Nayvidatnіshі technical achievements of the 19th century. Naivazhlivіshі technical wines of the XIX century. Vinakhodi S. Morse

The achievement of scientific and technical progress in the Russian life was insufficiently smart, but it was an inevitable legacy of low level of awareness. On the cob 19 tbsp. in general, in the land of the literate population, no more than 4-5% (for the native population, 40% of the population is literate in Japan during the whole period). Until the middle of the 19th century The situation practically did not change for the more beautiful - literate bully only 6% of Russians, unimpressed on those who have introduced accessibility of coverage and open the hem of the lower, middle and higher primary mortgages.

For the reforms of the 60-70s of the 19th century a singing progress is envisioned in the people's education: the system of cob education has been expanded for the rakhunok of zemstvo-free rural and rural schools, the middle steps have been adjusted, supplemented by real and female homnasies, which gave the right to enter before the university. Bully opened the New Institute and the University. The right to enter into the future was given to the wicked from the future. On the other hand, the winners of the blame for stealing boules: in 1897, only 21% of the inhabitants of Russia were literate. Until a single hour in Japan, as well as in the ancient provinces, it has long been introduced obov'yazkov for all pochatkovu coverage.

It is not surprising to that, that Russian science has developed more and more, not in the advanced lands of the world, protest, in the context of the modern science of modernity, before the period of growing up to be more visible.

The best mathematician buv N. I. Lobachevsky(1792 - 1856). Vidkrittya Lobachevsky (1826) - the sum of kutiv can be more or less than 180 degrees, two parallel straight lines can change in impermanence - they made a revolution in the declarations about nature and space. At the start of the problem, one hour at once with Lobachevsky, videotapes of K.F. The other half of the 19th century. the famous Petersburg Mathematical School is being formed, P. L. Chebishev, A. N. Lyapunov, A. A. Markov... Oh, until the end of the day, they took the development of the new galuzei of mathematics. In total Russian Mathematical Dumka in the 19th century first came to the level of light science.

Svitovaya rivnya reached the end of D. I. Mendelєєvim in 1869 p Periodic tables of chemical elements... Having rocked the chemical elements in the order of the growth of their atomic vagaries, they have established the periodic repetition of their authorities.

Astronomichna Dumka in Russia itself was born in the 19th century. Nybilsh vidomimi vchenyi bouly V. Ya. Struve(1793 - 1864), the forerunner and the first director of the Pulkovo Observatory, who established the fact that the light was in the middle of the world O. V. Struve, Yaky vіdkriv ponad 500 sub-wards.

Zagalny social portraitіntelіgentsії, yaka staged in the main frame in science, looking in the end of the 19th century. such a rank. According to the 1897 census of engineers and technologists for the whole region, 4010 chol. (Including chotiri women), among the students and literators 3296 (284 women), likariv -16956. At the same hour, wives, vagabonds, mandrakes, praying mantis and trail bulo 363 yew. 201 people, and the villagers - 97 million.

Ale tim not less than in Russia at that time they were performing miracles and performing miracles at that time and engineering. One of them buv Pavlo Petrovich Anosov(1797 - 1851) - a prominent metallurgist. The synonym of another official of the bergkollegii - this was the name of the current state collegium - in 1809 the bank was insured for the state bank "for the rakhunok of the Ural ridge" ... Having finished yogo with a great gold medal, he was awarded the title to the Zlatoust Hirsky District.

Through a small number of rocky winners, he became a keruyuchim of a zbroyovoy factory. Bachachi lack of understanding of steel at that hour of the technology of steel production, Anosov was busy with the advanced technologies that accelerated the process. In 1837, in the "Girskiy zhurna" the science pratsya Anosov "About the prepared cast steel" appeared. The presenter has made a revolution in the technology of steel production. All subdivisions of the 19th century. in the whole region, based on the yogo view.

Poshuki of ways of otrimannya cast steel tightly tied with slides of otrimannya bulat. Above the method of vyrobnitstva tsієї superstitiously springy and mіtsnoyu became operatively hung up. very well rіznih lands unsuccessfully magalized її razgadati. Anosov pidіyshov to the tsієї tamnitsa yak a gliboky dwarf. I didn’t have any easy successes, I knew that I could lie through an arch and easy jokes and until I could.

Near the birch tree 1828 r Anosov pochav his famous "Journal of doslіdam". New has 186 records. For the removal of bulat, Pavlo Petrovich viprobuvav nair_znoman_tnіshі materials of mineral and organic walking, development modes of smelting and cooling.

Before I saw steel, I was first in the world - the whole thing in 1831 - when I looked at the crystals of metal through a microscope, and I started to see them as if they were roztashuvanny bulatnym. Tsim Anosov laying down the foundations of the new science - metal knowledge.

Bagato razіv Anosov buv already mayzhe at meti, ale otrimati damask yomu all did not go into. However, win overwhelmingly domagavsya peremogi.

Pislya dovgikh doslidzhen dlіdnik priyshov to visnovka, scho nature will

lat is explained by the purity of the material and the mode of catching metal.

“Zalizo and coal and nothing more,” I wrote in the work “About Bulat,” published in 1841, “all on the right in the purity of out-of-the-box materials, methods of cooling, in crystallization”. Anosovskiy virobi with bulat appeared to have a high quality, but the most famous people couldn’t see them from the smallest - Indians.

Bagatorial pratsya according to the vidshukannya tamnitsi bulat grafting Anosov up to the іnsh supremely highly important vіdkrittya. Dodayuchi in crucibles іznі chemical elements, Pavlo Petrovich became otrimuvati steel with rіznіy authorities. Thus, a 1% manganese surcharge gave steel "mitsnu", and a 2% surcharge - steel, good "for ductility and quality". On tsіy steel have appeared and vіzerunki. Anosov carried out melting with chromium, titanium and other elements. Cebulo cob metallurgy of yakisnyh, or special, steels.

Anosov was engaged not only in metallurgy. Win Buv and Geologist, Chemist, and Designer. In the geology of the vidomy "spirifer Anosova" (a kind of brachiopods, they grow there, de morskі іdkladennya). Vidomy English geologist-geologist Murchison, who saw the Urals in this hour, viznav, but the well-known Anosova allowed the whole history of the Ural mountains in a new way.

Having become the head of the Zlatoust Hirsky District and having risen to the rank of Major General, Anosov everywhere nasadzhuvav the foremost methods of virobnitstva. Win in energy fight against conservatism and lack of talent among the people.

Anosov, having constructed a gold-processing machine, she knew about all the promises of Russia and beyond the cordon. Behind Anosovskiy armchairs there were cars on the golden digging in Egypt.

Great additions to the development of vіtchiznyanoy and svitovy science and technology vnіs Boris Semenovich Jacobi(1801 - 1874). In 1834, in the memoirs of the Paris Academy of Sciences, there was a note about the new "magnetic machine". Every now and then about the windings of the electric drive, the author wrote: "The machine is a perfect, permanently circular roach, as it is easier to re-transform in the inshі vidi rukh, lower than a ringing-progressive roach." Zamitku having written to very few people at that hour of Jacobi's vidomy.

The electric motor robot Jacob Bula is based on the attracted variable magnetic poles and the same magnetic poles. It’s the same phenomenon, like the zinging of the magnetic arrow of the compass, turn one clock on a pivnich, one on a day.

For mixing the struma in the winding, a special attachment is used - a collector. The electric motor turned around without interruption and the inventions of the boom in the distance, but the main part - the electric magnet and the collector - were still protected in our electric machines.

Winner of the electric motor driver Boris Semenovich Yakobi was born in Potsdam, in Nimechchin. In 1823 he graduated from the Goettingen University and became an architect for the fathers of the fathers. Ale of the young architect was more of a physics tsikavil. Winning in the finer points of water engines, instead of buying electricity. Through the rock of rock appeared the Persha model of the new electric motor, then - the friend.

R1835 r Jacobi for the recommendation of various inquiries to Russia - to Derpt (it is located in the Estonian Tartusky) University. Here I am in the seat of the professor of architecture. For the last three years, all life of Jacob Bula is tied to Russia. Winning a drink, wishing to lie down to Russia, in which winemaker knows his friend Batkivshchyna.

The young professor of architecture spent the whole great hour walking robotically over the sophistication of his electric motor.

In 1837, the fate of the wine, nareshty, was created by the Petersburg Academy of Sciences, and it was done very well.

Vinahodom Jacobi zatsikavili. Yogo wandered to St. Petersburg for an additional robot on the zasosuvannyu elektrodviguniv on the ships of the fleet. Here Jacobi became a pratsyuvati at once with the miraculous students - Academician Lenz. For the sake of the visiting admiral Kruzenshtern (yaky skoїv pershe rossіyske round-the-world trip), the stench until 1839 was caused by two electric motors that were straining for that hour. One of them has been installed on the great chapel and wrapped around the ridges of the wheel. When viprobuvannі chavens with an expiration of 14 people, stretching out decіlkoh years against the flow of the Neva, we fought from the smart wіth аnd thumbs. Tse bulo pershe in the electric ship.

Another dvigun Yakobi - Lenta kotiv on the racks of vizok, in which moment Lyudin wakes up. Qia is modest to be brought to the grandmother by tram, trolleybus, electric train, electric car. True, it is not so easy to sit in the new bulo: the battery took up the whole place. They did not even know the other dzherels of the electric struma.

The elements of the batteries used to go to hell: the zinc electrode in them ruined, "burned", similarly before, as it burned in the top of the steam engine. Ale vugilla buv is cheap, and zinc at that time is even more expensive. An electric motor robot with batteries cost 12 times more than a steam engine robot!

It is necessary to get a cheap electric strum. Jacobi has become a real delayed galvanized element. I was stressed to the robot and gave a failure to follow the result,

Once, when looking at the electrodes of Daniel's rose element, Jacobi respected that the ball of the carriage on the electrodes was easy to see. On a new level, the skin was short, the skin was found under the podryapin of the elektroda!

Jacobi has moved to replace the electrode on the coin. A dozen hour later, the vaughn covered herself with a ball of midi. Having known the ball, Jacob hitting coins on the new card. Only the video beats are ringing. And why, how can you make a new coin in this way?

Jacobi p_dv_siv replace the electrodes and turn on the element. A few years have passed ... It's time! Once you heat the electrode with the string, Jacobi carefully divided it into two parts. In one hand, a coin has been lost, in the first - a new coin, exactly like the first one! Vona bula yak bi-vilena with a strum of a galvanic element. Tom Jacobi naming his message electroforming.

Is it possible to fix electroforming to a certain right? Obviously, it’s not obvious that it’s impossible to use coins in this way; Jacobi becoming a tryout copy of the most interesting items. Once the engraver brought a new plate for the entrance doors. On nіy bula virіzana it is written: "Professor B. S. Jacobi". The share of all metal objects in the booth was unsightly, the tablet was inaccurately spilled: the won became an electrodes. I didn’t bar Jacobi already trimming the boards in his hands. The letters I will write on the video card have become opucl. Vchenyi zmasti їkh farboy and squeezing to the paper. The writing was great!

Now Yakobi know, nareshty, storing his own view. It is possible to work out the exact form for a friend. Russia already had paperwork pennies. Every single engraved board is quickly erased. Bringing in to replace the new one. But the engravers could not exactly repeat the number of small children. Pennies went out of it. Now come to the end!

Evidence of electroforming has been shown in the light of the day. An enterprise was opened near St. Petersburg, as with success it was making galvanoplastics of barrels and statues to decorate the Isaac Cathedral, the Hermitage, the Winter Palace, and the leaves were covered with gold for the spiers and the domes. geographic maps, Postage stamps, art prints.

Jacobi has done a lot more work for the benefit of Russian science and industry. Winning the electric telegraph, rock earlier than S. Morse, opening the telegraph device, for the first time vicorist the earth yak zorotny wire, vinayshov underground cable in the lead obolonts. Jacobi made the mini with an electric detonator, having opened the rheostat and the standard of the supports, having come up with a new way of preparing the standard world and the vag.

Jacob's wines did not only help the development of technology and educate the people. The stinks were used to catch the goofy breeders and manufacturers, as they let out new virobes. Ale himself is a vinakhidnik, renowned by usim svitom, received as a member of the Academy of Sciences, awarded gold medals of all new partnerships, not rozbagatіv. There is a bust on the grave of B. S. Jacobi, prepared for the help of electroforming.

Vidatnim vchenim - metallurg buv D.K. Chernov(1839 - 1921). Dmitro Kostyantinovich Chernov was born in Petersburg in the homeland of a civilian official. Winnie was beautifully naval in the school and after the end of joining the Technological Institute. In 19 years, he graduated bliscuche with a diploma of an engineer-technologist. For his great successes in mathematics, he was deprived of the institute vicladach. At the Tsi Roki Vin Buv is so the most vivid listener of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of the St. Petersburg University. Having finished his work, Chernov and earlier became a mathematician at the Technological Institute. One hour, vin - the assistant of the manager of the great scientific and technical library. Ale, pure mathematics lured it less, less technology. To that, if the young vicladac was asked to be an engineer at the Obukhov steel plant near St. Petersburg, he was forced to wait for a while.

Tse became in 1866 r At that hour, all the light of steel was less likely to enter virobnstvo. The first plant of Obukhov, having started to develop new garmat - not from bronze, as recently they were robbed, but from steel.

The first Russian steel garmat Bula was prepared in 1860 in the Urals. Tse bula is a visible trend in the steel industry of Russia. At the All-Union Exhibition of 1862 in London, the garmat surpassed the standard, represented here, by Western European countries and America, and received an assessment and a prize.

However, it’s not possible to say good things about it in Russia. At the Obukhiv Plant of the Great Caliber Harmati were prepared not very often at the first construction. They could not get the reason for this. The cheesy warehouse has become immeasurable; littya, zdavasya, churning out the same way. Already it was said about those who have become known as steel in Russia and transferred to the foreign backwaters.

The first axis here on the right hid the view of DK Chernov. Having set critical points for heating the metal, we now call the whole world "Chernov's points".

Vchenyi nevtomno whispering the reason for ruinuvannya garmat. Really vivchayuchi misciya rozriviv znaryad, win vyaviv, but here the steel has a coarse-grained structure. The structure of the metal is quite garmat, as it is not skasovuvali, the bul is dibgranular. Otzhe, the reason the whore didn’t shout chemistry warehouse steel, and in the development of littya.

Spostering for the production of steel blanks, Chernov bachiv, yak, heated, the stench last passed through all the garments - from dark red to bright white. If the metal has been attained at every turn, then it has itself been consumed the last time; ale raptom dark masa perceived metal yak bi spalahuvala, and then quietly attained it again. Chernov without finishing repeating the admission, and every time the phenomenon is repeated.

Vcheniy zrozum_v, which has emerged as a more important law, which allows the knowledge of tamnichu life metal. After finishing the painting of the discs, they have not heated and not heated to the critical point. Z'yasuvalosya, scho the blanks, heated below the critical temperature, they didn’t gamble, they got “soft”. I am critical of the heating point (close to 700 °), when the metal is filled with a dark cherry color, I call Chernov the point L, or the point of the hart.

Tim for an hour half-heartedly prodovzhuvav shukati mind, at which coarse-grained steel is adopted. For days on end, I didn’t go to the smithy, sawing stitches behind the team, like the blanks forging. I have found one critical point in the behavior of the metal, and call it a point V.

Chernov zyasuvav, if the metal is heated up to a red roast, the surface becomes zmyshkuvaty, how to peel. At the moment of kuvannya i go to the point V(800 ... 850 ° for extraordinary steel). Then, zalishayuchis all the same red color, on top of the metal I know a snake look. With a blinking, oily, yak bi marmura, won’t turn into matt, I’ll go to the gypsum. It appeared, that in an hour the ice was able to transform the metal and see the change in its structure - you won’t get the grain of the grain.

Vіdkrittya Chernova spent a lot of time with the revolution in metallurgy. It has become possible to trim the steel with wonderful mechanical yokes, which can be processed by means of additional heating, in an appropriate way.

Dmytro Kostyantinovich has easily pushed his robots; open new steel. Deduction of the intelligence of the phenomenon, as it is seen in the hollow metal. Bagato rokiv vin retelno vivchav crystallization of the young riches kitchen salt and alum, quilting for smart minds freezing water, looking at the process of crystallization. Dovgі rocky doslіdzhennya allowed Chernov to penetrate into the tamnitsі zlitkіv. We win first in the light of the zeros, but steel ingots are the result of crystallization of the molten metal. Vin explained why the metal was more fluffy in the center of the gold, but not on its surface, how to set in a litty of bulbs, shrinkable shells, empty ones, so that it takes an hour to paint the steel.

Knowing the laws, what about the keruvati by the process of steel scraping, it was necessary in that hour. Metallurgy could not have been more comprehensive without it. To that insight, D.K.Chernova boules are especially valuable.

Alle raptom unsupported, the last few days were interrupted. Through distribution with the new director of the Obukhiv plant, the direct and principled Chernov was brought to the delivery.

Vіdstoronennya from the beloved righteousness did not evil his soul forces. We went to Russia on the occasion of the anniversary of Russia, to Bakhmutskiy povit, Katerinoslavskaya province, to start developing the deposits of Kamyanaya salt. І on the atom of a new tendency manifested his superstitious gift of sparing, yogo gallant mind. Behind the ice, imperceptible signs of wine, are drawn to judge about the burdens of earthly problems and the zooms of the glimpse of the richness of the Kam'yanaya salt near Bryantsevka. Infected the area of ​​the greatest salt stores.

If he fell for the girkot of an undeserved image, Chernov turned to Petersburg to engineering robotics. In 1886, he entered the office of the head inspector in the Ministry of the Nobility, and in 1889 he received the request from the Department of Metallurgy at the St. Petersburg Artillery Academy. Dmytro Kostyantinovich robots thirty years of life in the whole academy, having driven a few generations of Russian metallurgists.

One hour, because of the busyness in the Academy of Wine, without overwhelming and their days, there are new ways of cutting steel. Having broken out such smart projects, as well as for the present, it will be impossible to fix it. So, Chernov knows how to remove steel without preserving ore, having created a smelting furnace project for the whole.

Chernov's creativity is marvelously rich in richness. All life was occupied with the problem of steel processing, and at the same time in 1893 we created the model of the literal apparatus. Taking care of it is also botanical and astronomy.

D.K. Yogo vіdkrittya transformed metallurgy from handicrafts і "mystery", which spirals only to see, in the exact science, based on the singing laws of nature. Yogo pratsi is rich in why they thought that steel itself became the basis of modern technology and occupied the most important place in metallurgy.

Svitova science called yogo "father of lucky metalography." At the necrolosis, written behind the cordon in the death of a doctor, they said: "Nastilka is more beautiful than life, which has rejected the light of the assessment, to rob the great honor of Russia."

Russian electrical engineering Pavlo Mikolayovich Yablochkov(1847 - 1894) є the winery of an arc lamp without a regulator - an electric plug, a prototype of a fancy illumination lamp.

Pavlo Mykolajovych was born with a love of technology. In 12 years of wines, having constructed a land plot, the villagers of Serdobskiy povita did the same. Batko Yablochkova - a non-rich assistant of the Saratov province - has sent a boy to the Petersburg Vyskov school. There Yablochkov was especially buried in physics and a little in the area of ​​electricity. With a great joy, having appropriated my life to my life, I was brought to serve as a sapper officer in the Kiev fortress.

Young lyudin sumuvav. Every now and then the service routine covered the yogo. I only if they sent yogo to read to the "Office galvanized class", I saw myself as just happy. I know St. Petersburg, lectures from home students, including Academician Jacob. Yablochkov sent a message to the letter, firmly resigned to tear it up from the military service that at the first time of the delivery at the delivery.

Have a new life. Yablochkov settled in Moscow and took over the head of the telegraph office recently prompted by the Moscow-Kursk office. Winning the winners, buying the winners of the partnerships, owning the main house, de-mіg putting up to the last and being needed for this attachment.

Pislya of the memories of the winemaker Oleksandr Mikolayovich Lodigina(1847 - 1923), like breaking a decal of types of lamps for roasting, Yablochkov was fastened with electricity like a dzherel light. Ale, on vidminu from Lodigin, win pishov іnshim way. Win busy with arc lamps,

The manifestation of the arc, that is, E. Electric discharge, which is a winnie between two woolen haircuts - electrodes, was opened in 1802 by the professor of the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy Vasil Petrov. However, one against one loam burned out, one against one, and the arc went out. The winners of the provincial lands have come up with a number of regulators in the country, but all of them are folded, bumpy, and they often come up.

Yablochkov reliably saw all kinds of systems and regulators. Win pratsyuvav dyazhilo and navit surrendered service, taking away a lot of an hour. Ale for the last few days you need a penny, and for the time being, with your other friend, you can see a mechanical store and a store of physical attachments. However, the young winemaker did not have any commercial health, and if it was not good.

Yablochkov biduvav, ale trimavsya stiiko. Winning hundreds of slides in the jokes of the forthcoming insoluble speech. Virishuvav vin and one more serious task - "crushed light", it is possible to turn on a sprinkle of lamps in one lance.

Doslіdzhennya bouly is still close to completion, since Yablochkova quickly brought all the throws and goings to Paris: he got lost in the Borgs, besides, as politically unreliable, the police got caught up. It is necessary to be shocked, to uniqnuti arehtu.

The Parisian life of a wine-dweller was little seen from Moscow: a robot in the mainstream and until, until without a finish ...

While sitting in a cafe, Pavlo Mykolayovich vipadkovo laid two olives in front of him on the table - one to one in parallel, and if he glanced at them, he got a load of them: just like that, in parallel, one to one, you can roztashuvati vug!

Yablochkov secretly proceeding to the new slides. Two vugilly, placed vertically, bullets are separated by an insulating ball to the kaolin. Mіzh vugіllаm spalyhuvala arc. There is no need for any regulation. The stinks burned rivnomirno, the stench of the booths was strengthened for the simple shop, and the sight between them became unintelligible. Kaolin viparovavsya in the world of zgoryannya vugillya. Qia "svіchka" Bula is simple in preparation and even cheaper.

Allowing Yablochkov and the importance of "crushing light". On the right, Yablochkov's candles were burning at low pressure. Їх they turned on a few pieces last, just like before, like at once they turned on the small bulbs in the garlands to illuminate the new skiffs. Ale, at the last time, it was impossible to turn on one of the switches, or extinguish through some kind of wrong, like a lancet strum, and all of them went out, like on command.

To get around the trick, Yablochkov zasosuvav system of induction cocks - a skin bell, or a group of pigs was secured with a cat with two windings. The primary windings of all booles are permanently included in the lance. Protіkє along them a wintry strum, directing an electric shock to the secondary windings. Varto bulo in any of the secondary windings, close the vimikach, like a sv_chka spalyhuvala. And when the vimikan was released, the candle went out, but it could have burned: even the first winding was gradually increased, and the strum of all the stake was not overridden.

In 1876, Yablochkova's wine was patented. Yogo kitties illuminated the streets and squares of Paris, London, Berlin.

All his pennies, rejected for the wines, Yablochkov gave in to the French company, so he could win the right to wiggle the candles in his Batkivshchyna ...

Pavlo Mikolayovich turned to Russia. The capital of the city has been flooded. In 1879, the streets of St. Petersburg were filled with boules with Yablochkov's candles. Pavlo Mikolajovich s great success after reading lectures about electrical illumination. Bulo opened "Partnership Yablochkov - winery and K °".

However, all the visibility of commercial health did not allow Yablochkov to secure success. Bagato wines became like a candle, there were some lamps, like Yablochkov's lamp. The partnership has become aware of the collapse. Pavlo Mykolajovych is familiar with the zmushenie buv viyhati to Paris. There, I was busy with the staff of the electric power industry without the need for chemical energy.

Once every hour, a strong vibuch was placed in Yablochkov's apartment. Vin snapped into the health of Pavel Mykolajovych. Heavily ill Yablochkov arrived in Russia and settled in Saratov. I’m dead there. before last days in front of the sofa, lying on a bed, standing with a table with anchors, and Yablochkov having spent his day.

Oleksandr Mikolayovich Lodigin(1847 - 1923) is also a miraculous Russian electrical engineer - a wine-giver of a fire-burning lamp, one of the founders of electrical energy.

Lodigin was born in the Tambov province. All the choloviks in the homeland of the Bully Vyskovims, and Oleksandr Mykolajovych also went to the Voronez Cadet Corps, and then to the Moscow Junkers' School. Ale vin buv baiduzhiy to the construction drill and to the praise of the army officer. Even at the school, I went to the school and went to a literal car for the whole hour.

Lodigin's literal machine was carried by a helicopter, or, as it were, now, it seems, by a helicopter. The winemaker himself called it "elektrolit". Razrobiv Lodigin and іnshy "elektrolіt" - waving krills, ale nі that, nі іnsha wіth thе car wаѕ not prompted.

Designing his own literal machines, Lodigin pondered over his illumination for the hour of new use. The need to be installed by the svitniki, as they did not require a permanent look and control. At that hour, the buli arc lamps have foldable and incomplete regulators, and leather lamps for the harvesting of a bullet, a special dynamo machine. In addition, the light from the lamps was even stronger, and from the spec, the electrolyte went off. The roasting lamp seemed to Lodigina more coming. However, I want most of the wines in the rural lands to play above the roasting lamps, yet they haven’t been stuck in practice.

Postupovo Lodigin was completely ignorant of simple and inexpensive lamps. Knowing that the rich wines were magnetized by roasting them with a strum from the young metals, shearing from the woolen and the graphite. All of the materials burned for a while, or even in the scrying balloon, it was not good enough.

Even if they don’t pay for everything that has been broken down to the last, Oleksandr Mykolajovych once again saw all the material. Having helped you with the talent of electrical engineering V.F.Didrikhson.

Lodigin soon overcame, which is more beautiful than "til rozharennya" - vugillya, and having smashed new coke through the heat of the coke. However, the stench burned brightly on the crunchy fortune. The guilty person having become hot in the crying vessels, I think, is it sour, how to be in the vessel, to burn and to heat up, having lost in the nitrogen middle, if it will burn more.

The Persha lamp of Lodigin was a hermetically sealed clogging of the cylinders. Kryz yogo kryshka bully missed metal guides. Up to one conductor stumbles from a galvanic battery or from a dynamo machine via an insulated wire. Having passed through the vugilny haircut, the strum through the other guide went through the lamp and turned to the dzherel. Schob vimknuti like a lamp in the lancet, finish the bulo, turn the rod, like short-circuiting offending metal cries. Todi strum not reaching the claw cut. Lodigin's lamp burned all 30 - 40 min. Then the fire burned out, and it needed a lot of minions. Innocently working over the thoroughly detailed lamps, Lodigin became introduced into the balloon two by two and twisted along a chotiri of round rods. If the first burned, the offensive began to burn out even with the vigorilous sourness and the mountains were higher. The best result was given by vikachuvannya of the cylinder. During the whole operation, the lamp burned for more than a year. True, Lodigin did not achieve a strong development. The pump, like the win and the yogo, the priests vikachuvali vіtrya, bouv not understand.

However, it is unaffected by all the short-circuits of the lamps, the whole process is overwhelming.

In 1873, Lodigin hung with his lamps one of the streets of St. Petersburg. I was great, but I didn’t reach the destinations. Lodigin was pratsyuvav either as a fitter in the suspension of the gas illumination "Sirius", then as an instrumentalist in the Petersburg Arsenal. Only once, the Academy of Sciences helped the winemaker by awarding him the Lomonosov Prize of 1000 rubles. Surely, the pennies went on to the end according to the polish of the brightness of the lamp.

To add the needs for the robot, Lodigin fell asleep in the "Association of Electric Lighting". The shares were sold at the earliest times to finish off the livestock and brought the singing dose. The guilty person has lost his strength. Ale on the cob 1875 rock "comradeship" rosorilos. Without any help, Lodigin continued to move on to the robot. In the early 1875's, the lights were hanging on the Neva during the construction of a new bridge.

In 1878, P.N. Yablochkov , і zagalnaya uvaga bula beaten on yogo arcs і lamps.

Interes to the logistic lamp And in an hour about her, the American wine-dweller knows about her Thomas AlvaEdison(1847 - 1931). Lyudin is a smart and practical rose, because of the magnificence of an electric light, and as soon as she starts roasting her lamp, it gets brighter in the distance.

Otzhe, Lodigin's lamp went beyond the cordon, and soon after her came and went. Winning service for the Westinghouse Company in New York. Having started to work with electrometallurgy, we have been constructing electric furnaces. The robot was tsikava, Ale Lodigin summed up for Batkivshchyna. In 1905, the rotsi wines turned to Russia, encouraging them to wash away the revolutionary storms, the land was much faster to develop and know how to get stuck. Ale in Russia there is a fierce reaction. Anyway, all the electrical engineering enterprises belonged to the German companies, and Lodigin's robot was proponed only by the Management of St. Petersburg trams, which was used by the trainers. Lodigin went to America again.

Budivelnik and mechanic, naftovoist, hydraulic engineer and shipwrecker, veterinarian and winemaker buv Volodimir G. Shukhov(1853 - 1939). Nicholas not a moon of his voice from the chair of the beginning of the mortgage, albeit the generation of Russian engineers with pride in vvazhayut himself with his scholars and messengers. I want a technical idea to develop in our days, Shukhov’s wine still doesn’t lose its practical meaning.

Volodymyr Grigorovich finished the course of the Moscow Higher Technical School in 1876 r. Until then Shukhov was trained and his teacher - the creator of the Russian aviation - N. Ye. Zhukovsky and the great Russian mathematician P.L. Chebishev. Ale V.G. Shukhov wanted to grow the fruit of his work himself. I’m not satisfied with this, but I’m not satisfied with the fact that there will be some kind of mathematical formula. But then, when he came up with the idea, then, now, in the eyes of the clear lines on the smooth arc of whatman paper, only when his bezpossomerednoy participation I will nabuti tomorrow wholeheartedly form a new machine or design.

VG Shukhov took the position of the head engineer in a small private company. The ear of the robot sp_vpav with the period of boisterous development of the Russian industry. At Petersburg, in Moscow, in the other regions of Russia, there will be zaliznytsi, New creeks, zbіlshuvsya vidobutok ore, vugіlla, naphtha.

For the projects, the visitor of the without-priority basis of V.G. Shukhov, at the halls of Russia, there were some five hundred steel bridges prompted to come.

The robots of V.G. Shukhov gave the genial in their simplicity solutions for the design and preparation of metal structures of bridges and buds, as they lie at the basis of a day-to-day life.

It is important to understand that, as a lot of strength was gone earlier on the development of universities and the number of steel profiles. Replace the Shukhov folding hinges with a simple fit on rivets.

The exact size of the rivet openings is carried out at once according to Shukhovskaya templates from thin green leaves. On them, in full size, the armchair of the Maybut z'єdnannya is schematically transferred.

VG Shukhov's robots are superbly designed with the construction of metallic saponous shells, the possibilities of which are still not vicarious. For a number of Shukhov's projects, a pavilion was built in Moscow at the All-Russian Promisloviy in 1896, a radio tower was erected in Moscow, and broadcast television and radio antennas were installed at once.

What spіlnogo maє z budіvnіstvom technology of processing of naphtha? Nachebto nothing. Shukhov, however, is not just a buddy of the Moscow radio tower, he is a winemaker of the miraculous way of processing naphtha - the cracking process. Mayzhe in all countries of the world the naphtha can be converted to gasoline and other products by this method.

All naphtha pipelines, for which they will be pumped to distant countries, will be provided with the formulas of V.G. Shukhov. Steel tanks for the recovery of gasoline and naphtha are to be produced at a time, for the first time prompted by V.G. Shukhov. And if you hit the naphtha-loading barges, which are sunk into the water to the very deck, then you should know that the stench is prompted for the launch of this wonderful Russian engineer.

And the axis is still one great area of ​​activity. At some factories and infectious work Shukhov's water-tube steam boilers. The stench came first in 1890. The stench of boules was more beautiful and simpler at that time they snuffed out the overseas zrazkiv.

Okh winakhіdnik adding not only about those boilers that vitrized less than a wugіll. Due to the fact that the internal parts have become easily accessible for collection and repair. And the founders of the previous idea of ​​roasting a row of pipes with water at the view of the screen all over the inner surface of the firebox started to increase the efficiency of the brownish boiler.

V.G. Shukhov is chuinny, sincere and simple people. Winning lovingly and patiently conveying his knowledge to the scholars, having developed an initiative and creative idea from them.

If the company, as a rule, V.G. Shukhov, became the power of the Radian state, workers, highly valued and loved the engineer, made him the leader of his enterprise, and hung him in a member of the supreme body of the Council.

Volodymyr Grigorovich Shukhov died, because he was not happy with the fall of 86 rockies, more power and energy, with an unacceptable supply of new creative ideas.

Oleksandr Stepanovich Popov(1859 - 1906) є a foreign-made wine-owner of radio. Vin was born in the Urals, in a remote village "Tur'insky mines", in the homeland of the priest.

The child's family has disappeared in the mine for years. A kinsman of the daddy's ready to help the Teslyarsk and carpentry, and Sasha took the maistruvati. Father Mriyav Dati Sasha good coverage... Ale vchennya in the gymnasium was dear, and the priest Popov had six children. Brought to see the boy in the spiritual school, and then in the seminary. There, the children of the clergy arrived without koshtov.

Having finished the seminar, the eighteen-year-old Oleksandr arrived in St. Petersburg and went to the university at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. How to live, yunakov went to give lessons, sp_vpratsyuvati in magazines, pratsyuvati as an electrician at one of the first Petersburg power stations.

I comrades in science, and professors respected Popov as a well-known student. After completing the course of sciences, they were given up at the university for training to the professorship.

Ale Popov accepted this proposition. Yogo was asked to become a vicladati in the ministerial office class in Kronstadt. There they were preparing for the mini-officers, as at that hour they went to all the electricians on the ships.

At Kronstadt Popov, the whole great hour has been devoted to physical dreams. Win himself may have new physical attachments.

In 1888, in one science journal Oleksandr Stepanovich read the article of the Nimetsian physicist Genrikh Hertz "About exchanges of electric power" (now such exchanges are called radiohvili).

At the statti, Hertz wrote, what you said was a special attachment - a vibrator, a special attachment - a resonator, for the help of which you can see, Hertz for the first time removed the radiohvili. Ale about the practicality of storing your own judgment without thinking. Also, the ringing between the vibrator and the resonator is only on the farther side of the city.

Through two rock songs of the death of Hertz, 12 (24) birch, 1896 r in the Russian physical and chemical institution, played by A.S. Popov. Win demonstrating his new winahid - a mouthless telegraph.

The equipment, from which Popov went into the distance for the first time to connect the radio links, has little resemblance to the current one. The radio receiver is formed from a flask tube with a metal thyroid - the so-called coherer, an electric link and a sensitive electro-magnetic relay. The only parts that have been preserved in radio transmissions to our days are antenna and grounding. Okh vinakhid is one of Popov's greatest merits.

If the electromagnetics were hit on the antenna, the metal thyrsa in the coherer got angry and changed rapidly. The emerging strum, which passes the batteries through the relay coil, grows. Relay spratsovuvalo and included dzvіnok. The hammer of the dzvinka striking the cup, and the vikhodiv is kind signal. Vіdskakuyuchi, the hammer beating against the tube of the coherer and striking the thyrsu. As soon as the hvili prodovzhuvali came into the antenna, then the thyrsa were angered again, and everything was repeated with the spatula. If the radiohvili became aware, the thyrsa ceased to be angry, and the dzvynok zamovka.

Such a priymach Popov demonstrating on the record of the same Russian Physics and Chemistry Partnership as early as May 7, 1895. The date is celebrated as the Day of the People's Radio. The transmission has not yet been made. Accepted an hour from an hour by calling itself. Tsei dzvin wicked atmospheric pereshkodi - single signals, as it is possible to “take”.

Prymach Popov saw a thunderstorm at a distance of up to 30 km. To him, the winemaker modestly called his attachment "lightning detector".

Tilki in 1896, having opened the transmissions, Popov was able to establish radio links to significant cities.

Before Popov, the sailors were recruited. Even ships that go into the sea cannot connect to the shore, one by one, by wires. That for the fleet a mouthless telegraph is especially necessary. Ale the marine minister of the tsar’s order, on the tip of the letter about the release of one thousand rubles, writing: “I don’t allow pennies for such a chimera.” And at the same time, the transmission of signals without darts has survived more than one cholovik - a young Italian Gul'lmo Marconi(1874 - 1937). Whenever he knew about Popov’s past, it’s unbelievably, but he didn’t know anything from the thunderstorm Popov, who was described in science journals a long time ago. In 1897, rotsi vin revoked a patent for a radio receiver, in principle the same as established in 1895 by Popov’s rotsi apparatus.

Markoni is a breeze. Winning with his wine passage the great capitalist and uncompromising maver already millions to spend their memories. Tilki todi tsar's officials got excited. In the time of Popov, it was issued ... nine hundred rubles! Popov і th pomіchniki took to the robots, not shkoduyuchi forces. The stench quickly coveted the latest successes. In 1898, the radio was connected with two ships at a distance of 8 km, and across the river it was already more than 40 km away.

There was no ale of help from the tsar's district. Unsatisfactory replacement for radio equipment for the Russian military fleet was transferred to the Nimetsky company "Telefunken". Navchannya radio operators have not been organized. And as a result, if the sea battles were held Russian-Japanese wine, Viyavilosya, which radio communication on Japanese ships is more beautiful, less on the ships of Russia - Batkivshchyna radio. The weakness of the sound became one of the reasons for the defeat of the Tsar's fleet.

Popov was very important after experiencing the thrashing of the Pacific Fleet. The ships lost a lot of friends and scientists. Nezabar to tsikh, the experience was given to a new one. At the end of the revolution of 1905, Popov became the director of the Petersburg Electrotechnical Institute. We will be able to cleanse the revolutionary students from the police, who have called themselves against the Ministry of Education. On the 13th of June 1906, after an important explanation from the tsarist minister, Oleksandr Stepanovich Popov died of blood in the brain.

Storinka 1 z 9

Science of the 19th century

Science in the 19th century was breaking a giant stribok at the development, having thrown over a lot, the truths were not thrown away. For the renewal of technical and economic buildings, which were set up by promiscuity, they needed a new approach to the manifestations of nature. To be successful in pouring into nature, it is necessary to open the criticism and reconsider the previous way of interconnection and interconnection between the forms of ruch, versatile cheeky words, Some species of creatures and roslin. Development of trade and international news The pre-development and development of new geographic regions were introduced into the scientific study without new real-life houses. The stench allowed to memorize the big glades in the pictures of nature, to include those from the daytime lanka, as they drew on the manifestation of all the common calls natural diseases in the hour and space.

Mathematicians took over the scientific and technical education of the whole world. The need for storage before the release has grown rapidly practical buildings We have seen physics, chemistry, astronomy, geodesy, thermodynamics, alarm, balistics, etc.

In the capacity of the main mathematical apparatus of the new halluses of mechanics and physics, the theory of differential equations with private old ones was developed. An important achievement of mathematical science was the introduction and introduction of geometric interpretation of complex numbers into the implantation. English mathematician W.R. Hamilton (1805-1865)

The expansion of the subject of mathematics hung the task of looking at the main outward positions, the root of the suvor system and the value of proofs, as well as the critical look of logical primes that were stuck in the course of proofs.

On the ear of 19 centuries, there are a number of theorems of the theory of imperfections (a section of mathematics, which allows, according to the possibilities of some vypadkovyh podіy, to establish the inequality of the most vypadkovy podіy, tied be a yak rank among the first). These are the theorems of P.S. Laplace (1749-1827 pp.), S. Poisson (1781-1840 pp.). In Poisson's robot (1837), for the first time, he made the definition of the term “the law of great numbers”.

A true revolution in mathematical science became a visunuta in the 1820s. N. I. Lobachevsky (1793-1856 rr.) The theory of non-Euclidean geometry. Trochi pіznіshe, in 1832 the Ugorsk geometer Janos Bolyai (1802-1860 rr.) Directly from Lobachevsky priysh to similar visnovki. The idea of ​​the order of the Euclidean geometrical systems and the other geometric systems was also found in K.F. Gauss (1777-1855 pp.). At the same time, the truth of the geometrical theory must be reconverted with the astonishing truth, the Lobachevsky Vistula thought that the truth of the geometrical theory must be reconsidered with the astonishing truth of the geeks The development of science blische was confirmed by the price of start-up. B. Riman in 1854-1866 rr. having hung up a new non-Euclidean geometric system, she also rejected the reality in the course of the forged scientific development.

Astronomy is the first galuz of science, in a glance at nature, in the second half. 18th century, since Immanuel Kant, and then P. S. Laplace, proponated the theory of walking sleep system baked nebula. Vsesvit first began to be seen in the development, change and development. the most appreciated advances astronomy of the 19th century The establishment of the powerful ruk of "unruly" stars has appeared, for the additional spectral analysis of the chemistry of light material, from which one is able to find the most distant glimpses and nebulas. One of the main distributions of astronomy is the "heavenly mechanics" heavenly til from the most sophisticated mathematical methods. The development of technology, zokrem, technology of optical attachment, allowed to open telescopes of majestic power. Inspired by William Herschel (1738-1822 rr.) As early as 1789, the mirror telescope mav the diameter of the mirror is 122 cm. In the same way, he got the chance to grow up in the open space of Budov's Chumatsky Way, knowing a great number of nebulae and early purchases. Yogo sin John Herschel (1792-1871 rr.) Vidkriv ponad 3 yew. Subsidiary windows and sklav catalog more than 5 yew. Nebulae and dawns.

In the nineteenth century, the boulevards have laid the foundations for the development of science and technologies of the offensive age, as well as the foundation for changing the minds for the establishment of free-flowing wine-driving and innovation, which are victorious to do. How did you like the keys of the wine during the 19th century?

physics

An extension of the electric power and practicality in all galuzyahs became a prominent feature of the era of the era. In connection with the cym of innovations, it was broken without any problems. Electromagnetics have become a popular topic for physical consumers, as well as ways of pouring into other materials.

Electrician

1831 Rik - English Michael Faraday, remembering, waking up, collapsing in a magnetic field and changing the power lines, becoming the nose of an electric strum. This phenomenon is called electro-magnetic induction, and it was victorious for the establishment of electric motors.

lights

Rik 1865 - James Clark Maxwell, letting go of the weakness, for the help of which electrical energy is transferred to the open space. Three or three years ago, in 1883, Genrikh Hertz convinced the veracity of this provision - it was the result of the increase in the number of problems, and having established the speed of its expansion - 300 thousand. Km / s. This is how the electromagnet theory of light has come to fruition.

radiohvili

First, it’s awkward, it’s hard to see the wine going on the 19th century without the radio set by A.S. Popov. Tsey prilad became the prototype of all the bitter types of sound.

chemistry

The wines of the 19th century in the region of chemistry are not so great. Aleme in the whole capital D. I. Mendeleevim buv vidkritiy Periodichesky law, which served as the basis for the establishment of the periodic table of elements - the stone of the modern chemistry.

Munit

The center of the capital is characterized by an even higher degree of development of science, including medicine and biology. Some of the most famous people in the region were killed by three well-known people: the microbiologist Robert Koch and two Frenchmen - the chemist Louis Pasteur and the physician Claude Bernard. Robert Koch reveals a tuberculous stick as an ailment sickle, cholera virus and Siberian bacillus. For the first announcement of the Nobel Prize. Louis Pasteur is the founder of such sciences as microbiology and immunology. Primarily, the nickname for this is the method of thermal processing of products - pasteurization. Claude Bernard fell asleep in endocrinology - the science about Budova and the function of internal secretions.

Technical wines for the 19th century

prototypes of computers

Naturally, in the nineteenth century, there were no more counting machines - the stench was deprived of the offensive capital. Along with that, they laid the foundations of the program and mechanization of processes, which knew their involvement in weaving verstats s software controls. Winning the 19th century in the "program" area can also boast of a verstat, which is controlled by a punch card.

Machinery and industry

In 1804, at Philadelphia, Olive Evans first demonstrated a car, which was equipped with a steam engine. In the end of the front side of the steel there are automatic turning by the way, which was replaced by hand to the robot in quiet vipadkah, if the detail is to blame, but it was prepared with great precision.

visnovok

The wines of the 19th and 20th centuries changed the life of the people of that hour beforehand - even with the appearance of such speeches, like an electrician, a car and a child without a child, the culture and sights changed for the future.

The 19th century became revolutionary for the evolution of technology. So, in the whole period, the boules of vinaydenі mechanisms, which radically changed the entire development of the people. There are a lot of technologies, I want a boule and a little bit of color, and a bit of color in our hour.
Did the technical winners of the XIX century change the entire development of the people? Before you at once there will be a list of important technical innovations that have brought about a technical revolution. There will not be any ratings, all technical wines are going to pass the steps of importance for the light technical revolution.

Technic winners XIX.
1. Vinahid stethoscope. In 1816, the French doctor Rene Laennec had a first-rate stethoscope - a medical device for hearing noises in internal organs (lung, heart, bronchial tubes, intestines). Heads of youmu doctor may, for example, feel wheezing in the legends writing a number of not uncomfortable ailments to diagnose by ourselves. A whole lot of pride was in possession of the hundreds of changes, the protemechanism was lost in quantity and in an important diagnostic way and for the present.
2. Winnahid ignitors and sirniks. In 1823, by the famous chemist Iohann Debereiner, Bula Vinayden Persha Igniter - efficiently for rejection of the fire. Now, the fire can be ignited in any minds, which played an important role in the life of people, including those of them. And in 1827, by the wine-grower John Walker, the boules of wine were based on the mechanisms of grating.
3. Vinakhid Portland cement. In 1824, Vil'yam Aspdin had a bullet broken into a kind of cement, which is practically victorious in our days in all countries of the world.
4. Dvigun internal zgoryannya. In 1824, by Semuel Brown, Bouv Vinaydeny is the first dvigun, which is the internal system of zgoryannya. Tse of important wines gave an ear of development to automobiles, shipbuilding, and baggage to other mechanisms, such as work for additional driving. In the legacy of the Evolution, the winners have become aware of the powerless change, but the robotic system has become overwhelmed.
5. Svitlina. In 1826, by the French wine-grower Joseph Niepse, Bula Vinaydena persha photograph, based on the method of capturing the image. Tsey vinakhіd giving important postage to further development of photography.
6 ... Electric generator. The first electric generator buv vinideny in 1831 by Michael Faradeum. Tse pristіy zdatniy redevelopment of all types of energy in electric energy.
7. Morse code. In 1838, the American wine-grower Semuel Morse used to create celebrities in a way of coding under the name Morse code. Until now, the feast is a way to become victorious in the sea voyage mystery and in the seafaring as a whole.
8 ... Anesthesia. In 1842, one of the most important medical diagnoses was anesthesia wine. Dr. Crawford Long is the culprit. It allowed the surgeons to carry out operations on the patient without witness, but it really increased their vision, as the patients were operated on in case of a painful shock.
9. Syringe. In 1853, the development of a syringe is still more important and important for us. Yogo wine-dad є French doctor Charles-Gabriel Pravas.
10. Naftogaz drilling rig. The first of the Naftogaz drilling rig, the bule of wine was installed in 1859 by Edwin Drake. Tsey vinakhid laid an ear of naphtha vidbut i natural gas, Scho called to the revolution in the firing industry.
11. Famous Gatling. In 1862, at that hour, we see the American winemaker Richard Gatling, who was the first in the world to see a kulemet - the leader of Gatling. Vinahid kulemeta became a revolution in the craft of war and in the onset of rock, which became one of the most deadly on the battlefield.
12. Dynamite. In 1866, Alfred Nobel rozi bouv of the dynamite celebrities. Tsia sumіsh has changed the basics of the modern industry, and also laid the foundation for the modern vibe.
13 ... Jeansy. In 1873, by the American industrialist Leve Strauss, boules of vinaydeni pershi jeans - trousers made of unimportant fabrics, which have become one of the main types of clothing since the beginning of the century.
14 ... Automobile. The first in the light of the automobile was patented by George Selden in 1879.
15. Gasoline engine internal combustion. In 1886 rotsi bulo was broken at one point the most important indications people - a gasoline engine of internal combustion. Tsey pristіy vikoristovutsya all over the world on a neymovirny scale.
16. Electric welder. In 1888, a Russian engineer, Bula Vina, was found in a house and was victorious in the world of electrical heating, which allowed in a short term to add more valuable details.
17. Radio broadcasts. In 1893, we became a wine-dweller Nikola Tesla, who was the first to receive radio transmissions.
18. Cinematograph. In 1895, the brothers Lum'ur built the first light of the cinema - the line from the arrival of the train to the station is famous.
19. X-ray vipprominuvannya. Another important breakthrough in medical research in 1895 was made by the German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen. Vin Vinoishov Apparatus for taking care of X-ray vipromynuvannya for additional help. Tse pristіy, for example, can see the fracture of the human hand.
20. Gas turbine. In 1899, the winemaker Charles Kertis buv the winemaking mechanizm, virnishe movement of the internal combustion without interruption. Such engines are significantly tighter than piston engines, but also more expensive. Actively vikoristovytsya і in the day-to-day world.
21. Magnetic recording sound or a magnetophone. In 1899, the Danish engineer Waldemar Poulsen built a magnetophone - an attachment for recording and producing sound behind an additional magnetic line.
Here is a list of some of the most important technical winners of the XIX. Obviously, in the whole period there is a great number of these wine-lovers, besides, the smell is not the least important, however, the wine-lovers should be honored with especial respect.

Over the course of the period, Mendeleva became, as she reprimands and donines. Dmytro Ivanovich Mendeleev in zoom to play all the chemical elements, at that moment, in one scheme, going from the atomic mass. Zgіdno to the legend, the celebrations of the chimіk shake their table uvі snі. On this day, it’s easy to tell, which is true, but the message is very generic. periodic law chemical elements A table has been added to the display, allowing not only in order to see the elements, but the transfer of power quietly, so far as they have not been seen.

physics

chimalo important indications v stretching XIX stolittya bulo rubleno i. For a whole hour, more of them were busy with the team, and they gave them electromagnetics. Michael Faraday, spying behind the collapse of a dart in a magnetic field, appeared, when the power lines were overturned in a new electric strum. In such a rank of Bula Vidkrit electro-magnetic induction, Scho took a wine-boat in a fake one.

At the other half of the 19th century, James Clark Maxwell, having started up the electromagnetics, let the electric power be transmitted in the open space. In a couple of ten years, Genrikh Hertz confirmed the electromagnet theory of light, bringing about such ills. The promptness allowed Marconia and Popov to increase the radio and became the basis for modern methods of childless transmission of donations.

Biology

Medicine and biology in the whole country also developed rapidly. Vіdomy Khіmіk і Microbiologist Luі Pasteur, who made his own past pastors, became the founder of such sciences as immunology and microbiology, and in the course of this year, the names of the ways of thermic processing of products are produced in a vegetative way.

French physician Claude Bernard has appropriated for himself an injection of Budov and the function of internal secretions. The directors of the whole doctor and doctor were given such a galuz of medicine as endocrinology.

Nimetsky microbiologist Robert Koch for his insight Nobel Prize... Tsei vchenie zumіv saw a tuberculous stick - a tuberculosis pathogen, which signifi- cantly lulled the fight against cym not safe and at that time we will expand the ailments. Also Koh Zum_v vidіliti cholera virus and bacillus of Siberia.