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General views about the land. Land - outlying houses

Basic views about the Earth. Budova Land. Form, size and shape of the Earth. Main views about Misyats. Budova Misyatsya. Crateri. Physical and chemical characteristics of the Earth and Misyatsya. System Misyats - Earth. Guarded by Misyatsya from the Earth. Expedition to Misyats. List of vikoristanoi literature.


The Earth is the third from the Sontsya planet and the space beyond the middle of the planets sleep system... Vaughn is also the largest for the diameter, mass and power of the middle of the planets of the earthly group. Єdine in the house of people At the present moment, there is only the Sleeping System of Sprout and Allsvit Vzagal, inhabited by living organisms. Science tribute to those that the Earth settled into a sleepy nebula close to 4.54 million years old natural companion Misyats. Life appeared on the Earth close to 3.5 billion years ago, so that in a stretch of 1 billion rubles was announced. Earth vzaєmodin (to be attracted gravitational forces) With іnshim objects in space, including the Sonce and Misyats. The earth will turn around the Sontsya and rotate around a new turn in about 365.26 times the sleepy sidereal ric. The whole wrap of the Earth is nahilen at 23.44 ° from the perpendicular to the її orbital area. Mysyats have buried their lives in orbit near the Earth for approximately 4.53 billion years.


Earth, yak and іnshі planets of the terrestrial group, maє sharuvatu internal budov... It will be stored from hard silikatny shells (measles, in the edge of the high mantle), and a metal core. The Earth is a sphere that is formed by three balls - solid (lithosphere), hard (hydrosphere) and gas-like (atmosphere). The scope of the generation, how to store the lithosphere, grows straight to the center.


Hydrosphere is the supremacy of all natural waters on earthly surface and close to her. Її mass - less than 0.03% of the mass of the whole Earth. As much as 98% of the hydrosphere is stored in salty waters and oceans and seas, which cover approx. 71% of the earth's surface. Close to 4% of a fit mainland ice, Lakes, rivers and ground waters, troches of water are found in minerals and in living nature. Chotiri ocean (Pacific, Atlantic, Indian and Pivnichny Lodovitiy) together with the seas make one aquatoria - the Holy Ocean. However, the oceans are unevenly distributed on the Earth and strongly expand beyond the glybin. The atmosphere is like a shell of the Earth, which is stored in five concentric spheres - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere. The atmosphere is composed of a mix of gases: nitrogen, acid, argon, carbon dioxide and rare gases - neon, helium, krypton and xenon. The lithosphere is the upper solid shell of the Earth, so there is a great opportunity to move without a singular rapid separation into the underlying asthenosphere, the language of speech is apparently small. view of Pacific Ocean from space View of terrestrial chmars from space


Behind the shape, the Earth is close to the elipsoid, flattened out in the form of poles and stretched out in equatorial zone... Seredniy radius of the Earth 6371.032 km, polar 6356.777 km, equatorial 6378.160 km. Masa Earth 5.976 × 10 24 kg, average density 5518 kg / m kutovy shvidk_styu 7.292115 · 10 -5 rad / s, which is approximately equal to the period in 23 years 56 hv 4.1 s. The area of ​​the Earth's surface is 510.2 million km 2, with approximately 70.8% of the fall on the Svitovy Ocean. The dry land becomes approximately 29.2% and the number of continents and islands is established. Vona rises above the trough of the sea in the middle at 875 m. The shape of the Earth. The view of the correct shape is shown on the little picture of the Cosmic Sign of the Earth, vikonaniy in 1972 from the Apollo 17 spacecraft.


Misyats is the only natural companion of the Earth. Another, for the lasciviousness of the object on the earthly skies, was sent by the Sontsya and the ideas behind the size of the natural companion of the planet of the Sonyachnoy system. The middle is between the centers of the Earth and Misyatsya km The space ship can reach Misyatsya in less than 3 add. The first dosyag Misyatsya apparatus "Luna-2" was launched on 12 May 1959 in the USSR. First people set foot on May 20, 1969; Tse buli astronaut "Apollo 11", launched in the United States. Diameter Misyatsya road 3474 km, three more, less than a quarter of the Earth's diameter. Apparently, the size of Misyatsya for the debate becomes less than 2% of the debts to the Earth. Through less power, the power of gravitation on Misyats is 6 times less than on Earth. Period wrapping Misyatsya around the Earth becomes 27 to 7 years 43 min. Masa Misyatsya road 7.3477 × 10 22 kg Radius Misyatsya 1737 km, which becomes 0.27 radii of the earth The area of ​​the Misyatsya surface is 38 million sq. Km. Misyats collapse near the Earth with shvidkistu 1.02 km / s


Vivchennya of the thousandths, delivered to the Earth, allowed the assessment of the Misyatsya method radioactive drop... Kamenі on Misyatsі have become solid close to 4.4 billion Rokіv that. According to the theory of the Russian astronomer Eugenia Ruskol, Misyats was formed from the surplus of protoplanetary speech, having let the young Earth die. The American astronomer Alistair Cameron has broken the theory: it’s vvazhaє, that the Earth at the stage of being formed has stumbled into the great heavenly darkness. Vikinuty, as a result of the withdrawal of the ulamka, became our companion. Miscellaneous is stored from measles, mantles and kernels. The lining of the inner core of the bagat with a zalizom, won a radius of 240 km, near the outer core is stored in the main zone with a radius of approximately kilometers. Near the nucleus, there is a fraction of melting near the cordon ball with a radius close to kilometers. The structure, as it is, appeared as a result of the fractional crystallization of the global ocean of magma, without a bar, when Mysyats was approved.


Mysyats collapse near the Earth due to the average speed of 1.02 km / s along an approximate economic orbit in the same direction, in which the majority of the dormant polar systems collapses, for example, against year-olds. Explaining to the ruk of Misyatsya is one of the most common problems of celestial mechanics. The first accepted theory of the bull was propounded by Isaac Newton. The real ruck of Misyats can be finished smoothly, when it comes out, it is necessary to forceless factors, for example, to flatten the Earth and a strong inflow of the Sontsya, which will attract Misyats by 2.2 times and stronger, lower than the Earth. More precisely the collapse of the Mysyatsya on the Earth can be represented as a single decile of rucks: wrapping around the Earth in an efficient orbit with a period of 27.32 dB; precession (rotation of the area) of the month orbit with a period of 18.6 years. rotation of the great axis of the monthly orbit (line of apses) with a period of 8.8 rockets; Periodic change of the monthly orbital in relation to the altitude from 4 ° 59 to 5 ° 19; periodically changing the size of the monthly orbit. The actions of the vision of Misyatsya from the Earth (approximately 4 cm on the Rik) so that the orbit is a spiral that turns up and down. The process was carried out for 25 years.


The monthly landscape is wild and unique. The whole month is covered with craters of small size from microscopic up to hundreds of kilometers. For a long time, they could not look at the zorotny bik of Misyats, it became possible with the appearance of space apparatuses. On the surface, Misyatsya grows dark with beaches, like boules taken over the seas. If I want to be called and saved, the sea cannot be spilled from the earthly ones. The seas on Misyatsi are the center of the village of a larger darkened place, but not the other regions, on the territory of which there are mountains. All of them were given fantastic names: Ocean of Storms, Sea Kriz, Veselki Bay ...


One s characteristics Misyatsya. Tens of thousands of craters can be poked through a telescope of medium size. Some of them are similar to maidan churches, otocheni with style. Such craters, yak Grimald, Shikkard and Tsіolkovsky (on the ringing boat Misyatsya), may have a diameter of about 250 km and a smooth lava bottom. A large number of craters occurred in succession of impacts on the surface of the Misiace of meteorites and comet nuclei at the early stage of the history. Most of the primary craters are seen as a direct hit of the space Deyaki craters may be the result of volcanic activity. Wonderfully correct funnel-like with loose walls in case of repeated miscellaneous.


1. The grip of the atmosphere on the Earth is that at low temperatures water can be found on our planet in a small, solid and gas-like station. Chemistry warehouse of the Earth is similar to the warehouse of the largest planets of the earth group. We reload on our planet such elements as zalizo, kisen, flint. The zm_st of light elements is small, the molecules of water and helium, with great liquidity, are easy to reach and add to the heavy modest Earth in terms of giant planets. The atmosphere of the Earth is three-quarters higher than nitrogen. 2. Temperatures on Earth are very hot Min. : 89.2 ° C; midsection: 14 ° C; max .: 56.7 ° C 3. Weather on the Earth is douzhe minliva. You will lie down from the one at the same latitude. dane misce, From the time of fate and from the hour to dob, from the change povitryan mas, Formation of cyclones, anticyclones and atmospheric fronts Physical and chemical characteristics of the Earth and Misyatsya


1. The force is heavy on Misyatsi a lot less than on Earth. Tsia obstavina served as the reason why Misyats could not take particles of gas and water vapor, as they formed the atmosphere. In addition, Misyats is practically diminished by the atmosphere and in the "seas" there are no drops of water. 2. On Mysyatsi dumb dawns, no days and no appearances, wait a minute; the sky there is built absolutely nasty, and on a new one you can instantly bachiti the Sonce, the Earth and the stars. On Misyatsi, nikoli do not bump, and mi nicoli do not bachimo over the surface of the gloom, for the fog. 3. Vizitn_ the atmosphere, p'yakshuvalnoy kolyvannya temperature, and great triviality of the day and night in the wake of the cold weather. Throughout a 354-year-old-month-old day, the surface of Misyats will heat up to + 120 °, after a stretch of 354-year-old nights, it will cool down to - 160 °. warehouse thousandth to the ground It is often found in the maritime and mainland regions of Misyatsya. Thousands of breeds are produced by salt, water and volatile components. Chemistry warehouse of the monthly regolith in percentage. Elementi of Luna-20 Deliveries Luna-16 Deliveries Si20.0 Ti0.281.9 Al12.58.7 Cr0.110.20 Fe5.113.7 Mg5.75.3 Ca10.39.2 Na0.260, 32 K 0.050.12


Zrozumilo, not surely to speak about the fall of Misyatsya near the Earth. More precisely, the insult of the body is wrapped around the center of the mass, lying below the surface of the Earth. An analysis of the Earth's mass has shown that the mass of Misyatsya is 81 times less than the mass of the Earth. Gravitational hard times Misyatsya wiklikє float and float to the Earth. The tide of the earth as a result of rubbing off the wrapping of the Earth, increased the triviality of the earth by 0.001 s per century. Oskіlki moment to the impulse of the system Earth - Mysyats take on, hope to wrap the Earth up to the next vision Mіsatsya from the Earth Earth and Mysyats are tied together for a long time. Zagalny center of Vagi, ranks as the center of mass, rasprostavaniya on the line, scho from the center of the Earth and Misyatsya. The scale of the Earth's mass is 82 times larger than that of Misyatsya, the center of the mass of the system of rosetting at a depth of 1600 km from the surface of the Earth. І Land і Misyats zdіsnyuyut turnover at about a point for 27.3 dB.


Kutovy diameter Misyatsya is even close to sleepy and becomes close to half a degree. Mysyats represent only 7% of the sleepy light falling on it. So, as Misyats does not shine on its own, but if you don't see the sleepy light, from the Earth you can see only the part of the month's surface illuminated by the Sonce. Misyats zvertatsya in orbit around the Earth, and by themselves kut mіzh the Earth, Mіsyats and Sonts zmіnyutsya; mi sposterіgaєmo tse is a cycle of monthly phases. The period of the hour between the last young men in the middle becomes 29.5 days (709 years) and is called the synodic month.


With an ear of space, some of our knowledge about Misyats has significantly improved. Having become a vіdomy warehouse for a thousandth of the ground, vchenі threw off its zrazki, folded a map of the vorotny side. Forward Misyatsya dosyag radianskiy space ship "Luna-2" 13. spring of 1959 to fate. On the ear of the 1960s, it was obvious that in the space explored by the United States, the SRCR was being developed. J. Kennedy, stating that the people on Mysyats will stay until 1970 rock. The American program for the flight to Misyats was called "Apollo". First landing became 20 limes 1969 rocky; Remains in the chest 1972 rock, pershuyu people, yaka stepped on the surface of Misyats, becoming an American Neil Armstrong (21 days 1969 rock), another Edvin Oldrin.


L.E. Gendenstein "Pidruchnik z physics 11th grade" І.B. Kibets "Fizika"

Engineering Geology (IG) IG yak science about rational victorian and protect the geological center

Lecture 1. Introduction. Country houses about the Earth.

Engineering geology was formulated as a science of the geological cycle in the 20-30s of the 20th century in conjunction with the supply of other types of development - transport, industrial, energy and energy. Bully, the specialization of visual organization, engineering and geological preliminaries became a necessary stage of design and development. IG, which included on the whole stage of knowledge and engineering geodynamics, began to be taught in universities. At the beginning of 1940 ... 70th pp. there has been intensively developing a 100% solution to the problems of development in the folding geological minds of the transport sector, great HESі TEC, nuclear power plants and і n. Zmist ІГ expanded for the study of the laws of engineering and geological minds of the great territories (regions); regional ІГ became the third warehouse part Engineering Geology.

In the Danish hour (from the 1980s) Engineering Geology looks like a science about the geological center (GS), tobto the top earth measles, Її I guard that rational vikorystannya. The price is pummeled by the high growth rates for natural middle ground for many reasons: the growth of the population in general, especially of the city; energy loss and productive forces of the suspension; scale to be built with equipment, etc. At the same time, there is an increase in the number of projects in the geological environment and in the growth of concerns and reactions to critical technogenic floods. By means of such reactions є "guiding" the earthworm when filling the great water reservoirs and pumping water into the gliboki of the upper reaches; wikidi, to gas in large mines and mines, to produce even before accidents with human victims; underflooding by ground waters and navpaki, hanging from deep aquifers and in. Especially the great rivn of technogenic inflows in the great places.

For Russia with a magnificent territory (17.08 million km2) and economic development natural minds Significance ІГ is especially great for all types of life, the development of the genera of the corynese copalins, the superb exploitation of the equipment.

The earth has a foldable geoid shape, but it is easier to appear as a kulea, slightly flattened by the bridle of poles (close to 1: 300) with an average radius of 6371 km. That is why the Earth can be characterized by the supremacy of the outer and inner geospheres. The atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the biosphere, is an area of ​​extended life, including all forms to microorganisms and bacteria.

Internal geosphere - the earth's crust, lithosphere, mantle and core (Figure 1.1). The whole activity of people is opposed to the upper comrades of earth measles (ZK). They see three balls: siege, pulling up to 15 km, and in the middle 3 ... 4 km; granite, up to 35 km (in the oceanic WK in vidsutniy); basalt. The pressure of the ZK is close to 70 km, more up to 2900 km away from the mantle, then the core. The upper ball of the mantle 4 is stored in solid rocks (lithified mantle), like a ZK; at once the stench is called lithosphere. It was established that, under the lithosphere, on the edges of the upper mantle dilyankas, the breed was found in the melting station (asthenosphere 5). Z tsim is tied to the manifestation on the Earth of volcanic activity and developmental rukhiv ZK. All geospheres of interconnections: for example, pour atmospheric phenomena into the mountains girskikh breedsі the nature of the earth's surface (relєf); processes in the lithosphere and biosphere infuse the atmosphere into the warehouse, etc.

From the left of the middle generation of the ZK and the Earth as a whole (approximately 2.7 and 5.52 tons / cubic meter) Viplivay, which is to the center of the area of ​​growth. The pressure and temperature also rise.

All chemical elements have been established in the ZK rocks. Most widened muslin (46.8), silicon (27.3), aluminum (8.7); in the bows there are a lot of parts of the element (clarke). Dal to go zalizo (5.1), calcium (3.6), sodium and calcium (2.6 each), magnesium (2.1), water (1.0). On a small part of all the attacks are less than one hour. It is clear that in the chemical warehouse from the ZK there will be re-insured items.

Small. 1.1. internal geosphere

In the physical fields of the Earth, there is a great deal of heat, gravitational, magnetic; regularities remain vikoristovuyutsya in geophysical methods, established in engineering geology.

The thermal regime of the Earth is formed for the rakhunok of the most important energy, in the main sleepiness, and the internal one, connected with the processes in the mantle and the core. On the surface, it’s warm and sleepy, and the temperature seems to be falling at the same time - additional, seasonal, rychni and vіkovі. At 10 ... 15 m glybin, the stench gradually fades away, and the zone of permanent temperatures grows far away, approximately average for the given period. From the glibini 40 ... 50 m, the inflow of internal energy and the temperature of growth are indicated. To characterize the values ​​of the geothermal stage (GS) or the geothermal gradient (GG). ГС - the price goes up to the depth, for which the temperature rises by one degree Celsius. ГГ - the set temperature per 100 meters of glybin. Obviously sp_vvdnoshennya ГС = 100 / ГГ. In the middle HS, the road is 33 m, and in the zagalny vona it changes from 5 to 100 m. For example, for Moskva HS = 59 m, for St. Petersburg only 20 m; The insight should be explained to those close to the surface for the rest of the crumbling of crystalline rocks and the appearance of glib fractures in them. Climatic temperature rise with glybin practical value during the development of tunnels, mines, burial sites of Sverdlovin. So, during the passage of the Pivnichno-Muisky tunnel on the BAM, the temperature reached 40 0, the Simplonsky tunnel in the Alps (at a depth of 2690 m) - 50 0, which significantly slowed down the situation.

Lecture 2. Mineral and girski breed. Processes of їkh establishment, classification, basic power.

Engineering geology - the galuz of geology, where the upper horizons of the earth measles and dynamism in conjunction with the staff of industrial and civilian life. Mainly the department of engineering and geological studies is the development of geological minds by means of the most rational development of the design, the selection of the best yogic design, and the prevention of the yogic quality of life.

Engineering Geology of Vivchaє Physical and Mechanical Power of Gyrskih rocks, which, by and large, have developed geological processes, to thwart high-flown inflow on the equipment, break up the process to fight the cyclones.

Topic 1. General views about the Earth.

The earth is yak planet, її prokhodzhennya, form and size

Physical power and fields of the earth. Warehouse i budova lithosphere.

Vіk and geological history of the Earth. Geochronological and stratigraphic scales.

Methodical instructions.

At the same time, the main respect is necessary for the minds to come to form, which is the warehouse of earthly measles (lithosphere), which is the arena of the power of an engineer-buddy.

Problems of the Earth's prowess and sleepy system have been prevalent among people since ancient times. The ancient Greeks for 2-3 centuries BC There were 2 different hypotheses from the food supply.

Zgіdno s first, yaku by Ptolemy, the sleepy system is stimulated geocentrically. At the center of the world, the Earth is growing, and all the other planets, the sun and the other. The stars are wrapped around the Earth.

Our hypothesis is called heliocentrism. Svitobudovi dignitaries of the center have honored Sonce. In the middle of the 16th century, the great Polish astronomer Mykola Copernicus mathematically grounded a heliocentric hypothesis. The first scientific hypothesis about the proclamation of the sleepy system and the whole Allwith should be like the philosopher I. Cant. Vona was caught by him in 1755, since the panuvala metaphysics in the natural sciences.

Laplace, directly from Kant, in favor of the hypothesis about the proclamation of the sleepy system from the primordial chaos. Kant і Laplace began to dwell, so the sleepy system developed under the influx of natural forces, without the Creator being involved in it. The out-of-the-box material, which the planet was formed from, was transferred to the recharged station near the viglyad gas (Laplace), or near the viglyadi singing “parts” (Kant).

The hypotheses of Jeffreys, Jeans, Kuyper, Yuri and IN have appeared in 20 capitals. It is a great interest to present the hypotheses of the Radianskih vchenyi O.Yu. Shmidta and V.G. Fisenkova.

Shmidt transferring the confirmation of the Earth and the other planets from the cold meteorite saw, buried in the field of the heavy Sontsya. The sun is older than the planets and the Earth. The earth is victorious in a step-by-step way, "zbirannya" solid particles - meteorites.

V.G. Fisenko to think about those, who thinks vik Sontsya is close to the astronomical age of the Earth, admittedly, how the Dream of the planet was set up overnight, and at the same time the single process of walking the healthy middle-age system from the same life of life. The inner parts of the gap served as the material for the establishment of the Sontsya, the replacement of the planets. The earth was established at once by all the masses, and did not climb up from the surrounding particles.

At the Budov Earth, they see the geosphere, which represent concentric, subtle or redistributions of the Earth's shell, growing behind a warehouse, physical camp and authorities. In the middle, the core of the earth is seen, so that it can be built up from the bright inner and inner solid core. The mass of the earth's core is stored at 32% of the entire mass of the Earth. The volume of speech in the last nucleus is 9.5 - 12.3 g / cm 3. A chemical warehouse is close to a chemical warehouse of meteorites. The mantle of the Earth is a silky shell between the core and the bottom of the lithosphere. Through the chemistry warehouse, they call it a kam'yanaya shell. Central zone of volcanic manifestations.

The lithosphere is characterized by the fact that it enters the breed in a solid crystalline stan, won volodya mitsnist. Formation of rice from other geospheres - changes instead of radioactive isotopes.

Hydrosphere is the Earth's water envelope. Її confirmation of the process of seeing the water from the speech of the mantle. On the basis of the rate of return of the earthly body, the general public service of the hydrosphere is 0.13%.

The main part of the hydrosphere is the light ocean - 94%. Chemistry warehouse for versatile: from fresh waters to salinity.

Atmosphere on the rise in low temperatures extends to the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere. To the atmosphere warehouse, enter: nitrogen (75.51%), acid (23.31%), argon (12.8%), carbon dioxide (0.4%), water vapor and other gases. In the distance from the Earth, the temperature drops sharply.

The lithosphere is the kamyana shell of the Earth, the yak of the earth's crust, the upper mantle part of the upper mantle and spread as an asthenosphere. A characteristic familiarity of the lithosphere is those that enter into it the breed in a solid crystalline camp and won the volodya zhorstkistyu and metsnistyu. Downward on the rise from the surface of the Earth, the temperature increases. Roztashovana under the lithosphere is a plastic shell of the mantle - the asthenosphere. At high temperatures, the river often melts, and as a result, on the way out of the lithosphere, the asthenosphere is not volatile and can be plasticly deformable as long as it is good enough. At the light of the occasional discovery, it was established that the theory of the tectonics of the lithospheric plates was put on the water, it was installed, that the earth's shell would be stored, it was decided to freeze the ice, and until then, the crystal on a frosty day. The demand of the lithosphere varies from decilkokh kilometers along the rift valleys of the middle oceanic ridges, up to 30 km from the periphery of the oceans, and before the ancient shields the demand of the lithosphere is 60-70 km.

The earth's crust is split into 7 edges of plates. Russia roztashovana on the Eurasian plate. The skin plate is divided into platforms. Volcanoes and earthworms trample on the cordons under the slabs and platforms. We live on the Russian platform. The skin platform is divided into geological regions (we have a Central Russian region). The plates are shifting by and large.

Radius earthly kuli - 6300 km.

convergence- process of slabbing (mining).

divergence- the process of slab breakdown (rift - failure, depressions). Rift width - up to 500 km; glybin - up to 2.5 km.

shelf- coastal part of the ocean. Glibina - 120 m, width - 150 km.

Near the lithosphere, you can see the onset of the ball:

1) Siege;

2) Granitny;

3) Basalt.

The earth has physical fields: magnetic, gravitational and thermal.

The earth can be folded into a thermal field, surrounded by decilkom factors. It is possible to distribute directly on the surface and on the surface.

Prior to the group of surface factors of the thermal field, the vipromynuvannya Sontsya is considered. 1/3 of sleepy energy is born out of the atmosphere and grows. Dilanka of the surface of the Earth 1 cm 2, perpendicular to the Sontsya interchange, will take 8,173 Joules into one chili (tse sleepy post). In general, the radioactive balance of the Earth is positive and becomes 3.01 * 10 5 J / cm 2 in ric. The small surface dzherel of heat є rubbing the tidal "humps" in the Earth's hydrosphere. A little bit of heat, which can be seen in the whole fall, is minuscule. In such a rank, sleepy radiation is the main source of warmth on the surface of the Earth.

From the glibini on the surface of the Earth, it should come close to 4 * 10 -4 J / cm 2 / min. The reasons for such a dissipation of the intensity of the surface and clay djerels of heat can be varied, but the temperature on the surface of the Earth will practically increase in terms of temperature in the Sontsya.

The development of the Earth's thermal field is even more important, because it has generated heat in which it is due to the energetic level and the nature of geological processes on the surface of the Earth and in the nadra. We are even more important є vivchennya dzherels of the Earth's thermal field, which is warmly tied with dzherels of internal energy, so that the vyglyadi of volcanoes, earthworms and ruff of earth measles appear at the vyglyadi. The main factor, which is due to the depth of the Earth's thermal field, is the radioactive drop. This is the name of the additional dzherel of clay heat: gravitational adiabatic compression of the Earth, exothermic chemical reactions, protea, in the balance of the clay thermal field, their role is insignificant.

Three zones of thermal field can be seen.

In the boundaries of zone III, the temperature is with the growth glybinє. Naturally, the temperature rise is fair enough for the deyakoi glibini. Parameters of the third zone є: geometrical crack - appears, on which in the world of dying the temperature rises by 1 0 С; geothermal gradint - temperature adjustment in degrees through the skin 100 meters in the world of immersion in the lithosphere.

All giant rocks of the lithosphere may be due to the radioactive fall of the isotope U 238, but the period of the fall is close to 4.5 billion rocks. In the course of sales, the masses have lost uranium and pretended to be lead and helium with a singular accuracy.

All geological hours were spent on trips. This is how the geochronological scale was set. For the spheres of generation, which were set up in the middle of the hour, they proponated their name, which allowed to set

stratigraphic scale.

The geochronological scale includes every hour: eri - Archean (AR), Proterozoic (PR), Paleozoic (PZ), Mesozoic (MZ), and Cenozoic (KZ) - lucky. Eri, fixing with PZ, grows on the period, in those who see the epochs, and in the epochs - the capital.

For spheres of girly breeds, which show the number of seeds for an hour, see, for example, groups, systems, views, tiers.

Global views about the planet

Earth- one of the planets of the Sonyachnoy system, which can be traced to the planets of the terrestrial group. Krim Earth to the whole group lay Mercury, Venus, Mars. The Earth itself is occupying the most optimal position for Sontsya, which was the birthplace of this year's life.

respect 1

Take the third orbit from the Sontsya, you will be located from the light to the city of $ 1 $ a.o. (Astronomical odinitsya), there is a powerful magnetic field and a natural companion - Misyats, which is located at a distance of $ 384,400 km.

The surface area of ​​the Earth becomes $ 510 million. Sq. km, with a total of $ 361 million - ($ 71 \% $) loans і 149 million - ($ 29 \% $) attacks on land.

In such a rank, the Earth is a single planet, as it borrows a special place in the Sonyach system.

About the walking of the Earth, there are a few hypotheses - the hypotheses of Kant-Laplace, O. Yu. Shmidt. Mayzhe all the stinks are built before the Earth is set up from the cold gas-sawn-eyed gloom of about $ 4.5 billion. chemical elements Mendelian tables and the gas was squeezing and the space drank condensation into the proto-sleepy fog.

The deepest hypothesis about the chaotic Russia of our planet, like before the gravity, has consumed the Sonyachna system. The first hypothesis of a magnificent splash of thermodynamic reactions on Jupiter, for the establishment of solid planets far from Sontsya.

The hypothesis about the chaotic Russia in the $ XIX $ capital and told about those that the Earth was behind the boundaries of the Sonyach system. From the point of view of the warehouse of the planet, the hypothesis will explain little, there is no great success.

In the basis of the hypothesis about the unique nature of the Earth, there is a thought, which is not in the current system of planets, as in the sleepy system. Tsyu roztashuvannyu spriyav vibuhs on the planet-giant Yupiteri.

Form and size of the Earth

It’s like a ludin’s, a trifle of knowledge from a geographer, you might say, like a form of earth. very recently Bulo not immediately reached. So, for example, to the Greek poet Homer ($ IX-VIII $ century BC), the Earth was represented by the view of a stake soaked by the ocean. Philosopher Thales ($ VI $ c. BC) bachiv її at the viglyadі kulі, and Anaximander - yogo scientist - imaging the Earth at the viglyadі cylinder. The truth pushed its way through the netra of scholasticism and middle-class religion.

Vikoristovyuchi degrees vimiryuvannya, Nimetsky astronomer F. Bessel in $ 1841 $ m calculating the radius of the Earth and trimming the numbers, which characterize the ellipsoid. The numbers are accurate, but they have been victorious over the course of a whole century during the recent geodetic preliminaries. Later, it became possible to clarify in advance the data about the shape of the Earth and its size. To the robot, according to the clarification of the vikonav radianskiy vcheny FN Krasovskiy and in $ 1 936 $ m boules published new numbers. The dimensions of the earthly era have become more accurate.

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Behind the fowl F.N. Krasovskogo great trip to the center of the Earth - to the center of the Earth to ekvatore - to become $ 6378 km, a small trip - to go to the center of the Earth to one of the poles - to get $ 6356.8 km. It is becoming evident that the polar radius is shorter than the equatorial one by $ 21 $ km and the Earth is moving є ellipsoid wraparound, or the flattening of the poles. At the scale of the globe, the growth is practically incomprehensible.

To be ashamed of the worlds of the world, then this year's sign of the leather scholar:

  • Diameter of ekvatora - $ 12756.5 km;
  • Polar diameter to become - $ 12713.7 per km;
  • Dovzhina kola meridiana - $ 40008.6 per km;
  • Surroundings of Equatore - $ 40,075.7 km;
  • Surface of the Earth - $ 510 mln. Sq. km;
  • Obsyag Zemli - $ 1080 $ billion cubic meters. km.

Sleepy system planets

Our Sonyachny system has more than seven planets wrapped around the Earth. The ninth planet Pluto in $ Rik: 2006 $ m was protected to the dwarf planets, lowering її in status. The Sonyachny system has a single dwarf, standing in a row of major planets.

Understanding the "planet" in the past stagnated to nine cosmic objects, how to wrap around Sontsya, and today's astronomers singing, such heavenly bodies and beyond the boundaries of the Sonya system.

Planets can be heard by fakhivtsi for a trivial hour and there is a lot of information about them; Planets of the Sleeping System and spread to the planet of the terrestrial group and gas groups:

    Planets of the terrestrial group. The stench, as a rule, is built up with stone and metal, may have a high strength, a weak magnetic field, small size and wrap around its axis with a small amount of speed. Chotiri planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars. Companions є only have two of them - at the Earth and Mars. All planets have a whole group of planetary rings, and the atmosphere can be varied like Venus, represented by dioxid in carbon until the day is more like Mercury;

    Gasovi giganti. The whole planet of the most recent from Sontsya. Їх tezh chotiri - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. The stench, on the view of the planets of the earthly group, may be the majestic change and lay down with water and helium. The planets may seem to have an altogether low power, ale, but at the same time, a superbly large turn-around, there may be a lot of supporters and asteroids around themselves. The appearance of the fellow-travelers is explained by the strained gravitational field, which is a great number of cosmic objects. Asteroids, yak allow for vcheni, є surplus moons, gravitational forces of the planets.

roc of planets

Ancient people, spying on the riches of the Sontsya in the middle of the ages, have come to start this day, or even in the future. With the stench of the stench, they distributed the eklіptics for $ 12 suzir'їv. In the skin of the cich suzir'iv Sonce, it will be roughly a month. Suzir'ya boules were called zodiakalny and were called tvarin.

With the names of suzir'iv people tied their gospodarstvuyu activity. For example, on the shvidka, the suzir of Aquarius was ordered to appear in the sky, the tidying up of the bread in the fields was repaired by the appearance of the suzir Dvi, and after a month, since the suzir of Theresa was visible in the sky, people were picking up the harvest.

At that hour, sparingly behind the suzir, the minds were repaired, so that all the visible heavenly bodies wrap around the Sonja, and the point in the whole spiritual power was put by Mykola Copernicus.

Having created their own heliocentric system, the Polish teachings changed over to the point that the center of Vsesvit is not the Earth, but all the planets are wrapped around the Sontsya in their orbits.

Pratsi M. Copernicus continued the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe. sposterіgayuchi for heavenly bodies Vin, having recognized the results, helped the Nimetsian mathematician I. Kepler formulate three famous laws about the collapse of the planets. You must bring in the distance, that the ruin near the Sontsya is seen in that hour of the planets, and it was going to be, see through the ellips.

Talk about the collapse of the planets, it is important for mothers to respect, that all the planets of the Sonyachnoy system do not collapse near the light, but near the so-called center of the mass.

GEOLOGIS. General views about EARTH.

    Geology is the science about the Earth.

    Form and size of the Earth.

    Physical power of the Earth.

    Internal Budova Earth.

1. Geology.

Geology is the science about the Earth. Vona vivchaє warehouse, budovu and regularity of development of the Earth. Modern geology is a complex science, like a single set of interconnected disciplines (geology department). All warehouses, according to the discipline of geology, have their own knowledge and methods of knowledge of the Earth.

In the present hour, the development of the discipline of such discipline will be added to a number of independent scientific galuses.

1. geochemia- vivchai chemical warehouse of earth measles, laws of the development and relocation of chemical elements and isotopes.

2. mineralogy- looking at natural chemical spoluks - minerals, vivchas physical and chemical powers and processes, connected with their illumination in the earth's crust.

3. petrography- I will describe the warehouse and the Budova of Girskikh species - the natural purchase of minerals, which will store the earth's crust, form the lagoon, walk and distribute.

4. dynamical geology- look at the processes that are seen in the nadra of the planet and on the surface (earthquake, volcanism, weather, sea, rychok, ice, etc.)

5. historical geology- viroblyaє renewal of the past, which is even more important for the jokes of the small brown copalins.

6. geophysics- a science, which is a vicaristic development of physical methods for the detection of the Earth's glorious problems.

7... Hydrogeology- vivchaє pіdzemnі vodi, to take revenge in the nadra of our planet.

8. Engineering Geology- the science of vivchaє runty, geological and engineering-geological processes, which inject into the minds of the economy and exploitation of the equipment of meliorative systems.

Most of all, in the Danish hour of vivcheni the surface of the Earth. One of the main methods for the detection of the upper surface of the earth's measles is the method of Polish geological zyomok. The essence of the method is the retreat of the past geological processes, natural disturbances in the mountainous rocks of the rychkovy valleys, arrivals, etc. Vivchayutsya warehouse of girskikh breeds, the nature of the lagoon, vykopny lattices of organisms and іn. Vivchayuchi the earth's crust, it is necessary to vrahovuvaty as a bullet earlier than any winks she knew. At the same time, they proponed the theoretical and literary method, the study of the non-vortex and directed process of the development of the Earth, the presentation of the evolution of minds, accumulation of waste in the history of the Earth.

Bigger balls of earth measles and earth in whole vivchayut mainly by indirect methods - geophysical.

Before geophysical methods To be related: seismic, gravimetric, magnetometric and іnshі.

seismic method Allowing, according to the changes in the economy, the passage of seismic hvils, so that when earthquakes occur, the warehouse and the power of the earth's large spheres are detected.

Gravimetric method of growing on the surface of the Earth on the surface of the Earth is heavy. With theoretical razrahunka force of heavy Earth will be one-sided.

magnetometric method plantations on the vyvchennі of changes of the magnetic field of the Earth in ії dіlyankas in fallowness from the warehouse і budov and earth measles.

2. Form and size of the Earth

Earth - one of the planets is wrapped around the sun. The earth has the shape of a geoid, which can be close to yak kul, flattening at the poles. The surface of the Earth perevischuє 510 million km. On the surface of the Earth, there are great irregularities in the field - the most oceanic depressions (the Marian depression in the Pacific Ocean, the depth is more than 11034 m), the most important girly systems and ridges ( find a point in Gimalai - Chomolungma peak - 8848 m).

The form and size of the Earth does not become obsolete. Glibinne squeezing until the radius changes by about 5 cm in the direction of the earth.

The swiftness of the Earth's wrapping can also change, when the Earth changes, it will change. On the surface of the Earth, continents and oceans are unevenly distributed. If for the entire planet the ocean area becomes 70.8%, and for land - 29.2%, then for the winter - 61 and 39%, and for the new - 81 and 19%.

Yak vidomo, the earth is stored from decilkoh shells. itselfzovnishnya, gaseous shell of the Earth is called the atmosphere. її warehouse: nitrogen - 70.08%, acid - 23.95%, argon - 0.93%, in carbon dioxide - 0.09%, other gases - 0.01%.

atmosphere to be located in permanent Russia, which lies in the nature of the Sontsya, the rise of continents and oceans on the surface of the Earth.

The atmosphere will wipe out the sleepy warmth, the weather will be molded in it. Atmosphere mode in the edge of the world. Tse mi see the day at the viglyad, wait a minute.

hydrosphere - the central part of the aquatic shell of the earth is represented by the abundance of oceans, seas, rychok, lakes and ice.

Lead the economic sphere of business for a chemistry warehouse and authorities. The stench is perceived in the wild (water), solid (ice) and gas-like (steam) camps.

lithosphere є succinic hard shell of the Earth. The lithosphere is not uniform in its capacity and storage. Under the bottom of the ocean the lithosphere will change, and under the soils it will grow. In terms of storage, the lithosphere is represented by 3 horizons:

    siege ball- pulling up to 1.5 km, the thickness of the speech - 2.5 g per 1 cm 3, the breed is represented by occasional attachments (siege, magmatic). The product of girskikh breeds is the result of the intensity of surface processes (exogenous).

    granite ball- toughness 10-50 km, flux density -2.6-2.7 g per 1 cm 3, representations of the magmatic cycle by girskiy rocks, which may cause an acidic chemical warehouse.

    basalticball- tautness is close to 50 km, thickness is 3.2-3.5 g per 1 cm 3, representations of igneous rocks of the ultrabasic deposit.

biosphere- the scope of the expansion of living things.

When the surface of the Earth is grafted, the speech is still alive, and it curls the earth with a thick shroud. The glybin is meant to be the deed of extinguishing life.

Most of the time, there may be bacterias and arguments.

The smell of good life in the minds of high and even low temperatures and clutches.

3. Physical power of the Earth.

To the physical powers of the Earth to relate: the power of heavy, power, magnetism and heat power.

The power is heavy. The changes that are hard on the surface of the Earth have a budding and form: the strength is greater in the polar regions and less in the equatorial. The accelerated force is difficult to stepwise change from the poles - up to 0.5%.

The strength of the Earth. The average density of earth measles is 2.7 g / cm 3, the average density of the Earth is 5.52 g / cm 3.

Magnetic power of the Earth (magnetism). The earth is a giant magnet. The magnetic field on the surface of the Earth is of two types: winter and continuous. The changing field of the Earth is tied to the seeds of the Sontsya, the permanently magnetic field of crops is not tied to its walks more quickly for all the folding processes that flow through the core of the Earth and on the cordon of the core and mantle. Magnetic power of girly generations is not the same and changes in significant boundaries. With a very high magnetic recoil, it can be found in ores, titanium, nickel and cobalt, as well as breeds, rich in them.

The main magnetic indicators of the Earth:

1. Magnetic visibility- start the yak kut, on which the arrow from the geographic meridian appears. Shilyannya can be transient and retreat. Along with the point z, we will also see the isogony. The map of the isogon will start seeing in any point of the Earth.

2. Magnetic vision - tse kut nahila magnetic arrows to the horizon. Growth of business and business of magnetic shooters.

Under the thermal power of the mind the amount of heat energy to come to the Earth. Heat energy of the Earth is supplied to: 1) call; 2) internal.

call heat energy - the higher the required heat (90%), which is the starting temperature of the lithosphere.

Dzherelo warmth - dzherelo zvnіshnyoi energy - sleepy exchanger energy.

Obsyag necessary warmth will start with energy on one area. (Energy from the necessary warmth in the equivalent of becoming the energy of the robot DniproGES for the ric).

Internal Energy starts with radioactive drop of elements in the middle of the Earth.

To become close to 10% of all Earth's heat and flow into the main one on the structure of the core and mantle.

Parameters that start the thermal mode.

    Geothermal gradiєnt - the temperature, on the yak the temperature of the Earth ball rises from the glibini to 100 m

    The geothermal step is the depth, when the temperature of the Earth increases by 1 C.

The magnitude of the geometrical gradient and geothermal step is due to the thermal conductivity, geological and geological characteristics, and a number of other reasons.

4. Internal Budova Earth

The understanding of the earth's crust lay flat on the cob of the 19th century. Earlier, they respected that the Earth is itself on the singing stage of the development of melted tilo, cover it from above with a thin shell - bark. The naming of the upper sphere of the Earth, the "earth's crust", was spared until the next day. In the Danish hour, the earth's crust will rise to the top of the surface.

The earth's crust from the surface is folded by sedimentary gir rocks (clay, sand and vapnyaki).

The main structures of earthly measles, or structures of the first order, are continents and oceans. For skin two structures characteristic sv_y type of earth measles. For the first - kintinental,abomainland,For others -oceanic.

mainland type of earth measles. This type of measles lures continents and mainland milini. The need for mainland measles is 20-80 km.

oceanic type of earth measles. It is stored from siege and basalt spheres. Measles need 5-7 km, more than 10-12 km. Oceanic type of earth measles powers the ocean bed.

Lower earth measles rots mantya... Vona roztashovuu to glibini 2900 km. Warehouse і budova mantії non-uniform yak in horizontal and vertical strands. The upper mantle is the most active part of the shell. Vona is more important in the formulation of earthly measles and the establishment of ancestry. For the rakhunok of the fusion of the flutes, magmatic rocks are formed from them, and the corns of earth measles are tied to them.

core of the Earth... The radius of the earth's core is 3470 km. Sharuvato core. A new ball E is seen, the length is from 2900 to 4980 km in the depth (the final core), the ball B - from the depth of 5120 km. to the center of the Earth (inner core abo nucleus) and ball P - between 4980 and 5120 km (industrial zone).

The core is strong in power and high power. I admit, it’s folded up in gold and nickel, I want the dummy to go out of hand. Deyaki vvazayut from them, so the core is built up from rare metal, And internal - from solid.

The lower balls of the mantle and the core are practically not implanted. At pіdstavі vivchennya cheeky authorities The surface of the Earth is not possible to create a picture about the lower spheres, that is, it is only popped, for now there are two:

    The skin geosphere is characterized by a special chemical warehouse.

    snake physical authorities in the inner zones of the Earth it is not explained by the special chemical warehouse of the cich zones, but by the dramatically changing power of the chasters, which are found in the middle of the Earth under the great grip.

R - the earth's core road 3470 km.

The core of the Earth, I will increase the release of some bi and then not cheeky authorities. Tse for A.F. Kapustinsky, "the zone of zero chemistry" - there are no chemical reactions in conjunction with the renewal of the electronic shells of atoms in the past of great grips.

The core is characterized by high electrical and thermal conductivity, as well as constant temperature throughout the entire period.

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