Artistic methods in literature table. Russian Literature - Straight

Literary currents are often attributed to schools and literary groups. Chi means a group creative specialties They are characterized by a software-aesthetic unity, as well as an artistic closeness. In other words, a secular type (yak bi pidgroup) Stosovno, for example, before Russian romanticism, is about “psychological”, “philosophical” and “civil” trends. In Russian literary currents, they see "sociological" and "psychological" directly.

classicism

Tsey straight i artistic style in the literature and art of Europe and the ear of the 19th century. The name resembles the Latin word "classicus" - ideal.

Literary currents of the 19th century may have their own specialties:

1. Corruption to forms and images of ancient art and literature as aesthetic etalon, on which ground the principle of "inheriting nature" hangs, but we must respect strict rules, which are gleaned from ancient aesthetics.

2. The basis of aesthetics is to become the principle of rationalism (from the Latin "ratio" means rose), like looking at the yak at the root of the piece - something that is quite open, intelligently organized, logically prompted.

3. In classicalism in the images of non-individual rice, as in the first place the smell of praying to represent the birth, style, and in the hour signs of inevitability that appear as the involvement of spiritual and social forces.

4. Sotsialno-vikhovna function of mystery. Vykhovuєtsya harmony osobistіst.

sentimentalism

Sentimentalism (in English sentimental means "sensitive") - a trend in literature and art of Europe in the 18th century. Educational rationalism has come up with an additional crisis, in Osvit є the final stage. In the main chronological overdue romanticism, he stood up to transfer his deyakі rice.

Literary currents, the journey of this period has its own specialties:

1. Sentimentalism is lost to the ideals of the normative specialty.

2. Yakshho correlated with classicism and enlightened pathos, the heart of "human nature", stripped of it not by the mind, but by the feeling.

3. The mental formulation of the ideal people was respected "literately over-sleep", and thoroughly and vividly about "natural feelings".

Literary currents of the 20th century

Persh for everything, tse orієntuvannya to the classic, archaic and bybutt mythology; cyclic hour model; mythological brikolage - create will be like a collage of remakes and quotes from all kinds of creations.

Literary flow of that hour may have 10 warehouses:

1. Neomythologism.

2. Autism.

3. Illusion / reality.

4. Priority of style over plot.

5. Text in text.

6. The humiliation of the storyline.

7. Pragmatics, not semantics.

8. Syntax, not vocabulary.

9. Sposterigach.

10. Violation of the principles of sensibility to the text.

If you think so, if you can’t remember it, then, zoosuilo, have mercy. It's easy to finish everything.

A list of literature is displayed. Bachimo, here everything is laid out for an hour. Specific hours of delivery are given. I now emphasize your respect for the axis on what is practical - literary skin-to-text directly to the timing link.

Wonderful screen shot. Fonvizin's "Minor", Derzhavin's "Monument", Griboedov's "Dashing out of the Role" —that's all classicism. We will allow for the change of classicalism to come realism, for an hour there is a sense of sentimentality, or even in this turn of ideas, there are no ideas. To this, it is practical to do everything that is said lower - the whole of realism. As soon as it was written "novel", then the goal is realism. Nothing more.

Romanticism in this list may not be forgotten. The performances are weak, tse takі create, like balada V.A. Zhukovsky "Svitlana", poem by M.Yu. Lermontov "Mtsiri". Building used to be, romanticism died on the cob of the 19th century, and the least possible development in the 20th. There, M.A. Gorky "Old Izergil". That's all, no more romanticism.

All that is given in the list, but I did not name it - the whole realism.

And yak todi straight at the "Word about the regiment of Igor?" In this vypadku it is not seen.

And now let's take a short walk through that, like rice from the tsikh directly. It's simple:

classicism- tse 3 units: one day, one hour, one day. Zgadaimo Griboadov's comedy "Dashing out of Rose". The whole day is trivial for 24 years, and you will go to Famusov's booth. With Fonvizin's "Unsized" everything has a similar rank. One more detail for classicism: heroes can be clearly influenced by positive and negative. The insignia of the nobility is unnecessary. Whole to you to whistle, shhob zhizuti, before us is a classicistic tvir.

romanticism- vinyatkovy hero in vinyatkovy surroundings. Zgadaimo, which was added to the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov "Mtsiri". On the smallest majestic nature, divine beauty and majesty, podgortayutsya. "Mtsiri zbigak". Nature and the hero get angry one by one, see out of the background of the inner light and call. Mtsiri is the specialty of vinyatkov. Strong, good-natured, bold.

It is in the announcement of "Stara Izzergil" of the hero Danko, as if he had violated his heart and sanctified the way to the people. The character is also assigned to the criterion of the vinatkovo specialty, which is also a romantic notification. That kind of all the heroes described by Gorky are all great rebellions.

From Pushkina to reclaim realism, as the efforts of the other half of the 19th century develop even more violently. All life with dignities and shortcomings, with superlativeness and folding - an old written manuscript. We take concrete historical podias and specialties, like living at the same time with vigadan characters, as they often fail a real prototype, or just look at a decile.

I'm short, realism- bachu, then i am writing. Our life is foldable, foldable and heroes, the stench is tossed around, think, change, grow, be merciful.

Until the ear of the 20th century, it became clear that it was time to start new forms, new styles, and come. To this, a new author is bursting into the literature, the development of modernity is introduced, which includes the masu vidgaluzhen: symbolism, acmeism, imaginism, futurism.

First and foremost, before any literary current it is possible to bring that one tvir, it is necessary for the nobility for the first hour of their writing. To that, for example, it is wrong to say that Akhmatova is only acmeism. Only early creativity can be brought directly to the given. The creativity of the deeds and the call did not go for a specific classification, such as, for example, the boules Tsvєtaєva with Pasternak.

If you try to symbolize, then here it will be very simple: Blok, Mandelstam. Futurism - Mayakovsky. Akmeizm, as they said, Akhmatova. Buv shche іmazhinism, ale the representations of wine is weak, to the new name of Asenin. Axis yak bi and everything.

symbolism- term speak for itself. Author, through a great number of all kinds of symbols, encrypted the serpent to the creator. That number of meanings, which were laid down by the poets, can be shukati and vishukuvati to the endlessness. That’s how to finish the folds.

futurism- word creation. Mystery of the Maybut. Vidmova from the past. Unsurpassed joke of new rhythms, Rome, slav. Drabinka Mayakovsky memory? Such create was designated for declamation (read in public). Futuristy are just RUNNED people. They were robbing everyone, but the publication forgot about it. All things are good for all boules.

acmeism- if in the symbolism of the devil it wasn’t zealous, then the acmeists took on the challenge of prototyping themselves. Їх creativity is astonishing, specifically. Look, you don't see the hmaras. Here, here. The stench imagined earthly light, earthly beauty. They also pushed through the word to re-create the light. Tsyogo is enough.

іmazhinizm- the image is laid in the basis. Inodi is not alone. Such verses, as a rule, are completely added to the sense. Sergiy Asenin is a non-trivial hour writing such verses. There is nothing more to the list of literature until the end of the current year.

That's all. If you didn’t mind that you knew the mercy in my words, then write in the comments. I pick it up at once.

The main styles directly in the literature of the new and new hour

Tsei razdіl posibnika does not pretend to razgornenya and soilness. Bagato straight from the historical and literary glance for students is not yet seen, because it is not enough. Skіlki-nebudna rozmova about literary directly in the whole situation of the unhappy. That seems to be a rational date only country houses Persh for everything characterize the style of dominance of that straight out.

baroque

The Baroque style expanded into the European (in the minor world - Russian) culture in the XVI-XVII centuries. It is based on two main processes: from one side, crisis of revival ideals, Kriza Idea titanism(If Lyudin is missed by a majestic size, napivogom) protistvleniya people and yak creator bezosobovogo natural light ... Baroque is even more straightforward and super-verbose. The term itself cannot be interpreted unambiguously. In the Italian roots, the meaning of overworld, depravity, gratitude is laid. It’s not even clear that it was a negative characteristic of the baroque “call” style baroque by the writers of the era of classicism), for the self-reflection of the authors of the baroque is not abolished.

The Baroque style is characterized by the feeling of the unconcealed: from one side - the interest to the vishukany forms, paradoxes, the vitality of metaphors and alegorii, to the oxymoron, to the verbal gri, and from the bottom - the great tragedy and the sense of the riverside.

For example, in the baroque tragedy of Griffius, the very presence of the heroes could have appeared on the stage, and with a great irony about the heroes of the country.

From the side, from the era of baroque dressing, the genre of still life is developed, de-rozkish, the beauty of forms, the richness of farbs. Witness, the baroque still life is quite eloquent: bright in color and technology bouquets, vases with fruits, and on the hand - a classic still life for the baroque "Sunta suut" with the viscous sandy year (alegorya, the skull is deadly) for an hour.

The style of the baroque is characterized by the vishukanity of forms, the evil of the visual and graphic rows, since the verse is not only written, but rather "painted". To finish the game "Pisochny Godinnik" І. Gelviga, about which they talked about in the section "poetry". A boule and nabagato folding form.

In the era of the Baroque, a wider range of Vishukan genres is being developed: rondo, madrigali, sonnets, austere form, etc.

Create the best representatives of the Baroque (Spanish playwright P. Calderon, Nimetsian sings and playwright A. Griffius, Nimetsian poet-mystic A. Silesius and I.) The paradoxical rows of Silesian are often yak see aphorisms: “I am great, like God. God is innocent, like I am. "

Bagato sorcerer poets in the baroque, groundlessly forgotten in the XVIII-XIX centuries, boules in the verbal experiments of the XX century literature.

classicism

Classicism - directly in literature and mystery, historically, it has come to the change of baroque. The era of classicism was more than one hundred and fifty years old - from the middle of the 17th century to the ear of the 19th century.

Classicism is based on the idea of ​​intelligence, in the order of light ... Lyudina is smarter than all the smarter, but human suspension- how rationally vashtovaniye mekhanizm.

Likewise, the very art of art will be on display of strict canons, structurally repeating intelligence and order of the whole world.

Seeing a manifestation of spirituality and culture, classicalism has known Antiquity, which Antiquity Mystery has been venerated by a viewer for inheritance and unparalleled authority.

Classicism is characterized by paramount testimony Tobto in the skin appearances, the artists of classicalism have pushed the intelligent center, which is known as the pinnacle of the paramount and has taken care of the whole awakening. For example, in the rational powers of the classics they went from the idea of ​​a rational monarchy - the corny and necessary for all the people of the community.

Lyudin in the era of classicism is interpreted in front of yak function, Yak Lanka in a rosy piramidi svitobudovi. The internal society of people in classicism is actualized less, more important than the last day. For example, the ideal monarch is the one who the power can afford, to write about his good and illumination. All the same goes to a different plan. The very same Russian classics idealized the figurine of Peter I, not at all meaning that it was even more folding and far from being a comfortable head.

Literary classicism of people is missed by the nose of what is the best idea, as the beginning of its day. The very fact in comedies of classicism is often vikoristovuvalysya "say the name", immediately viznachayu logic character. Zgadaimo, for example, Pani Prostakov, Skotinin and Pravdin in Fonvizin's comedy. Both traditions are kindly seen and in Griboadov's "Dashing out of Rozum" (prison, Skalozub, Tugoukhovskie etc.).

From the Baroque era, classicism seduced interest to emblematic, since the idea became a sign of the idea, and the idea was incorporated into speech. Say, a portrait of a writer, letting in the image of "speeches", will confirm his writing merits: books written by him, and by the hour of heroes. So, the monument to I. A. Krilov, pictures by P. Klodt, I picture the famous Baikar in the heroes of my bikes. The entire pedestal is embellished with scenes from the works of Krilov, and those on nіzh the glory of the author is based. If I want a memorial of creations in the same era of classicism, here you can see the most classic traditions.

Intelligence, accuracy and emblematic of culture to classicism of a breed of juvenile and a freewheeling of conflicts. In a one-off confrontation with the rose and the feeling, the feeling and the connection, the classicism, beloved by the authors, felt like a slowdown appeared in the endless rakhunka.

classicism will rise (Persh for all the zavdyaky to the authority of his head theorist N. Boileau) suvoru ієrarchіyu genres , I like to go to the top (oh so, tragedy, epic) І low ( comedy, satire, bike). The leather genre is written in its own style. Change of styles and genres is categorically not allowed.

All of the schools in every country are famous rule of three, Formulated for classic drams: miscya(All the day in one minute), hour(I will go out of the way until this night), diy(There is one central conflict in which all the heroes are drawn).

In the genre plan, classicism has given a tragedy and an ode to the challenge. True, the genial comedies of Molora comedy genres may have become popular.

Classicism gave the light to the whole galaxy of talented poets and playwrights. Cornelle, Racin, Moliere, Lafontaine, Voltaire, Swift - the axis of only deyaki name from the society of bliscous pleiad.

In Russia, classicism developed three times more, even in the XVIII century. Russian literature tezh gobov'yazaniya classicism even more bagat. Delivery of the name of the name D. I. Fonvizina, A.P. Sumarokov, M.V. Lomonosov, G.R.Derzhavin.

sentimentalism

The sentimentalism of viniks in European culture in the middle of the 18th century, the first signs of the same are beginning to appear among the English and three of the French literators in the late 1720s, until the 1740s. I would like the term "sentimentalism" itself to appear meaningfully better and better than the popular novel by Lorenz Stern "A Sentimental Road" (1768), the hero of what would rise in price in France and the world, eating the sounds in the cold Feel "noble joys and noble troubles behind the boundaries of their own specialness."

Sentimentalism to reach the end of the day, having snoozed in parallel with classicism, I want to be on the day of every day in the midst of ambushes. For sentimentalist writers head value to see the light of the senses, experience. A collection of svit svit can be taken to a university, writers spivchuvayut loving fellow citizens of heroines (such as, for example, the novels of S. Richardson, as pam'yataєmo, - the beloved author of Aunt Larinoi at Pushkin).

An important merit of sentimentalism, becoming an interest in the inner life of the zychaynoi people. Classicism "average" by people is not enough, and the axis of sentimentalism, navpaki, fondling the glibin, feels even more sinister, from the social point of view, heroine.

So, the servant Pamela from S. Richardson demonstrates not only the purity of feeling, but the moral honesty: honor and pride, which in the end of the day is brought up to a happy decision; And Clarissa is famous, the heroine of the novel with the help of the name given to them from the current point of view; At the same hour, її evil genіy і steadfast confederate Robert Loveless - a svitsky lion, an aristocrat. At Russia in the XVIII century - at the ear of the 19th century, the name of Loveless (stretched out on “love less” - amusements of love) sounded in the French manner of “Lovelace”, while the word “lovelace” became prying, meaning the tyagan and the beastly man.

Iakshcho at Richardson Romani Bouly was relieved of the philosophical glibini, didactic and slightly nowadays, then there is a triumph in sentimentalism, the opposition "is natural lyudin - civilization", Civilization of mind was evil. There is still a reversal of the design in the works of the famous French writer and philosopher J. J. Rousseau.

Yogo novel "Yuliya, abo Nova Eloiza", which podkoriv the Europe of the XVIII century, more folding and less straightforward. The struggle of sentiments, social intelligence, sin and garbage are intertwined here in one tangle. The name itself ("Nova Eloiza") reveals itself to the legendary divine predilection of the middle miser P'ar Abelard and his student Eloizi (XI-XII centuries)

Even more significant is the small philosophy of "natural people", formed by Rousseau, and still has a living sense. Rousseau having embraced the civilization of an important people, he drives everything more beautifully into the new. Zvidsi interest to nature, to natural feelings and natural behavior... Tsі idei Russo rejected a special development in the culture of romanticism and - for the most part - in the numerical works of art of the 20th century (for example, in Olesya by A. I. Kuprin).

In Russia, sentimentalism manifested itself in less and more serious light indications not principally. In the main, "grown up" Western European plot. At the same hour, he celebrated a great inflow on the given development of the Russian literature itself.

by ourselves find a cottage cheese Russian sentimentalism has become “ Bidna Liza"N. M. Karamzina (1792), which is a small and great success and a vicious success.

"Bidna Liza", according to the essence, appears on the Russian soil, the plot and natural knowledge of the English sentimentalism of S. Richardson,

romanticism

Romanticism as dominating literary directly in European and Russian literatures, not even more so - close to thirty rockets, but infused into svitov culture colossally.

Historically, the romanticism of the dressings from the Great French Revolution (1789-1793), however, the ringing is not linear, the romanticism of the bindings, which were prepared with all the flow of the natural development of Europe, was gradually shaped by a new concept of people.

The first unification of romantics appeared in Nimechchina in the end of the 18th century, through some rocky romanticism to develop in England and France, then in the USA and Russia.

Being a "light style", romanticism is even more foldable and super-articulate, which is united by a rich school of expressive artistic shukan. It is even more important to build aesthetics of romanticism to the point of being single and accurate.

At the same hour estetika Romanticism bezsumnіvno, Je Yednist, Yakscho porіvnyuvati її of classicism chi proyavivsya pіznіshe criticality realіzmom. However, the price is backed by the decilcom by the main factors.

Perche, romanticism and value human specialties like this, self-sufficiency. The light of the senses and thoughts of the people around them The process changed the coordinate system at once, in the difference "specialness - suspension" the accent was changed in the bik of specialty. Zvidsi is a cult of freedom, typical for romantic people.

In a different way, romanticism is still more crescent in the prototype of civilization and nature, Viddayuchi perevagu natural elements. Not vipadkovo itself in the eratourism was born to romanticism, the cult of peaks in nature and so on became known. On the basis of literary themes, there is interest to exotic landscapes, to scenes from Silskoe life, to “wild” cultures. Civilization is often built "vyaznitsa" for a particular specialty. The whole plot can be quilted, for example, from "Mtsiri" M. Yu. Lermontov.

Thirdly, romanticism became a particular specialty of aesthetics dual world: The knowledge of the fact that the social welfare that is called upon us is not just one and the same, the fair human welfare is not here. Zvidsi vinikak ideya beautiful "there"- principles for aesthetics and romanticism. Tse "there" can be manifested in a different way: in Divine grace, like in W. Blake; in the idealization of the past (interest in legends, the appearance of numerical literary cossacks, Cult of folklore); in the interest to unseen specialties, high preferences (there is a cult of a noble rogue, interest to plots about "fatal kohannya", etc.).

The two worlds do not follow ... Romantics have not been bullied by people “not in sight”, as, unfortunately, it’s a pity that young philologists have to spend an hour. The stench took the most active share in social life, and the greatest sings І. Goethe, tied with romanticism, not only as a great naturalist, but as a premier-ministr. Mova Ide is not about the style of behavior, but about the philosophical setting, about trying to look beyond the boundaries of action.

Quarterly, I will remember the role in the aesthetic romanticism of grav demonism, Of righteousness through the knowledge of the sinlessness of God, on esthetization revolt... Demonism and obov'yazkovuyu pіdstavu romantic svitovіdchuttya, protesting becoming a characteristic background of romanticism. Philosophical-aesthetic obruntuvannya demonism became mystical tragedy (the author called the її "mystery") J. Byron “Kain” (1821), the de-biblical story about Kaine is rethought, and the divine truth is about. Interest to the "demonic ear" in the people characteristic of the most early artists of the era of romanticism: J. Byron, P. B. Shell, E. Po, M. Yu. Lermontova and I.

Romanticism brought with it a new genre palette. On the change of classic tragedies and odes came elegia, romantic dramas, eat. Spravzhn_y pierced in prose genres: there is no novel, absolutely in a new way viglyadaє novel. The plot scheme will settle down: popular paradoxical plot lines, fatal plot lines, unsuitable connections. Victor Hugo became a prominent master of the romantic novel. Yogo novel "Cathedral of Our Lady of Paris" (1831) - all vidomy masterpiece romantic prose. For the larger novels of Hugo ("Lyudina, how to laugh", "Znedoleni" and ін.) A characteristic synthesis of romantic and realistic tendencies, the writer wants a romantic gift from all life.

Having seen the light of concrete specialties, romanticism, they are not the least, without hesitating to detail the individual psychology. Interest to "super passions" leading to typical experience. As soon as love is on the table, as hatred is on until the end. Most often, the romantic hero has the same passion, the same idea. Tse zledzhuvalo romantic hero from the hero of classicism, I want all the accents will be placed in the display. Fair psychologism, "dialectics of the soul" became indications of the one aesthetic system - realism.

realism

Realism is an understanding even more foldably and more vaguely. It was dominated by the historical and literary directly formed in the 30s of the 19th century, but as a way of mastering the action of realism with the power of artistic creativity. A lot of risi realism manifested itself already in folklore, the stench was characteristic of ancient art, for art of the Renaissance, for classicalism, sentimentalism, etc. D. it was not once referred to by factions, and it was not once recognized as a way of starting the development of the art as a collection of mystical (romantic) and realistic ways of knowing the action. The most complete viewer knew its own image in the theory of the seeming philologist D.I. Chizhevsky (Ukrainian for walking, living for a large part of life in Nimechchin and the USA),rukh "with realistic and mystical poles. In the theory of aesthetics, I will name it "Chizhevsky's pendulum"... Skinny way of displaying action is characterized by Chizhevsky for a number of reports:

realistically	romantic (mystical)
The image of a typical hero in typical surroundings	The image of the vinyatka hero at the vinyatkovo surroundings
Improved performance, more believable image	Actively re-creating action with a sign of the author's ideal
The image of people in socially-mannered social and psychological connections with navkolishnіm light	Self-esteem, the independence of the staff, minds and misconceptions
The author's praise to objectivity	View of the author's sub-activity, rotation of his posture to the light, lyricism
The character of the hero yak is rich-faceted, ambiguous, internally super-articulate	Zmalyuvannya hero one-two yaskravimi, characteristic, opucl rice, fragmentary
Possibilities of ways of transmitting the hero's conflict with light in a real, concretely historical action	Possibilities of ways of resolving the hero's confrontation with light in other, other, cosmic spheres
Specific historical chronotope (singing space, singing hour)	Umnovny, borderline chronotopes (non-space, non-meaning hour)
Motivation of the hero's behavior by the peculiarities of real action	Imagining the behavior of the hero as motivated by real action (self-determination of specialness)
Lasting confrontation and a successful result will be missed	Lack of sensitivity to conflict, unwillingness or the clever character of a happy-go-lucky kid

Chizhevsky's scheme, which was already built ten years ago, is popular today, at the same hour it will be straight literary process... Thus, classicism and realism appear typologically similar, and romanticism is actually reproduced by the culture of the Baroque. For good reason new models The first realism of the 19th century is not very similar to the realism of the Renaissance, and even more to classicism. At the same hour the scheme of Chizhevskiy is a coryza pam'yatati;

If you talk about the classic realism of the 19th century, then you see a few main moments.

The realism is seen to be closer to the image and the image. The subject of the image was, as a rule, the action “here and at once”. Not a vague history of Russian realism is tied to the formations of the so-called "natural school"; True, the borderline specificity has ceased to satisfy the writers, and the most significant author (I. S. Turgenev, N. A. Nekrasov, A. N. Ostrovsky, etc.)

At the same hour there is no thought, but the realism is seen from the production and decision " vichnykh nutrition buttya ". The Navpaks, the great writers-realities themselves, nourished the Persh for everything and put it. However, the most important problems of human awareness were designed for a specific action, for the life of ordinary people. So, F. M. Dostoevsky is virіshu I am aware of the problem of a man and God, not in the symbolic images of Kaine and Lucifer, like, for example, Byron, but on the butt of a student Raskolnikov’s wickedness, like killing the old reckless men and ourselves. ”

Realism is not perceived as symbolic and allegorical images, protesens change, the stench is seen not as problems, but as socially concrete ones. For example, the Cossacks of Saltikov-Shchedrin are sketched alegorically, but they do not reflect the social action of the 19th century.

realism, Yak niyake, it went straight before, see the inner light of the surrounding people, Pragne poachit yogo paradox, ruh і development. The role of internal monologues is improved in the context of realism in prose, the hero is constantly contemplating with himself, thinking in himself, evaluating himself. Psychology in creativity of Maystri-realists(F. M. Dostoevsky, L. N. Tolstoy and in.) reach of the greatest variety.

Realism changes in an hour, imagining new realities and historical events. So, in the era of Radyanska socialist realism, Naked by "official" method of radio literature. This form was strongly ideologicalized to realism, which set the scene for the inevitable collapse of the bourgeois system. In reality, however, “socialist realism” was called “socialist realism”, and all the radianske mystery was called “socialist realism,” and the criteria were absolutely widespread. This year's term is young and historical sense, according to the current literature, it is not relevant.

Even in the middle of the 19th century, the realism panuvav mayzhe without any problems, then until the end of the 19th century the situation changed. The rest of the century realism leads to fierce competition from the side of the other natural systems, which, naturally, is the same as the nature of realism itself. For example, the novel by M. A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita" is a realist tvir, albeit at the same hour in a new symbolic sense, reminiscent of the setting of "classic realism".

Modernist direct end of the XIX - XX century

Twenty centuries, like a nyyaky one, passed by the sign of the competition without a direct line in mystery. It’s absolutely ridiculous, the stink of competing one against one, changing one one, winning one one one. Alone, uh, udnu - tse a disagreement with the classic realistic art, try to know your way of representing action. Tsi directly ob'ednuyutsya clever term "modernism". The term "modernism" itself (from "modern" - fortunate) is vinnik shche in the romantic aesthetics of A. Schlegel, however, this did not take root. The winners were brought to life after a hundred years, at the end of the 19th century, and becoming the beginning of a family of wondrous, non-vivid natural systems. Seasonal "modernism" is a term with borderline wide meanings, in fact, it stands in two opposites: from one side, tse "everything, not realism", from the rest of the rock) - tse those, scho not є "postmodernism". In such a rank, the understanding of modernism appears negatively to himself - by the method of "from the opposite." Naturally, with such a move, there is no way of structural clarity.

Modern straightforward strength is strong, we can afford it for the most significant:

Impressionism (From the French "Impression" - feud) - directly from the last third of the XIX - the ear of the XX century, which originated in France and then expanded in all light. Representatives of Impressionism pounced on Imaginationthe real light in its rupture and minlity, to convey your shvidkoplinna hostility. The empires themselves called themselves "new realists", the term appeared in 1874 to rock, since the now famous robot K. Monet "Skid dream. Feud ". A collection of terms "impressionism" is a negative impression, wondering and inviting the anger of critics, however, the artists themselves "in spite of the critics" accepted it, and immediately the negative connotations became clear.

In painting, impressionism has created a majestic infusion for the entire advance development of painting.

In literature, the role of empressism is more modest, as an independent plin is not accepted. However, the aesthetics of impressionism has shattered its infusion on the creativity of the authors, including in Russia. I will bring to the "quick-minded" vіrshіv K. Balmont, І. Annensky and ін. In addition, the impressionism was conceived in the colorism of the writings, for example, in the palette of B. Zaitsev.

However, as a whole, empressism in literature did not manifest itself, becoming a characteristic background of symbolism and neorealism.

symbolism - one of those who need it directly in modernism, to finish the diffusion in their installations and shukanny. Symbolism soon took shape in France in the 70s of the 19th century and expanded rapidly across Europe.

Until the 90s, symbolism became an out-of-the-box European direct, behind a vignette of Italia, in which wine, for no apparent reason, did not take root.

In Russia, symbolism began to manifest itself in the end of the 80s, and as it was learned, it continued until the mid-90s.

For an hour, the formulation and the peculiarities of the sight in the Russian symbolism were taken to see two main stages. The singers who debuted in 1890s are called “senior symbolists” (V. Bryusov, K. Balmont, D. Merezhkovsky, Z. Gippius, F. Sologub et al.).

In the 1900s, a number of new names appeared, and they changed the look of symbolism: A. Blok, A. Biliy, Vyach. Ivanov ta in. Accept the meaning of "other sickness" symbolism - "youngosimvolism". It is important to say that the “older” and “young” symbols are not in style (say, Vyach. Ivanov, from the heavy to the “senior”), but the difference in lightness and creativity.

The creativity of the older symbols more closely conforms to the canon of neo-romanticism. Characteristic motives - self-reliance, poetry, incomplete light. In the verses of K. Balmont, there is an infusion of empressive technology, in the early Bryusov, there are a lot of technical experiments, verbal exotics.

Young people have developed a more intricate and original concept, as they will be on the evil of life and art, on the idea of ​​understanding the light of natural laws. The buttya tamnitsa cannot be swirled by a wondrous word, you just have to guess in the intuitively known systems of symbols by the poet. The concept of the taunnitsa, the non-manifestation of the meanings became the mainstay of the symbolic aesthetics. Train, behind the words of Viach. Ivanov, є "secret writing of the nevy". The socially-aesthetic illusion of youthful symbolism matched the fact that through the "prophetic word" it is possible to change the light. They didn’t smell the stench for themselves, but they didn’t demiurges, Tobto the creators of the world. The lack of utopia brought the 1910s to the ear of the 1910s to a total crisis of symbolism, to the collapse of the entire system, so that the symbolic aesthetics could be "seen" for a trivial hour.

Independently from the realization of the social utopia, symbolism supervisedly enlightens the Russian and religious poetry. Іmena A. Bloku, І. Annensky, Viach. Ivanov, A. Bily and the most prominent poets-symbolism - the pride of the Russian literature.

acmeism(From the Greek. "Akme" - "great step, peak, color, quitucha time") - a literary trend, which has come to a head in ten years of the XX century in Russia. Historically, acmeism became a reaction to the crisis of symbolism. On the vidminu of the "tam" word of symbolism, acmeism, they voiced the value of the material, the plasticity of the subject of images, the precision and visualization of the word.

The formation of Acmeism is closely linked to the organization of the "Poetry Workshop", the central figures of such a boule N. Gumilov and S. Gorodetsky. O. Mandelstam, early A. Akhmatov, V. Narbut and ін were also attached to Acmeism. For the most part, however, Akhmatova put forward a sense of the natural unity of acmeism and the legitimacy of the term itself. But in this one it is unlikely that we can wait: aesthetically, the unity of the poets-akmeisti, at every time, in the first rock, is not a wiklikak. On the right, not only in the program articles of N. Gumilov and O. Mandel'shtam, they formulate an aesthetically pleasing credo of a new trend, a little more for everything in practice itself. Akmeizm with a wondrous rank, having acquired a romantic craving for exoticism, for the mandarin of the word vishukanism, which gave birth to the culture of the baroque.

Love the image of acmeism - exotic beauty (So, in Gumilov's period of creativity, there are verses about exotic creatures: giraffe, jaguar, rhino, kangaroo, etc.), image culture(At Gumilov, Akhmatovoy, Mandelstam), the velmas are plasticly love themes. Often an object detail becomes a psychological sign(For example, a mitten from Gumilov or Akhmatova).

I'll make light of the post at the akmeistiv Vishukanim, ale "Igrashkov", fostered by the wrong. For example, famous for the early versh of O. Mandelstam to sound like this:

Burn with dry gold

Near the trees of the yalinka;

Near the bushes of іgrashkovі vovka

Ochima are terrible to marvel.

Oh, seeing my sorrow,

Oh, quiet is my freedom

І inanimate sky

Lead the smile on the Krishtal!

For the sake of the Acmeists, they grew up, because of the number of singers they had lost a little, I want the vitality of the ideals of the high culture, the cult of poetic majesty among the majority of singers have taken up until the end of the day. Three great artists of the word have entered Acmeism. In the names of Gumilov, Mandelstam and Akhmatova, Russian literature can be written right.

futurism(Vid lat. "Futurus "- maybutn_y). It is symbolism, as it was already said vishche, did not take root in italy, then futurism, navpaki, ma italіyske promenade. The "father" of futurism is taken in the respect of the Italian poet and theorist Mistress F. Marinette, who proponated the flamboyant and horrendous theory of the new Mistress. In fact, Marinette wrote about the mechanization of the mystery, about the amalgamation of its spirituality. Mystery is to blame for the fact that the same "p'us on the mechanical pianin", all the verbal vibrika zavі, spirituality - vіdzhiliy myth.

Ideas of Marinette bared the crisis of the classic art and boules with "rebellious" aesthetic groups in the small lands.

In Russia, the first futurists were the artists of the Burliuk brothers. David Burliuk having fallen asleep at his shirt, the colony of futurists "Gilea". You could see the zgurtuvati around you of the young, not similar to anybody's poets and artists: Mayakovsky, Khlabnikov, Kruchenikh, Olen Guro and other.

The first manifestos of the Russian futurists were of an almost ephemeral character (the name of the manifest “Lyapas to the Suspicious Taste” speaks for itself), however, with the whole mechanics of the Marinette Russian futurists, they don’t take Arriving in Russia Marinette wikipedia rozcharuvannya with Russian poets and even more children in business.

Futurists put a new poet as a meta, new system aesthetic values. Virtuoso gra s in a word, esthetization by-party items, Mova vulytsі - everything was tense, epatuvav, wicked resonance. Yaskraviy, see the character in the image of some having dragged, others having burst out:

The word is skin,

navit hot,

yaki viverga burn with a rotom of vin,

wikiday, yak goal poviya

Let the booth go from the fireman.

(V. Mayakovsky, "A Cloud in Pants")

Today it is possible to see, but a lot of the creativity of the futurists did not show up for an hour, presenting only historical interest, but in general, pouring experiments of futurists into the whole advance development of mysticism (and not only the musical, verbal)

Futurism has given rise to a number of currents, now converging, now conflating: cubo-futurism, its futurism (Igor Severyanin), the Centrifuge group (N. Asev, B. Pasternak).

They were strongly influenced by themselves, and the groups converged in a new rational day of the journey, in terms of verbal experiments. Russian futurism has given a number of grandiose poets: Volodymyr Mayakovsky, Boris Pasternak, Velimir Khlabnikov.

existentialism (Vіd Lat. "Exsistentia" - іsnuvannya). Existentialism cannot be called literary directly in the general sense of the word; The turns of the current flow can be seen in the 19th century in the mystical philosophy of S. K'orkegor, and the reference development of existentialism is reflected in the 20th century. Among the most significant philosophies in existentialism, it is possible to name G. Marcel, K. Jaspers, M. Heidegger, J.-P. Sartre and ін. Existentialism is a system to finish the diffuse, there is little variation and development. However wild rice, I will allow you to talk about the deyak udnist, є nasty:

1. Vizannya of the special sense of the boottya ... In other words, the light and the human being in its perceptibility is a special ear. A pity for the traditional look, at the thought of existentialists, the glance in that, where the life of the people is looked like "from the side", in detail, and the uniqueness of the human life itself is in the fact that there is єі wow my... To that very G. Marseille proponuvav to look at the position of the people and the light not according to the scheme "Vin - Svit", but behind the scheme "I - Ty". My assignment to the іnshoi people - is deprived of the okremiy vypadok of the all-inclusive scheme.

M. Heidegger, having said about the same three inakshe. On your mind, you need to change the main food about people. Mi namagaєmosya vіdpovisti, " scho Tobto lyudin ", but it is necessary to supply" hto Tobto Lyudin ". Tse radically changes the entire coordinate system, the splinters in the evocative light are not overpowered by the unique "self" for the skin people.

2. The introduction of the so-called "near-cordon situation" If "your own" becomes easily accessible. In the serpentine life, the "I" is beyond the reach of the middle, and the axis in front of the face of death, on the other side, is not visible. The concept of a borderline situation celebrated a great influx into the literature of the 20th century - like the writers who are directly related to the theory of existentialism (A. Camus, J.-P. Sartre), as well as authors, for example, in the whole history of the near-cordon situation will be more common in the story of Vasil Bikov's stories.

3. Vizannya people to yak project ... In other words, we have been given a reference "I" to wait for the sound of zd_ysnyuvati, only one motive vibir. I, if the vibir of a man appears to be unreasonable, a man is beginning to fail, I wish that the reasons for this are not true.

Existentialism, repeating itself, did not melt as literary straightforward, ale the majestic infusion into the modern culture of the world. The whole sense can have a sense of the aesthetic-philosophical direct of the XX century.

Surrealism(French "Surrealisme", lit. - "superrealism") - straining directly in painting and literature of the XX century, however, it has overshadowed the greatest trace of itself in painting, persh for all the authority figures famous artist Salvador Dali. Scandalously, the phrase “Dalya” from the drive of their sales with the other leaders is straightforward “surrealist - tseya”, with all her epatage clearly placing emphasis. Without the figuri of Salvador Dal, surrealism, melodiously, without pushing such bi into the culture of the 20th century.

At the same hour, it was not the artist who was given the opportunity to navigate as the master, but just as the writer André Breton. Surrealism took shape in the 1920s as a radical broach, protestingly evolving into futurism. Surrealism is a reflection of social, philosophical, psychological and natural paradoxes of European svidomosty. Europe has become absorbed in social tensions, in traditional forms of mystery, in hypocrisy in ethnicities. Qia "protest" praise and gave birth to surrealism.

The author of the first declarations and creations of surrealism (Paul Eluard, Louie Aragon, André Breton and Ing.) They put the creativity of all the cleverness behind the metric of “zlniti”. More majesty was given to unrecognizable impulses, vague images, which, however, were given a retreat of artwork.

Serious infusion on the aesthetics of surrealism, pushing Freudianism, actualizing the erotic instincts of the people.

In the early 1920s - 30s, surrealism will continue to play a role in European culture, but literary storage has been steadily weakening. Great writers and poets, zokrema, Eluard and Aragon came to surrealism. Try André Breton, the death of ruch did not end in success, at that hour as surrealism gave a lot of effort to the tradition in painting.

postmodernism - hard literary straightforwardness, even more costly, super-verbose and principled bring up any innovations. Philosophy of postmodernism was formulated in the main school of French aesthetic thought (J. Derrida, R. Barth, Y. Kristeva et al.), However, this year has expanded far beyond France.

At the same hour, richly philosophical turns and the first to create are up to the American tradition, the very term “postmodernism”, according to the term “postmodernism”, has lived for the first time the American literary scientist of the Arabian hike Ihab Hasan (1971).

On the basis of postmodernism, rice is a principled form, whether it be centricity or any kind of valuable architecture. All texts are of principle equal importance and should come into contact one by one. Not a mystery of high and low, bitchy and old. From the positions of culture, all the stinks are smelled in a deyakom "at once", and fragments of a valuable series of principally refining, then the text is not of a few perevag before the one.

For the creators of postmodernism, it is practical to enter into the group of texts of the era. The cordon of one's own and someone else's word can also be ruined, for that it is possible for texts from different authors to be interspersed into a new TV. I will call the principle " the principle of centonity» (centon is an іgrovy genre, if it comes from the growing ranks of the authors).

Postmodernism is radically evolving from all other natural systems. In other schemes (for example, in the different schemes of Ikhab Khasan, V. Brainin-Passek and others), there are dozens of indications for postmodernism. This is the attitude towards grossness, conformism, the realization of the equal rights of cultures, the attitude towards the secondary (i.e., Postmodernism does not put new things about light as a substitute), the idea of ​​commercial success, the realization of the immensity of the all-natural, but E. etc.

The preoccupation with postmodernism and among writers, and among literary scholars is ambiguous: it is generally accepted to a categorical list.

In the last ten years, it is more and more common to talk about the crisis of postmodernism, to think about the adaptability and spirituality of culture.

For example, P. Burd' vvazhaє postmodernism as a variant of "radical chic", effective and comfortable at once, and calling not to know science (and in the context it is clear - і mystestvo) "in the fireworks in the fires of nigilism."

Rizki vipadi against postmodern nіgіlіzm to curb and a lot of American theorists. Zokrem, the resonance of the book by J. M. Ellis "Against deconstruction" echoed, to avenge the critical analysis of postmodern attitudes. Infectious, however, the whole scheme has been accelerated. It is accepted to talk about pre-symbolism, early symbolism, mystical symbolism, post-symbolism, etc. However, it does not skasovu naturally formed growth on the older and the young.

The unity of the writers' creativity is behind the out-of-the-box type of artistic snake, the first for everything in the absence of that, in which, on the side of life, the artist is the main, the main sense of the human being, or, navpaki, the root, the cause of the people. For example, in the artistic system of education of the 18th century, with the zalous principle of artistic and creative mastering of real life characteristics, as given in their essence by natural nature, artists-educators can vary in two directions. Some of them were bachelor of the natural nature of the people in the rosum, at the sight of their own natural garbage (Filding, Smolett, Didro, Lessing, Latour, Goodon); інші - in favor (Goldsmith, Russo, Mriy, Nimetsky shturmeri).

Realistic Literature XIX the capital also showed two different kinds of vividly, two special directly on the singing types of the artist's wickedness in them ... social camp people, їх mains іdnosins, sounds of tієї chi іnshoї suspіnaya middle (for example, Gogol, Saltikov-Shchedrin, Balzac, Zola). Інші f put in the center of respect the share of spiritually rich specialties, іkh praznenya to the short life and power of the power on tsom way (for example, Turgenev, Chernishevsky, Tolstoy, Stendal, Dіkkens), to the kind of tense winter

At the same time, it is necessary for mothers in respect, for artists, who stand on the same socially and ideological position, so that the writers of the same current, may be included in the development of artistic Balzac, Thackeray, like the bully distant from the revolutionary-democratic position, and the most recent revolutionary democrat Chernishevsky, who was the most recent revolutionary democrat Chernishevsky, created his own special interest in the positivity of the people, who were created by the patriarchy of the court directly from the liberals. And still in the big world there is a need for vrahovuvati, where the writers of recent trends and directly put together one artist's system, in this vypad - realistic.

2.5. Classification of literature strains and flows

2.5.1. realism Revival

Create, so that it comes close to the modern realist literary forms, begins in the era of Renaissance (in the main XIV-XVI centuries).

Sutta rice to the realism of the literature Revived the Persh for all the grandiose range artistic image life.

In the works of the great writers of the Renaissance, with the unprecedented glibinia and reiteration of the inner lights of people in the modern and organic sounds and the outward light. From the song of love of the early Italian Renaissance (the poetry of Petrarch) to the divine breadth and penetration of the creation of human characters and the furnishings of Shakespeare - such a hoard of life through the literature of the Renaissance.

Another special feature of the realism of Revival was the criticism, which often grew into a satirical guesthouse of the churchmen, the witry of the old feudal-middle-aged establishments and norms of human behavior. Everything is known in Boccaccio's Decameron, Ulrich von Hutten's Dialogues, Thomas Müntzer's pamphlets, and Don Quichot, the great work of Cervantes.

The third rice of realistic literature Revival and nationality, as it appeared in images that were important and important for folk masses, so in particular respect to the national self-awareness of literature in the future, until it was pure

Realism of Revival with a wide range of victories to life and by means of further development of numerical types and genres literary creativity... Pictures of lyrical works, novels, novels, tragedies, comedies, sonnets, pamphlets, sermons, sheets, dialogues characterize the artistic conquest of the leading literature of the Renaissance and in the whole region.

2.5.2. classicism

Art directly in the European literature and art of the XVIII - the ear of the XIX century.

The enjoyment of ancient images has become a sinister principle of image among the classicists. Until now, there were two others who were closely related to him: the inheritance of nature (because of nature, the whole real thing was thought) and in order to the voice of the mind.

The whole world has been promoting and developing the revival of the literature of the Renaissance. However, in classicism that weak side has been revealed. The substitute for the colorful, living representation of characters, as Shakespeare had such a blast, was manifested in the works of the classics one-sidedness, schematism in the images of people.

Yak tsilisna artist system classicism was formulated in France XVII century. in the period of improvement and development of absolutism. The initiator of the poetry and poetics of classicalism Bouv Malerbe. The basis of aesthetics and classicism is the principle of rationalism; stink at a glance at the artistic tvir yak on the stem of the piece - by the way, intelligently organized, logically prompted.

Drama became the provincial form of literary creativity of French classicism. At the center of dramatic creations there were objects that were of interest to the whole nation. Tse knew how much it was twisted in the tragedies of Corneille, especially in the first tragedy "Horatsiy".

The dramaturgy of the classics has hung up to the wide popularity of the principle of three things: one day, one hour and one thing. Tsey principle buv mind. Bezpechnym bulo lishe persha umov: adnist dei. Well, the stinks of those who are, then the stench has become a rubbish 'sarcastic framework for the image of life. Pragnennya before the revival of the general movement has zmushuvalo representatives of classicism porushuvati two remaining odnosti.

The power of the classicism of the country could not, obviously, fail to be recognized in the works of its representatives: among the selection of heroes, among the views, in the mov.

Ale smudge, naturally, not in the whole, but in that strong meaning, which paved the way to the onset of forms of the already realistic image of the life of the past hour.

Realistic tendencies have emerged in the forefront of the Russian literature of the 18th century.

I Derzhavin in yogo satirical odes, і young Krilov, і Fonvizin, lost in the main within the framework of classicism, also repaired ruh to critical realism.

2.5.3. sentimentalism

Directly naklav (plinom) styles of pre-realist, skil and pre-romantic character, which came to the change of classicism, but sentimentalism. The sentimentalism of the winners in the coming in the minds more and more stricken against the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie, who played a progressive role in the period of fighting against feudalism. Yaskrave's rotation of the new art will be directly rendered in the middle of the 18th century in England.

To oppose the classicist setting on the image in the highest genres of great huge genres of sentimentality, to conceive the images of the most common people in the environment of their haunted pobutu.

The substitution of vinyatkovyhistorical pod_y in the center of the notification becomes private, especially the life of the people. In defense of the lack of respect of the classicists until the light of the day and experience common people sentimentality is the basis of respect for the development of the wealth of the inner life of the zychayy people. To oppose the vimogs of aristocratic Vishukanosti of Literary Movies and Sentimentalisti, they should bet on the democratization of Movies, on bringing them closer to roaming Movies.

Literary creation and behind the zmist and for the form were more accessible and tsikavimy for a wide audience.

There are new genres of informational literature: the high-price hikers, the epistolary romanes, create, and revenge the heroes.

The lyrical element in the epic writings of the sentimentalists is superstitious. The simple internal life of the characters in their creations, the writers in general purposes, like to become the pathos of their creations, were actively involved in the discussion, moral problem... Yak butt can be called the creations of prominent English sentimentalists: "Sentimental Highway" and "Tristram Shendi" by Stern, "Pamela" and "Clarissa Garlow" by Richardson and others.

Added great social hospitality to sentimentalism in the other half of the 18th century in France, as it passed on the porosity of the bourgeois revolution. Butt can serve to create Russo. The position is to solidify the freedom of the people of Rousseau and fight against the life imbued with the feudal way of life.

The novel "Nova Eloiza" has a French writer who is the river of the rights of skin people in his place in life and human happiness.

Significance of Russian sentimentalism, like wine in the end of the 18th century, bula menshoy, lower value of the western one.

In Russia, sentimentalism has only been one of the leading literature, which has already been formulated and paved its way; directly, marked by the names of Krilov, Novikov, Fonvizin, Radishchev and gave rise to the development of the Russian critical realism.

Protect the deyaku progressive role of Russian sentimentalism all zigrav. Tse became known among the Russian sentimentalists in a sharpened respect for the inner life of people, in democratization (for example, classicism) of themes, heroes and movies and literary creations.

The names of the Russian sentimentalism are most vividly manifested in such works of the founder of the Church of the Mystetric current in Russia, Karamzin, such as “Leaves of the Russian Mandrovnik”, “Bidna Liza”, “Natalya - boyarska daughter»I in the ranks of the others.

2.5.4. romanticism

Romanticism is one of the most direct paths in the European and American literature of the 18th century - the first half of the 19th century. In the XVIII century. romantic (French romantique, English romantic) - everything is fantastical, non-vicious, wondrous, it’s less than in books, and not in action.

Romanticism as a central artistic system was developed at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. in the era of the risky feudal system and suspicious capitalism. That is, the word "romanticism" has become a term for the meaning of the new literary directly, which is opposite to classicism.

The main social-ideological change of mind to romanticism was rooted in the results of the Great French Revolution and in the bourgeois civilization.

The mystery has a romantic type of svidomosty (having hoped for the most important spheres of suspicious life - philosophy, politics, sociology, political economy), spiritual mastery of life, glorified by the romance of special people, the character of self-assessment and internal independent types of living conditions.

The hero of the romantic is self-reliant, the inner is not stagnant, no matter who, no one, lives from the middle of the world, like Childe Harold Byron, who is the hero of Pushkin's "Caucasian abuse". For by the power of his mighty will panun over the midst, a distant form of her and a tamnich, like Konrad in Byron's "Corsair". Because I have become a visitor, a supporter of people, the people - I still have the same strength of my specialness, like Laon and the most valuable in the poem "Rebellion for Islam" by the English revolutionary romantic Shelli. Ale in all vipadkah the character of the romantic hero is fast as vasne nadbannya of the very specialness. Romanticism, writing Gorky, "is to bring the specialness of the suspension, to show the dzherel of the local forces, to the city of people with miraculous health."

At the same time from the moment of seeing self-reliance, the view from the suspension covered the romantics and the people, the sentiments of the young people, the sound of them internal light... Population on the ground of "bourgeois emancipation" of specialness, romanticism є at the same time is fostered by an anti-bourgeois mystery. They did not know in the midst of a certain positive wickedness, romantics joked at the wicked posture of their minds, but rather the posture of real action in mind, but itself: in the history of the past, in particular, in particular, in the past, in the world in the aesthetic illusions of the past, in which people revealed their own identity, from the backbone and the whole share of the people; in exotic lands, not yet ruined by a bitter civilization; in the vis-à-vis and national-vis-à-vis the art, as they were the consolidation of all the creative forces of the people; in the world, in fantastic statements about the ideal mind of human life, in the world about the harmony of specialness and suspenseful butt.

For romanticism, the pretense of being drawn to the peculiarity of things has given rise to її conditions, pragmatic tsієї specialties to those who are absolutely unimportant, unclear minds of life. To that in general, the principle, the method of romantic mystery, can be based on an offensive rank: romanticism is attributed to the artistic image of life in the eyes of self-esteem of specialties that are independent of their own characters from different circumstances, details.

The romantics brought out the superstitious folding, the depth and the antinomy of the spiritual life of the people, the inner lack of human individuality. Tensions are of interest to strong and bright sentiments, to the inner ruins of the soul, to the "nich" sides, craving for the intuitive and unaware - sutta of romantic sights.

The romantics were mute about the chastkovo of a perfect life, but about the whole new world of everything. Rozlad mіzh ideal and action, characteristic і for the front straight, swelling into romanticism, overwhelming hospitality that tension, which is the warehouse of the day of the so-called romantic dual world. At the same time, in the creativity of some romanticists, I rehearsed the thought about panuvannya in the life of non-ignorant and mysterious forces, about the need to crumble to the valley (singing of the "lake school", Shatobrian, Zhukovsky); in the creativity of the people (Byron, Shelli, Mitskevich, Lermontov) they rehearsed the mood of struggle and protest against the panun in the light of evil.

Theorists of romanticism advocated the development of literary genres and genres, the interpenetration of the arts, the synthesis of mystery, philosophy, religion, and fostered musical and malovnic cob in the poetry. From the point of view of the principles of artistic imagery, romantics were heavy to fiction, satirical grotesque, demonstrative cleverness of form;

Panuvannya to romanticism in the artistic culture of people falls on the first third of the XIX century. Ale romanticism prodovzhu development and nadal - stretching the 19th century. and in the XX century, in quiet fall, if there was a need for a special actualization of the special self-worth of people.

Bula Nimechchin's classic land romanticism. The foundations of romantic vision and romantic aesthetics were laid by German writers and theorists of the Jena school (V. G. Vakkenroder, Novalis, brothers F. and A. Schlegel, Tik). Along with philosophy I. G. Fikhte and FV Schellinga, the stench created the philosophical, aesthetic and literary theory of romanticism (including the theory of romantic irony), which rejected the European resonance, protist to the bourgeois ideology of mysticism ... They gave the first insights into the mystery of romanticism: Tika's comedy "Kit at Chobotyah", the lyrical cycle "Hint before the Night" and the novel "Genrikh von Ofterdingen" by Novalis, a number of fantastic stories. The hero of Novalis is a worldly man, who is going into the illusory kingdom of the worlds, so that he does not enter into the way of being locked out of action. Perenosyachi chitachіv in serednovіchnu Nіmechchinu (. XIII c), Novalіs іdealіzuє serednі stolіttya, vsіlyako pіdkreslyuyuchi scho Rozum Lyudin, Yogo sotsіalnі pragnennya bezplіdnі i nіkchemnі scho spravzhnіmi tsіnnostyami Je lishe poezіya i relіgіya and spravzhnoyu realnіstyu - lyudska Dream, yak Mauger otrimati svoє welcome only in іnshomu.

Another generation of Nimetsian romanticists (Heidelberg school) is interested in religion, national old times, folklore (Kazakh brothers. Ya. And V. Grimm and in.). A high level of excellence has reached a lyrical journey (J. Eichendorf). Heidelberg romantics formalized the principle of the first scientific direct in literary knowledge (folkloristic) - mythological school.

The motives of tragic lack of out-going (dramaturgy and novels of Kleist), critically placed to the bitter suspicion and perception of the world of the world from the idea of ​​\ u200b \ u200bmaintainment. Ideas and artistic principles of Hoffmann were embedded in the literature - both realistic (Balzac, Dickens, Dostoevsky), and symbolic (rational and mystical motives). The democratic ideas of romanticism knew their twists and turns in the works of A. Chamisso, the lyric of G. Müller, in the poetry and prose of Heine.

English romanticism is characterized by the development of the suspension and the people in general, the state of mind of super-verbalism, and the catastrophe of the historical process. The rejection of the bitter industrial suspension, the idealization of the old school, pre-bourgeois patriarchal ideas, the reflection of nature, simple, natural sentiments are the main motives of the poets of the "lake school": V. Wordsworth, S. T. Coldworth. Do not wake up in the idea of ​​the "smart", wake up the light, the stench protested the Christian humility, the religiousness, penetrating into the spiritual ear of the human psyche. Interest to the national old times, to the traditional folk journey, to the creative work of V. Scott - the author we sing romantic on the middle plot and the founder of the genre of the historical novel in the European literature. The poetry of J. Keats can be called the hymn to the beauty of the world and the wonderful human nature. The moods of fighting and protest took over the romantic creativity of Byron and Shell. However, the ambiguity of the political ideals and the prospects for the suspicious development of the people of the juggernaut in Byron's work is in the light of a tragic lack of conviction, the motives of "holy sorrow". The titanic images of rebels-individualists created by them have infused the whole of Europe, including the Russian (Lermontov) literature (the so-called Byronism).

France, which is especially strong in tradition of classicism, has romanticism in the greatest opposition and established itself in literature on the cob of the 20s of the 19th century. Formation of French romanticism is tied to the leading rank in the genre of lyrical and psychological novel and narrative: "Atala" and "Rene" by Chateaubrian, "Delphine" and "Corinna, or italy" J. Stahl, "Obermanquira", E. P. "Adolf" B. Constant. In the era of panuvannya romanticism, the development of poetry (Lamartine, Hugo, Vinyi, Musset, Ch. O. ); the given development will reject the genre of the novel: psychological (Musset), historical (Vina, early work of Balzac, P. Merime), social (Hugo, Georges Sand, E. Syu).

Romanticism is broadened in the other European regions (Italy, Spain, Austria, Switzerland, Ugorshchyna, Rumunia, Poland).

The endorsement of national independence is rich in what, therefore, began the development of romanticism in the United States, for which an optimistic illusion is characteristic of the maybut America, mensh (not in the European countries) is a strong link with the cultures of past times. Romanticism in the United States is home to transcendentalism (R.W. Emerson, G. Thoreau, Hawthorne), being criticized for industrialization and urbanization and voted for the cult of nature and the "prostitution" of life.

The birth of romanticism in Russia is tied to the suspense-ideological atmosphere of Russian life - the zalnonational travel Vіtchiznyanoї vіyni 1812, Forms of noble revolution, special self-awareness.

In Russian literature, romanticism gave significant artistic results already on the cob of the XIX century.

Repairing from the 40s. XIX Art. romanticism in the main European countries is giving up on the basis of critical realism and going to a different plan. However, the tradition of romanticism is lost in two stretches of the 19th century; Neo-romanticism is not so tied with romanticism with not so themes and motives, not so harmonious with the creature, with the mindset, with the out-of-the-way principles of poetics - the transcendence of all the everyday and prosaic, "doubled" reflexive creative and spiritual fiction. They took the tradition of romanticism into the background, and in some polemical reapprehension of symbolism (A. A. Blok, R. M. Rilke). Vidomy virsh early Bryusov " young poets"It doesn’t mean іnshe, as I’m poetic to the program of romanticism:" Do not live today. Tilki priydeshnє is the region of the poet. " Straight lines and alternations flowing in ideological and creative attitudes to romanticism are seen in expressiveism, partly in the poetry of surrealism and in some kind of avant-garde trends.

The romantic pathos of the reincarnation of life, a lot of romantic ideals characteristic of M. Gorky's early work.

Rozpovіdі about tramps - miracles of vigorously romantic creativity. A bitter image of tramps as vol-loving people, talented people, with pride in their self-esteem, special pride. Let's clear the butt є baker Konovalov, the hero of the one-change notification.

20-ti rock XX century. the price for all the creativity of A. Grіn, which is from the ear of the ear into the literature as a superstitious writer of the traditional romantic style (the novel "Bliskuchiy svit", the story "Chervonі vіtrila").

U 30-40-i pp. sviyu marvelously kazkovy light E. Schwartz. The dragon, in the same time, ordered the land of his tyrannical rule, and all sounded to the full, and invaded his tyranny with a whole normal camp of life. Alle the axis is the mandated face of Lancelot and the zealous people of the dragon. There is a glimpse of Lancelot's writing from the place for the next hour, and in the land a new dictator has appeared, for his own powerful will. Ale turn Lancelot - and I know the land is awesome.

If the p'єsa appeared at the Presi in 1943, they interpreted it as an anti-fascist tvir. If not to finish the boolean, read it and wonder that it’s on the cob until the end of the boolean turned to our sovereign action - with the obvious victories of the steel tyranny and with a romantic hope for a misfortune.

2.5.5. Realism XIX-XX cent.

The strict meaning of realism is a post-romantic system of the XIX - XX centuries. Realism, without the mediocre criticism of romanticism, is self-esteem of specialness, albeit without absolutization, putting specialty in the same sense, but not in romanticism, placed in the context of living conditions. Vlasne artistic primer for the appearance in the literature of such original characters, such as Julien Sorel and Rastinyak, Tetyana Larina and Anna Karenina, Andriy Bolkonsky, Grigory Melikhov, the bullet was prepared by the images of Delphin, Adolph, Chaylyera However, on the view of romantic heroes, who live in general view of the absolute inner independence of different circumstances, the heroes of realistic literature of motically closed singing song, By the hour and the middle, and іхні characterize the amalgamation of individual-unique relationships with the same specialties, with the suspension of their hour and their people! The stench of the "hero" of his "hour", "dad" or "children", "old" or "new", "in advance" chogos, it should be "robiti".

Sutta especial realism є absolutely special, in proportion to the earlier mystery, the nature of the creation of an individual zmist life in the gigantic meaning, really kintsev - in an artistically uninhibited one.

Vidnosini mіzh self-centered specialism, seduced by romanticism, and the surroundings of life evolved in the realism of the XIX century, even foldable, tragic in nature.

"Social-critical" and "psychological and realism". You can talk about two dreams, two straightforward realism of the XIX century. One of them is to reduce the emphasis on the results of socially-historical development and mastering them, so that the social setting of people and their social characteristics was formed, negatively, critically, in a comic wikritt. In general, the emphasis is on the specialness of the self-worth of people, on the artistic manifestation of the inner spiritual richness of the specialness, on the part of the woman, on his physical capabilities (in general, tragically, overtaking the romantic, dramatic and typical)

In such a rank, in one straightforward way, in a critical, often satirical illumination, the power of social circumstances is important to people - something at the sight of the image is also the end of narrowly social types, then in the middle of the restoration of the very process of depopulation It is also in its main directness the creativity of Balzac, Flaubert, Zola, Thackeray, Gogol, Goncharov, Saltikov-Shchedrin, and in painting - Dom, Mille, Courbet, Fedotov, Perov.

Precedents of the Russian realism of the 19th century are most often called directly social realism.

Ale and the meaning of the definition of an additional terminological value, as it would be used on a direct critical basis social minds life. This will be more highly socially critical. Vlasne, the most straightforward, it is possible to stagnate the Gorky term "critical realism", which for a long time was extended in the Radiansk literary knowledge for the entire Russian realistic literature of the 19th century.

On the basis of socially critical, straight into realism, a natural, or gogolivska, school was laid out in the Russian realistic literature of the 40s. I Bulinsky, the leading theoretician of the whole school, having broken his concept of realism ("real poetry"), persh for everything with a straightforward approach.

In France in the 50s of the last century, it was also established on the basis of socially critical directly in realistic literature, the so-called "realistic school" in Chanfleurie. In its literary program, the school, having come to the tradition of Balzac, has made the food and the most promising form of modern literary creativity, moralizing realist genre - "the novel of the practical morality" Even in the big world, not the Shanflerie school, a naturalistic tendency characterizes Zola's school (as a rule, under the heading "Naturalism").

The most straightforward in realism, saving and critical being placed before the social suppression of specialness, the main respect for the animal is on the self-esteem of human character, on the spiritual richness of the specialness, ї humanity On the practical side of the openness of one's own "purely human" possibilities, to satisfy one's own kind of human respect and consumption, stand up with a new kind of a suspension of vilny, non-antagonistic, equal to that of a common blue. In addition, it seems that in a straightforward way on the foreground hangs as a side in the artistic system of realism, viraz of a positive attitude to life.

The creativity of Turgenyev, for example, does not have a direct author's record of the social minds of the life of the nobility. The scribe should know to be in the whole middle of health, positive strength, spiritually rich specialties, straightened in great svit, Prior to significant suspension-cinnamon strength. For the share of such heroes, I respect my head. Ale share of them appear, as a rule, in total, on the basis of the tragic, so as their spiritual needs become unfulfilled, it is good not to know a great deal, a lot of problems are not seen in practice.

Another straight line in the realism of the 19th century went down at once to the first, socially critical, and to see it earlier, as it was without a mediocrity that the romantic firmness of the special self-esteem of the people was carried on. At Sunset, the creativity of Stendhal, Dickens, Jack London, T. Mann, Rolland, in painting - Rodin, Menє; in Russia - the creativity of Pushkin, Lermontov, Turgenev, Nekrasov, Chernishevsky, L. Tolstoy, Kramskoy, Rupin, Surikov. In general, the Russian realistic music of the 19th century was developing in the main, reaching the most popular development in the works of Tchaikovsky.

Chekhov and Levitan occupy a special place in the Russian realist mystery. In the epic, subject-sensitive sphere of Chekhov's creativity, I overwhelm the moral character, and the emphasis is on intercourse, syrosty, monotony haunted life of people. Allow us to catch the monotonousness of the human boot in the creative work of the rest of the period we see ourselves as a direct message of "underwater" stretching, in a way that does not sound like the very processes of historical development. As a result of the current situation, the life is clearly depicted as being “primarly”, wrong, because it’s not possible. Tsim svoїm bagatoznachnim pіdtekstom tvorchіst Chekhov rozmivalo not tіlki vіdstalu povsyakdennіst old svitu and second situatsіyu in XIX stolіttі stіykіst realіstichnih printsipіv, zbagachuyuchi qiu vіdchuttyam system - slit, zvichayno, duzhe neviznachenim vіdchuttyam - vsesvіtno-іstorichnih zrushen i vіdkrivayuchi Tim himself for realіstichnogo Mistetstvo nova perspective ...

When the peculiarities of "like a stverdzhu" are identified, directly in the realistic process of literature in the 19th century, the presenters will be impressed by "psychologism", which makes it possible for a writer to have a special interest in the internal imagination of a hero, and Ale the term "lyricism" is the least suitable for characterizing the straight forward.

The term “psychological realism” was more distant from the prophecies of W. R. Fochtom, so as it is injected into the inner motivation for the consolidation of positive values, this is so characteristic of the realism of the 19th century. But it is necessary to learn, but the founders of the "psychological analysis" can not only open up positive characteristics, but also negative ones.

I will look at everything, we will be naming it directly in realism, psychologically speaking. ... Before that, as a socially critical straightforward on your "last border" to go over mystic spheres in the sphere of scientifically reliable representation of life (naturalistic tendencies), psychologically solidified directly into the field of the other forms of ideology (normative tendencies).

The realism of the XX century is clearly prompted by the ideas of the classic representatives of the art system. Winning a glimpse of the same in the works of Flaubert, having removed the hard-won philosophical and artistic truths in the rest of Frans's novels, and until the middle of the 20th century, becoming a figurative rice of a significant part of realistic literature, and so much mystical, kind. Artists schiro spіvchuvayut svіtlim nadіyam svoїh geroїv, zahoplyuyutsya їh vіdchaydushnimi sprobami samostverdzhennya, radіyut kozhnіy їh timchasovoї abo navіt uyavnoї udachі, vіryat in nevicherpnі zhittєvі sili Lyudin, ale at vsomu tsomu geroї їh znahodyatsya in polonі yakoїs neperebornoї sili sotsіalnogo tyazhіnnya, yak tightly prikovuє їh to quiet minds, in which stench to live, to destroy all hopes to reduce the share, to rob the camp is practically devoid.

In the Art of the Other Holy Week, the neo-realist school was named so called artistic creativity, Especially in the cinema. The neo-realists have brought the mystery as close as possible to the scandalous bout of their fellows from the usual everyday turbots, needs, interests and aids. Aleksandr the povsyakdennist, often the documentary of the image to serve among the neorealists not just to show life as it is, but in order to show it as it is, but in order to show it as it is, it’s impossible.

Realism behind its powerful nature is the transfer of artistic vision of life through the truthful assimilation of concrete-historical ties of the surrounding individual with suspension in the whole. To this, the literature of the most common rite of life in concrete historical forms is realistic.

Ale tse zovsim does not mean, scho artistic details roztashovuyutsya in the very same sounds and in the same order, as rostashovuyutsya in every detail of real action. Navpaki, the call is real, that order will gradually collapse in the aim of artistic manifestation and mastering of internal laws in the suspicious times of this hour. We can also prove to be creative in the whole arsenal of artistic achievements and priyomy, right up to fantastic imagery, as if to serve the truthful artistic mastery of historical life. Shagreneva's shkira in Balzac's novel is included in such a system of artistic images, in which the character of the society is fantastically concretizing the dehumanizing power of the bourgeois capital for this realistic creativity, the work of people living in the social order, people In the same way, the images of town governors in Saltikov-Shchedrin are brought to the neural state-of-the-art, grotesque-satirical exaggeration of the fortune-teller for the suspension and dehumanizing of the state-of-the-art, apothecary

In addition, realism may not change the powerful concretely historical nature, create your own creation as a whole in the universal images of past cultures in quiet vapors, since the culture itself is figurative, so be it an old-fashioned sphere, a suspicious Pushkin's cossacks, in Gogol's writings, in Ostrovsky's "Snigurontsi", in the painting of V.M. Vasnetsov.

But in realism it has appeared and is also brutalized to universal imaginative forms, since the concretely historical system of art is connected to the universal images of the past with the pressure of the їy meaning of backwardness, the invincible ambiguity. It is absolutely clear that this tendency was nominated, for example, even in the work of Dostoevsky.

Dostoevsky's novel "Brothers Karamazov" is typological for the two directly about the legendary realism of the 19th century; In the context of the distinctiveness of the ideals of the day - “chentsi”, the typological role of such people is learned in the “life” of the elder in the spirit of Christian socialism.

From such an assimilation of typological peculiarities, realism loses one crock before the enemy is opposed to the opposition of everyday characters and conditions of universal, single and incomplete law of human existence. The first croc of bugs at the turn of the XIX - XX centuries.

Particularly shows in the whole lifetime of the novels of Anatole France ("Ostrіv pingvіnіv", "Gods crave", "Revolt of angels") with the concept of a cycle of history and hopelessness, be it a kind of hopelessness. As a matter of fact, all the onset of realistic creation of the 20th century, which show the practical incapacity of human women to a shorter life, are deprived of the development of concretization of quiet colossal artistic and philosophical romance museums, like Francis of civilization.

Traditions of both directly classical realistic literature - "socially critical" and "psychologically-like" Bunina and Kuprina, Ale and Pislya 1917 rock right up to our days. Particularly significant is the continuation of cich traditions in the Russian literature on the materials of the revolutionary action and the local share of the Russian suspension. The most significant representatives are E. Zamyatin, M. Bulgakov, A. Platonov. A. Solzhenitsin.

persim great cheese"Social-critical" realism, we are developing on the material of revolutionary action, the anti-utopian novel by E. Zamyatin "Mi" (1920) has appeared.

Without a mediocrity about the hard-working satirical vicritt in Platonov's work, genially continuing the satirical tradition of Saltikov-Shchedrin, the suspicious-re-creative practice of the twenties was born - the ear of the thirties in the minds of the thirties in the minds of the normal іnuvannia and mass oppression of people in іm'ya abstraction і ideally suspіnnogo I will arrange.

In the creativity of M. Bulgakov, with the same force, they rejected their advancement and "socially critical" and "psychologically yaka stverdzhu" novels "Bila gvardiya" and "Meister and Margarita".

The artistic creativity of A. Solzhenitsin has developed in the mainstream of the mainstream. The pathos of yogh creatures in the approved health of people take their humanity from the uncomfortable for the situation, and the most unpleasant from them - wipe out the prison life and in the camp I get stuck - I’m wary of the wickedness of the extreme whole

The whole organically connected creativity of A. Solzhenitsin to the classic realistic literature - and to the "socially critical", and "psychologically, as it were,"

The last creators of the modern literature, without the mediocre advance on the tradition of classic Russian realistic literature, deserve special respect for A. Bitov's novel "Pushkin's Dim".

A writing-book in a chimeric form, with a virtual stagnation of all kinds of ways of informing images, as representatives of the old, Russian aristocracy saw the hour of the Zhovtnevo revolution that huge wines I like the stench stuck to new minds. Tse type of tvir classic realism with socially critical straightened.

"Social and Yaky Sverdzhu" realism. The whole term of dressing with the creativity of such writers, yak M. Gorky, V. Mayakovsky, A. Veseliy, M. Sholokhov, A. Tvardovsky, L. Aragon, І. Becher, B. Becher. Name in Radianskiy literary knowledge such literature was called "socialist realism". In the rest of the rock (especially in 1988 - 1989), Tsey term was known for the great criticism, the chief rank of the fact that literary knowledge, especially in the 30s and 50s, called socialist realism, was widely spread at the wrong time in the past. , and normative, schematic, ceremonial-cult, varnished, pleasing to the panuval to the administrative-command party and sovereign policy. Tse gave a negative meaning to the concept of "socialist realism". That, moreover, the positively meaningful understanding of the negative, there is a more robust terminology of the literature, as it really became in the XX century, quite a new kind of realistic literature. The essence of the novelty is laid down in a single sub-active feat of specialness to self-assertion from a real-life-historical possibility, self-assertion of a particularity in the interests of a suspension, or, in a more vigorous, concrete sense of creativity, more

"Universal" realism. This term means a kind of realistic literature, which was established in Russian literature in the last three decades. Tse persh for everything is so called "silska prose" in individuals of such talented writers, such as V. Astaf'ev, V. Bulov, V. Rasputin. In addition to a number of their own peculiarities, the whole literature was seen by them, so it became in a really new artistic way to master the links of the present day and in the future. Until recently, in Radianskiy Literatury, we have respected the critically placed before the last, and positively in our life, we have been placed in Russia from the present to the Maybut. "Silska Prose" brutalized respect for those who have passed - the wear of the most common human values, artistically actualized the moral values ​​of the working people, addicted to the capitals of their spiritual and practical awareness. Already the price of such creativity is grounding, mnіst, it’s reminiscent of what you create with a bold, day-to-day snake, and not only a bogeyman butt, ale of a natural boot.

In general, it is not only in the creativity of the writings of "Silskoy prose", but in a number of other modern writings (here and behind the cordon) there is a new type of artistic motivation for the day of the power of the government and human character - not just that of the social ale і generic human і, so bi moviti, ecologic motivation. The whole literature pragmatically penetrate through the socially-pobutova, suspension-official shell of people in their kindred and natural day and artistically realizing the possibilities of self-assertiveness of human peculiarities, like the middle of the patrimonial and natural life of that people, mind іsnuvannya human race.

At the same time, until the present hour, there are already a lot of significant artistic creations. The last publications are “The Third Truth” by L. Borodin, “The People’s Camp” by F. Iskander, and “Seven Days of Creation” by V. Maksimov.

Naturalism. Naturalism (natura-nature), as literary directly, was concentrated in the last third of the XIX century. in Europe and the USA. Naturalness pushed to an objective, accurate and unprejudiced image of action and human character, enlightened by a physiological nature and a middle ground, so that it is important to think that it’s absolutely irrelevant, but it’s not really important.

Naturalism was born and programmatically took shape before France. The great role in the formulation was played by the achievements of natural sciences, the first for all physiology, as it protested the experiment to non-scientific methods of knowledge. Literary supporters of naturalism, Krim Chanfleury, Boule Durant, Flaubert, the Goncourt brothers. E. Zola smashed the theory of naturalism (collection of books "Experimental Novel", "Romance-Naturals" and in.) And tried to use the theory of naturalism in his artistic creativity. In the mid-70s, pp. Around Zola, the famous head of naturalists, a naturalistic school was formed (G. de Maupassant, J.C. Huysmans, A. Ceara, L. Ennik, P. Alexis, E. de Goncourt, A. Dode and іn.) kіntsі 80-х рр.

Artistic TV was viewed by naturalists as a "human document"; Perevazhny interest to the pobut, to the physiological foundations of the psyche, lack of knowledge to any kind of ideas led to the intermingling of the artistic possibilities of naturalistic literature. However, the invasion of the life of truth in the naturalistic tvir zoomed to the artist's glimpse of the smashing eyes

Yakshho Zola, vіryachi in science and social progress, having learned the mechanism of interaction between the middle and the people, and see how to infuse suspense, then in іnh writing writers (for example, the great Maupassant і especially altered)

Naturalness was considered based on morality; The stench was respected, but for a writer there are a lot of unauthorized plots or not-so-old times - the expansion of the topic of naturalistic literature, interest to the "simple" appearances of life ("ZherminiLaserte" br. Goncourt, "Pastka" Zola).

U 60-80 rr. XIX Art. naturalism has played a positive role: having conquered the new ones, showing the life of the deserted and the fittings, taking into account the specialty and the natural style, the role of the person in the human psyche, introducing the new imagination into the literature Fight for gracious official optimism, for the city's ideology and morality, exhibiting broad democracy and critical, vicious tendencies, naturalism with progress, huge thoughts and artistic training.

At Nimechchina, the great naturalist writer G. Hauptmann. I Zola, and Hauptmann flashed tipi, then they brought in elements of realistic uzagalnennya, then they went into symbolism. The symbol є, for example, the very name of the novel "Zherminal" spring month descent.

Naturalism in a rational way, having started to develop literature. On one side, the naturalistic admonition of the humorous motivation of the unattractive sides of the action is being creatively mastered by the realists of the XX century. On the other hand, in the recent past of literature, an expanded attempt was made to motivate the behavior of people not by social circumstances, but by their biological nature.

In Russia, the term "naturalism" does not exist. However, the influx of this is evident in the creativity of a number of writers of the late 19th century, Zokrem, D.N. Mamin-Sibiryak, P.D.

2.5.6. modernism

Modernism (in French Moderne - new, modern) -term, which means philosophical and aesthetic ruch in literature and mystery of the XX century, new in the history of mystery, as the XIX century was earlier. Yak, the system of modernism vistupaє was repaired from the 20s. Yogo philosophical dzherels boules ideas of F. Nietzsche, A. Burchson, E. Husserl, concepts of Z. Freud, C. G. Jung, in the former M. Heidegger, as the rationalism of the bourgeois mindset protested the ideas of bootstrapping.

Modernism (including those of decadence, expression, existentialism) of dressing with a romantic absolutization of the special self-worth of people and is in the endless view of the appearance of the specialness of the suspension.

The real basis of the artistic system is the social development of specialness, as in the XX century there was extreme hospitality, especially in countries with totalitarian regimes. In general, the essence of modernism is laid down in artistic and creative actualization and boundary absolutization of social vision of specialness. On the basis of literature, modernism has given a rich fair of artistic values.

The core of the literary power of modernism (J. Joyce, F. Kafka, W. Wolfe, G. Stein, T.S. Ionesco, S. Beckett and in.) Reconstruction of the spiritual information about the specialness and prevailing tendencies of the suspension life, the endless absurdity of the skin and individual. For modernist people, people become a victim of unrecognized alien forces, as they mold their share.

Modern writing writers joke special artist, Shcheb transfer the entire complex to the gostrich protirich of the XX century. Realistic destinies seem to be lacking in vigor, old-fashioned, persistent for everything for the creation of the spiritual camp of the people, for the crisis, for the pathological witness, that is the source of the tragic vision.

At the beginning of modernism, it is not easy to adore the "artistic revolution", so it called for the concept of conceptualization of the system of imaginative masterpieces: the potential for svidomosty, internal monologue, associative monologue, visibility of the memory of experiencing one moment, the like.

However, changes in other forms of artistic organization of material appear in the realist literature of the 19th century. and the writers-realists of the XX century. (Independently from modernist). On the right, in the new elements, the poets of the boule were strengthened by the modernists, the vicorians by them as the main formal priyomy. When tsomu, Yakscho realіzm pіdporyadkovuvav їh zavdannyam all bіlsh bagatogrannogo i glibokogo doslіdzhennya Lyudin in Yogo vіdnosinah of suspіlstvom, stvoryuyuchi ob'єktivnu picture zobrazhuvanogo then modernіzm for vtіlennya іdeї about bezgluzdomu virі zhittєvogo dosvіdu, about zagalnu rozdіlenostі yak zakonі Butt i about bezsillya osobistostі protistoyati eat your tragic one. It itself provided the ground for a fundamentally formal approach to the problems of poetry, concepts in front of how to induce such artistic reality, as there was minimal connection with the enormous power, or to find the opposite.

As a literary direct modernism, the conglomerate has become a conglomerate of moving and schooling for their out-of-the-box settings for an hour they have found themselves in the forefront of the struggle for a new artistic base, as a result of the dynamic nature of the action of the XX century.

2.5.7. postmodernism

In the western culture of the last twentieth century, the term “postmodern” and “postmodernism” has become a common phenomenon for the development of social and humanitarian knowledge. The term "postmodern" is cast on the camp of the era of the New Hour (modernity, success) postmodernism "means the situation in the culture and trends in the development of the" postmodern "era ... . cultural development of western countries.

Postmodernism is not only a specific way of defining the self-identity of the ancient culture and the standard of mentality, but a special way of efficiency, activity, life. Postmodernism wants to reach a wide range of good-for-nothing social and cultural phenomena global problems and the growing contamination of everything (omnіcіda).

Concepts of American pre-ages of social and cultural dynamics D. Bell, D. Fox, D. Lodge and I. Bellamy accentuates respect for the design of postmodernism as an alternative to "high" modernism.

Fox vvazhaє, that postmodernism promoted not only bachennya, but first thought, addressing not just to the eye, but to the mental vision, pragmatic to the synthesis of artistic form with extra-artistic zmist. The Lodge is designed with anti-aging tendencies to postmodernism, influencing the power of others. American Literary Study І. Hassan, seemingly about the nigilistic world and the mystical transcendence of postmodernism, and even to that point, but I respect the character of self-aligning postmodernism: the collapse of the modern, to come to the absolute point, in the future re-open the power structures. Hassan, focusing on the specifics of postmodernism, prescribing on such signs of this phenomenon, as insignificance, fragmentariness, decanonization, irony, change of genres, robot into syncronism.

On the thought of K. Butler, postmodernism in artistic culture went to the novel by D. Joyce "Wake for Finnegans" (1939), and in the current literature of performances by H.-L. Borges and A. Rob-Grin. ... F. Jameson back to show postmodernism in the poetry of D. Yeshberi, ... the prose of French "new romances" ...

Postmodern (trans-avant-garde) trends in imaginative mystery With power and freedom, artistic movement and action have shown themselves in Italy, Nimechchina, Austria, France, Great Britain, and the United States. What is it about Russia, then the development of Russia art culture in the XX century. did not represent a continuous process ... The last and most importantly uninterrupted development of avant-garde principles of creativity at Sunset led in the 70s to neo-avant-garde, which became a symbol of the death of art. Russia is not capable of self-liquidation to modernism. A totalitarian regime, which stood at the end of ten years, having barred the modernist-avant-garde mystery and, by ourselves, interrupting its natural ruin to the point of "noticing point" already on the ear of the 30's. However, "socialist realism" is like the official mystery of the totalitarian era, according to the just arrogance of B. Groys, not far from the artistic avant-garde, which the bully attracted the richness of the rest: the utopianism, the futuristic

In such a rank, postmodernism is a zagalnokulturny phenomenon, which was residually formulated in the 70-80s. and immediately evolving from the surplus of neo-avant-garde. Naybilsh yaskrave pivoting postmodernism into art. For a new characteristic of such rice: oration on "masu" and "elita" one hour; furrowing before the abolished artistic traditions; style pluralism, programmatic retrospectiveism, bringing postmodernism closer to the nostalgic retrospective elements of neoconservative ideology; stabilization straightening; furrowing to grotesque types of artistic imagery, irony, alusia; the expansion of the mystery of the mystery right up to its correlation with the non-artistic spheres of activity, for example, by the policy. Science does not have a single meaning to postmodernism. Protest postmodernism mitsno occupying a place in cultural life happy birthdayі is much stronger intellectual and artistic infusion on the spiritual light of the modern people.

Literature, which is a certain kind of creative activity of the people, is tied to the huge and historical lives of people, being enlightened and imaginative in the image. Art Literature It’s possible to develop at once from the suspension, in the song of the historical past, and it is possible to say, as soon as you have the best butt of the artistic development of civilization. The history of the skin is characterized by singing moods, glances, glances and glances, which will inevitably appear in the literary works of art.

The spirit of the glance, is given by the same artistic principles of the establishment of the literary work among other groups of writers, the form of development of the literary directly. Varto say that the classification and vision of such directness in the history of literature is even clever. The writers who set up their creation in the historical and historical epochs, didn’t think about those who didn’t know what literary people did with their rock to some kind of literary directly. In addition, for the efficiency of historical analysis in literature, such a classification is necessary. Won additional help in a more clear and structured way to develop literature and art in the folding processes.

Basic Literature Directly

The skin of them is characterized by a number of obvious writings, which have a clear ideological and aesthetic concept, vicladena in theoretical prats, and a far-flung look at the principle of establishment artistic creation or the artistic method, which, in its own right, embossed the historical and social rice, powerfully direct.

In the history of literature, the following main lines of literature are accepted:

Classicism. Win formed as an artistic style and svitoglyad to XVII century... The basis of this is to be found in ancient mystery, as the bulo was taken as a guide for the past. Pragmatic to reach the simplicity of perfection, akin to ancient images, the classics have made the strict canon of art, such as, for one hour, music and play in dramaturgy, which is unheard-of. Literary Tvir The bulo is cradled by piece, intelligently and logically organized, rationalized.

The efforts of the genre were drawn to the high (tragedy, ode, epic), as they examined the heroic stories and mythological plots, and the low ones - to depict the everyday life of the people of the lower stanis (comedy, satire, baik). The classics volunteered for drama and made a lot of creative work especially for theatrical bridges, vicarious for the rotation of ideas, not just a word, ale and healthy images, a singing order of enlightenment, a plot, a gesture and a costume design. The entire eighteen and ear of the eighteenth century passed under the cover of classicism, which in exchange for the ruinous exertion of the French came very straight.

Romanticism - all-inclusive yake forcefully showed itself not only in literature, but in painting, philosophy and music, and in the skin European land there are few of its specific features. Having combined the romantic writers with a sub-active glance at the action and dissatisfaction with the everyday action, which was thought to be constructing these pictures of light, how to lead through the action. heroes romantic creations- may be extraordinary specialties, rebellions, who throw a wicked inadequacy to light, all-important evil and go in the fight for happiness and harmony. Uninvolved heroes and unaccustomed life furnishings, fantastic wedding and unrealistically strong emotions, the writers passed along the singing language of their creations as well as emotional ones.

Realism. The pathos and attachment to romanticism changed the Danes directly, the main principle of which was the image of life in all earthly manifestations, even more real types of heroes in real typical surroundings. Literature, on the thought of writers-realists, is guilty of becoming a handler of life, for that the hero was pictured in all aspects of the manifestation of specialness - social, psychological, historical. Head dzherelom, yake pouring on ludin, form of yogo character and svitoglyad, old dovkilla, The real life of the surroundings, with the heroes through the glimpses of the rubble, constantly enter into a conflict. Life and images are given in development, showing a singing tendency.

Literary projects directly represent the main parameters and figures of artistic creativity in the singing historical period of the development of the suspension. At your own devil, within the framework of whatever it is possible to see a number of leaks, as represented by writers with close ideological and artistic attitudes, moral and ethical views and artistic and aesthetic methods. So, within the framework of romanticism, such trends were realized, like civil romanticism. Writers-realities also boiled the henchmen of new leaks. The Russian realism has accepted the vision of philosophical and sociological problems.

Literary direct and current - a classification, established within the framework of literary theories. In the її basis - the philosophical, political and aesthetic look of the era and generation of people at the singing historical stage of development of the suspension. However, literary directly can go beyond the framework of one historical era, which is often associated with the artistic method, which was used for a group of writers who lived in ізні hours, Alle, turn similar spiritual and ethical principles.