"). September 9, 1906, the decree was adopted in accordance with the law, At the same time there is a village landlord and landowner. " I had voiced a clear order to the way out of the community, and we were numbing to the power at any hour. The statement about the saw through the headman was brought to the village community, as in just a large number of voices and in the monthly term of the production of the peasants' yogo dilyanka. In іnshomu vypad tse zdіysnyuv zemskiy chief. The villager can see the construction of the house without a very penny compensation. Agrarian decrees were fixed in the laws adopted by the Duma.
Alle, half of the reform efforts ended in failure. After the coup d'état 3 worms of 1907, according to the present, they would be chastened to be the guarantor of rights and freedoms, the Duma would see it as a new legislative body, and it was actually transformed into a legislative body. Trying constitutional reforms ended in failure, and those problems, like those guilty of bully, were violated by the parliamentary, civilized gentry, were violated by violently revolutionary methods.
In such a rank, the changes that came in the sovereign way of Russia on the ear of the 20th century, they allowed the bourgeoisie to change their position, but in the world they didn’t see the problems that the workers of the country had quieted, but the first revolutions process in Russia.
In 1861, the need to carry out the first bourgeois reforms in the administration of justice, the court, education, finance, and the government's authority was imperative. Smells mali on the metі of pristosuvati autocratic political mode of Russia to the consumption of capitalistic development, the protection of the class, nobility-pompouschitsku day.
Reforms, carried out in 1863-1874, were rewritten by the male meta. The bourgeois reforms of the whole period are characterized by incompleteness, imperfection and university. Far from everything, which was projected in the atmosphere of a suspension-democratic attire, won the year its adherence to the general laws.
One of such reforms was established by the establishment, which are guilty of the boule, taking care of the local law. The Zemstvo reform is not enough to ease the ruh in the land, to win over to its side a part of the "liberal suspension", to change its social support - the nobility.
In the birch forest in 1859, under the Ministry of Internal Affairs for the heads of N.A. Milyutina was set up for the development of the law "On the state-government-led management in the state". Already in advance, it was reported that the news of the organization of the world management did not go beyond the purely state-owned food of the world value. In April 1860, the rock Milutin presented Oleksandr II with a note about the "time rules" of the city management, as being based on the principle of vibrancy and meaninglessness. At the quarter of 1861 r under the grip of reactionary courtiers N.A. Мілутіна и міністра internal reference S.S. Lanskoy yak "liberal" sounded at the exhibition.
New Ministry of Internal Affairs P.A. Valuiv, the signs of the same and the head of the committee for the preparation of the reform of the society self-discipline, based on their conservative views, protest in the minds of the revolutionary movement in the country, they do not care about the principles of earthly reform. If the vibration system in the Zemsky project was changed, install it, as it surrounded the representatives of the main mass of the population of the country - the peasantry, which was called the representative of the robots and the remnants and gave the landlords a great experience.
On the way of a democratic-democratic movement in the land (the nebula of the growth of peasant warriors, the strengthening of the revolutionary movement in Poland and Finland, student education, the growth of constitutional houses of the nobility), the mind of the early self-rule Valuєvu bulo otrimano pidgotuvati project "Establish a new state for the sake of". Behind this project, it was announced that the State Radio was informed about the representatives of the provincial zemstvos and ministries for the advance negotiation of laws before those introduced to the State for the sake of the State. If the revolution has been revived, the autocracy has taken on its own mind to allow “representatives of the population to participate in the legislation” and have been interrupted by the reform of local government.
In the birch of 1863, the buto was revised the project "Provision of provincial and povovyh zemstvo establishments", which was sent to the State Council on the 1st of 1864, was approved by Oleksandr II and rendered the force of the law. The whole law in the Russian suspension of the bureau of acceptance is ambiguous. The axis of the scho writing a vidomy huge diyach A.I. Koshelev in his notes: “Bagato will be unhappy with the regulations”, “They knew that a number of Zemsky institutions and rights were presented to the Zemstvo, and then they were surrounded. Inshі, and in that number I, brought, that at the first time, quite enough of what they gave us; then we are going to take care of the rostrum and the cries of this little one, which is meted out by the viconos, our liaison is summarily in the wake, then the suspension, come by itself. "
Zgіdno іf the law of zemstyuvanі zemskі established were laid out from the ordering bodies - the occasional and provincial zboriv zboriv, and the viconavchy - the occasional and provincial zemsky councils. Tі and іnshі were found in a three-ric term. The members of the zemskiy zborivs were called golosniy (they had the right to vote). The number of recurrent vowels in different situations ranged from 10 to 96, and the provincial ones - from 15 to 100. Vibori in the provinces of the Zemsky Zbori were carried out on three vibor z'yzda (in chickens). The efforts of the vibors were divided into three groups: 1) general landowners 2) local vibors and 3) vibors from the rural partnerships. Pershuyu included all landowners who were not less than 200 dessiatines of land, individuals who could not afford to spend 15 thousand rubles for a sum of 15 thousand rubles, and also the trust of the clergy of landowners, who were less than 200 dessiatines of land. Tsiu kurіya was represented mainly by landowners-nobles and partly by the great commercial and industrial bourgeoisie. Merchants of all three guilds, the owners of trade and industrial pledges in places with a monthly income of 6 thousand rubles, and also the owners of the misbegotten mine were paid no less than 500 rubles for 2 thousand rubles. Tsya kuriya Bula is represented by the head rank of the great Moscow bourgeoisie, as well as by the noblemen-masters of the local real estate.
The third kurіya was made up of representatives of the Silsky communities, the chief rank of the villagers. However, at the same time, both the religious nobles and the clergy - also the representatives of the "Silskoye comradeships", could have been balotuvaty. As soon as the first two chickens were vibrated, they were straight, then on the third, they were full of steps: a handful of the Silsky descent vibrated the representatives to the hair descent, on which the vibrators were vibrated, and then the vibrators were also picked up the vowels in the winter. The baggage accessibility of vibrations in the third course is small, to hold in the zemstvos the most possible and "good" publics from the peasants and the self-indulgence of the Silks' meetings with the choice of representatives in the zemstvo from the middle. It is important to note that, according to the first, the landowners were plundered by the same number of voices in the zemstvos, as well as in two, which became overwhelmed by the station in the zemstvos of the nobility. The axis of the dania about the social warehouse of the zemstvo was established for the first time of the trinity and the beginning (1865-1867 rr.). In the provincial zemsky zbora, the nobility was 42%, the villagers - 38%, the merchants - 10%, the clergy - 6.5%, the inshy - 3%. There was still a greater number of nobles in the provincial zemstvo councils: noblemen became 89.5%, villagers - only 1.5%, and 9%.
Representatives of the provincial і provincial zborіv zborіv bully povitovy and provincial vatazhki nobility. The heads of the administrations were plundered at the zemsky fences, with the head of the county council of the land they became the governor, and the provincial administration - the minister of internal right. The voices of the zemskiy zborіv echoed in a choric manner at the session for the viewing of the rіchіtіv of the viconau authorities, for the consolidation of the plan of the zemsk state government, for the incomes and vitrates. The voices of the zemstvos of the zhodnoy wine city for service in the zemstvos were not denied. Zemstvo administrations were ongoing. Members of the councils trimmed the singing fee. In addition, the zemstvos denied the right to use their own paid (for hiring) zemstvos, viewers, statisticians and other zemstvo services (which became the third element in zemstvos). Zemstvo zboris were taken from the population at the utrimania of the Zemsky. The zemstvo took away the right to take a special fence to get from trade and industrial pledges, ruhomich and unruffy mines. At the practical level, the main taxes of the zemsk zborivs were laid on the peasantry (for the tithe of the peasant lands, the zemsk zbir became 11.5 kopecks, and for the tithe of the inshikh-5.3 kopecks). The main vitrati of the zemstvos (80-85%) were sent to the local authorities and police; 8% were spent on medicine and 5% on national education.
Zemstvos have been relieved of some bi-that is not a lot of political functions. The sphere of activity of the zemstvos was interconnected by the state-sponsored meals of the local significance. At the time of the zemstvos, there was a focus and insurance of the masses of the masses, the zems' service, the zemstvo schools, licenses, wealth and prisons, the "education" about the food trade and veterinary services, the future service of the church, Budinks for the Divine. In the meantime, the vikonannya zemstvos of the municipal government-administrative functions looked by the district itself not as a rule, but as a binding of the zemstvos: earlier, the administration was occupied by the administration, now the turbot is about the monastic lands on the right. The members of that zemstvo service got involved before the ship's release, as the stench went beyond their competence.
However, in the boundaries of their competence, the zemstvos intervened under the control of the city and central government - the ubernator and the ministry of internal rights, as they did not have the right to endorse, whether by decree of the zemstvo, having vis-à-vis “contrary to the laws” of foreign powers. Bagato s decisions of zemskiy zboriv could not enter into force without the approval of the governor of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The zemstvos themselves did not neglect the viconau ruling. For vikonannya their decisions (for example, tightening of underpayments for zemstvos, vimoga vikonannya of natural duties, etc.) zemstvos bully zvrtatya for spriyannya to the police, as it did not lie in zemstvos.
According to the provisions of 1 September 1864 about zemstvos, the introduction of zemstvos was transferred in 34 provinces, to about half of the provinces of the land. Zemstvo reform was not extended to Siberia, Arkhangelsk, Astrakhan and Orenburzka provinces, or even more promising landholdings, as well as on the national outskirts of Russia - Poland, Lithuania, the Caucasus, Kazakhstan and the Middle. Alle і in quiet 34 provinces, on which the law of 1864 was extended, the zemstvo was not introduced immediately. Until the ear of 1866, the stink of boules was introduced in 19 provinces, until 1867 it was born at 9, and in 1868-1879 rr. - in the other 6 provinces.
The competence and activity of the zemstvo were more and more intertwined with legislative calls. Already in 1866, a series of circulars and "rose" was issued by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Senate, which gave the governor the right to approve from any zemstvo individual, who was announced by the governor of the "unfortunate earthly services"
In 1867, the fences of the zemstvos of the rural provinces were sent out one by one and made one decision one by one, as well as drukuvati without the permission of the local provincial authorities to call about their fences. The heads of the zemsky harvests of crops were tied up before the threat of a threat to curl up the late harvests, as the food was discussed on them, "as if they did not blame the weather under the law." Circulars and decrees 1868-1874 pp. they put zemstvos in even greater fallowness in the name of the governor, squeezing freedom of debate at the zemsky councils, intervening the publicity and publicity of their dates - they saw zemstvos in view of school coverage.
І all the zemstvos played a great role in the virіshennі mіtsevіh gosudarstvіh and cultural nourishment; in the organization of the municipal household loan by the nobility of the establishment of the village mercy partnerships, in the attachment of the post office, in the road maintenance, in the organization of medical aid in the village, in the public education. Until 1880, 12 thousand zemstvo schools were built. Zemstvo schools were the best. Establish a medical institution in villages, if there are numerous and incomplete conditions (those who were brought up in the middle to 3 per week) were fully approved by the Zemstvo. All the while, it’s going to go ahead at the end of the reforms in an hour, since the number of Sylsk schools is insignificant, and medical assistance is available in the villages. The role of the zemstvos is great in the statistical vivchenny camp of the people's statehood, especially the rural one.
The zemstvos, unaffected by those who smelled the stink of the state's food, nevertheless became a kind of political school, through which passed through a lot of representatives of the liberal and democratic suspicious straightforwardness. In general, the reform can be assessed as a bourgeois by his character.
The development of capitalist changes in the direction of capital law was enhanced by the implementation of that reform. The bourgeoisie fought for the establishment of the non-stop organs of the Moscow administration in order to ensure that they were able to reach the position of the city.
Miske samovryaduvannya was reformed on quiet ambushes and zemske samovryaduvannya. In 1862, in 509 places, there were organized the all-state committee for the development of the maybutnoi reform. In 1864, the project of the new city's position was already ready, and after several glances, and if it was less than 16 hearts, 1870 didn’t, nareshti, having affirmed Oleksandr P.
For the city's position in 1870, Miska Dumy (introduced by Katerina II), which formed from deputies from the camp groups, bully replaced non-stop, members of yak-voices - were robbed of rockets based on mine qualification. The initial number of voices in the range from 30 to 72; in Moscow the number of voices was 180, in Petersburg - 250. The Miska Duma robbed the Miska council, which was put from the Miska's head and two or more members.
All the payers of city taxes took part in the vibrahs of the public - the householders, the governors of the commercial and industrial enterprises, banks and others. , for the other - the middle paysites, they also rallied one third of the taxes, for the third - all of them.
Skin zbori, robbed the third part of the number of voices established for this place. With such a rite, the thought was overwhelmed by them, and they are robbed of the local authorities of the most paid tributes of the city, so that the most (in the scale of this world) bourgeoisie.
Robots, servicemen, intellectuals, who did not pay the local taxes, did not take part in the publics' vibors. So, in 1871 r In Moscow, with a population of 602 thousand people, the right to rob and be taken to a small mind, only 20.6 thousand people, (close to 3.4%), out of which 446 people became the first vibration, 2200 other і 18 thousand units - third.
The competence of the local self-government, as well as of the Zemsky one, is surrounded by the framework of the state-owned food, the welfare of the city, the establishment of the market, the discussion about the international trade in health and the people busy with goodness.
The primus dominion for the submission of their decisions was not small, and the misconceptions were established - the stench of the order was blinded to the eyes of the governor and the minister of internal justice: the little heads of the provincial ministries were solidified in the seats of the ministers - the heads of the ministers. In a word, a miscellaneous samovryaduvannya, like a zemske, did not have an organ of the martyrdom, but deprives it of a separate organ from the food of the métsevoy domination.
Throughout the 70s, a new situation was introduced throughout Russia, with the blame of Poland, Finland (deserving a lot of problems) and only conquered regions of Central Asia.
If they did not introduce zemstvos to the Caucasus, the tsar's uryad placed here in the hands of an official the majesty of the Mistsevo statehood. But, be afraid, the development of trade and industry is not trusting in the time the government is superfluous in the hands of bureaucrats, the rite is in the "Misery of 1870", as well as in the Caucasus. In the Pivnichny Caucasus "State of 1870r." bulo was introduced in all great places, in Transcaucasia - in Tiflis, Baku, Kutais and Erevan; in Gori and Akhaltsikhe, the bulo was introduced in the simplified view. In all other cities and towns of the Transcaucasian region, the state has lost its gift from the local police. For the quiet purposes of attracting the bourgeoisie in the places of the Pivnichny Caucasus, there are many banks, and in Tiflis there is a commercial bank.
Carried out in the life of the law about the self-righteousness of the self-righteousness in the region was borne on its own by the name of the autocratic harmony and the interests of the nobility. On the organization of the self-righteous self-assembly, as well as on the zemstvos, a number of "obovyazkovyh" vitrates have been laid down, a large part of which, by the day, are little paid from the state-owned cities.
The main dzherels of the city's income are the estimated gains from the unstable mine and the tribute to the trade and promises. In Moscow, the end of the 70s, dzherela became 76% of the income to the budget. So, as the critical role in the local self-production was dominated by a greater minority of the great bourgeoisie, then the rest of the reversal of the tyagars of the local tribute to the minority of the people of the population. The assessment of the main and income passed from the previous local self-production, that is, in fact, in the hands of the great bourgeoisie.
By the most important article of the city's vitrats, on the Crimean significant vitrats for the state-owned consumer, bouli vitrati for the well-being of the place: in Moscow, the end of the 70s, for the whole article, 31% of the vitratic budget became close to 31%.
Near the center of the great place, there lived a lot of merchants and manufacturers, boules and bridges and sidewalks, and high street illumination, some and a horse, just like the outskirts of the population, they were drowned in the mud and the sea and the center was helped to grow. In small places of amenities, there was practically no improvement - in all places of 50 provinces of European Russia, vitrati for amenities were on the ear of the 80s, in the middle, close to 15%.
The turbot of the local self-righteousness about the people's education, people's health and the "huge pikluvannya" was not too big: in all places 50 provinces on the ear of the 80s on the earliest lay the vitrahad about 3 million rubles. , - close to 2.5 million; as a whole, it became close to 13% of the zalny budget.
Unimportant to the interchange of the reforms of the Moscow self-government, it has become all the great success in the culture of the culture, feudal, civil-bureaucratic organization of government management of the city by the new ones, based on the bourgeois principle of the mainstream education. At the same time, in the enormous Rusі, the Myskі thinkers took their fate weakly, as both the merchant and the manufacturer were not very much concerned with politics.
In such a rank, with all its half-heartedness, the reform of the self-propelled artillery piece went all the way forward. Situation of city dumas and zemskiy zborіv were published, and they could be heard about them in newspapers. New organizations of self-discipline, both in localities and in villages, based on bourgeois rule, have taken the capitalist development of the country. Ale і organisms of self-priming, as well as organizes of zemsky samovryvannya, bully under the constant control of the tsar's administration. All power in the places yak and before the bull is in the hands of the governors and the second administrators, who are recognized as the possession.
The governor, like in the XVIII century, has a wide range of administrative rights, as well as judicial rights, including the government from any government officials in the province. The governor's office had і vіyskovі garnіzoni. If there are any oversight, the governor of goiters will be able to live all the necessary visits, not to check the commanders and help from the central government. The governor received orders from all the organizations of the Galuzev households, including the number of those who are under the orders and services. Once on three occasions, there was a change in zobov'yazaniyu buv ob'yzhdzhaty pіdvladnuyu territory, viroblyayuyu revіzіy all state bodies, vyavlyayuchi vіlakі wickedness, especially habarnitstvo. In a word, the governor is a monarch in the ministry. The chancellery was entrusted to the governor for the vikonannya of these functions. Under the new bulo, the provincial government was established in the quality of a pre-radioactive organ. Bula was based on the seat of the vice-governor, who was the deputy of the governor and at once, having chased the Kazenna chamber, the body of the financial management.
The governor of control and activity of new bodies of the city administration: presence in the village right, near the right of the city and zemsky samovryaduvannya, factory inspections and inspectorates. Klyuchovyi became a posad of the reference book.
14 serpnya 1881 to get started Razporozhennya about come before the interconnection of the sovereign order and the great calm. In fact, the repressive authorities were given more importance.
In 1882, a special law about police visualization was adopted, meaningfully driving the system of cich calls.
The liberal period in the development of Russian statehood ended, the era of counterreforms began.
The stench reigned in the fate of the rule of Oleksandr III and the bullet with a fair reaction and the introduction of reforms 60-70 pp. Counterreforms started working on the land and on the reform agenda. On the right here in the offensive. The introduction of the zemstvos helped the inflow of the bourgeoisie and actively weakened the positions of the nobility. In a number of provinces, there was a "shortage" of voices from the nobility through the rapid number of noble landowners. In the industrial provinces, the representatives of the nobles in the zemstvos were speeding up for the rakhunka to make the trade and industrial bourgeoisie and the new landowners from the merchants and the rich villagers.
A series of bouts of sturbing with opposing attitudes and constitutional vimogs of the zemsky deeds. These moods especially appeared in liberal opposition to Russia at the turn of the 70s and 80s.
Uryadov's reaction to this made it possible to enforce the role of the nobility in the zemstvos for the protection of the local government in the zems' institutions, to enclose the representatives and the rights of the bourgeois elements, in the power of the rural estates, to control the land ... The reactionary nobility vimagalo vzagalі lіkvіduvati the restlessness and vibration of the zemstvos. In the general plan and in the development of a project about the re-creation of the Zemstvo installations, the author of which became the director of the office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. HELL. Pazukhin. It took an hour to discuss the project in the State Radio Uryad without bothering to go to the satisfaction of the house of the most reactionary part of the nobility.
The 12th worm of 1890 was solidified with a new "Provisions about provincial and provincial zemstvo installations." Formally, the principle of the lack of class and vibrancy of the Zemstvos has been preserved, however, the principle has been strongly discouraged, in which it has fallen into the sense of the Zemstvo counter-reform. So, the landowners of all camps could use the yak before, now it has become a chicken of the landowners. The price for the noblemen has changed in two, and the number of voices of the landowners has changed significantly; As a matter of fact, there has been a change in the number of voices in the smallest chickens - Myskiy and Silskiy. The villagers were amused by the electoral representation: now the stench was picking up only candidates in the zemskiy vowels, a list of those who looked at the times of the zemsk chiefs, and for the submissions of the governor from the z'yzdu, the voices were made. The clergy added to the vibor rights. Risko increased the vibration qualification for the minority, since more than half of the members of the community were freed from the right to share the fate of the electorate in the zemstvo. As a result, the pitoma of the noblemen in the provincial zems has moved from 42 to 55%, in the provincial ones - from 82 to 90%, in the provincial councils the pitoma of the noblemen has moved from 55 to 72%, and in the provincial ones from 90-94%. Votes from peasants have now been collected: in provincial zems' fences 31% (substitute for a number of 37%), in provincial fences - 2% (substitute for a number of 7%). Pitoma of the voices of the bourgeoisie are quickening from 17 to 14% in rural zems and from 11 to 8% in provincial ones.
Whilst, no cardinal changes in the social warehouse of the zemstvos of 1890 did not bring counterreforms, more and earlier, unimportant to the tendency to the "bourgeoisnyuvannya" of the zemstvos, the nobility in them respected.
Zabezpechuyuchi rіshucha perevaga noblemen in zemstvos, zemstvo counter-reform went on farther to interchange the rights of tsi noble zemstvos. Now the governor will actually increase control over the activity of the Zemsky institutions. Win my skasuvati be-yak decree zemstvos, put on the negotiation of zemsky zboriv be-yake food. Introducing a new administrative lanka - the provincial presence on the right of the zemstvo (mediating the institution between the zemstvo and the governor), which revised the "legitimacy" and "professionalism" of the decisions of the zemstvo elections.
The Zemstvo counterreforms hocha and zhalmuvala, but all the same it could not start the process of "bourgeoisization" of the Zemstvos. They knew the collapse of the hope for the stranglehold of the Zemsky liberal ruch, yak prodovzhuvalo growths. In general, counter-reforms, 1890 fate, did not re-create the zemstvos in the nobility. Slid also means that in the zemstvos a great role was played by the bourgeois nobles. Tі and tіlі autocracy is not enough when carried out by the mіskoї counterreforms. 11 worm 1892 r was seen in the new "Miskeeping", for which the vibrations of the rights of the local population were meaningfully urged. Now, not only the working people of the city, but the other bourgeoisie - the other traders, the orderlies and the others - have become involved in the participation in the local self-production. Tse reached the significant advance of the main census by the way. The crossing was given to the noble households and the great commercial, industrial and financial bourgeoisie. As a result, the number of viborts themselves in the city of thought grew rapidly; for example: in Petersburg - from 21 thousand to 8 thousand viborts, in Moscow - from 20 thousand to 8 thousand viborts. In such a rank, in the cich two capital cities with the right to participate in the choices in the self-made city, no more than 0.7% of the population lived. In some places, the number of vibrations increased by 5-10 times, so the number of voices, too, often took part in the vibors. At the same time, more than half of the places in the zagal were not a little vibrational mini-self-made.
Zgіdno "City regulation" 1892 more and more obeyed the system of management and administrative involvement in the rules of the local self-righteousness. The governor did not only control, but rather directed the entire activity of the city councils and councils. The mischievous minds could not now kill the croc without the proper "permission, the permission of that hardened". The very heads of the city and the members of the city councils now looked like they were serving officials, and not like the representatives of the city's population. However, in the practical misconception of counterreforms, like the first counterreforms of the 80s and 90s, it has not been implemented in the main: the active social and economic processes of the development of the Russian, post-reforming, powerful city of the aristocratic
The monarchy so and couldn’t have been able to overcome the differences in the minds of the city. For the winners in them, the role of the nobility there grew up the number of approved noble intellectuals, as a way of driving the bourgeoisie.
In such a rank, the transition of autocracy to the ear of the 80s of the XIX century to the direct and inviolable reaction appeared possible as a result of the weakness of the rural and robotic ruin, without the strength of liberal opposition. The autocracy has a long way to go to carry out a series of counterreforms in the state power, in the field of education and presi, in the sphere of religious administration. The head of the state, as the autocracy set itself, fell in love with the fact that it improved its social base - the class of those who helped the position of the bully brought about by the rural reform of 1861, and the reforms of the 60-70s.
However, the reaction did not go far into the program of counterreforms in the way in which it was conceived. After the reactionary drive along the way, the “redressing of fatal pardons of the 60-70s” (bourgeois reforms) has been reversed since the mid-90s, with a new revolution in the land.
At the very top, at that hour, there was no sense of unity: the order with a reactionary straightforward imaged a ludicrous "glance" of the reforms of the 60s-70s, the boom and the disaffected, as if the "act" was done to the spirit of the hour. " To find among the most distant representatives of the conservatives (M.M. Kovalevsky, V.I. Semevsky, I.A.
Moreover, in the context of the revolutionary era of the 90s, in practice, they did not go into the realm of realizing and reacting in practice, as the laws of the 1980s were seen in the laws of the 1980s. The reaction appeared to be powerless to turn back the historical progress.
The problem of modernization, so that the basic renewal of all spheres of life from the economy to the sovereign harmony, arose before Russia at the turn of the century. Internal policy was based on great power principles. Social tension has grown, amalgamated by a quick development of new economic forms.
Zagliblyuvavshis conflit between the industrial and rural sectors of the economy. The post-reform community could still stream the social differentiation of the peasantry. The Russian bourgeoisie claimed to have a political role in the suspension, in support of the nobility and the sovereign bureaucracy. The main support of the autocracy - the nobility involved a monopoly on power. The autocracy was forced into political actions, passing from reforms to reprisals. The system of vital organs of power and control of the ball is clicked to change the power of the emperor.
Russian-Japanese wine 1904-1905 rr., Yaka called to the shock, she made the effort even more. The land was on the verge of revolution. Vona regretted writing for the construction of a peaceful demonstration on 9 June 1905 to rock and in a short term she hunted the whole country.
Under the grip of the revolution, the autocracy was inspired to take action. On the 6th of 1905 Mykola II signed the Manifesto, which was consolidated by the legislator of the State Duma, and was named "buligins" in the name of the current minister of the internal right of A.G. Buligina, which has broken this project. The Duma was set up for "the forefront development and negotiation of legislative propositions, which are subordinate in force to the fundamental laws, through the State Rada to the supreme autocratic power." The project of the legislative council was not satisfied with anything, and the revolution was widening more and more. The all-Russian political strike has rested at the zhovtni in the country, the roads were blocked, the robot of industrial enterprises was paralyzed. In the whole situation of Mykola II, nothing was lost, as the Manifestus of the 17th October 1905, in which the development of the country and the granting of civil freedoms and the voiced legislative nature of the representative of the State The Duma, as the lower house of the Parliament, considered and considered the budget, adopted the laws. However, for the entry into force, it is necessary to solidify the State for the sake of (the upper chamber) and the Emperor. On April 23, 1906, the tsar approved the Fundamental State Law of the Russian Empire in the new edition. The stench smelled the stem of the State Duma, the State for the sake of and for the sake of the ministries. Bula used the characteristic of Vlad the Emperor yak "nemezhenoi". Protest, the main prerogative of this was taken care of.
As a result of changes in the sovereign order, Russia nabuvala actions of the constitutional monarchy, which were fixed in the Basic Power Laws in the edition of 1906: the State reform was carried out for the sake of and adopted in the new autonomous provision for the head of state A new image of Russian parliamentarism was created.
The order of the formation of the State Duma was victorious in the law of 3 December 1907, according to the law of 11 breast of 1905, the ring of vibrations rang out loudly. The whole population of the population - women, vіyskovoservice, so called "mandrіvnі inorodtsі" (that is, kochivniki-cattle), were given the right to rob and to be deprived. Vibors were transferred two-way, around provinces and regions and in great places. The number of electors who take part in the elections in the provinces and regions is established by a special list according to the leather administrative unit okremos. A single quota was established for picks, vibrations in places: 160 people in capitals and 80 people in other towns. As for the members of the State Duma, as for the pickers at the picks, then the number of those selected is nominated by the limit list for the provinces, regions, cities. All in all, there were 412 mandates on the list, of which 28 are from places.
If you want a number of people to share the fate of the electorate in the Duma, it is impossible to be aware of the smart, the wake-up, the public from the vibors of the administrative and political, the protest, the outward social directness is obvious: do not admit the spirit of the spirit in the Duma. For several purposes in Pershu Cherga served a high main and vikov qualification and non-admission to participation in the students of the students, the number of members of the Dumi, who were sent from the cities. To be built, as an organ of power, molding according to such principles, can be called a representative deprived part of intelligence.
On the ear of the 20th century, Russia has become an agrarian land, so the agrarian food is of little importance for it. The agrarian reform of the ear of the XX century is tied to the name of the head of the Uryad P.A. Stolipina. This conduct is tied to the revolutionary days of 1905-1907 rr.
On April 5, 1905, the decree "About the gift of the population to be destroyed by the borgs" was adopted. On this basis, the bulo carried out an attempt to reduce the shortfalls from the food ration, until 1866 the Borgs were canceled for food.
At Veresní 1906 by the decree “On the transfer of office lands to the order of the Head Department of Agriculture and Land Management, the resettlement policy of the Uryad will be resigned for the promotion of resettlement houses.
In 1906, the decree was adopted "On the swallowing of deyakim obmezheni with the rights of the inhabitants of the country and of the particular coli-mary subordinates." Edin's rights were voted on for all those who were given to the sovereign service (behind the vinyat of "inorodtsiv"). On the 9th of 1906, the decree was adopted, "On the supplement of the acts of the decree of the law, which should be the case for rural land and land use." I had voiced a clear order to the way out of the community, and we were nipping at the power at any hour. The statement about the saw through the headman was brought to the village community, as in just a large number of voices and in the monthly term of the production of the peasant's dilyanka. In the first place, the zemsky chief went to work. The villager can see the construction of the house without a very penny compensation. Agrarian decrees were fixed in the laws adopted by the Duma.
Alle, half of the reform efforts ended in failure. After the coup d'état 3 worms of 1907, according to the present, they would be chastened to be the guarantor of rights and freedoms, the Duma would see it as a new legislative body, and it was actually transformed into a legislative body. Trying constitutional reforms ended in failure, and those problems, like those guilty of bully, were violated by the parliamentary, civilized gentry, were violated by violently revolutionary methods.
In such a rank, the changes that came in the sovereign way of Russia on the ear of the 20th century, they allowed the bourgeoisie to change their position, but in the world they didn’t see the problems that the workers of the country had quieted, but the first revolutions process in Russia.