The population of the British Empire. Yak Britain became a hired colonial power. Technological and industrial perevagu
The British Empire was the greatest colonial empire, which took up great territories - from Australia to the Great America. The sun did not set over Britain. How did the English go into the distance to pivsvitu?
economical mitz
England is one of the first European countries entered on the way of industrialization. The system of protection of the domestic market from foreign competition until the middle of the 18th century secured the economy of the economy.
V for example XIX the capital of the world, in fact, of the rise of the great metropolises, England has already become the leading industrial monopoly: in the "main world", as they called Britain, industrial products... Such galusies of the British economy, such as metallurgy, machinery and shipbuilding, were in the lead for a large number of companies.
With a high rate of growth of the economy, the internal market is overpowered and the shukavs of the near-water supply beyond the borders are not only of the Kingdom, but of Europe. Products and capital from the British Isles are actively flowing into the colonies.
An important role in the success of the English colonial empire high r_ven technology, for example, the English economy is getting magalized by the end of the line. Rizni innovations - from the wine spinning machine Bonaparte (1769) before the installation of the transatlantic telegraph link (1858) - allowed Britain to be on the crotch ahead of competitors.
immovable fleet
England steadily passed through the invasion of the continent, which began to develop shipbuilding and take care of the borders of the large fleet. Having broken in 1588 the rosi "Impossible Armada" Francis Drake has seriously kidnapped the Spanish-Portuguese panuvannya on the ocean expanses. Silent feast of England, do not care and change success, change the status of the sea power.
Holland was a serious competitor to England at sea. The supernaturalness of the two lands fell into three Anglo-Dutch warriors (1651-1674), which, once they had vyavivshis, led to an armistice.
Until the end of the 18th century, Britain had lost one serious competitor on the seas - France. The struggle for sea hegemony was honored in the period of the revolutionary wars - from 1792 to fate. Todi a number of glorious changes over the French fleet gained Admiral Nelson, in fact, giving England control over the Middle-Earth Sea.
In 1805, Great Britain denied the opportunity to assert the right to become a "Volodarkoi sea". In the course of the legendary Battle of Trafalgar, the British fleet gained a beggarly victory over the common French-Spanish escadry, demonstrating its tactful and strategic overhaul. Britannia became the absolute hegemon of the sea.
big army
For the sake of order and preservation of stability in the colonies of the English bully, there is a great army. Until the end of the 1840s, until the end of the 1840s, Great Britain overwhelmed practically the whole of India, the population of which became as much as 200 million Cholovik.
Moreover, the English Vyskovy constantly brought the money to the competitors - Nimechchinoy, France, Holland. Shown in the whole plan of the Bula Anglo-Burska Vіyna (1899-1902), in the course of the British Vіyska acting for the numerical forces of the Orange Republic, they were able to turn the prototype into their corny. However, the tsia vіyna was remembered by the deadly horror of British soldiers, as they rejected the "tactics of vipalenoy land".
Especially baked boules colonial vіyny mіzh English and French. During the period of the World War (1756-1763), England became a warrior for France practically all the time in the East Indies and Canada. The French could afford to get away with it, but the United Kingdom was not barred by the capitulation before the United States in the course of being guilty of independence.
diplomacy
The English were headed by major diplomats. The mainstream of political intrigues and backcountry mountains in the international arena of stench are most often home to their own. So, not having wondered how to gain the upper hand over Holland in naval battles, the stench left the country through France and Holland until its apogee, and then laid the world away from the rest of the minds.
By diplomatic methods, the English have set up France and Russia in two countries. British officer John Malcolm, on the very ear of the Russian-French campaign, made two strategic alliances - with the Afghans and the Persian shah, who intertwined all the pictures to Napoleon and Paul I.
Most often, English diplomacy was not only cunning, but rather threateningly overly. In the course of the Russian-Turkish war (1877-1878), it did not go into the individual of the Turks of the “soldier on the continent”, and so Turecchini imposed a contract on how Great Britain was pribal Kipr. Ostrіv buv recoupment negativno і Britain began to establish itself in the Skhidnoye Seredzemnomor'ї vіyskovo-morskoy base.
management talents
The area of the overseas Volodin of Great Britain until the end of the 19th century was 33 million square meters. km. For the management of such a magnificent empire, more literate and effective administrative apparatus is required. The English were shot.
The system of colonial administration was well thought out and included three structures - the Forin-Office, the Ministry of Colonies and Management at the right of the dominions. The key lanka here was the Ministry of Colonies, which was ordered by the finances and engaged in the selection of personnel for the colonial administration.
The efficiency of the British management system was demonstrated to itself during the development of the Suetsky Canal. Life in the sea canal, quickly travels to India and Africa by 10,000 kilometers, the British did not shy away from things, contributing to the economy of Egypt. However, the majestic people, who іnkі іtrimіvіlіnіnіnіnі nebar, they rewrote Egypt from the boarzhnik. In the kintsev pidsum of Egyptian vlada bully to sell the UK's shares to the company Suetsky channel.
Often the British methods of government in the colonies brought great things. So, in 1769 - 1770 rr. colonial rulers ruled hunger in India by purchasing all the rice, and high prices... The famine took the life of about 10 million. Cholovik. The English also practically degraded the prominence of the India, bringing in bavovnyany fabrics of vlasny vyrobnitstva to India.
The colonial hegemony of Great Britain has ended without the need to send another holy war, if a new leader is brought to the political arena of the Great Britain - the United States of America.
The colonial policy of England goes down to the era of feudalism. Allegedly, the bourgeois revolution of the 17th century has earned an ear of widespread colonial expansion. Already in the middle of the 17th century, England, as a result of the aggressive wars of Cromwell, seized a number of islands of the West Indies, changed and expanded its capacity in the Great America, and left the remainder of Ireland. The revolution brought about changes in the economic and political challenges of Great Britain among the colonial territories: Spain, Portugal, France and Netherlands. Zdobuvshi mountain over their European superniks, the English bourgeoisie in the XVII - XIX centuries. Significantly viperdila їх in the colonial captivity.
Until the middle of the 19th century, Great Britain drowned in magnificent territories in all parts of the world. Їy lay: Ireland in Europe; Canada, Newfoundland, British Guiana and the West Indies in America; Ceylon, Malaya, part of Birm and India in Asia; Kapska Zemlya, Natal, British Gambia and S'orra-Leone in Africa; the whole Australian continent i New Zealand... In 1875, the power of the British Empire became 8.5 million square meters. miles, and the population of the empire is close to 20% of the total population of the earth. Gromiko A. Al. Great Britain: the era of reforms / Ed. A. Al. Gromiko.-M.: All light, 2007.- S. 203.
Throughout the greater part of the 19th century, the British Empire was going to the provincial edge of the country for the period of economic development. Leadership, won in the course of the industrial coup, manifested itself in front of the industrial transfer, in 1870, 32% of the industrial revolution was brought to a part of England (USA - 26%, Nimechchina - 10%, France - 10%, Russia - 4%, --in. eighteen%).
England mitigated the leading position in trade, de їy belonged to the first place, and її Pitoma Vaga in the sales of goods became close to 65%. Stretching out to finish a trivial hour won, she carried out the policy of free trade. The breeders of their own quality and cheapness, the English comrades did not demand a protectionist, and the district did not fence the import of earthly goods.
The victorious people in the history of the robbery of colonial peoples, the inequitable trade, the practitioners of work, the development of the primus practice and the development of the colonial exploitation, the English bourgeoisie accumulated capital of great Colonial empire of the game chimalu role in fact, England in the 19th century transformed itself into a promiscuous capitalist land - "the master of the world of the world."
Great Britain took over the first place and won capital, and London became the financial center of the world. The English currency played the role of small pennies, which appear in the quality of the rosary unit in the commercial pleasures of the world.
In the minds of a fierce struggle for economic leadership in the world between the old and industrial regions (England and France) and the young powers (USA and New York), Great Britain could not save its unreasonable length of time. Over the resources of the country, they considered industrialization. In the general sense, the fall of Great Britain is inevitable. Konotop M.V. History of the economy foreign lands M. V. Konotop, S. I. Smetanin.-M.-2001-S. 107.
Reasons for increasing the rate of economic development:
Growth of colonial power and development of capitals from the country;
Morally and physically older than vigilante strains and amalgamation of electrical energy;
Strengthening the policy of protection in the United States, Nimechchina, France and other countries;
Archaic system of education;
Lack of activity of English industries and more and more new technologies.
The loss of light hegemony is generally seen and practically uncomfortable for the fellows. Unimportant for the reassurance of the pace of economic development, the UK has lost a lot of blame, naybagatshoyu land light. Kashnikova T.V. History of the Economy / T.V. Kashnikova, O. P., Kostenko O.P.-Rostov n / D.- 2006.- P. 221.
In the world of empire, a system and tips for managing colonies have been rolled out. The headquarters of the administration of the colonies for a long time passed in the districts of Great Britain from one province to the other. First, in 1854, a special ministry of colonies was opened in England, on the yak there were the following provisions:
Capitalism of metropolis with colonies;
Awareness of the rights and supremacy of the metropolis and the protection of interests;
Appointing zsuv governors and other settlements of colonies;
Seeing instructions and instructions for managing colonies.
In addition, the Ministry of Colonies spillover the military ministry of defense of colonies, and controlled the liberation of colonies, as well as a small army. Zhidkova O.A. History of the state and the rights of foreign countries. / Ed. prof. P.N. Galanzi, O.A. Zhidkov. - M .: "Legal Literature" .- 1969.-P.-161. Seeing an appellation test for the judges of the colonies of the Bureau of the Judiciary Committee of the State for the sake of Great Britain.
Repairing from the XVIII century. the backbone of the colonies went into "conquest" and "resettlement", two types of British colonial administration were steadily deployed. "Conquered" colonies, as a rule, with "color" populations, not a little political autonomy, but keruvalis from the name of the crown through the organization of the metropolis by the British district. Legislative and vikonavchі functions in such colonies zoseredzhuvalysya without the middle in the hands of the most powerful official - the governor (governor-general). Established representative organizations in the cich colonies really represented the only insignificant prodigies of the inhabitants of the population, and in all the stench they played the role of a precocious organ under the governors. As a rule, in the "conquered" colonies a regime of national, racial discrimination has been established.
The second type of management is located in the colonies, for a large part of the population was made by immigrants from Britain and the other European countries (Pivne American colonies, Australia, New Zealand, Kapska land). For a long time, the form of management has been little seen from any of the colonies, but they have steadily added political autonomy.
Representative bodies of self-righteousness reigned in resettled colonies in the middle of the 18th century. However, the colonial parliaments did not have a real political power, but the lawmaker, the viconavcha and the court vlada fell into the hands of the British governor-generals. In the middle of the XIX century. in a number of provinces on the territory of Canada, there is a research institute for the "advanced order". As a result of the vote of dissatisfaction, guilty of the assembly, which is recognized by the Rada under the governor, which is the role of the colonial order, which will be released. Nayvazhlivіshі actions of the resettled colonies have become ruined in the other half of the XIX - the ear of the XX century, If the stench one by one solicited a forged expansion of self-production and was taken away as a result of the special status of the dominions. In 1865, the Act on the Operation of Colonial Laws was adopted, for which acts of the colonial legislative bodies were not recognized in two ways:
How much the stench in any kind of allegation was passed over to the acts of the British Parliament, we will expand it to the colony;
As if the stench was overwhelmed by any instructions and provisions, we see on the presentation of such an act, because it might cause such a kind of act in the colony. At the same hour, the laws of the colonial legislatures could not be made unavailable, as the stench did not conform to the norms of the English "foreign law". Legislative organizations of the colonies have denied the right to judge and view acts, which regulate their activities.
The idea of establishing the dominance of the policy and the "nutrition of the defense" has fallen into the competence of the British district. Repairing from the end of the 19th century. One of the forms of debt with dominions became the so-called colonial (imperial) conferences, which were held during the era of the ministry of colonies. At the conference in 1907, the representatives of the dominions of the boule viroblen the new organization of the form. Imperial conferences for the blame of the boule are held with the heads of the Prime Minister of Great Britain for the participation of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
In the end of the XIX - the ear of the XX century. overnight, from the floods of the great territories in Africa (Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya, Somalia and іn.), the English expansiveness in Asia and the Arabic Descent began to work. Institutions, as here the sovereign powers were actually re-created on the basis of the protectorate colonies (Afghanistan, Kuwait, Iran, etc.), the sovereignty of the sovereignty of the countries imposed by the English treaties and the presence of all British ones.
Colonial law in British Volodinia was formed from the acts of the British Parliament ("statute law"), "legal right", "justice law", as well as decrees and regulations of the Ministry of Colonies and normative acts adopted in the colony itself. The widespread implementation of the norms of English law in the colony dates back to the other half of the 19th century, since the colonies became trade "partners" of the metropolis and it is necessary, to ensure the stability of commodity exchange, safety of the individual and the power of British food.
Interlaced with the traditional institutes, the civil law of the conquered lands, depicting both power, and imposing on the basis of the suspension, the colonial law is a foldable and super-articulate manifestation. In India, for example, the lawmaking practice of British courts and colonial legislation set the stage for an accelerated system of Anglo-Indian and Anglo-Muslim law, which extended to the inhabitants of the world. These systems were adapted to the eclectic changes in the norms of English, traditional, religious law and court rules. In the colonial rule of Africa, too, they did little to restrict themselves to the norms of European law, civil law and colonial laws, which are copies of the colonial code of India. Evidently English settlers in any part of the world, the English law. At the same time, in the resettlement colonies, the "zalne right" was stagnated in Pershu, and the English legislation could not have been stashed, as there was no special order in the act of the British parliament. Krasheninnikova N.A. History of the state and the rights of foreign countries. Part 2: Pidruchnik for universities? Pid ed. ON. Krasheninnikova and prof. O. A. Zhidkova - M.-2001. - S. 19.
The British Empire had a few types of colonial powers. "Bili" dominioni ("dominion" in English means "volodinnya") - Canada, the Australian Union, New Zealand, as well as the Pivdeno-African Union - were becoming independent, as they steadily changed. Stinks are not only small government parliaments, uryadi, armies and finances, or even colonies (for example, Australia and the Pivdeno-African Union). Colonial lands became protectorates of the heirlooms with the apparently rooted sovereign rule and suspicious vidnosins. They had two equals of colonial administration. The supreme vlada belonged to the British governors-general; Smells in the minds of the governors of the dominions, as they represented the interests of the British crown, but they ruled from now on, they were blamed by the governors of the old lands. This is the name of the tubular administration (the masses of rulers, leaders), which was crushed by the intermingled independence, the bully was overpowered by the judges and police forces, the right to the collection of tax payments, the budget was small. The tubular administration vikonuvala the role of a buffer between the supreme rulership of Europeans and rotting populations. Such a management system is called indirect, or indirect. Vona Bula most expanded in the British Volodinny, and the English colonial policy became called the policy of indirect (indirect) control.
The English practiced and so called direct management in the colonies. Such colonies were called crown ones, so that they would be without middle ordering to London, in order to have minimal rights to self-regulation, or not to have such rights. The winyatoks became the crown of the colonies with a significant prodigy of the white population, for great privileges and the creation of the powerful colonial parliament. In some cases, in one country, the vicarists used both direct and indirect methods of rule. For example, India, before the Other Holy War, was split into the so-called British Colony of India, which was stored in 16 provinces and kerovans from London, and a protectorate, which included over 500 feudal princes of the system. The development of the governing body immediately settled in Nigeria, Gania, Kenya, and other regions. Zhidkova O.A. History of the state and the rights of foreign countries. / Ed. prof. P. N. Galanzi, O. A. Zhidkova.-M.: "Legal Literature".-1969.-P.-179.
BRITANSKA ІМПЕРІЯ (The British Empire), Great Britain and її overseas volodinnya. Naybilsha empire in the history of people. The name "British Imperia" disappeared from vzhytk in the mid-1870s. Since 1931, the official name was changed for the British Social Friendship of the nation, with the 2nd anniversary of the National Socialism and the Social Security.
The British Empire was formed as a result of the rich colonial expansion: colonization of the territories of the Pivne America, Australia, New Zealand, islands in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans; the order of the powers or the trade in their regions; drowning (in the main way) and forgiveness to the British colonies of the European lands. The establishment of the British Empire was brought into the hospitality of the struggle of Great Britain for the sea panu and the colonies of Spain (the marvel of the Anglo-Spanish wars of the 16-18th century), the Netherlands (the capital of the Anglo-Dutch) also from Nimechchinoyu (end 19 - ear of 20 th century). The supernatural for inflowing into a number of districts of the Asian continent was the reason for serious problems in the UK and Russian empire... In the process of shaping and developing the British Empire, the British Imperial Ideology has been applied, as it has put a bright video card on all sides of life, internal and external policy of Great Britain.
The development of the British Empire reigned in the middle of the 16th century, with the transition of England to the policy of the growing roots of Ireland, Shidne uzberezhzhya What a bucket was dumped by her in the 12th century. Until the middle of the 17th century, Ireland was transformed into a colony. In 1583, England voted sovereignty over the island of Newfoundland, which became the first overseas Volodymyr and a base for conquest in the New World.
The outbreak by the English in 1588 of the "Impossible Armadie" loosening the positions of the Spanish as a provincial sea power and allowing them to join in the struggle for the colonies. The most important was the conquest of positions in the West Indies, which gave the opportunity to control the sea routes, which called Spain with the colonies in the Central and Pivdenniy America(Transportation of gold, slaves), seize a part of the trade in colonial goods (bavovna, tsukor, tyutyun and іn.) І in the neighboring lands to independently pick up their wines. In 1609, the British established themselves in the Bermuda Islands (the official colony from 1684), in 1627 - on the islands of Barbados (the colony from 1652), in 1632 - on the Antigua islands, in the 1630s - in Beliza (from 1862 colonies of the British Honorable) , in 1629 - in the Bahamas (colony from 1783), in the 1670s, in the 1670s, they officially crossed the islands of Jamaica and the Cayman Islands. One hour the English merchants changed their position on the Golden Berez in Western Africa (the Persha English factor was established there in 1553). In 1672, the Korolivska Afrikanska Company was founded by the Roci Bula, which took in its hands a part of the trade in gold and slaves. As a result of the war for the Spanish recession (1701-14), the English sought the monopoly right to trade in slaves in the Spanish colonies, and having seized the Gibraltar (1704) and the islands of Menorca (1708), they took control over the communes without the Soviet Union. Until the middle of the 18th century, the economic and commercial interests of Great Britain in the "Atlantic triplet" (Great Britain - West Indies - Western Africa) are of the highest importance for the development of the British Empire, in the future On the ear of the 18th century, after ordering their own inflow to Portugal (Metuen's astonishment of the treaty of 1703), the English also joined in the exploitation of the great colonial powers, the first for everything in the Holy America.
Since 1607 the settlement of Jamestown and the Colonies of the World have been departed, the English colonization of the Atlantic Uzbeks has been restored and adjoined to the new districts of the Pivnichnaya America (wonder of the Pivnichnaya American colonies of England); New Amsterdam, converted by the English to the Dutch in 1664, but changed to New York.
The English penetrated into India overnight. At 1600 London merchants fell asleep in the East Indies Company (marvel the East Indians). Until 1640, the rooku won the edge of her factors not only in India, but in Pivdenno-Shidniy Asia, on the Distant Descent. In 1690 the company began to build its name in Calcutta. As a result of the Seven World War of 1756-63 years of Great Britain, France won the Indian (wonder of the Anglo-French fight for India) and in the significant world of the Great Patriotic War and the position of the French in the capital of the 17th-18th century.
The first crisis the British Empire became aware of, having lost 13 of its colonies as a result of Viynya for independence in Pivnichniy America 1775-83 years. However, after the approval of the United States (one thousand seven hundred and fifty three), tens of thousands of colonists moved to Canada, and there the British presence was noticeable.
In the middle of the 18th century, the British penetration into the coastal regions of New Zealand, Australia and the islands The Pacific... In 1788 there was a victorious British settlement in Australia - Port Jackson (Maybutniy Sidney). In 1840, a number of British colonies appeared in New Zealand, for which they were included in the warehouse of the overseas Volodin of Great Britain. Opіr mіtssevogo population bulo strangled (marvel at the Anglo-Maori Vіyni 1843-72). The Viennese congress of 1814-15 founded the Cape Colony for Great Britain (Pivdenna Africa), Malta, Ceylon and the first territory, seized in the 18th century - the 19th century cob. Until the middle of the 19th century, the English had largely completed the conquest of India (marvel at the Anglo-Mysurian war, the Anglo-Marath war, the Anglo-Sikh war), the establishment of control over Nepal (marvel at the Anglo-Nepalese war). In 1819 the port of Singapore was built. In the middle of the 19th century, as a result of the Anglo-Chinese war 1840-42 years and the Anglo-French-Chinese war 1856-60 years in China, the ). Immediately Great Britain went over to the politics of colonial drowning on the African continent (marvel at Anglo-Ashantian war, Anglo-Buro-Zuluska war in 1838-40, Lagos-English war in 1851).
During the period of the "colonial suburb of the world" (the last quarter of the 19th century) Great Britain seized Cyprus (1878), gained new control over Egypt and the Suets Canal (1882), completed the conquest of Birmi (wondered about the Anglo-Afghani, Anglo-Afghan agreements, please), imposed unequal agreements on Syam and agreed to trade in a number of territories (marvel at the English-German agreements). She won vast territories in Tropic and Pivdenny Afritsa - Nigeria, Gold Coast, S'orra Leone, Pivdenna and Pivnichna Rodezia, Bechuanaland, Basutoland, Zulandis , Opobo-anglіyska vіyna 1870-87, Brochemi-anglіyska vіyna 1 894, Sokoto-anglіyska vіyna 1903). Pisle of the Anglo-Bourgeoisie 1899-1902 years of Great Britain came to its colonial lands of the Bursk Republic Transvaal (the official name is the Pivdeno-African Republic) and the Orange Colonial State of the Colonies (anecdotes) opened the Pivdenno-African Union (1910).
The British empire was formed from the powers and territories, as well as from the small age (at least one hour in Bagatyokh in the last years) international legal status: dominions, colonies, protectorates and mandate territories.
Dominion is a land with a great number of victories from Europe, but little or no reason for the wider rights of self-discipline. Pivnichna America, and overseas Australia and New Zealand boomed with emigration from Great Britain. Smell mali bagatomilyonne "bile", in the main Anglomovna, population. His role in the economy and politics became more and more important. As the United States conquered independence, then the overseas British Volodymyr from the "bilym" populations steadily solicited self-discipline: Canada - in 1867, the Australian Union - in 1901, New Zealand - in 1907, New Zealand - in 1919 - in 1917 - in 1949 they were transferred to the warehouse of Canada), Ireland (without the private part - Ulster, which was lost in the warehouse of Great Britain) - in 1921. For the developments of the Imperial Conference in 1926, the number of companies became the changing houses. Їх self-reliance at internal and new policy Bula was approved by the Westminster Statute of 1931. The economic links between them, as well as between them and the metropolis, were closed to the stems of sterling blocks (1931) and the Ottoman pleasures of 1932 about imperial preferences.
In the colonies (їkh bulo is close to 50), a large number of the population of the British Empire lived. The skin colony was ruled by the governor-general, who designated the British ministry at the right of the colonies. The governor has formulated legislation for the parliament of officials in the colonial administration and representatives of the local population. In the colonial colonies of the traditional institute, the government has been reorganized and integrated into the system of colonial administration in the capacity of "tubular" administrations, the religious nobility of the Bula is deprived of the income of the owners again and again. Most Colonial Volodinnya - India - officially went to the warehouse of the British Empire in 1858 (it was previously managed by the British East Indian Company). In 1876, the British monarch (at that hour - Queen Victoria) became also the Emperor of India, and the Governor-General of the India became Vice-King.
The nature of the management of the protectorates and the stages of fallowing in the metropolis of the Bully Colonial vlada allowed the deyak the independence of the religious feudal or tribal leadership.
The mandate of the territory is a part of the collegiate Nimetsky and Ottoman empires, handed over to the letter of the 1st Great Patriotic War of the United Kingdom on the basis of the so-called mandate.
In 1922, in the period of the greatest territorial expansion, the British Empire included: the metropolis - Great Britain (England, Scotland, Wales, Pivnichna Ireland); dominion - Ireland (without Pivnichnoy Ireland; until 1921 as a rock colony), Canada, Newfoundland (dominion in 1917-34), Union of Australia, New Zealand, Pivdeno-African Union; colonies - Gibraltar, Malta, Ascension islands, Svyatoi Eleni islands, Nigeria, Golden Coast, S'orra Leone, Gambia, Mauritius islands, Seychelles, Somaliland, Kenya, Uganda, Zanzibar, Nigeria Bechuanaland, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Cyprus, Aden (with the islands of Perim, Socotra), India, Birma, Ceylon, Straits Settlements, Malaya, Sarawak, Pivnichny Borneo, Brunei, Labrador, British Gonerm Island , the islands of Jamaica, the Trinidad and Tobago islands, the Navitryan islands, the Indian islands, the Turks and Caicos islands, the Falkland islands, the Barbados islands, Papua (the colony of the Australian Union), Fiji islands, the Tongan islands, the other islands mandated territories - Palestine, Transjordan, Iraq, Tangany, part of Togo and part of Cameroon, Western-Western Africa (mandate of the Indian-African Union), islands of Nauru, number of Nimetsky New Islands of Guinea, New Zealand). The United Kingdom's panu is actually extended to Egypt, Nepal and to China Xianggang (Hong Kong) and Weihaway (Weihai).
The struggle of the Afghan people hardened Great Britain in 1919 to recognize the independence of Afghanistan (marvel at the Anglo-Afghan treaty of 1919, 1921). In 1922 Egypt was formally independent, in 1930 it was given an English mandate to govern Iraq, so that the insults of the country were lost in the sphere of British panuvannya.
The fall of the British Empire was the instruction of the 2nd Holy War as a result of the strenuous anti-colonial struggle inhabited by the 2nd peoples. Try to save the British Empire with a way of maneuvering or storing vіyskovoі power(Colonial Vines in Malaya, Kenya and other British Volodinia) have known failure. In 1947, the United Kingdom was overwhelmed by the independence of the largest colonial state - the Indian. At the same time, the land was divided by regional and religious signs into two parts: India and Pakistan. Independence was voted by Transjordan (1946), Birma and Ceylon (1948). In 1947, the UN General Assembly adopted a decision about the assignment of the British mandate to Palestine and the establishment of the two powers - the Jewish and Arab states. In 1956, the independence of Sudan was ruined, in 1957 - Malaya. The Golden Coast was the first from the British Volodin to Tropical Africa, becoming in 1957 a rozi independent power, taking the name Ghana.
1960 Rik uvіyshov in history yak "Rik Africa". 17 African colonies coveted independence, including the most British one in Africa - Nigeria, as well as Somaliland, which, having united with a part of Somalia, was overwhelmed by the governing bodies of the Republic of Latvia. Upcoming most important decolonization events: 1961 - S'orra Leone, Kuwait, Tanganyika; 1962 - Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda; 1963 - Zanzibar (in 1964, having united with Tangany, having established the Republic of Tanzania), Kenya; 1964 - Nyasaland (became the Republic of Malawi), Pivnichna Rodesia (became the Republic of Zambia), Malta; 1965 - Gambia, Maldivi; 1966 - British Guiana (became the Republic of Guyana), Basutoland (Lesotho), Bechuanaland (became the Republic of Botswana), Barbados; 1967 - Aden (Єmen); 1968 - Mauritius, Swaziland; 1970 - Tonga, Fiji; 1980 - Pivdenna Rodesia (Zimbabwe); 1990 - Namibia. In 1997, Hong Kong became part of China. In 1961, the Russian-African Union voted for itself the Indian-African Republic and the Socialist Republic of America, instead of sending it to the apartheid regime (1994), with the knowledge of acceptance to its warehouse.
The breakdown of the British Empire did not mean, however, a renewed breakdown of modern economic, political and cultural ties among parts of the country, which were spreading over ten years. The British Sp_vdruzhn_st of the nation itself has learned of the pre-indigenous changes. The history of India, Pakistan and Ceylon (from 1972 to Shri-Lanka) and its entry to the British Socialist Nationals (1948), it became common to not only metropolitan houses and old times imperii. From the name "British Spіvdruzhnist national" the word "British" was used, and in a fake name they began to call "Spіvdruzhnist". There were 53 members on the ear of 21 centuries: 2 - in Europe, 13 - in America, 9 - in Asia, 18 - in Africa, 11 - in Australia and Oceania. At the Spіvdruzhnіst Buv Acceptance Mozambіk, which is not a part of the British Empire.
The turn of the 20th and 21st centuries marked by the exit from Great Britain fundamental doslіdzhen from the history of the British Empire, including those attributed to the problems of interculturality between peoples of the Empire, and the other aspects of decolonization and transformation of the Empire in the Social Security. The project of the rich-volume vision "British documents about the end of the empire" has been completed and soon after.
Lit.: Cambridge history of the British Empire. Camb., 1929-1959. Vol. 1-8; Єrofєєv N.A. The empire was developing like this ... English colonialism in the 18th century. M., 1964; win the same. Zakhid British Empire. M., 1967; win the same. English colonialism in the middle of the 19th century M., 1977; Ostapenko G.S. British Conservatory and decolonization. M., 1995; Porter B. The lion's: share: a short history of British Imperialism, 1850-1995. L. 1996; Oxford history of the British Empire. Oxf. 1998-1999. Vol. 15; Davidson A.B. M.; Smolensk, 1998; Hobsbaum E. Stolittya Imperii. 1875-1914. Rostov n / D., 1999; Empire and others: British encounters with indigenous people / Ed. by M. Daunton, R. Halpern. L. 1999; Boyce D.G. Decolonization and the British Empire, 1775-1997. L. 1999; The commonwealth in the 21st century / Ed. by G. Mills, J. Stremlau. L. 1999; Cultures of empire: colonizers in Britain and the Empire in the nineteenth and twentieth century: a reader / Ed. by S. Hall. Manchester; N. Y. 2000; Lloyd T. Empire: the history of the British Empire. L.; N. Y. 2001; Butler L. J. Britain and empire: adjusting to the post-imperial world. L., 2001; Heinlein F. British government policy and decolonisation. 1945-1963: scrutinising the official mind. L., 2002; Churchill U. Svitova crisis. Autobiography. Speech. M., 2003; Seeley J.R., Cremb J.A. British Empire. M., 2004; James L. The rise and fall of the British Empire. L., 2005; Bibliography of imperial, colonial and commonwealth history since 1600 / Ed. by A. Porter. Oxf., 2002.
At the time of the newest development of the Roman Empire, the panuvannya, which was broadened over the great territory, became close to 6.51 million square kilometers. However, in the list of the greatest empires in the history of Rimska, it is only nineteen months old.
Do you think yak is still persha?
Most recent empire for the whole history
Mongolska
295 (21.7 % )
Rosіyska
214 (15.8 % )
Іspanska
48 (3.5 % )
Britanska
567 (41.8 % )
Mongolska
119 (8.8 % )
Turkic kaganate
18 (1.3 % )
Yaponska
5 (0.4 % )
Arabian khalifat
18 (1.3 % )
Makedonska
74 (5.4 % )
Infection with my knowledge of the correct view ...
Thousands of years of experience of people passed under the sign of war and expansiveness. Great powers were growing, growing and collapsing, as they changed (and deyakis continued to minify) in a glimpse of a happy world.
Imperia is the greatest possible type of power, deceased by the rule of a single monarch (emperor) of the common land and people. Ten of the highest-scale empires were discernible, if some were on the arena of light. It’s not marvelous, but in our turn you don’t know either Rimska, or Ottomans, or see the empire of Oleksandr the Great - the history of Bachil and more.
10. Arabian khalifat
Population: -
Power area: - 6.7
Capital: 630 - 656 Medina / 656 - 661 Mecca / 661 - 754 Damascus / 754 - 762 Kufa / 762 - 836 Baghdad / 836 - 892 Samarra / 892 - 1258 Baghdad
Ear of vladaryuvannya: 632 g
Fall of the Empire 1258 rub
The beginning of the empire marked the so-called. "To the Gold of Eru Islam" - the period from VII to XIII centuries AD. That is, the promises of the khalifat immediately followed the death of the creator of the Muslim virgin Muhammad in 632 rots, and the prophet of the Medinska community became the nucleus of that. The capital of the Arab conquered the area of empire up to 13 million square meters. km, having covered the territory in all three parts of the Old World. Until the middle of the XIII century, Halifat, which was torn apart by internal conflicts, weakened, so it was easily flooded with a handful of Mongols, and then by the Ottomans - the forerunners of the great Western Asian empire.
9. Japanese Empire
Population: 97,770,000
Power area: 7.4 million km2
Capital: Tokio
Ear of vladaryuvannya: 1868 rub
Fall of the Empire: 1947
Japan - one of the only empires for the occasion political cards... Infectious status is sooner formal, more than 70 years in the same Tokio will become the main center of imperialism in Asia. Japan is an ally of the Third Reich and the fascist italia - that is, to gain control over the western Uzbek coast of the Pacific Ocean, distribute a great front with the Americans. For a whole hour, the peak of the territorial range of the empire was set, which practically controlled the entire sea space and 7.4 million sq. km of land from Sakhalin to New Guinea.
8. Portuguese Empire
Population: 50 million people (480 B.C.) / 35 million people (330 rubles B.C.)
Power area: - 10.4 million km2
Capital: Coimbra, Lisbon
From the 16th century, the Portuguese shouted the nobles to cut through the Spanish insolation on the Iberian Piostrov. In 1497, they had a buv led the way to the end of the Indies, where the ear of the Portuguese colonial empire sprang up. Three rocks earlier, between the "sworn susides", they built the Tordesilian agreement, actually divided between two countries of the world at that hour of the world, on unimaginable minds for the Portuguese. Ale tse didn’t get more than 10 million sq. M. km of land, a large part of which was occupied by Brazil. The handover of Macau to the Chinese in 1999 completed the colonial history of Portugal.
7. Turkic kaganate
Area - 13 million km2
one of the most ancient powers in the history of humanity in Asia, established by the tribal union of the Turks (Turkuts) on a number of rulers from the family of Ashina. During the period of the greatest expansion (the end of the 6th century), it controlled the territory of China (Manchuria), Mongolia, Altai, Skhidny Turkestan, Zakhidny Turkestan (Middle Asia), Kazakhstan and the Caucasus. Krym tribute to the Kaganate Buli Sassanian Iran, the Chinese powers Pivnichne Zhou, Pivnichna Tsi from 576 to the riches of the Turkic Kaganate from the trade of Vizantia Pivnichniy Caucasus.
6. French Empire
Population: -
Power area: 13.5 million sq. km
Capital: Paris
Ear of vladaryuvannya: one thousand n'yat one hundred and forty six g
Fall of the Empire: 1940 r
France became the third European power (written by Spain and Portugal), which became overseas territories. Correcting from 1546 to the rock - the hour of falling asleep News of France (Nini Quebec, Canada) - take the ear of the form of Francophonie in the light. Having lost the American prototype of the Anglo-Saxons, and also puffed up by the conquests of Napoleon, the French occupied the whole Go to Africa... In the middle of the twentieth century, the area of the empire was 13.5 million square meters. km, in nіy lived ponad 110 million people. Until 1962, a large part of the French colonies became independent powers.
Chinese Imperia
5. Chinese Empire (Qing Empire)
Population 383,100,000
Power area: 14.7 million km2
Capital: Mukden (1636-1644), Pekin (1644-1912)
Ear of vladaryuvannya: 1616 g
Fall of the Empire: 1912 r
Found the empire of Asia, the colisk of the ancient culture. The first Chinese dynasties ruled from the II millennium BC. That is, ale Edina imperia Bula was built in 221 rotsi BC. e. During the hours of the Qing ruling - the rest of the monarchical dynasty of the Middle Kingdom - the empire occupied a record area of 14.7 million sq. m. km. The price is 1.5 times more, lower than that of the bitter Chinese state, mainly for the rakhunok of Mongolia, Nini Square. In 1911, the Xinhai Revolution fell asleep, which brought the end of the monarchical way of life in China, transforming the empire into a republic.
4. Spanish Empire
Population: 60 million
Power area: 20,000,000 km2
Capital: Toledo (1492-1561) / Madrid (1561-1601) / Valladolid (1601-1606) / Madrid (1606-1898)
Fall of the Empire: 1898 r
The period of the Holy Panuvannya of Spain was Columbus's voyage for an hour, a kind of new horizon for the Catholic Church and Territorial Expansion. In the 16th century, not everything. I’m going to drink “at the nig” of the Spanish king from the “impenetrable armada”. At the very same hour, Spain was called "land, for nikoli do not go to the sun" sea shlikhiv at all the little parts of the planet. Some of the empires of the Russian and the Aztecs fell before the conquistadors, and at the same time, the most important of Hispanic Latin America was established.
3. Russian Empire
Population: 60 million
Population: 181.5 million (1916)
Power area: 23,700,000 km2
Capital: St. Petersburg, Moscow
Fall of the Empire: 1917 r
Most continental monarchy in the history of people. The root of the hours of the Moscow principality, because of the kingdom. In 1721, Peter the Great voted the imperial status of Russia, as a great territory from Finland to Chukotka. In the end of the 19th century, the state reached its geographical apogee: 24.5 million square meters. km, close to 130 million inhabitants, over 100 ethnic groups and nationalities. Russian Volodinnyi at one o'clock the lands of Alaska (before the sale by Americans in 1867), as well as a part of California.
2. Mongolian Empire
Population: Ponad 110 million chol. (1279)
Power area: 38,000,000 sq km (1279)
Capital: Karakorum, Khanbalik
Ear of vladaryuvannya: 1206 rub
Fall of the Empire: 1368
Naybіlsha іmperіya of all hours and people, whose sense of the beginning is one - vіyna. The Great Mongolian State established 1206 fate by the wire of Chingiskhan, which grew in ten years up to 38 million sq. M. km, from Baltic Sea to V'utnam, і having destroyed the skin tenth inhabitant of the Earth. Until the end of the 13th century, the Ulusi hunted a quarter of the land and a third of the planet's population, as they did so much more than a third of the world's population. The ethnopolitical framework of the modern Eurasia has been formed on the ulamkas of the empire.
1. British Empire
Population 458 million chol. (Approximately 24% of the Earth's population in 1922 rik)
Power area: 42.75 km2 (1922 rik)
Capital: London
Ear of vladaryuvannya: 1497 rub
Fall of the Empire: 1949 (1997) p
The British Empire is the greatest of all powers in the entire history of people with colonies on all inhabited continents.
For 400 years of its formation, it has been a competition for the new generation of “colonial titans”: France, Holland, Spain, Portugal. During the period of its development, London controls a fourth part of the land (over 34 million square meters. Km) on all inhabited continents, as well as the vast expanse of the ocean. Formally, there are no more than a few days in the Spy Friendship, as well as such countries as Canada and Australia will actually be only a British crown.
The international status of the English language is the main reason for the decline of Pax Britannica.
Still something great for you from history: guess which one is for you. Axis to you i. maybe you didn't know if you were
The original statty is on the site InfoGlaz.rf Poslednya on the article, from which the copy is broken -
England. If conquered by the Romans, the whole Christian land and nation became one of the greatest and most powerful empires in history. Її inflow widened on all kuchuyu earthly kulі. Technologies, innovations, ambitions - with the help of various tools great imperia.
the stench gave rise to great british navy, Yakiy trimav in the hands of the entire light ocean. The King's Fleet 18-19 can be found everywhere.
The British Empire opened up massive symbols of panuvannya, which will inspire awe until the end of the day. But the foundation of the empire centered on Marnoslawism, bloodshed and unbeatable thirst conquest.
Wilhelm Zavoyovnik
410 rubles. Nypotuzhnіsha imperіya, vіdoma sіtovі, was attacked. On the distant British Isles, go to hell Roman legions enter the coast... I’m going to write for myself, and I’m going to write it politically. For more than 400 rocky years, the island of Britain has been on its own. That will be the end of one empire and the ear of the best.
"It's a dream not to go over the British empire", - I feel a lot of words, I want the empire for a long time. For an hour of its development, the British Empire has occupied a quarter of the land - 36 million square kilometers.
How many islands in the middle of the winter Atlantic become a majestic empire? On the ear of 400 years, if the Romans fought with pressure, and the deeds of the marauding of the peoples became overwhelmed. You can, add a soft klimat. Through a small table, the stench was self-organizing, and the English people were born.
After the death of the rest of the Saxon king of spirits, he opened his way to the people of the people - like the bully on the sites of the Vikings, who inhabited Pivnichnu France.
... I will become the highest and most non-violent ruler in the history of England. Yogo was called.
about Appetite of Genrikha legends were told: win zhadav їzhі, zhіnok, vladi i sina, as if once to transfer kermo to vlady.
Great way of viconati sviy korolivsky borg - tse spend a fall... I just wonder at the portraits of the Choloviks-Tudors, it stinks to stand, legs spread wide, hands on the thighs, and it doesn’t look bad: the stink doesn’t seem like “I’m a cholovik, I can stink a fall”. Sin bouv is a proof of masculinity.
Wine without memory huddle in Anne Boleyn, Win bazhak її, so Ganna bully was a tad more adorable woman, and she knew about it. One problem - how can I let you see the squad? Chi is not hammering in, naturally. First type: disperse.
If Dad has seen Dati Genrikh phoned for separation, The king is disagreeing: since we cannot control the religion, we can simply replace it. vin zukhvalo rozіrvav usi links with Rome and having voted as the head.
Now Genrikh mav absolute control over his land. Vіn parting with Katerina i having killed Queen Anne... Ale, if I won’t give birth to youmu shina, then she appeared in a rapt accused of health.
All bulo is done in such a way that you can't think of it better: there is nibito Spun more than one novel, And at once decilka. Yakis orgies were held at the palace, and Genrikh was ready in the chain of events. Genrich chastising Anna and in the direction of growth in London.
The whole complex occupies a territory of 7 hectares and is filled with unapproachable walls. The trees were replaced by stone blocks, the wall of the bulwark was reinforced with a series of towers, along the inner perimeter of the ring friend wall for more hope. They have virilized the gliboki ditches and stored them with water. The complex has become practical unapproachable.
For the rule of Genrikha the fortress became detached wadi and zhorstokosty, Summarily in v_yaznitsa, dungeon and martyr of strati of the Bagatokh yogo vorogiv.
Here Anna checked her share - kari through beheading... Beheaded, I will hide the booze with a stubborn procedure, so that I will call you in a terrible way, it did not reach the first blow.
Hannі Boleyn Genrikh saying: "For you, the road, is just more beautiful." To replace the fact that I’ll cut my head off, I’ll punish me for it, I’m very careful. sword.
19 May 1536 Anna was brought to a small courtyard on the territory of Tauer. One nimble blow, i Genrikh Bula's problem.
Ale bazhannya zrobiti spadkoєmtsya bulo lishe one of the ambitious ideas of the king: from the very cob the rule of wine eager to become famous, Reconsider England in May Empire.
The idea of the mainstream of the empire, how to hunt the whole of Europe and if it were drawn to the boundaries, did not leave Henry VIII. Reality in the middle of the road with the world about.
Along the way of Genrikh, two European superpowers stood up to the end of the empire. Yogo plan - to guide in the distant seas buoyant zabro mnogo mnosheniya.
Leto 1510 rock. The army of working people went through the footsteps of England in writing material for the awakening of what, in addition to the help of England, to establish the empire. Before Tim, Yak to conquer the land, Genrikh VIII Mav admit the sea... Vіn virіshiv radically change the strategy of warfare, transforming their ships into a deadly zombie.
Vin buv pershim, hto pochav get on board the ships: Those knowers, who previously stopped for a while only for an hour, were important for them to make a ton and build a ship.
Massive wizards of great ships. Genrikh ordered his engineers to build a new fleet. Perlin yogo becoming a flagship ship, one of the first battle ships in the world. Yogo was named.
The ship became a part of the Engineering Duma of this era. Place on board the yakomog more znryad, straightened in the ribs - the cim and became "Meri Rose", platform for garmat.
On "Meri Rose" there is a fundamentally new thing - bijnitsi for garmat... Open the boules of virizan from the sides of the ship and shut the hatches. Wine was allowed to shoot from the garmat from the sides. The shipbuilders brought in the harness of the deck. The reaper was reworked "Meri Rose" in death machine... respected ship revolution, І "Meri Rose" became the first lust.
Until the middle of the 16th century, England became shlyakh pidkorennya sea... Ale nezbarom Genrikh stumbled upon the problem: the expensive bronze armor, which were equipped with ships, shvidko Visnazuvali the king's belongings... Guilty for having come up with the best way to build important artillery, as it destroyed the army and the fleet with irreversible changes in vitrates. Ideal solutions boulo chavunna garmata: Vona Bula is 50 times cheaper, less than bronze.
Pracezdatnu chavunnu harmata was not shot yet, ale Genrikh knew, how to speed up the process: win guessing about the great iron-bearing region of the country uylda, I gave the order to the engineers.
The foldability of such an element, yak garmat, was due to the fact that it was necessary to melt a lot at even higher temperatures. Buv only one way to trim the required temperature - engineering marvel of that hour with forced thrust.
A handful of robots put a tree i zaliznu ore to the top of the 6-meter stone oven. The water wheel led to the ruins of the majestic khutra, as they razdmuhuvali in the fire until quiet feast, as long as the temperature did not reach 2200 degrees, it was enough to melt it. Todi robots raised a crane for the base of the oven. Potik baked zaliza twisted into a form, buried gliboko in the ground.
I’ll honestly say there’s a lot of new resources: they needed a lot of stoves for the production of wood, people who procured the wood, work, equipment, the ore was collected from the earth, the crews, who brought in and out of the woodworking.
For the onset of the capital of the chavunni harmati from the world of steel about the wickedness of all European rulers.
The price has changed the alignment of forces: the harmatians gave England vlada i tekhnologichnu perevaga There is a lot of land for the country.
For the last 30 years of Genrikh staying new fleet... Ale you have not been judged to go to your old world - to conquer: an uncompromising appetite for serving the obese people who are obese. vin died in 1547 rock Having lined up on the sites the memory about the horror and the wine, they went ahead of the era. Having sown today, in which virtues can be empire.
Genrich laying the foundation Having stayed in the fleet, to give the intelligence, how Britain will become empire, having declared itself svitovi.
George III - the divine king of the British Empire
The coming 150 years of Britain will expand through the colonies and conquest, victorious I am growing my fleet... Until the middle of the 18th century, Britain controlled part of Інії, Africa, and Pivnichnoy America.
A little on the horizon loomed two seryoznі, and the king, who is to be beaten with them, will fight with his demons.
Everyone was talking about yogo bozhevilly, The physical ailment was recognized on your brain. The first attack of insanity was trapped at George's in 1788, after 7 rockets, after a serious blow. The small territory in this part of the world overcame some of the British. Qia kraina called herself.
If the British visitors left the city of York, if the stench was far away, light, hey, stood up on his head. So there і bulo: light, in which barrels there is a change - tse divine light.
The onset of ten years of St. George's day, altogether, change. In 1804, the king and his empire had a new body: the French emperor.
On the cob 19 stolittya the tyrant-conqueror shvidko opanuvav Europe. Anglia Bula is a single pereshkoda on the way to the continental panuvannya. Vіn buv the same threat, like the Nazis at the Other Svitovіy vіynі, and wіn gotuvіv vіyska before the invasion of the British Isles.
British Royal Navy became the head sea power and in 1805, he waged a meeting with the aggressor Napoleon in his home. Victorious, fearless tactics and the most technically sophisticated ships of the era, England defeated the French and Spanish fleets.
The battle of Trafalgar changed the encampment of England, having destroyed the main sea power. British steel not overturned by the ships.
Ale to the moment of the residual defeat of Napoleon in 1815 the king George III madness: Win residual z'yhav from the blind and mayzhe at the expense of the zir. The king wandered along the corridors, not at once independently, growing his beard, not knowing what this day was.
Velika Zakhidna zaliznytsya
Until the end of the day, England was re-created into superpower, Perevaga yakoi runtuvalosya on the ship buduvanny. Alle, the іnsha technology appears, how to bring the British empire up to the light panuvannya. On the 19th century, the axis-axis is guilty of bringing the blame for the significance of the history of the Romans.
Until the 19th century, Britain was transformed into a industrial giant... The colossal successes of the crows were tied to the stupid wine-lovers in the field of technology, who hunted a lot of empire, and then the whole world.
Foldable to make the first period of history, dressing with such pidyom in the field of technology For such people, they experiment with machines, provide new methods of building, bring new things to architecture.
At the last empire, they would be held by their hands, and the British conquered their territory for the help of cars. Such an innovation, like a litta metal and a conversion of a battle ship into a single car with garmat, changed the English fleet, and navy transforming England into empire... The I tsya vіyskovo-economic empire spread from Europe to Asia, from America to Africa, panuyuchi in. Ale yak shodo sushi?
By the ear of the 19th century, Britain experienced a productivity streak, ale not a start of land transport... U 1782 rotsi yakis udoskonaliv dvigun, how to collapse by steam After 40 years and after 40 years, the blue took the engine for an additional firebox, boiler, piston, and put it on the slats, and put it on the slats, developing the name-shifting speed of 47 km / h.
"Raketa" was not a first steam locomotive, and even more unique specialties were said about those who steam engine is the power of the mighty one. The key is to lie in motion.
A number of small pipes transferred the hot gas from the furnace to a reservoir with water, bringing it to a boil. Steam appears, which flows through the valve into the cylinder. The strongest grip of steam, the piston rod collapsed, tying the wheels of the locomotive, moving forward. Vypuskayuchi steam through the pipe, and not through the cylinder, made sure the access of fresh food into the firebox to feed the fire. With such innovations, "Raketa" could fly to the majestic shvidkistu.
With less steam locomotives, you can see your own at that hour, which is the most similar to the one that sounded like buggies. Zychayno, yogo will prodovzhuvati udoskonalyuvati, ale tsya the basis of a steam locomotive on the offensive of 100 rock.
Now it is necessary to use the British netting zaliznyts, І in 1833 rotsі zuhvaliy genіalnіngеnіng having entered tsyu race and having become famous. Yogo was called.
Brunelle is a good showman: good clothes, red squad, he is famous and famous, like a creep. And yet I’m a workaholic, it’s never been an hour.
Brunelle has boules of grandiose plans: she will become the most ambitious project in history, a whole lot of everything from all angles of England. Brunel called її і mav namіr development the best in the world.
Vin hodiv, the road is small, the smallest kut nakhilu, that is, go can drive along these nabagato shvidshe. Zhaga shvidkostі vimagala passing kryz gori, And not according to them, і in conjunction with the tsim declared yo the best technical support – zaliznichny tunnel.
Obviously, you need to prodovbati in stone tunnel burned for the entire period of time, and the won became 1 km 200 m. At that part of the time, it was simply unimaginable! Navigate for the current standards of the priceless tunnel.
Brunel Zibrav hundreds of Irish diggers, Schob cut the tunnel. They thought it was because they saw a number of mines in front of the surface of the mountain. For the visualization of solid breeds, vikoristov powder... Then the robots went down into the mines in cats and knocked the ulamks practically with their bare hands. By the power of the horses, the winches were driven to the surface by the help of the winches.
It’s tough, folding and taking an hour to finish the process, and it’s hard to wait for the tunnel without sacrifices: it’s a lot of saws, soot, and for an hour, the vibrations of the robots ripped up the stones.
Through 4 rocky tunnel, scho taking a hundred lives, buv endings. Great Zakhidna zaliznytsya, nareshty, was born in 1841 rotsi... Pulls still pass through the whole tunnel.
Zaliznichna mania, Yaku Brunel dopomіg rozpaliti, as a result hunted the whole empire, even more powerfully injecting England into the whole world. Opportunities, which appeared on the cob for 19 centuries on the cob in England, and then, in all light, they were the subject of drowning: the stench of dovgy, guchny, brute, stinks, the stinks of the taste and of the sweetness, the simplicity of the root!
Perevaga, renounced by the English from the state of affairs, allowed for ten years to pass to the country. The empire has reached its own design.
Ale the strongest blow, striking the center, zmusit empire zdrignutsya to the very foundation.
Zhovten 1834 rock. Dark nights in London in the heart of the British Empire in the Westminster Palace strong burning... With a stretch of decilkoh capital, the complex will be the command center of Britain and a symbol of the power of freedom. Now half the mind has re-made the palace of the Vognian Genna, and thousands of people thought about those who could now be in a row.
Pozhezha 1834 rock was given the strongest blow to the political center of the British Empire... The Westminster Palace in that one viglyad has been standing since the end of the 11th century, and now only ruins have been lost, and the British asked their food: why should there be parliament in the whole place? How can you get yo voiceovers in silence, because there is a modern political system?
The price is guilty of the Bula Virishity of the Special King's Commissariat, and the statement was made "like this": the Parliament will be reconstructed. Ale vinik bolsh foldne nourishment: what will you see in the bud? Being in French or English style? If so, then in style Єlizaveti Tudor what about English?
Two rocky food prices didn’t give anybody a chance to sleep quietly, while in 1836 the royal committee didn’t vibrate for 97 projects, Shanuvalnik Italian Renaissance... I came across a few neo-Gothic ones, and it was just awesome for the parliament, a hodgepodge of styles, ale vrazhayucha.
From the ruins of the old parliament to the British architects to build a truly gigantic budget: twice as much, not American. Incentives from the zhovtuvaty siskovik the palace to occupy an area of 32 thousand square meters. Yoho vezhі grows by 98 meters.
Big-Ben, abo Vezha Alizaveti
Bulo is viral, how to install on one of them majestic year... Qia vezha, they called yaku the last hour Big Ben, In 2012, the rotsi bula was renamed to Vezhu Єlizaveti in honor ЄlizavetiII.
At 19 stolіttі it is possible to finish exactly in the same hour, and it has become an even more valuable resource: an hour is a penny. The first in the 19th century will see the celebration of the revolution in the whole world. As soon as it was planed, it was just as grandiose as it would be, it would be impossible to do without a year.
If the king's astronomer has voiced vimogi to the gods, all the enemies will be the most and most accurate year in the world.
Vimogi Eiri bouli duzhe suvorimi. For example, one of them has been written, maximum error 1 second for additional, І look about the accuracy of the guilt of the bully virus in two a day. That is not the 21st century of informatization, for those of the 19th century, setting up a giant mechanism, the same in the basht, the heavy mechanics and arrows, with such precision, the smell showed the correct hour in a second, a year in a year , at the same time, the stench will be strong until the day, the board, snig, vіtru - all tse bulo fair divom, Nastіlki are nezuvanim, yak fly to Misyats.
The first parliament asked Eiri, why can't we propose a plan that is more real and less expensive? Ale Eiri is not good-for-nothing, so Vezha Alizaveti, who I will call Dzvoni, became in terms of accuracy for all the light.
It's wonderful, ale of celebrities, the project was laid out for a year-old amateur by name Edmund Beckett Denison... Yomu into the distance to seek the necessary accuracy, because the experts did not fit because of the staff.
Yak and all year olds of this type, the stench will be brought to rud by vantazhs, gears and a pendulum. Ale at Big-Ben show up fundamentally new element As soon as you seize the pendulum from the inflow of inviting forces. Two metal vazhalya control the wheel with three spokes. With the skin swing of the pendulum, one of the most important things is swelled, allowing the wheel to turn one unit. Tse regulate the years. If you can squeeze a board into the arrows of the year, it is important to isolate the pendulum, and it is important to keep going without changes.
Schob nalashtuvati the year, the zberigachs needed an hour to get into the bush. Coins: If you do it, or if you know the pension of the old eye of the pendulum, you can do it or take 2/5 seconds into it. The leaders of the whole genial, simple method have become a light standard of accuracy.
Bashta with a year over the awakening of the parliament in the center of the empire is of great symbolic significance, as none of the British cherish the hour itself.
When it is time, it is necessary to ring the bell, as it will take an hour. Calling gigant central dzvin... Vidlivalnik dzvoniv, George Meias Having created a giant giant, it was prior to Denison's orders. Thus, Big Ben was born in 13 tons.
In 1858, more than a thousand people went to the streets, to be amazed, like Big Ben to put on a year with a year. For the third time, the ring is regularly carried over London.
London is badly viral. The first in the light of the place from the front, and in the new guilt, the symbols appear, the head of the "Father of All Parliaments"- awakening to parliament with Big Ben, symbol of strength and power of the British Empire.
Vіktorіya - dvchinka-pіdlіtok at the cholі of the British Empire
Until the middle of the 19th century, Great Britain set the highest standards in the field of new technologies. Ale in the rule of the young and new queen of London to oppose crises, Yakiy will not become a little cause of a disaster.
In 1837 rotsi kermo, the lords of the most powerful empire on earth passed to the little girl-child. Її the descent to the throne gave rise to I am unhappy: First time, the squad marveled at her, like a child, not ready to rule the land. The name was queen.
It was only 18, since she went to the throne, and the first two fateful things turned out to be extremely important for her: її shitty took... Todi smoothly booted up, so that the little girl would transform herself into a symbol of power of empire.
Vona began to sleep when she married her cousin in 1840. Vіktorіya zakhala practically from the first glance. I wanted all my life, and it’s just about anyone to creep on, including literally. I Albert Vykonav tsyu role: win priyishov and dopomіg їy grown up.
Until the end of an hour, the empire had been prostrated throughout the whole world from Pivnichnaya America to Australia. Albert i Vіktorіya technology development and business development They knew the smells, as it is very important for їх growing empire. I is one of the priority directions of the boulevard.
The empire was extended to the whole earthly kulu... We went to talk about podolannya space and an hour for an additional electric telegraph. 3 British submissions the same innovation, yak telegraph, flooded the whole world... In the middle of the 19th century, 155 thousand kilometers of steel telegraph wires were pulled across. It is possible to send a message from England and reject it in India in a few years.
Tse bula persha in svitі information supermagistral... With the help of the empire, she could use her territories more efficiently, not before.
Pose with all sorts of sums, at the most reaching, about the same earlier and think about it without getting overwhelmed.
London's grand canalization system
Reaching technology didn’t just understand the empire, the stench provoked non-smoking spy boom... People left the village and converged in places in jokes short robots... The productivity of the pratsi grew rapidly, yak population of the capital- London.
As soon as the 19th century of the population became a million inhabitants, until 1850 the rock became 2 million, and London did not have any significance for such a large number of people: in a new renovation, people lived like at a magnificent chicken house.
Thames. The situation did not see anything except a catastrophe.
Do you think that the Thames is a majestic river, an inward way of getting out of London? It’s a pity, but London got sick of water. Just to see: two millions of inhabitants came to the Thames, and then they drank water from London.
1848 rik. Catastrophe struck London: swept through the overpopulated place Epidemic cholera, Lost 14 thousand OSIB. Three rocky piznish Epidemiya repeated itself, Taking away the life of more than 10 thousand victims. Stores buli re-raised. One of the most advanced places of light has appeared in the minds that have not been back in the middle of the middle of the episode.
For 30 years, 30 thousand Londoners died. The reason for this was the epidemic of cholera, which was spreading through the obstructed water.
Robiti was needed. England has turned to an engineer by name. Yogo project to break coup in the Moscow plan... For the help of a thousand working wines, I will find a channel for the canalization of the system of this era.
Bazalgett's innovative design by allowing the installation of collectors with pipes, which are to blame for the parallel channel of the Thames in the gates of London. I will tie the trumpets with two thousand kilometers to the old men of the pipes of the mischievous canalization, picking up and not letting them go to the river.
The geniality of the system is due to the fact that for the flow of waste from London, according to the opportunity, the vicorists power of heavy: Pipes roztashovuvalisya pіd uhilom.
There, de sily, the heavy was inadequate, Basalgett would be great pumping stations... There, the majestic steam of the movement went up to that level, if the force of heavy work had stopped again.
Behind the tubes, they walked through the giant tanks, de-trimmed until the tide, if nature could neatly see them.
Tsia channelization system was one of the wonders of the 19th century. On її business was gone 300 million tsegli... Great project! Їm far into the distance, it is colossal. Genially and simply!
The implementation of such a large-scale project has transformed London into a very clean capital. The European place with reverences of the system and place.
Tauerskyi Mist
However, the episodes of the crisis of the era of the rule of Viktoria did not go around. Yaksho vi read "Vazhki chasi", the pavement, which, once started, is crushed by the power of success.
Requires a friend ferry, ale traditional place, blocking the routes of the great merchant ships. London needs buv developed misst.
Tsei razvіdnіy mіst will become the largest and most common in its kind. Name Yogo. The frame of the crushed from the steel and the lining of the stones, the schobes are not contrasted with the London Tower.
If there’s a buv incentive, 1200 tonnes of krill, anyway fermi, Pidnimalisya for additional help steam engines... Steam turned the majestic gears of the steel girders. Stir from hard metal wrapped itself in the world, like a gearwheel pіdnіmala part of the bridge. The krila zupinyalyas on the edge of 83 degrees, passing ships. The world is all out of the blue, it’s impossible to reach the end of the day.
The Tauerskyi Mist was 400 robots for 8 years. This year is one of the most famous and popular bridges near the light.
Mayzhe spent 10 rocky won alone. Ale if, nareshty, turned to a suspicious life, you won’t be strong and can, if only. Foolishly, she transformed herself into a fortunate ruler and took the right of beholding the queen's life.
In all the light, memorials were erected in honor of the Victory, the Guchny Svyatkuvannya took place, and often they took the part of the colonized people. Vaughn buv a fabulous love affair.
Queen Victoria has become a symbol of greatness and power of empire. Governance of the Vіktorії stan the culmination point in the development of... Now the British Empire is small on all continents, and the population has become 400 million people. Zhodna іnsha kraina could not oskarzhiti її can, tse bula the very great empire in history.
Queen Victoria died in 1901, at the dawn of the 20th century. Vaughn was a majestic power, singing with her hand, straight along the road to progress.
The British Empire drew people into a new era: the rise of mass media, news and information. Svit already nikoli will not become kolishnim. British ideas and victorious successes have been won over by all.
Mauzhe Sonce, vreshti-resht, і has hovered over the British empire, even if you take miracles before nove storichya, Vono nikoli was not dull.