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Literature of the 19th century directly and representatives of the table. The main currents of the Russian literature of the 19th century

The 19th century is called the "Golden Capitals" of the Russian travel and the capitals of the Russian literature on a light scale. On the ear of a century of mystery, it is enough to see from the court poetry and "album" verses, in the history of Russian literature for the first time there is a figure of a poet-professional, a lyric is old, people, simpler. The whole capital gave us such mighty things. literary process 17-18 table. 19th century - the whole hour of the formation of the Russian Literary Movies.

After reading the 19th century, the development of sentimentalism and the development of romanticism. ci literary straight know viraz, persh for everything, in the journey.

Sentimentalism: By the dominance of "human nature," sentimentalism barely felt, and not mind, which led to classicism. Sentimentalism is the ideal of human virtue, respecting the need not for "reasonable" overwhelming light, but for the development of that thoroughly "natural" sentiments. Yogo hero is more individualized, yogo inner light to build a healthy experience, to see on the bottom of the floor. The sentimental hero is a democrat for pranks and perekonannym; The richness of the spiritual light of a commoner is one of the main indications and the conquest of sentimentalism.

Karamzin: The Epoch of Sentimentalism in Russia was shown by the Publication of Karamzin "Leaves of the Russian Mandarin" and povisti " Bidna Liza". (Also in the 18th century)

The train of Karamzin, which developed in the mainstream of European sentimentalism, was fundamentally transformed into the traditional journey of the thirteenth hour, evolved in the odes of Lomonosov and State. Naybіlsh іstotnym boules of advances in insight: 1) Karamzіna does not call, physical light, but the inner, spiritual light of people. Yogo vіrshi speak "my heart", and not mind. 2) Ob'Oct of Karamzin's journey to become a "simple life", and for the sake of describing the vicarist's simple poetical forms - common rims, a unique great number of metaphors and other paths, popular among the first among the first. 3) The insight of the poet of Karamzin Polyagu is that light for a new principle is impossible to know, sings the appearance of different points of view on one and the same subject. Reform of Movi Karamzin: prose and poetry of Karamzin made a lucrative infusion for the development of Russian literary mov. 1) Karamzin is straightforwardly adapted from the history of church-language vocabulary and grammar; french movi... 2) Karamzin viv in Russian language without new words - like neologisms ("goodness", "zakokhanist", "vilnodumstvo", "pamyatka", "persistent", "people"), so and barbarism coachman "). 3). Likewise, one of the earliest surviving letters was the letter E. The literary change of "Arzamas" over "Besida" changed the change of the new ones, like those of Karamzin.

Sentimentalism of Karamzin, having celebrated a great inflow on the development of Russian literature: from new views, including the romanticism of Zhukovsky, creativity of Pushkin.

Romanticism: action and art directly in the culture of the end of the 18th century - the first half of the 19th century. Characterized by the assertions of self-esteem of the spiritual and creative life of specialness, images of strong (most often rebellious) addictions and characters, spiritualized and common nature. In the 18th century, everything was called romantic as wondrous, fantastical, malovnichi and іnuche in books, and not in action. V cob XIX the capital of romanticism has become a sign of a new direct, proto-classicism and education. Romanticism is a cult of nature, feeling and natural in people. We will demand the image of a "noble savage" folk wisdom»І not captured civilization.

In Russian romanticism there is freedom of classics, a balad, a romantic drama. Confirmed new things about the day and the meaning of the journey, as to be seen as an independent sphere of life, viraznik of all, ideal people; kolishn_y look, behind the yak the poez_ya seemed like empty fun, we were full of services, to appear already unhappy.

The founder of the Russian romanticism є Zhukovskiy: Russian sings, transcription, critic. Having written some sentimentalism through close knowledge of Karamzin, in 1808, in 1808, the baladi "Lyudmila" (. A rework of "Lenor" by G. A. Burger) came from the first, Russian literature was new, absolutely special zmіst. Having taken part in the militia. In 1816, he became a reader under the Dowager Empress Maria Fedorivna. In 1817, he became a rector of the Russian princess Charlotte - Maybut Emperor Oleksandri Fedorivnya, and in 1826 he was awarded the sign of the "mentor" of the recession to the throne, the Maybut Emperor II Oleksandr.

The pinnacle of Russian romanticism can be celebrated in the poetry of Mikhail Yuriyovich Lermontov. At the glances of the progressive part of the Russian suspension of the 30s. XIX Art. rice of a romantic svitoglyadu, viklikanі unhappy with the current action appeared. Tse svitoglyad saw a lot of discouragement, unacceptability of action, lack of opportunity for progress. On the other hand, romantics were in power with a pragmatic attitude to their ideals, and a general development of the superfluous differences of the word and the reason for the unhappiness of others (the development of both ideals and ideas).

The creativity of Lermontov is most often depicting a romantic svitoglyad, which was formed in the Mykolaiv era. In the yogi journey, the main conflict with romanticism is the conflict between ideal and action - the reach of extreme frustration, but it is quite common to see the poets of romanticism in the 19th century. The main object of Lermontov's lyricism is the inner light of the people - glib and super talkative. our hour ". Key theme in Lermontov's work unfair light... All the richness of poetic images, motives, artistic contributions, All the riznomanittya thoughts, experiences, sentiments of the lyrical hero.

Such a motive, which is so important in Lermontov's works, like, from one side, is the impression of the "uncomplicated forces" of the human soul, and from the latter - the lack of demand, marnot of active activity, self-admission.

In young creative people you can see those of the father, love, poet and poetry, depicting the singularity of the bright individuality and the glance of the poet.

Tyutchev: philosophical lyrica F. I. Tyutchev є overnight і completion, і podolannye romanticism in Russia. Having tasted from the same creations, I know step-by-step with my own powerful style. It was a good idea to raft the Russian wild journey of the 18th century and the tradition of European romanticism. Besides, none of them wanted to bachelor themselves in the role of a professional writer and to find unwillingness with the results of their creativity.

Prose began to unfold on the train. Prose of the ear of the capital was known in the influx of the English historical novels of V. Scott, which were transformed into great popularity. The development of Russian prose of the 19th century began with the prose works of A.S. Pushkina and N.V. Gogol.

The early poetry of A.S. Pushkin also developed within the framework of romanticism. Yoho pivdennaya strive for the low historical podіy and in Pushkіn іn thаt hope for the achievement of ideals of freedom and liberty happy history 1820s), Aleh on the decisive rock in the cold welcomes of his creatures, not in the minds of mind, so that it is not thoughts that rule, but power. In the creative work of Pushkin, the romantic period was seen to be reconsidered, but in the light of day there are active laws, they cannot steal a person, since they didn’t bully in the future, and they were beautiful. This was the beginning of the tragic tonality of Pushkin's music.

Postupovo, in the 30s, Pushkin has the first "signs" of realism.

In the middle of the 19th century, the emergence of Russian realist literature began to emerge, as it was based on the strained social and political situation, which took place in Russia at the time of the rule of Mikoli I. There is a need to establish realistic literature, the government is responsive to the suspicious-political situation in the country. Literatures are turned to the suspense-political problems of Russian action. Perevazhaє suspense-political, philosophical problems. Literature on special psychology.

Realism in mystery, 1) the truth of life, entangled in the specific ways of mystery. 2) The historically specific form of artistic evidence of the new hour, the ear of which leads either from Renaissance ("Renaissance realism"), or from Education ("educational realism"), or from the 30s. 19th century ("Vlasne realism"). Providnі principle to realism 19 - 20 Art.: On'є the development of typical characters, conflicts, situations in the context of artistic and individualization (to concretize both national, historical, social, social and spiritual specialties); perevagu in the ways of depicting "the forms of life itself", ale the order for vicories, especially in the 20th century, clever forms(Myth, symbol, parable, grotesque); overwhelming interest to the problem of "specialty and suspension"

Gogol was not a mistress, but a great artist. About the power of his talent, he himself said: "I only had those good things, which I took out of reason, from the dues, from me." It cannot be simpler and stronger to provide that much basis for realism, which lay in his talent.

Critical realism - artistic method and literary straight, as it was in the XIX century. The main feature of this is the image of a human character in an organic connection with social settings, order with a strong social analysis internal light people.

A.S. Pushkin and N.V. Gogol became the main artistic tipi, which will be destroyed by writers for the entire duration of the 19th century. The tse artistic type of "zavoyi people", vividly as є Evgeniy Ongin in the novel by A.S. Pushkina, and so the titles of the type of "little people", such as the testimony of N.V. Gogol in the yogo povіstі "The Overcoat", as well as A.S. Pushkinim in povisti " Stationary guessing».

Literature has conquered its publicity and satirical character from the 18th century. In prose we sing N.V. Gogol "Dead souls" a writer in a hospitality satirical manner showing shakhrai, which is stingy dead souls, різні tipi pomіshchіv, yakі є vіtіtinnye vіtіnnyh human wad. The showcase has a comedy "Revizor". Sponsors of satirical images and works of A.S. Pushkin. Literature prodovzhu satirically depicts Russian action. The trend in the image of defects and shortcomings in the Russian suspension - characteristic of rice all Russian classical literature... Vona quilted in the works of practically all writers of the 19th century. With a lot of writers, they realize satirical tendencies in grotesque (chimeric, comic, tragicomic) forms.

The genre of the realistic novel is developing. Create your own І. С. Turgenev, F.M. Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy, I.A. Goncharov. The development of the trip kilka has died down.

Varto mean the poetry of Nekrasov, who is the first to introduce social issues into the poetry. We sing "Who is good in Russia?"

Literary process of the 19th century during the development of the name of N.S. Luskov, A.N. A.P. Ostrovsky Chekhov. Ostanniy having shown himself as a maystor of small literary genre- rozpovidі, as well as an excellent playwright. Competitor A.P. Chekhov Bouv Maxim Gorky.

Completion of the 19th century was marked by the sign of the establishment of the pre-revolutionary mood. Realistic tradition has been restored. So the name of decadent literature has come to change, in the form of rice, mysticism, religion, and also the transmission of changes in the political life of the country. Over the years, the fall has grown into symbolism. There is a new side in the history of Russian literature.

On a scale and a world of talent, a need for new social destruction, a new level of suspicious life and culture. 4. Role artistic details in the creation of I.S. Turgenova "Fathers and Children" In his work, the great Russian writer Ivan Sergiyovich Turgenyev Vikoristovuvav a wide range of literary prizes: landscapes, compositions of motives, a system of other images, moving ...

Karamzina M. Yu. Lotman. - M .: Kniga, 1987. - 336 pp. 2. Sturgeon E. Three Lives of Karamzin / Evgen Osetrov. - Moscow: Sovremennik, 1985. - 302 p. 3. Klyucheskiy V.O. Historical portraits / V.O. Klyuchevsky. - M .: Pravda, 1991. - 623 p. 4. Asin B. І. History of Russian journalism of the XIX century / V. A. Sadovnichy. - M .: Vidavnitstvo of the Moscow University, 2008. - 304 S. 5. Kuleshov V. І. History ...

Classicism Usi genre of literary guilt is strictly limited to "high" and "low". "Visoki" boules are the most popular, before they were staged - Tragedies; - Odie; - Eat. Before "low" were put: - Comedy; - Satiri; - Tales. Among the "high" genres, noble vchinks of people were famous, as they set the Borg in front of Vichizna with a special prosperity. "Low" were inspired by great democratism, they were written in a big way, the plot was taken from the life and non-nobility of the population. far

Classicism Tragedies and comedies of guilt bully strictly follow the rules of the "three personalities": - At least one hour (vimagalo, all podії contributed to the term, but don’t translate the same dobi); - Unity of a mission (vimagalo, all the submissions were seen in one mission); - Unity of the story (punished, so the plot is not slowed down by engaging episodes) For this hour, classicism is more positively significant, as the writers voiced the importance of showing people their huge obligations. (Russian classicism of dressing persh for all the things of the genial and wonderful poet Mikhail Vasilovich Lomonosov). back

Sentimentalism (from the French word "sentimental" -sensitive). At the center of the image, writers were put haunted life simple people, Yogo special mental experiences, yogo feeling. Sentimentalism has shown the strict rules of classicism. With the creation of the writing, the writer spirits on his own feeling and feeling. The main genres are a family-by-word novel, a sensitive talk, a description of high prices, etc. (N. M. Karamzin "Bidna Liza") Back

Romanticism Basics of romanticism: 1. Struggle against classicism, struggle against the rules, between the freedom of creativity. 2. In the works of romantics, the specialness of the writer, his experience, is clearly manifested. 3. Writers show interest in everything that is not inviting, bright, and tame. The basic principle of romanticism: the image of vinyatkovy characters in vinyatkovy surroundings. 4. For romantics, characteristic interest to folk art... 5. Romantic creativity is born of barvist movement. (Nayaskravish in Russian literature, romanticism manifested itself in the works of V.A.Zhukovsky, poet-Decembrists, in the early works of O.S. back

Realism "Realism," said M. Gorky, "is to be truthful, unadorned the image of people and minds and their life." Head rice realism є the image of typical characters in typical surroundings. Typically, they are called such images, in some of the most popular, in general, it is truthfully included in the most important rice, characteristic of the singing historical period for this kind of suspension group. (In the formulation of Russian realism on the ear of the 19th century, a great role was played by I.A.Krylov and A.S. back

Lecture 19. Romanticism and realism as the main currents of art and literature of the 19th century

Understand romanticism. The main figures, go, chronological frames, reconsiderations.

Aesthetics to romanticism.

Realism: understanding, periodization. Realism in French and English literature. Aesthetic principle to realism.

Literature of France 19th century.

romanticism (Franz. Romantisme) - the ideological and artistic directly in the European and American spiritual culture of the kin. 18 - 1st floor. 19 Art. Like the style of creativity and misdirection, it is one of the main aesthetic and eye-catching models of the 20th century. It is a very aesthetic revolution, as a substitute for science and mind (a cultural institution for the era of Education) to put artistic creativity individuma, which is a great attraction for all types of cultural activities.

Basically riceromanticism yak rukh - prazdnenya protistaviti fіlstersky (mіshchanskogo) svіt rose, law, -prying to open up the special forces of the people, touching nature, myth, symbol, praying to the synthesis and vision of vision. And what is more, to achieve shydko romanticism to go beyond the scope of mystery and start to develop the style of philosophy, behavior, clothing, as well as other aspects of life.

romanticism - one of the most important artistic directions and styles XIX stolittya. With this term, it is possible to value the whole culture, the backyard of the history of the historical era, and the message of the Great French Revolution. Even though it may be significant for a cultural phenomenon, romanticism is not an absolutely whole thing, but it’s a set of specific rice - it’s even more versatile in its national, genre, chronological development. Marxist literary knowledge has a binar typology: romanticism was divided into revolutionary and reactionary, progressive and conservative, active and passive. This is not without reason, however, I will forgive the phenomenon and because of this non-scientific assessment of the characteristic, that later we become clearer and old.

PIDHODI to romanticism :

1) historical (rum-m yak specifically іst. Rukh, whole culture of the era, ob'nana special type of misery, product of wit);

2) non-historical (= psychological; rum-m yak rebellion against the era).

chronological frames romanticism is characterized by an extraordinary one-hour ear (1790s) and unimportant completion (1820-1830s - in England and Nimechchin, 1870-1880s - in France). For the United States, tsі dates slide ahead of 20-30 rockіv.

Social and political reconsideration and romanticism lie at the revolutionary shocks of the country Xviii capital: Viyna for independence in America i, smut, Great French Revolution 1789-1794 rr. її emotional experience And because of the comprehension of the message, the inheritance played a viral role in the event and the development of a romantic sight. For a short hour, the revolution set the stage for the illusion of the ecclesiastical slavery in full of modern conditions, the people saw themselves as omnipotent. Mayzhe all the early romantics in youth were the apologists of the revolution, however, the protest soon came. In the first place, a lot of people have brought the Jacobin terror into the revolution. In a different way, the freedom brought by the revolution, as if it was, was put in a call not to the sphere of the spirit, but sooner to a crumpled boot: filister... In this situation for the romantic old generation, the role of the ideological defender of the revolution was played by the specialness of Napoleon, with his victories he achieved the glory of his own kind of romantic genius in politics.

natural turns to romanticism - the price for all sentimentalism, having opened the apology for individual sense, and the versatility of pre-romanticism: landscape meditative poetry, gothic novel and inheritance of middle-aged poetry monuments.

It is necessary to tell okremo about philosophical changes. Part of Rousseau's part as a natural human being, a cult of nature and criticism of civilization. I became a direct heir to the romantics in the whole sphere. G. Fikhte, who has created in his "Science" the concept of the absolute "I", the whole thing is one without transference, and the whole light ("not-me") is the product of the dyyalnosti - misleading. even at the show of romantic ideas. One of the main signs of romanticism is the cult specialties, T. E. Hero, not just grasping my self-worth, like the sentimentalists, a more active sub'ect, which is the first and form of action.

problem of specialness - central to romantics. Free specialties are characterized by romantic double world- for those who see a lot of cutting between perfect ideals, a statement about something fundamentally sub'active, and a low prosaic action, which brings about new individuality, and how to bring an understanding about happy comfort to life. Bourgeoisness is even more aggressive than romance in different ways warming up against it. It is sometimes manifested in the form of direct rebellion, suspicious struggle (yak in Byron). A little more often, a romantic stab against everyday life means simply ignorance, see from her in ancient times (Serednovichya), like a golden sign, for in love, religion is all. best universally As soon as it is rubbed off, it’s a mystery to the ideal that has been borrowed from one of the most important places in the romantic ideology.

3) Look at Rousseau (Russoism; the cult of the specialness of natural people), Kant (Kantian dualism) and Fikhte ("absolutely I").

aesthetics to romanticism armchair opposed classicistic. All the norms of the poet of classicalism: the statement about the uniquely universal ideal of beauty, the principle of the architecture of genres and styles, the immiscibility of the tragic and the comic, the law of three things in drama - let the romantics learn to think about it. Romantics vimagayut mystery of the natural, vіlnom in thіy world, in whіkіі vіlna nature and life itself. For tso, the artist is guilty to rely not on knowledge and mind, like a classicist, but on a whimsical fantasy, a creative mind. V romantic creations The variety of dominance over images, expression and grotesque are rendered to the number of the most widespread receptions. All the price does not mean that a rational beginning has become foreign to romantics. To navigate the earliest entusies of the boules, they built up to a solid critical assessment of their addictions and fully understood, creative potential special features, about unlimited freedom in all spheres of life that are important for them, do not show the connection with real action. Tse rubbed the stench got magalized to help romantic irony It was not only prosaic well-being that was awarded, but the very protagonists, who were to shy away from an unreasonable ideal. In some cases, the assimilation of the overwhelming conflict led to disillusionment and pesimism ( "Khvoroba stolittya").

Zvidsi - THE AESTHETICS OF ROMANCE:

1) anticlassical aesthetics;

2) the cult of specialness (Ch. Problem; active sub'єct; extraordinary; in the minority, protist of reality, not analyzing, but immediately intercepting the light; developing m / y ideal and action);

3) putting up to the mystery as a result of the root of another reality (zakhatya + take care of history + viyhati in the road);

4) vimoga naturalness;

5) mythologism (reworking of old people + stem of new myths);

6) emphasis on reality and fantasy + mind;

7) setting yourself up for films;

8) comprehending yourselfà humor and ironia - the main reason for not going through the rose;

9) romanticism has a lot of options.

PIDSUMOK: unaffected by the lack of options in romanticism, skry and individualism, cult of specialness, romantic dual world, anticlassic aesthetics and romantic irony.

Poetics of Realistic Mistress. Realism in French and English literature

Realism (in lat.Realis- speech) - artistic method in mystery and literature.

Realism (in vichiznyanom literary knowledge) - directly, romanticism was changed. Now realism is interpreted as a historical version of romanticismà Mayge whole XIX the capital is interpreted as the capital of romanticism.

Navit Bulo is proponated with the term "realism" from literary knowledge. CHOMU?

1) aesthetically new term; Rose, that literature gives a true portrait of reality. At Teckeray svit - mirror, yake turned to skinà kozen to bach its sub'єactiveà on'єktivno the image is not sordid.

2) the term is criticized as an estimate; in radianskіy literature realism versus romanticism, and realism as more thoroughly figured out the form of the image.

3) the whole term is paradoxical. Vinik is significant, but the literature itself appeared below, as it was conceived. 50th pp. - the whole term appeared for the first time in the treatises of Durant and Chanfleur; and the literature itself was written in the 30th pp. XIX stolittya, and all the author calls themselves romantics. Ale the urgency, the cleverness of the term is not skassovy. TURISHEVA: “We will be mindful of realism, not against opposing romanticism by reaching out, but by stretching out in the middle. Realism is especially aesthetics. "

The most shocking visualization of realism was given by Hegel. Winning an initiation from the value of a masterpiece. The specific function of the mystery is that of the most widespread human interests, food needs and truths.

Mystery guilty: 1) grasp freedom as an absolute human interestà guilty butti only "ideal heroes" (admit the ideal aspiration of the human spirit, so that it is pragmatic to freedom);

2) such an ideal characteristic of the art is guilty of drawing from the efficiencyà To experience the capital, the richness of human freedom (antiquity, middle age), and in the new hour, the freedom of wretchedness: people see themselves as being less vigorous, see themselves out of freedom themselves, change in the situation of material well-being (in the situation of material well-being)

Mystery is guilty in the way of working and drawing ideally, either for the past, or for constructing them. Tse ear XIX capital (change of ideal needs for practical); shorter, the mystery is alive to itself. Wono powerlessly in front of a gothic reality,à maє zaginut.Hegel's prediction did not come true. The mystery has turned itself into a gothic reality.

The very realization about the realism of the change in the young stages of the artistic development, the imagining of the ease of the artists to the truthful image of the action. In the center of respect for realism, there are not just facts, stories, people and speeches, but also the laws that go on in life. At the same time, imagining laws, realism is not perceived as a real priest, with a greater revision of power of life, and by ourselves, he reads the knowledge of life, viconiously envied. Looks like a natural design, so that realism lies ahead in its specific features of quiet historical minds, in which mystery develops. Realism has never been given and never given. In the history of light literature, you can find a few of the main types of development. Nautsi has no idea about cob period realism. Bagato mystetstvoznavtsі bring yogo to the greats of the past epochs: to seem about the realism of naskelny little ones of the first people, about the realism of ancient culture.

In the history of light literature, there is a lot of rice to realism in works old times and early mid-period (in the folk epic, for example, in the Russian bilins, in the letters.

Periodization to realism:

I. Critical realism (30-40 pp.).

II ... 50-70 pp. - Significant changes in literature: 1) averaging on an individual character, and not on typical settings; characteristically not sprymayutsya yak product of furnishings; view of hard determinism; 2) the view from the hard attitude on the imitation of life before the interpretation (the proposition of the author's concept of action).

A new type of realism is stored in 19 stolitty. tse critical realism. It is quite often seen from both the Renaissance and the educational. Opening of yogo at the beginning of the dressings with the names of Stendhal and O. Balzac with France, with C. Dickens, Thackeray in England, in Russia– O.S. Pushkina ("Kapitanka's daughter"), M. V. Gogolya ("Dead souls", "Revizor"), І. S. Turgenova ("Notes of a Okhotnka"), F. M. Dostoevsky ("Brothers Karamazovi", "Zlochin i Kara"), L. M. Tolstoy ("Voskresinnya", "Viyna i Mir"), A.P. Chekhov (rozpovidі, p'єsi).

Critical realism in a new way of imagining the position of the people and the new middle class.The head figure is a middle class person. Svit perebuvaє in post_yn_y zmin_. The hero constantly thinks about those who are in the eyes of others, tobto - a light-mirror for a writer, for someone who is an important writer.The human character razkrivayetsya in an organic connection with social furnishings.The hero is the same individualism and type.

The realities were brought into being due to the origin of non-vicious characters, which was dominated by the psychologically unacceptable characteristics of typical heroes.Having become the internal light of the people the subject of a great social analysis, the critical realism of that instantly becomes psychological. In the preparation of the spirit of realism, the role of ROMANTISM plays a great role, as it penetrates into the inner room of the human "I".The formation of realism as a method of learning in the period, if I play a role in the literary process of creating romance. The entrust with them in the mainstream of romanticism is to repair their writing way Merime, Stendal, Balzac. All the stench of romanticism close to the creative minds and actively taking part in the struggle against the classicists. Classics of the first half of the 19th century є in the center of rock, the main opponents are to form a realistic art.

The significance of romanticism as a forerunner of realistic mystery in France is even greater.

The romantics themselves were the first critics of the bourgeois suspension. The stench itself saw a new type of hero, like entering into opposition with the suspension. The stench showed a psychological analysis, an inconceivable level of breadth and richness of individual characteristics. The stench of the stench led the way for realists (in the knowledge of the new vistas of the inner world of the people).

Stendal is victorious and connected with the psychology of individuals from their social butts, and the inner light of the people is presented in dynamism, evolutia, enriched with active influx into the specialty of the middle.

The principle of history (in romanticism, it was the principle of aesthetics) - the reality of one’s calmness.

The principle of transferring the view of the life of the people is like a continuous process.

Romanticism has a principle of history, mav has an idealistic basis. In principle, it is more important to know the fault of realists - the materialistic reading of history (the main movement of history is the struggle of classes, strength, the result of the general struggle is the people). It itself stimulated їх interest to the economic structures of the suspension, so і to social psychology wide popular masses.

Romantics depict life long gone, reality is a bitter bourgeois action.

realismIstep: Balzac, Stendhal: Most risi to romanticism (artist of artistic light, Їm descriptions).

realismIIstep: Flaubert: Residual discord with romantic tradition. For the change of individuality, special people come. Artists declare their views on the basis of the action they do not accept.The realism of the other half of the 19th century, the ideas of Flaubert's creativity, evolve towards the realism of the first stage. To see the residual discord with the romantic tradition, they were officially recited in Madame Bovary (1856). I want the head of the image in the mystery, as the bourgeois action, the scale and the principle of the image, change earlier. To replace the individualities of the heroes of the novel of the 30s and 40s, there come very special people, few of whom are primitive. Principled changes in terms of meaning, in relation to the realism of the first stage, and in relation to the artist with light, in which wine is taken by the object of the image. Yaksho Balzak, Merime, Stendhal showed hot attention to the shares of the whole world, and consistently, behind the words of Balzak, “the pulse of their era, backed up ailments”, then Flaubert declares the principles of the lack of creativity. Obsessed with the idea of settling in the castle of the elephant's hand, the writer of the kutia to the point of happiness, we are suvorian as an analyst and an active judge. However, with all the first-rate importance, it’s like a critical analysis, one of the most important problems of the great minds of realism is the problem of a positive hero.

Until the middle of the century, realism has become pan-invincible in the European culture.

NATURAL PRINCIPLES:

(1) analysis. Installation on the analysis of social performance. Installations for analysis in the middle-class romantics of the Germans.

(2) Setting on the image of life, on the truth of the image. The sense of romance comes from referential illusion (it is in those, that the literature can give a truthful image of the action). Zvidsi is a metaphor for a mirror (at Stendhal). Balzac: "I am the secretary of action." NAYBILSH SCANDAL PRINCIPLE for 30-40 pp.: Romance touched realism in naturalism, in the interest to the hard side of life, approximately the pornography of the year.

(3) Universalism. Pragnennya to the maximum amount of money in the image of the social world, to the image of the whole common fund and social structure... Balzac is the most typical: at the new one, for example, "People's Study", in which "Scene from the Silsky Life", "Scene from the Life of Vijska"è novel is the most beautiful genre.

(4) Fundamentally new image of people: lyudin yak isstota, yake is included in social process... Reality: “People’s form is the middle man,à social determinism ".

(5) Criticism. The bourgeois svitoporode denotes the common fund and the freedom of the people. Lyudin is missed as a victim of the suspension.

(6) Image is typical. Tsya literature zvertatsya to types: zvychainy, masovy, and not vinyatkova lyudin.

(7) Science. Literature nabuvak viglyadu scientific discourse, before. The artist mislits himself as a naturalist, psychologist, presenter.

The realism of wine in France and England is in the minds of tired capitalistic women. Social contradictions and shortcomings of the capitalist harmony have resulted in a very critical attitude to the new writers of realism. The stench whispered to the love of corysty, shouting indifference, hisism, hypocrisy. For its ideological purpose, it has become a critical realism. At the same time, the creativity of the great writers-realists is permeated with the ideas of humanism and social justice.

SCHO SPILNOGO MIZH realism and romanticism?

- Dumb chronological ones between the real and the rum (1827 - the treatise "Race and Shakespeare").

- the out-of-the-box theme (romance before realism saw the envy of the action of people).

- out-of-the-box philosophical issues (the problem of freedom and need).

- similarity in the field of poetics (real vicorist priyomy and romantic literature).

literature of France ... The visibly realist journey of France in the 19th century, the bouv sings P'єr Jean de Beranger (1780 – 1857) Winning in the period of the Napoleonic monarchy and in 1813 in the painting "King Iveto" condemned Napoleon's adventures and tribute policy. At the time of the Restoration of the Wine, he became an honorary poet-fighter. Yogo invented pictures in the whole period of time in the history of wealthy and prosperous townspeople. Beranger's political song is infused with democracy, indicated by the seal of a living national humor.

A brilliant representative of the critical realism bouv Stendhal(Own. Anri Beil, 1783-1842). People with an active, strong character wicked the schilan of the writer. Winning such heroes in the middle of the days of Vidrodzhennya ("The Italian Chronicles"), in Shakespeare, in the middle of the fellows.

One of Stendhal's Wonderful Romances– "Chervone and Chorne"(1830). the hero of the novel– Jules Sorel, a keen shanuvnik of the Napoleonic era, a man with a lofty and agitated soul, who can hardly be able to resist the growing middle class. However, the tse yomu didn’t give in– plebeian for pokazhennyam. Romani "Parmska monastery" a writer to condemn the reactionary era, which predetermined the tragedy of the intelligent, talented, gliboko see people.

vertex, whish point development of Western European realism - creativity Honore de Balzac (1799 – 1850). Behind the idea of Balzac and his head tvir– epic "Ludska comedy" guilty of it, it was folded into 143 books, which show all sides of the life of the French suspension. To a whole titanic pratsi Balzac has shown all his strength, having opened 90 novels and novels.

In the epic of the Romani, they are tied with a spiritual idea and with characters. Taki Romani, yak "Invisible masterpiece", "Shagreneva Shkira", "Evgeniya Grande", "Batko Gorio", "Caesar Biroto", "Into illusions", "Cousin Betta" and a lot of them.

epic - grandiose for the breadth of hunting is a realistic picture, which depicts the sound and rubbing of the suspicious life of France. Balzac overpowered his heroes with rosum, talent, and strong character. Do it very dramatically, they depict the mastery of the "penny principle", how the old patriarchal ring and the same ultrasound, how the half of his personal predilections are laid out.

Maystrom novely buv Prosper Merime (1803 – 1870), a prominent realist writer. Yogo novels laconic, suvor, vitoncheni. They have strong and bright character, whole nature, built to strong feelings– "Carmen"(Served as the basis for same opera Bise), "Colomba", "Mateo Falcone"... Navigating in quiet novels, de writing images of romantic heroes and romantic situations, the story is not translated into a romantic area, but a realist motive.

Writing in Merime and P'usi. One of the most prominent works of the writer– p'єsa-chronicle "Zhakeriya", Scho vidobrazhaє village rukh of the XIV century. Їm bov spellings є one great romance "Chronicle of the hours of Charles IX" She informed about the struggle of Catholics and Protestants and the stage of St. Bartholomew's Night. The author is a fanatical intolerance.

At the connection with the changing political position of the bourgeoisie of the revolution of 1848 and the current image of the process, a new type of critical realism can be found in the literature of France - writers in the current image In general, the mystery is closer to life.

The most representative of the new stage of realism buv Gustave Flaubert (1821 – 1880). We exaggerate the scandalousness of the writer to the social vernaculars of the population: the bourgeoisie is guilty of all the lives of hates, to the masses of the people it was put contemptuously, the politically validity was deceived. To Tom, Flaubert called the artist "to drink in the elephant's basket", to serve the beauty. Unimportant to the incapacity of such a position, Flaubert gave a miracle a critical image of bourgeois vulgarity, but did not lose focus on suspicious struggle.

One of the most prominent works of Flaubert– novel "Madame Bovary"... At the center of the novel– the image of a woman from the bourgeois middle. Vikhovana romantic literature, won a guinea in zitknennі z mіschanskoy action.

Romani "Vikhovannya pochuttiv" The images of the provinces of Paris, the moral lack of the bourgeois. The whole romance has broken down the theme of a young people, a blasphemy, an inert, yak, good for active dyyalnosti.

Romani wrote on historical subjects "Salammbo", "The Legend of St. Julian Laskavtsi"і "Irodiada" In both the scientific context, the situation has been renewed in recent times. Writing book of scrupulous accuracy in the creation of realistic details, a glimpse of psychological analysis, how to open up the path of the inner monologue.

The 19th century is called the "Golden Capitals" of the Russian travel and the capitals of the Russian literature on a light scale. On the ear of a century of mystery, it is enough to see from the court poetry and "album" verses, in the history of Russian literature for the first time there is a figure of a poet-professional, a lyric is old, people, simpler. The whole century has given us such mayistries. It’s not easy to forget, but a literary stribok, it’s been there in the 19th century, but it’s been prepared during the whole process of the literary process on the 17-18th century. 19th century - the whole hour of the formation of the Russian literary move.

After reading the 19th century, the development of sentimentalism and the development of romanticism. Tsі literary directly knew viraz, persh for everything, in the journey.

sentimentalism: By the dominance of "human nature," sentimentalism barely felt, and not mind, which led to classicism. Sentimentalism is the ideal of human virtue, respecting the need not for "reasonable" overwhelming light, but for the development of that thoroughly "natural" sentiments. Yogo hero is more individualized, yogo inner light to build a healthy experience, to see on the bottom of the floor. The sentimental hero is a democrat for pranks and perekonannym; The richness of the spiritual light of a commoner is one of the main indications and the conquest of sentimentalism.

Karamzin: The era of sentimentalism in Russia was shown by the publication of Karamzin's "Leaves of the Russian Mandarin" and the poets "Bidna Liza". (Also in the 18th century)

Train to Karamzin, Which developed in the mainstream of European sentimentalism, radically evolved from the traditional journey of this hour, evolved on the odes of Lomonosov and Derzhavin. Naybіlsh іstotnym boules of advances in insight: 1) Karamzіna does not call, physical light, but the inner, spiritual light of people. Yogo vіrshi speak "my heart", and not mind. 2) Ob'Oct of Karamzin's journey to become a "simple life", and for the sake of describing the vicarist's simple poetical forms - common rims, a unique great number of metaphors and other paths, popular among the first among the first. 3) The insight of the poet of Karamzin Polyagu is that light for a new principle is impossible to know, sings the appearance of different points of view on one and the same subject.

Movi Karamzin reform: p Trojand and Poezіya Karamzіn made a lucrative infusion on the development of the Russian literary move. 1) Karamzin is straightforwardly adapted from the history of church-language vocabulary and grammar, bringing the language of his creations to the ever-growing movement of his era and viciousness in the way of understanding the grammar and grammar of French. 2) Karamzin viv in Russian language without new words - like neologisms ("goodness", "zakokhanist", "vilnodumstvo", "pamyatka", "persistent", "people"), so and barbarism coachman "). 3). Likewise, one of the earliest surviving letters was the letter E. The literary change of "Arzamas" over "Besida" changed the change of the new ones, like those of Karamzin.

Sentimentalism of Karamzin, having celebrated a great inflow on the development of Russian literature: from new views, including the romanticism of Zhukovsky, creativity of Pushkin.

romanticism: Contemporary and artistic direct in the culture of the end of the 18th century - the first half of the 19th century. Characterized by the assertions of self-esteem of the spiritual and creative life of specialness, images of strong (most often rebellious) addictions and characters, spiritualized and common nature. In the 18th century, everything was called romantic as wondrous, fantastical, malovnichi and іnuche in books, and not in action. On the ear of the 19th century, romanticism became a sign of a new, direct, anti-classicism and education. Romanticism is a cult of nature, feeling and natural in people. We will demand to see the image of a "noble savage", enlightened by "folk wisdom" and not captured by civilization.

The pinnacle of Russian romanticism can be respected by the poetry of Mikhail Yuriyovich Lermontov... At the glances of the progressive part of the Russian suspension of the 30s. XIX Art. rice appeared romantic svitoglyadu, viklikanі unhappy with the current action. Tse svitoglyad saw a lot of discouragement, unacceptability of action, lack of opportunity for progress. On the other hand, romantics were in power with a pragmatic attitude to their ideals, and a general development of the superfluous differences of the word and the reason for the unhappiness of others (the development of both ideals and ideas).

The creativity of Lermontov is most often depicting a romantic svitoglyad, which was formed in the Mykolaiv era. In the yogi journey, the main conflict with romanticism is the conflict between ideal and action - the reach of extreme frustration, but it is quite common to see the poets of romanticism in the 19th century. The main object of Lermontov's lyricism is the inner light of the people - glib and super talkative. our hour ". The key theme in the work of Lermontov is the theme of the tragic self-reliance on the specialness of the divine and unjust saint. All the richness of poetic images, motives, artistic implications, all the ideas, emotions, feelings of the lyrical hero are unsettled by those and ordered.

In young creative people you can see those of the father, love, poet and poetry, depicting the singularity of the bright individuality and the glance of the poet.

Tyutchev: Philosophska lyrica F.I. Tyutchev є overnight і completion, і podolannye romanticism in Russia. Having tasted from the same creations, I know step-by-step with my own powerful style. It was a good idea to raft the Russian wild journey of the 18th century and the tradition of European romanticism. Besides, none of them wanted to bachelor themselves in the role of a professional writer and to find unwillingness with the results of their creativity.

The order of the trip began to develop prose... Prose of the ear of the capital was known in the influx of the English historical novels of V. Scott, which were transformed into great popularity. The development of Russian prose of the 19th century began with the prose works of A.S. Pushkina and N.V. Gogol.

Early poetry of A.S. Pushkina also developed within the framework of romanticism. Yogo Pivdenna posilannya zbіglasya of low іstorichnih podіy i in Pushkіna zrіla Nadiya on dosyazhnіst іdealіv Svobody i volnostі (in lіritsі Pushkіna otrimala svіy vіdbitok geroїka suchasnoї іstorії 1820 pp.), Ale pіslya dekіlkoh rokіv cold priyomіv Yogo tvorіv nezabarom vіn zrozumіv scho svіtom to rule not a dumka, but control. In the creative work of Pushkin, the romantic period was seen to be reconsidered, but in the light of day there are active laws, they cannot steal a person, since they didn’t bully in the future, and they were beautiful. This was the beginning of the tragic tonality of Pushkin's music.

Postupovo, in the 30s, Pushkin has the first "signs" of realism.

realism in mystery, 1) the truth of life, embedded in specific ways of mystery. 2) The historically specific form of artistic evidence of the new hour, the ear of which leads either from Renaissance ("Renaissance realism"), or from Education ("educational realism"), or from the 30s. 19th century ("Vlasne realism"). Providnі principle to realism 19 - 20 Art.: Ob'ktivno presentation of the real sides of life in accordance with the author's ideal; development of typical characters, conflicts, situations in the context of artistic and personalization(To concretize both national, historical, social methods, as well as physical, intellectual and spiritual peculiarities); perevagu in the ways of depicting "the forms of life itself", ale the order of vicarians, especially in the 20th century, clever forms (myth, symbol, parable, grotesque); translucent interest to the problem of "specialty and suspension"

Gogol nі misler, ale tse buv great artist. About the power of his talent, he himself said: "I only had those good things, which I took out of reason, from the dues, from me." It cannot be simpler and stronger to provide that much basis for realism, which lay in his talent.

critical realism- artistic method and literary direct, which was founded in the XIX century. The main feature of this is the image of a human character in an organic connection with social settings, an order with a strong social analysis of the inner life of a people.

Literature has conquered its publicity and satirical character from the 18th century. In the prose we sing N.V. Gogol"Dead souls" is a writer in a hospitality satirical manner showing shakhrai, which is avaricious of dead souls, young people who help them, as they are connected with the representatives of the older human vads. The showcase has a comedy "Revizor". Sponsors of satirical images and works of A.S. Pushkina... Literature prodovzhu satirically depicts Russian action. The trend of the image of defects and shortcomings of the Russian suspension is characteristic of rice of all Russian classical literature. Vona quilted in the works of practically all writers of the 19th century. With a lot of writers, they realize satirical tendencies in grotesque (chimeric, comic, tragicomic) forms.

The genre of the realistic novel is developing. Create your own І. С. Turgenev, F.M. Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy, I.A. Goncharov. The development of the trip kilka is quiet.

Varto mean the poetry of Nekrasov, who is the first to introduce social issues into the poetry. We sing "Who is good in Russia?"

Literary process of the 19th century during the development of the name of N.S. Luskov, A.N. A.P. Ostrovsky Chekhov. Ostanniy showed himself as a master of a small literary genre - an update, as well as an excellent playwright. Competitor A.P. Chekhov Bouv Maxim Gorky.