Decorative and applied art and folk art. Folk creativity of art. Methodology of preparation and carrying out
Theme. Folk art creativity yak basis art culture suspensions.
Meta: learn about student life in folk art as the basis of national culture, show the main features of ethnic and national culture, clarify the main views and genres of folk art. Razvivati clever pratsyuvati s literature. Vihovuvati is interested in the future of the profession.
Lesson type: lecture.
Possession: іlustratsії, literature.
Go to lesson.
1. organizational moment... Knowledge of the group, clarification of vimog to the subject, showing the literature on the subject, explaining the criteria for assessments and providing information. By those and about the lesson.
Plan.
II. Due to the news by those.
In a whole lot of distribution, there are business managers, as they cleaned up in the region, planted in the Catholic version; The child's folk celebrate Christmas in every possible way: from a simple stage, crushed from the stalks of wheat, to even folding clay structures, which indicate to a middle-aged vigilante before and after folk.
At the recently restored museum of Jose Hernandez, there is a display of rose fabrics and wicker virobi. Traditional cloths, embroidery, smuggles, ponchos and a lot of rosters on displays, which create a gigantic and innovative clap. At the piedmont room there are no cats, and “the containers are full, but there’s no water and oils,” - even Felisitas Misyats, director, install it.
1. Understanding folk art creativity.
PEOPLE'S CREATIVITY (folk art, folklore) - collective artistic creativity to the people, who visualizes their life, look, ideals; origins of the people and in the folk masses of poetry (perekazi, poetry, kazki, epos), music (music, instrumental uspivi and p'usi), theater (drama, satirical art, theater lyalok), dance, decorative image -applied art, self-made art, incl. folk theaters.
Folk creativity, Which originated in the distant past, is the historical basis of all light artistic culture, dzherelo of national artistic traditions, a defiance of national self-awareness.
People's creativity is visualized: labor activity, Hromadsky and by-beat way of life, knowledge of life and nature, cults and corruption. At N. t., Who was taught in the course of a suspicious labor practice, in looking at, ideals and praying to the people, his poetical imagination, a rich light of thought, feeling, experiencing, protest against exploitation and oppression, the world about the world. It took in the richness of the knowledge of the folk masses, N. t.
Characteristics (stem) of folk creativity: Naybagatshi images, those, motives, forms of N. t. Vinikayut in a folding dialectical unity of individual (hocha, as a rule, anonymous) creativity and collective artistic evidence. The folk collective of the capital of vidbirak, udoskonalu and zbagachuє znaydenі okremami rіshennya majstras. The onset, style of artistic traditions (within the framework of which, in its own way, special creativity is manifested) to admit the versatility, versatile reincarnation of these traditions in the surrounding creations.
Collectiveness of N. t., Warehouse and its permanent basis and non-human tradition, appear in the course of the whole process of forming creation of any type. The whole process, which includes the empowerment, the consolidation of the tradition, the further elaboration, the refining and the hour of updating the tradition, will appear superstitiously long in the hours. It is typical for all types of N. t., That the creators create є at once by the viconauts, and the viconny, in his own house, can be found in the options, so that the tradition can be taken over; It is also an important contact of visitors with a mystery of people who themselves can be seen as participants in the creative process. To the main rice N. t. To lay over and overtake inseparability, high artistic unity of these types: poetry, music, dance, theater, decorative art were angry in folk ritual activities; in folk life, architecture, construction, design, ceramics, vishivka were used to create an insignificant value; folk poetry is closely tied to music and its own rhythm, musicality, and the character of the show of great creatures, such as the musical genre, wake up to the poetry, laborious rucks, dances. Create and navichki N. t. Bezposeredno passed from generation to generation. Connection of folk art and light art culture. N. t. Became the historical basis of all light artistic culture. Yogo principals, the most traditional forms, vid and partial images originated in the distant past in the minds of the pre-class suspension, if all the mystery was to the creations and to the people. With the social development of the people, the form of the class suspension, the development of the practical steps to see the professional "high", "high" artistry. N. t. Takozh set up a special layer of light artistic culture. In the new one sees the development of the social wickedness of the ball, tied with the class differentiation of the suspension, and even to the ear of the capitalist period of N. t. Organizational communication with the fundamental principles to the people, the poetry of the presentation to the light, the uninterrupted process of enriching the high artistic flow folk art... Prior to that, N. t. Virobilo was a special form of specialization, the decline in the number of majors and newcomers.
N. t. Riznykh, often far from the distant one from one people Volodya without rice and motives, as well as in the minds of others, as well as sedated from the zalny dzherel. At the same time, M. t. Stolittyi absorbed the peculiarities of the national life, the culture of the skin people. Vono has preserved its life-style labor basis, having been deprived of the dzherel of the national culture, the viraznik of national self-awareness. It brought the strength and strength to N. t.For all the light mystery, forgive me the works of F. Rabelais and V. Shakespeare, A. Pushkin, M. A. Nekrasov, P. Bruegel and F. Goya, M. I ... Glinki and M.P. Mussorgsky. At his hand, N. t. Bagato took the form of a "lofty" mystery, as well as a versatile twist - from the classic pediments on the village huts to folk songs to the words of great poets. N. t. Preserved the value of the revolutionary attitudes of the people to fight for their freedom.
2. Understanding about ethnic and national culture.
Sukupn_st of values, viruvan, tradition and zvychaiv, which are used by the majority of members of this suspension, is called panuyuchu, or dominant culture.
The dominant culture can be both national and ethnical due to the fact that the suspension and the vast majority of people in the land is organized in such a way. In literature, one should reflect the understanding of ethnic and national culture, but it is wrong to get involved.
Ethnicity is to call be-yak national spirituality, for example, national menshina, tribe, people. Ethnos were dying, and nationals were victorious in the New Hour. If we talk about ethnos, then we do not blame the respect of the great national powers, the foldable social structure, the great number of places and everything that is tied in our understanding with a happy suspension. Ethnicity is a small compact spirit, even simpler for its structure, that simple one-sided ethnic culture. The culture of the Bushmen is right to name the ethnical, alley of the Pivdenno-African Republic, on the territory of the Kalahari Kestrel, de and live abandoned tribes (more precisely, small local groups) bushmen, Volodya culturally.
Ethnic culture is always localized in the geographic space and is uniform in terms of its political, economic and social structure.
Ethnic culture is the rice of a culture, where there is an overwhelmingly potent living, pobutovaya culture. Vona has a core and periphery. Ethnic culture includes knowledge of pratsi, zvicha, zvicha, norms of sound law, value, odd, odyag, uzhu, zasobi oversupply, zhitlo, knowledge, viruvannya, see folk art.
Fakhivtsi razriznyayut in ethnic cultures two balls:
· Historical early (lower), statements of cultural elements from the past;
Іhistorically pіznіy (upper), which is stored for new products, modern cultural manifestations
The lower ball includes the most style elements, fixed with a bagatov tradition. To that it gets involved, how the stink builds up the frame of ethnic culture. With such an approach, ethnic culture is constantly decreasing and improving. The renewal of the culture can be exogenous (suspected) and endogenous (it has become common in the middle of the culture without the addition of zzovny). The onset, style of ethnic culture is tied to two types of mechanisms in the transmission of traditions: vikov group); intergenerational traditions, which can be felt in a historically trivial hour and become a mechanism of transferring values from generation to generation.
Nation means territorial, economical and linguistic communication of people social structure and political organization.
The structure of the national culture is more foldable than the ethnic one. The national culture includes the order of the traditional-by-beat, professional and everyday, as well as special-purpose ceremonies of culture. And the spirits of the nation will love the suspension, and the suspension will have a great stratification and social structure, the understanding of the national culture will love the subcultures of all great groups, which may not be in the ethnic group. Moreover, ethnic cultures enter the national warehouse. Take such a young nation, like the United States or Brazil, nicknamed ethnic boilers. American national culture is heterogeneous in the region, including Irish, Italian, Nimets, Chinese, Japanese, Mexican, Russian, Evreisk and іnshі ethnic cultures. A large number of contemporary national cultures of the political.
National culture is not brought up to the mechanical sum of ethnic cultures. Vaughn is ponad those. Her national rice is a culture, but it has come to fruition, since the representatives of all ethnic groups have learned their belonging to the new nation. Non-Nekhry, І Bіlі However, I ranked the victorious of the USN USA І SHAYN American Porpor, make a yogo saint, Zokrema, the day of the Sagie (day of uncomfortable US). Nichogo ni in the same ethnic culture, nor in one people who came to the United States. Smells showed up on the new territory .. Literary Movies, National traditions and symbols to become the champion of the national culture.
The national culture is common for people who live in the great open spaces and are not bound by blood relatives. Observe a new type of social communion, dressing with a wine passage of writing. The very writers of writing ideas, necessary for the national community, are gaining popularity among the literate part of the population.
About the denunciation of national cultures, they are judged in front of the fact of the popularization of literary (written) language and national literature. The axis of the national culture is to be found in philology, which I can do with the monuments of writing, and ethnical culture is ethnographic anthropology, which I can do for all the pre-written literature 2). The creators of the national culture - intellectuals - are often called "the majesty of culture", and the odd odor itself carries a great message for the spiritual camp of the nation. The smell of molding etalon and education for the mass inheritance, the smell of the cultural strategy of the suspension. Osvita and the current year to be seen in the capacity of the main mentality of the people to their national culture, in view of which culture is brought up in front of us, created by the artistic and scientific intellectuals.
In such a rank, the national culture is built on the foundations of the written culture, at that time the ethnic culture can be entirely unwritten, for example, the culture of the former tribes, which have been preserved to our days. Ale that and іnsha culture, according to all the other types of culture in the given territory, is guilty of being called dominant.
3. History of development of folk art.
N. t. Spokonviku didn’t seem to change the mode of folk life. In okremikh rice N. t. Follow the norms of pratsi and pobutu, stumps and viruvannya, vyshіdnі to neolіtu and bronze vіku.
best galery element N. t. Serve the Ornament, which was born in ancient times, which additionally helps to achieve organic unity of composition and highly interrelationship with the technique of visibility, respect for the subject, plastic form, natural beauty of the material. In some ornamental motifs, most of the few collection of mythological sensations ("svytovye tree", "great goddess" with maybutny, solar symbols), rice of primordial evidence, mythological and magic abilities. Both ancient roots appear, for example, and in the folk arts, in which the rice of the primordial cult plastics is quilted. To the creators of N. t. Often the specific link with those chi іnshim calls is in power. We will explain and explain the Germanity, the ephemerality of the items of N. t.
On the vidminu from the "high" mystery of the huge tops, N. t. I do not know the contrasting changes artistic styles... In the course of this evolution, there are new motives, and the steps of stylization and the character of comprehension of the old motives are changing; The image, tied with the root manifestations about the light, acted in a narrow-minded sense (for example, in the new signs-amulets and signs by-item items) For the grati was repaired for a purely decorative role, so the shape of the object often became unimportant from the insignificant constructive and functional changes. Revealed about speeches in N. t. Zazvychay does not get locked into the preparation model, but rather a little one, but lives in the witness and ruts of the maister; with the whole result of this individual wines, how to produce the most rational robots, guilty of being accepted by the national team. By virtue of this, the tradition is conceived post-mortem, but if only a few of the specific changes are made. Found objects (for example, wood buckets at a pitching view) can be superbly close to nature; the development of the understanding of these forms in N. t.
Class suspension. In the world of class differentiation of the suspension, there is a change of mind for the winery of N. t. misty robot for yourself and before the Silsky craft. The appearance of a special folk gilka still appears in the ancient mystery (for example, in votive objects (Div. Votive objects) of the Italian-Etruscan stake, how to fake neolithic plastic). Pochatkovy monuments of palaces and to find cult architectures are intertwined with the simplest ancient images of folk tree and stone architecture (Yegeyskiy Megaron, Nimetskiy halls), carried by the veins of kocheviks to sweat, etc., etc. gardening life and folk architecture, as a subservient in the main village house (living room, tik, komora, barn, hliv, etc.).
In the middle Europe, the feudal-ecclesiastical culture defended the preservation of the cultural tradition of the clan harmony, the state and political isolation, the cult of the mythical gods; virazom ts'go old folk string in middling mystery, zazvychay full of images of animal style (Div. Sound style). Narodny svitoglyad, with special purity, it was violated in yazychnitsky embellishments-amulets, in the memorials, like with butts I pour folk culture to the court and the church (such a relief of the Volodymyr-Suzdal school (Div. Volodymyr-Suzdal school), grotesque plasticity of Romanesque and Gothic churches, ornamentation of manuscripts). However nerozvinenіst inventory penny vіdnosin, Slabko diferentsіatsіya forms pobutu and takozh printsipova anonіmnіst serednovіchnogo Mistetstvo i blizkіst Yogo maystrіv to national seredovischі not spriyali tsіlkovitogo vіdokremlennya N. t. We kraїnah, pіznіshe entered into Rann stadіyu rozvitku, zokrema in serednovіchnіy Rusі, podіbna situatsіya zberіgaєtsya right up to the end of 17 - the cob of 18 tbsp. At the edges of the descent, especially in the early (up to the 19th and 20th centuries), they kept a middle-aged way of life, all decorative and applied arts were very much perfected by folk handicrafts and high-rise N. t. in the imaginative and artistic series of the countries, the popular strumin (Chinese, Japanese, Indian popular print) is strong. Nareshty, in the lands, which survived the colonization, the basis for N. t. Zazvichay served as the ancient tubular culture, which would have absorbed rich rice of the brought cultures.
For the distribution of feudalism and the guild system, work is done on the market of folk art craft; the managers of the N. of t., still retaining a tight connection with the people's beggar, will master new types of products, new forms and those. From the side of the art, the emergence of artistic individuality and the cult of ancient mystery, which were laid down in the era of Renaissance, to produce until N. t. People's art culture - create a religious painting (votive paintings, ikons, paintings on the slope, a sculpture is grown up), which grows wildly from the 16-17 century. (Especially in the lands of the Catholic cult), decorated with saintly, popular prints, with the new archaism of forms, - I can already use the system, below the Vishukans, for an innovative, independent vitvory of the "high" mystery; analogous distribution of wine and in the style of items by the way. Tsei opening the mensh is visible there, de folklore elements deeply penetrate the culture of the privileged faiths and the church. In Russia, it manifested itself, for example, in the architecture of the palace in the village. Kolomenskoy (17th century), Three great number of forms of folk wooden architecture, and in the regions Latin America- in the decor of the Baroque church, picking rice paintings of pre-Columbian civilizations.
In the 17th and 18th centuries. in N. t. there is a weak ideographic ear. In Russian motives, now everywhere there is symbolic-geometric vіzerunki, decorative mode of old vіlnіshe, rіznomanіtnіshoyu. N. t. Pronikau has more and more new warnings, bit-by-word plots, growing up to the Kazakh-folklore comprehension of the life of the other spheres of the suspension, to the suspicion of the forms of pan-style styles, the mathematics of labor of the texture of expensive However, new motives and forms (renaissance, baroque, empire) penetrate into N. t. In total for 17 - ear of 19 tbsp. to bring the era of the development of N. t., which gave a superb distribution of their types and forms. Tsomu was equipped with N. t. Earlier inaccessible to them materials and tools, new technical possibilities, broadening the horizons of folk artists, development of folk lyricism and satire.
At the 19 st. Intensive development of artistic craftsmanship is becoming more and more involved in the system of capitalist economy; Commodity handicraft in large regions is left behind as a conservative domestic one. In Russia, in 1861, the People's Artists were promising to create the character of the private maisterns, which are the way to go to the All-Russian market. The university of specialization of industries, efficient distribution of processes and standardization of motives for people to use different types of forms, borderingly angry with the virtual receptions of technical performance (within an hour's reach of the machine); With a whole workmanship, mechanically, there is no mainstreamness, all part of the creative work. They enjoy the imagery of masculine and anti-artistic products, unmistakably technical and natural principles for folklore. Compositions, previously strictly organized, filled with meaningful associations, become more vivid, a little less logical. The tempera painting of the Farbi is characterized by being ol_ine, and from one by one; folk icon and lubok change oleography; in plasticity, the volume-subject form is incorporated into architecture. The image and the ornament, which used to be angry with the picture, now look like a picture pasted on the surface. Okremi galusies, which do not stand out in competition with cheap factory virobs, do not fall asleep, but they do not grow and expand, they do not show the good technology, the style of the industrial commerce and the ideas of the professional machine tool In a number of countries, such as mali, before the naybagatshim N. t. (England, Dania, Niderlandi), it is more likely to grow in in the districts But they have saved the strained layers of the middle culture (the provinces in Russia, Brittany in France, Tyrol in Austria, Slovakia, Balkan lands, Spain, Sicily in Italy).
From the middle of the 19th century verbal folklore, In the ranks of the regions, the winery is of interest to the folk decorative art. For every hour, the aesthetics of N. t. (Yak national, and exotic), its barvism and rhythm are more and more infused into the professional architecture, figuratively and decorative art. To fix the collection of collections of N. t., Gromadic organizations and patrons of the arts, to develop a number of new industries and to organize new ones. A special range of activities was carried out at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. with the expansion of the "Modern" style and associated with it national and romantic trends. However, imposing the idea of easel-type on the people's masters, the artists and theorists of "modernity" most often revealed the unreasonable specifics of N. t. in the ranks of the capitalist lands, navpaks, they were afraid to try to bring the folk sculpture and ornament to an abstract painting.
Create a funky N. t. Wear in the main character of decorative virobes and souvenirs, figuratively inform about the freedom of folk culture of this kind; zavdyaky their obviously handicraft respect the stink of rice national traditions and without a middle population, I am mainly standardized by industrial means. Folk arts and crafts play an important role in the economy of the country, as it develops. In the Bagatio regions (the first for everything in the USSR and the Socialist Powers) there is a need to protect the people's industries and іх artistic freedom, The dіyalnіstіnіy mіstіrіv want to hunt for additional competitions and shows, professional and technical schools and colleges prepare artists and viconavtsіv. For the participation of pre-scientific institutes and museums, the tradition and education of N. t., Zokrem, from Tim, to see virobi and decorative priyomi, to sound happy life, can be learned. N. t. Nadaє unremittingly pouring in on the artist's prominence, in addition to helping to know the most varied forms and decor of by-word speech; okremi risi N. t. live in the creations of self-made maestros, as well as professional artists, such as vikoristovuyu to see the folk art. In the SRCR, a number of quieted folk industries have evolved, a lot of new developments have been taken out and linked to the national life of the organization (for example, the number of centers of the iconography have become universally visible centers of varnish). In different types and genres of Radyansky N. t. folk traditions to enjoy a wide range of interests and active children of radiant action.
4. The main type and genre of folk art.
1. Usna folk creativity.
2. Musical folk creativity.
3. People's Theater.
4. Decorative and applied art.
5. Crafts.
6. That ritual is holy.
III. Consolidation of knowledge.
Understanding "folk art creativity".
Understand about ethnic and national culture.
History of development of folk art creativity.
The main types and genres of folk art.
IV. Pidbitty for a lesson. Vistavlyannya assessments.
V. Home zavdannya: Records in zoshity.
Become so called "folk mystery" and "cultural mystery", to build, to speed up more and more. Tse not the first vipadok, if "crafts" arrive in the art museum. Being a craftsman on respect is an act of generosity, which is capable of transferring ancient knowledge to scholars; no wonder the stench is called "vchiteli" and not "artists". The current paradigm has changed, as it has become in the hours of renaissance in the western mystery. The skin of the robot carries its creator's image and name in it.
Through the stretching of the history of the people, the mystery has respected one of the most important and demonstrations of forms of rotation and performance. At the same hour, if there is a social-historical-cultural moment, at any insertion of Lyudin, I allow the interpretation of the information to the point of view of the skin of his own spasters. In such a rank, the Mystery of Bulo and will become an unacceptable dzherel, which generates meaning and meaning, builds all bar'єri hour and reach all generations.
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artistic, folk art, folklore, artistic creativity, the spirit of the working people; It was established by the people and in the folk masses of poetry, music, theater, dance, architecture, figurative and decorative and applied art. In collective artistic creativity, the people revive their work with strength, a suspenseful and casual way of life, knowledge of life and nature, cults and corruption. At N. t., Who was taught in the course of a suspicious labor practice, in looking at, ideals and praying to the people, his poetical imagination, a rich light of thought, feeling, experiencing, protest against exploitation and oppression, the world about the world. It took in the richness of the knowledge of the folk masses, N. t.
We know the popular art of painting the lack of artistic manifestations. Yogo is the main characteristic of going through decisions, authoritative ones common people, People, whose power is a set of values, based on the vlast way of butt, root and transformation. Dzherelom doslidzhen tsikh authors, who are vvazhayutsya popular, є those who are found in a dedicated population and want a large number of people, that those who are likely to be familiar with people. The artist Raul Kordula, a student of the subject, gives the bag to the popular art in a simple phrase: "the art of the people."
Naybagatshi images, those, motives, forms of N. t. Vinikayut in a folding dialectical unity of individual (hocha, as a rule, anonymous) creativity and collective artistic character. The folk collective of the capital of vidbirak, udoskonalu and zbagachuє znaydenі okremami rіshennya majstras. The onset, style of artistic traditions (within the framework of which, in its own way, special creativity is manifested) to admit the versatility, versatile reincarnation of these traditions in the surrounding creations.
However, we are guilty of the same memory, but also the Mystery can be destroyed by social classes... Brazil is the land of a magnificent territory, where Volodya is invisibly rich and cultural. Yogo people have been folded from the neymovir pomorovy vіdnosini, in which the skin of a man bringing with them, in their wealth or in luggage, a part of their cultural roots, overwhelmed by the bearers, perekonannymi, іstorіyami, poslednyami. The skinny cholovik and the woman, who came here, were in the land, as she quickly transformed herself into the barn of not wicked artists.
Collectiveness of N. t., Warehouse and its permanent basis and non-human tradition, appear in the course of the whole process of forming creation of any type. The whole process, which includes the empowerment, the consolidation of the tradition, the further elaboration, the refining and the hour of updating the tradition, will appear superstitiously long in the hours. It is typical for all types of N. t., That the creators create є at once by the viconauts, and the viconny, in his own house, can be found in the options, so that the tradition can be taken over; It is also an important contact of visitors with a mystery of people who themselves can be seen as participants in the creative process. To the main rice N. t. To lay over and overtake inseparability, high artistic unity of these types: poetry, music, dance, theater, decorative art were angry in folk ritual activities; in folk life, architecture, construction, design, ceramics, vishivka were used to create an insignificant value; folk poetry is closely tied to music and its own rhythm, musicality, and the character of the show of great creatures, such as the musical genre, wake up to the poetry, laborious rucks, dances. Create and navichki N. t. Bezposeredno pass from generation to generation.
Heads of technologies, quits and materials from the simplest to the most sophisticated, the stench proponents the divine decline of the Brazilian land, so, as the stench has solved the problem, some of the insights of the artists' minds have become However, it is not possible to lock it up, it’s unimportant on the price, the culture of the people’s cikh is the price of a popular art.
With a handful of rocky schools, they appreciated the vivchennya of the mystery of how to be fond of erudovanim, and deprived in another plan of the importance of contact with the People's Mistress. It’s important to me, but those who characterize the folk mystery by the essence, by manifesting them to the people, there is a great opportunity for a daddy dash to develop the form of regional culture, in the way of inserting it into a learning curve. Win having missed the wonderful opportunity to expand your light and your development, and have a creative vision.
N. t. Became the historical basis of all light artistic culture. Yogo principals, the most traditional forms, vid and partial images originated in the distant past in the minds of the pre-class suspension, if all the mystery was written to the creation and to the people (div.). With the social development of the people, the form of the class suspension, the development of the practical steps to see the professional "high", "high" artistry. N. t. Takozh set up a special layer of light artistic culture. In the new one sees the development of the social wickedness of the ball, tied with the class differentiation of the suspension, and even to the ear of the capitalist period of N. t. Organizational connection with the fundamental principles to the people, the poetical purpose of being brought up to the light, without interruption to the process of enriching the high artistic level of the folk art. Prior to that, N. t. Virobilo was a special form of specialization, the decline in the number of majors and newcomers.
Without knowledge of art and history, national self-awareness is unwise. The school will be a blessing, it is possible that a democratic principle of access to information and aesthetic formulation of all social classes, pacification in Brazilian multiculturalism, closeness of cultural codes of small groups, is possible.
Locked into the realm of reality, in the wikklades of the art college of Albert Sabin, mi namagaєmosya zrobiti klasnu komnatu cultural space, Yake represent the importance of the popular mystery as a dzherel of rich cultural traditions, to develop the culture to the cultural ideas of the indigenous peoples and regions, In the words of Rosie Yavelberg, “the lack of knowledge about the mystery, it’s necessary for some reason.”
N. t. Riznykh, often far away from one people of the same people, without wine rice and motives, which were found in other minds, or even seduced from the zalous dzherel. At the same time, M. t. Stolittyi absorbed the peculiarities of the national life, the culture of the skin people. Vono has preserved its life-style labor basis, having been deprived of the dzherel of the national culture, the viraznik of national self-awareness. It brought the strength and strength to N. t.For all the light mystery, forgive me the works of F. Rabelais and V. Shakespeare, A. Pushkin, M. A. Nekrasov, P. Bruegel and F. Goya, M. I ... Glinki and M.P. Mussorgsky. At his hand, N. t. Bagato took the form of a "lofty" mystery, as well as a versatile twist - from the classic pediments on the village huts to folk songs to the words of great poets. N. t. Preserved the value of the revolutionary attitudes of the people to fight for their freedom.
The managers of the robotized robots stink at their own specialties, how to respond to the food given by the teacher, and, having shared with the group, make sense to the senses. Only for the sake of the construction of a meaningful wolf to rob the teacher, the characteristics of the Holy Divine, such as the Cavalcade, Dance of the Mask, Kurukuk and Coronation of the Imperial Hlopchik.
The offensive scholars are encouraged to imagine one of the representations of memorials, memorials, and little ones, in a way of conveying ideas, in which details will be the guarantor of greater intelligence. I will make a decision, I will judge the robot and discuss the decision, know my colleagues.
In the minds of capitalism, having consumed in the sphere of bourgeois suspension-economical wines, N. t. Growing up in the land is unsettled. Bagato yogo gіlki degrade, grow up to know or perebuvayut under the threat of vitisnennya; They are consuming their valuable rice by industrializing themselves or getting close to the market. At the 19 st. Growth of national self-confidence, democratic and national-visibility, the development of romanticism awaken interest to N. t. In the end of the 19th - 20th century. to take advantage of the infusion of folklore into the culture of the people, to introduce deyakis into the galuzy of N. t., to organize museums and support for their protection. At the same time, the state and private patronage is often ordered by N. t. To the commercial goals, the interests of the "tourism industry", for whom I cultivate in the new most archaic rice and religious survivors.
For the whole stench, vibrate the creation of food behind the vlast vibor and will be using the technique of tapestries, painting and gluing. Not all "bagati" cultures, not all by direct decline of the great settlements. To get into civilization, to be simple, to find, to reach the roots of their people, - at the same time the intelligence of the history of the land. І land, the basis of є culture to the people, є land of great possibilities.
The insertion of a popular mystery into the class allows the student to think about his nature, to look over the concept and to create new possibilities through the mystery. According to the National Parameters initial programs, Mystery - the value of knowledge, as it allows you to get close to people, some of them take into account the needs and ideas of different cultures, are played in artistic creations and natural concepts, in differentiated discourse plans. From a point of view, mystery plays an important role in schools.
In the socialist support of the branch, give it a thought for the protection and development of N. t.; inherited and maintained national folk traditions, taken over by the ideas of socialism, the pathos of imagining new things, changing action; N. t. To be corroded by a systematic pedagogical state and huge organizations, and the majisters are awarded prizes and honors. It has been created by the fringes of scientific-pre-ancient institutions - institutes and museums, which can be used to promote N. t. Bagato traditional genre N. t. Vidmiyut (for example, ceremonial folklore, Serpent, folk drama), ale іnshі know a new place in life. Population and new forms of art culture of folk masses. To develop intensively (choris, choreographic collectives, folk theaters, etc.), where nature is, below N. t. Creations for the rich capital of the high-mindedness of N. t. Saving the significance of the ever-living cultural decline, the treasury of artistic news of the folk masses.
To put the artist's robot in science as humanized, cultural and historical factor, in which the characteristics of the painting can be taken at the points of interaction between the artistic robot and the students and the artist in their best time, as they are waiting to see that they do not know the way of the animal. Kozhen tvir mystestva є an overnight cultural product of the singing era and the unique roots of the human being, the sense of how will be people from their admission. Otzhe, the tvir of the mystery will not be pushed through, we will blame it more because it is more correct, below it, but it is more powerful to concretize the synthesis, which is a great number of meaning.
people poetical creativity- the mass of verbal artistic creativity of that chi іnshy people; the supremacy of yogo types and forms, which are known in modern science cim term, maє i in. name - folk literature, sleepy literature, folk poetry, folklore. Verbal art creativity is in the process of forming human movi. Even at the early stages, the development of the suspension is tightly knitted from it. By the types of humanity, the imaginative cobs of their knowledge and religious-mythological manifestations. In the process of social differentiation of the suspension of the winery, the development of the form and form of verbal creativity, as the representation of the interest of the growing suspension groups and prosharkiv. Nayvazhliv_shu role in the development of the creative work of the laboring folk masses. With the appearance of writing, the literature is historically tied with N. to sleep.
Nareshti, we cannot say, is more popular a mystery of less value, less a mystery of erudite. Similarly, before it is possible to analyze and visualize the mystery of the mystery, and to trace the classical period of the history of the mystery, it is possible to analyze and visualize the mystery, the object or the artistic manifestation of people, the reality is the same in them in the same way and the social context of culture. I socially, historically and culturally knowledge may be the fundamental meaning for the mind be it.
Collectiveness of usnoi N. t. (This does not mean only the rotation of thoughts and the feeling of the collective, but more for everything - the process of collective establishment and expansion) the intelligence of the variability, that is, the ministry of texts in the process of mixing them up. With a lot of snakes, they could be even more dynamic - from insignificant stylistic options until I think about it. In the memory, as well as in the version of the texts, the role of playing the original stereotypical formulas is significant - so called the out-of-the-box story, connected with the singing plot situations, to move from the text to the text (for example, the form in the saddle-lines - ).
Pedagogical Radnik and Vicladach Mistress. Well, to be ashamed of the popularity of a popular mystery, it’s a mystery, as it is done in the traditional way by farmers, field workers, sailors, and be a merchant, as not to obscure academic preparation, but to follow up to our socially and even this group
At the same time, the sense of the visage is against the elite art, accepting the understanding from the view of the art of the panic classes, and, moreover, to become prestigious. Such a rank, the tsemiststvo became a model, as it became a suspension. I richly developed, for more diffusion, the drowning of that which became a manifestation of the native culture will end. Tse has become in Bagatio in the style of the cultures of the aborigines of Latin America and the Spanish culture.
In the process of running the genre of verbal N. t. Experiencing the "productive" and "unproductive" period ("vіki") of my history that culturally-pobutova zinami in the suspension. The style of popping up folklore texts from the folk can be explained not only by the artistic value, but by the power of change in the way of living, the glances, the tastes of the main creators and keepers - the villagers. Texts of folklore works of ethnic genres in minli (however, in the stage of development). However, in general, tradition is in N. t. Nabagato is more powerful than in professional literary creativity.
However, the Bagatians can also eat in the same way that the culture is native to the elements of the “elite culture”, which you call it a rank, and the stench makes offense angry. Such a rank, is a new art, as it also becomes popular, some of the autochthonous ones are accepted and the majority of the minority and vibrant.
The concept of art is very popular - the concept, as it is easy to get into the mind and not in the folding decoduvannya. Those who see it as wider than ZMI, how to live by the masses and how to turn around in the bagatokh vypadki through the industrialized developments of artistic objects. Yaskraviy butt of this can be found in the famous Russian mamushka, as part of the Russian folk art and in the Danish hour it is seriously released.
Collectiveness of verbal N. t. Does not mean zezno-isolation: talented mainstream actively poured not only on the stem, but on the widening, thoroughly or attached texts to the needs of the collective. In the minds of the priesthood of vicarious professors N. t. (Long-standing, Russian, Ukrainian kobzars (Div.), Kazakh and Kyrgyz, etc.). In the lands of the Near Descent and Middle Asia, in the Caucasus, there were transitional forms of verbal N. t. for example, Toktogul Satilganov in Kyrgyzstan, Sayat-Nova in Virmenia).
You can also play in the music field. Oskilki vin vvazhaetsya popular, all the tse have their roots in the history of the people. Such a rank, music is also popular for spіvaks and musicians, as they assign themselves a musical song. Ale on the prisvisko vin is also called popular music, in which fashionable spivak they play or play, nevertheless it belongs to the musical genre.
It’s to be ashamed of the ethymology of the design, it’s going to be. The word "mystery" is Latin. I "popular", which also resembles Latin. In addition, this etymological concept is the same as to impose or to impose on the people. Create, as it is, I’m a true exponent of the original folk art, because I’m not only concerned with my own motives, but I’m, as I’ve done my work over the materials and forms that the people borrowed from them. In general, it is a fault of being attributed to people, who are part of the mystery, according to the tradition of the ethnic group.
The wealth of genres, themes, images, poetics of verbal N. t. Is ampled with the versatility of his social and by-beat functions, rozpovіdannya, rozіgruvannya, dialogue, etc.). In the course of history, the genre's deyaky became aware of the sutta wines, they knew, they were new. In the found period, the majority of peoples have experienced childbirth, labor and rituals, serpents. Piznіshe win charіvnі, pobotovі kazki, kazki about tvarin, pre-state (archaic) form a. In the period of the formation of statehood, a classic heroic epic was held, along with the victorious historical pictures (Div.), Baladi (Div.). More recently, an out-of-order lyrical song has been formulated, and in. Small lyrical genres і, nareshty, working folklore (revolutions, ideas, etc.).
Uninvolved in the national language of the creation of verbal N. t. native peoples, Bagato motives, images and plot in them are similar. For example, close two-thirds of the plots of the Kazakhs of the European peoples may be paralleled in the Kazakhs. People, scho viclikano or development from one dzherel, or cultural interaction, or the events of similar appearances on the ground of the outward laws of social development.
Right up to the late feudal era and the period of capitalism in the language of N. t. пізніше literature create active, lower before, penetrate the folk middle (for example, "V'yazen" and "Chorna Shal" by A. Pushkin, "peddlers" by N. A. Nekrasov; div. also about in st.,). Z in. Boku, the creativity of the folk cossacks nabuva deyakі rice literary (indivіalіzatsіya characterіv, psychologism, etc.). The socialist support has accessibility to education without giving the opportunity to open the door to the bestowal and creative professionalism of the most gifted people. Riznomanitni forms of mass verbal and artistic culture (creativity of artists, parts, tvir intermedia and satirical scenes, etc.) are developed in close contact with professional socialist mystics; In the middle of them, the singing role is to continue the development of the traditional form of the verbal N. T. Bagatov's thought has given the inevitable artist the value and the triviality of the idea of such pictures, cuts, etc. relish, beaten. Tsim is poured over and a glib inflow of verbal N. t. On the development of literature. M. Gorky said: "... An ear of mystery of the word is in folklore" ("About Literature", 1961, p. 452). About the records of N. t., Yogo vivchenna and methodological principles of vivchennya div ..
Folk music (musical folklore) - vocal (more importantly), instrumental and vocal-instrumental collective creativity of the people; Bytuє, as a rule, in non-written forms and passed on to the Vikonavskiy traditions. Being nadbannyam all the people, musical N. t. Isnu the chief rank of the head of the viconavsky mystery of talented nuggets. Among other peoples, guslyar (div.), Skomorokh (Div.), Kuyshi (div.), Gusan (Div.), Olonkhosut (div.), Aed (Div.), Ta in. Rounds of folk music, yak and ін. mystics, come from the prehistoric past. The musical traditions of the rural suspension formations are viciously stylish, tenacious. In the dermal historical era, create more and more ancient and transformed creations, as well as re-created on the basis of this. In the sukupnostі stench, they establish so the titles of traditional musical folklore. This is the basis of the storehouse of the music of the peasantry, like a trivial hour of taking the rice of a unique independence and in general being derived from the music, tied to the greater youth, writing traditions. The main types of musical N. t. - пісні (Div.), Epіchnі opovіdі (for example, Russian, Yakutsk olonkho), dance melodies, dance adjusters (for example, Russian parts Div.), Signals dance). Kozhen tvir of musical folklore is represented by a whole system of stylistic and semantically native variants, which characterize the changes of folk music in the process of vikonannya.
The richness of the genre of folk music is the result of versatility and life functions. The music of the super-juval is all the work and life of the peasant: the calendar of the holy of the rural farming stake (carols (Div.), Maslyans, kupalskі pictures), polovі robots (mowing, harvesting pictures), people -prіchіtanіya). Among the cattle people, the bulls were tied to the tamed horses, the corral of thinness, etc. Pіznіshe naybіlshy rozvitok in folklorі vsіh narodіv otrimali lіrichnі genre, de on zmіnu simple, short naspіvam labor, ceremonial, tantsyuvalnih i epіchnih pіsen abo іnstrumentalnі nagravannya coming rozgornutі i hour skladnі for Form muzichnі іmprovіzatsії - vokalnі (napriklad, rosіyska broaching pіsnya, rumunska i moldavska ) and instrumental (for example, software programs of Transcarpathian violinists, Bulgarian cavalry, Kazakh dombra players, Kyrgyz komuzists, Turkmen dutarists, Uzbek, Tajik, Indonesian musical instruments).
V different genres folk music has been classified as versatile type a - from the recitative (Karelian, Russian bilini, Russian-Slovenian epos) to the richly ornamental (lyrical songs to the near and wondrous middle-class musical cultures), , nimetska choir chord, Georgian quarto-second and middle-Russian under-voice polyphony, Lithuanian canonical), rhythm (Div.) (zorem, rhythmic formulas, well-tuned rhythm of dance types of work 'Umnih frets to the rosy diatonic scale of "vilny melodic fret"). Riznomanitni also form stanzas, couplets (guys, symmetrical, asymmetric and in.), Creation in general. Musical N. t. Isnu in monophonic (solo), antiphony (div.), Ensemble, choral and orchestral forms. Typical choral and instrumental rich voices rіznomomanіtnі - from heterophony (Div.) I Burdon (bass background sound uninterruptedly) to folding polyphonic and chordish statements. Kozhna national folk music culture, which includes a system of musical and folklore dialects, set up with a whole musical style goal and one hour to get together with ін. Cultures in a large folklore and ethnographic spirituality (for example, in Europe - Scandinavian, Baltska, Karpatska, Balkanska, Srednomomorska, etc.).
The recording of folk music (in the 20th century. For additional sound recording technology), a special science discipline is involved - musical ethnography, and the preliminaries - ethnomusic studies (musical folklore).
On the basis of folk music, the winners are practically all national professional schools, which are legal for the culture of the folklore show of folklore decline - from the simplest images of folk melodies to the traditional folk music, folk music In the modern musical practice of N. t. Є with late force, both for the professional, and for the new forms of self-made art.
In Russia, the largest expansion in the village, soldier, and factory middle was rejected by the dramas "Tsar Maximilian and the unconquerable Sin Adolf", "Choven" rozіgruvalis also dramas "Tsar Irod", "Yak a Frenchman brav Moscow." For their type of stench, they are introduced to the houses of the tyrannical peoples of the tyrannical peoples, to heroic or so-called rozbiynitsky dramas. "Tsar Maximilian" is a little literary pershodelo - the school drama "Vinets Dimitriya" (1704), which is based on "The Life of St. Demetrius"; "Choven" (the end of the 18th century) is a sketch of the folk painting "Down the Matins by the Volza". The residual formulation of the tsikh p'єs is tied to the fragments included in the text from the works of poets of the 18th century - the 1st half of the 19th century. - G. R. Derzhavina, K. N. Batyushkova, A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, motives and images of popular novels. In Russia, there were also satirical paintings "Pan", "Goliy Pan", "Petrushka".
best characteristic feature folk theater (like the glamor of folklore art) є a sense of the cleverness of costumes and requisites, rucks and gestures; In the course of the manifestation, the actor without a mediocre splitting from the public, as she could give remarks, get involved in the show, direct him, and once and take in a new fate (play together with the chorus of viconauts, images in other scenes. The folk theater, as a rule, is not a stage or a decoration. The main interest in the new development is not on the level of the openness of the characters of the various individuals, and on the tragedy or comic situations, the situation. Great significance may vikhidni monologues of heroes, vikonannya dyovyi persons pisen (folk or specially folded for giving), ariy from operas. In folk drama, there are two types of characters - dramatic (heroic or romantic) and comic. The first is a high-class style of beasts, monologues and dialogues, others - comic, parody priyomi, grasses. The tradition of performance in the folk theater has given birth to a special kind of theatrical performances, as they have renounced the style of the form. The event in Bagatyokh lands is called a traditional theater. Near the lands of Asia, since the founding hours, there have been broadening of folk-dancing pantomime vistavi. On this basis, the traditional theater of the peoples of Asia was formed: the theaters of wayang-topeng in Indonesia, Kolam on the island. Shri-Lanka (Ceylon), Kathakali in India and in.
The peculiarity of the artistic and victorious priyoms in the folk theater took in the performances of the professional theater and victorious by them (U. Shakespir, Mol'ar, K. Goldoni, A. N. Ostrovsky, E. De Filipo).
Folk dance is one of the found species of N. t. The dance will be partly folk dance at saints and fairs. The appearance of round dances and іn. Ritual dances are tied with folk rituals (Ceylon dance in the fire, Norwegian dance with resinos, words in a round dance, tied with rituals of curling birch, wicker winkling, burning bagat). Proceedingly from the ritual events, the round dance was reminiscent of a new zmist, which turned around in a new specialty. The people, who took care of the love, the creation, were imbedded in the dance with a guard over the creature's light. Figuratively and vividly conveyed the character and little animals, birds, domestic animals: the dance of the bizon among the Pivne American Indians, the Indonesian penchak (tiger), the Yakut dance of the weddy, the Pamirian, the Chinese pіvnyachiy bіy і ін. There are dances on those silskoy pratsi: the Latin dance of women, the Hutsul dance of the woodcutter, the Estonian dance of the shevts, the Bilorussian lianok, the Moldavian poame (grapes), the Uzbek shovkopryad, buttermilk (bavovna). With the appearance of a creative and factory practice, new folk dances will be revealed: Ukrainian cooper, Nimetsky dance of skloduv, Karelian "Yak tchut cloth" and іn. Folk dance is often brought up with a vivid spirit, valor, heroism, performed in a stage battle ("old" dances of ancient Greeks, dance mystery with fencing prizes, Georgian horums, Georgian horums, great misce in dancing N. t. borrowed the theme of love; a collection of tsі dancesі boules out of erotic; more dancers have appeared, as they twist the nobility of the senses, the shanobly staged to the woman (Georgian, Russian Baynovskaya, Polish Mazur).
The skin people had their own dance traditions, plastic movement, especially the coordination of rukhiv, priyomy and development of music with music; Some of the dance phrases are synchronous with musical phrases, while the others (Bulgarians) are not synchronous. dance people Western Europe Runt in Rusі nіg (hands and body yak bi їm companion), in the dances of the peoples of Middle Asia and ін. land The main thing is respect for the collapse of the hands and the body. At a folk dance, a panun is rhythmically cob, like a dancer (prevention, claps, dzvin kilets, dzvinochkiv). Bagato dances vikonuyutsya on the accompaniment of folk instruments, like dancers often trim in their hands (castanuti, tambourine, drum, doira, accordion, balalaika). Deyaki dances will be able to visit with the whimsical accessories (khustku, droplets, dish, bowl, bowl). A great infusion on the character of the vison of the costume: so, the smoothness of the movement of the Russian and Georgian dancers, dovga dovga cloth, so that the feet are curled up; a characteristic ruh in the Russian and Ugorsky cholovichy dance - see through the freebies of the hard chobits.
The development and popularity of folk dance in the SRSR were given the recognition of the new stage form - folk dance ensembles. In 1937, there were new works, which solidified a scenic folk dance in professional choreography. Elementy folk dance vikoristoyutsya in classical ballet. All republics Radiansky Union branches of professional folk dance ensembles. Professional and amateur collectives of folk scenic dance expanded in the lands of the usy light (div.).
Folk architecture, figuratively and decoratively applied art, include artworks, buds (div.,), Home stuff and furnishings (div. etc. Up to the number of the most important artistic and technical processes that have expanded in N. t., Introduce, artist, etc. People's architecture and decorative and applied art should lie down to the material virobnity, be absolutely creative in nature; There is a sense of anger in them, aesthetic and utilitarian functions, figurative misleading and technical wines.
Constructive and formalizing the subject of the middle and giving the subject-aesthetic twist of labor processes, the by-pass way of life, calendar and native rituals, N. t. In okremikh rice N. t. Follow the norms of pratsi and pobutu, stumps and viruvannya, vyshіdnі to neolіtu and bronze vіku. Naybilsh as an element of N. t. To serve since ancient times, which additionally helps to reach the organic unity of composition and highly interrelationship with the technique of visibility, respect for the subject, plastic form, natural beauty of the material. In some ornamental motifs, most of the few collection of mythological sensations ("svytovye tree", "great goddess" with maybutny, solar symbols), rice of primordial evidence, mythological and magic abilities. Both ancient roots appear, for example, and in the folk arts, in which the rice of the primordial cult plastics is quilted. To the creators of N. t. Often the specific link with those chi іnshim calls is in power. We will explain and explain the Germanity, the ephemerality of the items of N. t.
On the vidminu from the "high" mystery of huge tops, N. t. I do not know the contrasting changes of artistic styles. In the course of this evolution, there are new motives, and the steps of stylization and the character of comprehension of the old motives are changing; the image, tied with the roots of evidence about light, acted as a narrow-minded sense (for example, in the new signs-amulets and signs-spells, they adorned some objects) or repaired the grati for a purely decorative role, and so I often designed the object form -functional changes. Revealed about speeches in N. t. Zazvychay does not get locked into the preparation model, but rather a little one, but lives in the witness and ruts of the maister; with the whole result of this individual wines, how to produce the most rational robots, guilty of being accepted by the national team. By virtue of this, the tradition is conceived post-mortem, but if only a few of the specific changes are made. Found objects (for example, wood buckets at a pitching view) can be superbly close to nature; the development of the understanding of these forms in N. t.
In the world of class differentiation of the suspension, there are changes in the minds for the winery of N. t., Who will serve as servicemen to consume the lower spheres of the suspension and from a collection of homemade artistic robots for themselves and to the industrial craft. The appearance of a special folk gilka still appears in the ancient mystery (for example, in votive objects (Div.) Of the Italo-Etruscan stake, how to fake neolithic plastic). Cobbled monuments of palace and cult architecture are knitted with the simplest ancient images of folk tree and stone architecture (Yegeyskiy, Nimetskiy Halle), with portable veins of kochiviks, etc. Budivnitstva that national architecture, as a service staff in the main village bungalow (living room, tik, komora, barn, hliv, etc.).
In the middle Europe, the feudal-ecclesiastical culture defended the preservation of the cultural tradition of the clan harmony, the state and political isolation, the cult of the mythical gods; virazom ts'go old folk string in middling mystery, zazvychay filled with images of animal style (Div.). Narodny svitoglyad, with special purity, virazilsya in Yazychnitsky embellishments-amulets, in monuments, like with butts injected folk culture into the court and church (such relfi Volodymyro-Suzdal), church manuscripts). However nerozvinenіst inventory penny vіdnosin, Slabko diferentsіatsіya forms pobutu and takozh printsipova anonіmnіst serednovіchnogo Mistetstvo i blizkіst Yogo maystrіv to national seredovischі not spriyali tsіlkovitogo vіdokremlennya N. t. We kraїnah, pіznіshe entered into Rann stadіyu rozvitku, zokrema in serednovіchnіy Rusі, podіbna situatsіya zberіgaєtsya right up to the end of 17 - the cob of 18 tbsp. At the edges of the descent, especially in the early (up to the 19th and 20th centuries), they kept a middle-aged way of life, all decorative and applied arts were very much perfected by folk handicrafts and high-rise N. t. in the imaginative and artistic series of the countries, the popular strumin (Chinese, Japanese, Indian popular print) is strong. Nareshty, in the lands, which survived the colonization, the basis for N. t. Zazvichay served as the ancient tubular culture, which would have absorbed rich rice of the brought cultures.
For the distribution of feudalism and the guild system, work is done on the market of folk art craft; the managers of the N. of t., still retaining a tight connection with the people's beggar, will master new types of products, new forms and those. From the side of the art, the emergence of artistic individuality and the cult of ancient mystery, which were laid down in the era of Renaissance, to produce until N. t. People's art culture - create a religious painting (votive paintings, ikons, paintings on the slope, a sculpture is grown up), which grows wildly from the 16-17 century. (Especially in the lands of the Catholic cult), decorated with saintly, popular prints, with the new archaism of forms, - I can already use the system, below the Vishukans, for an innovative, independent vitvory of the "high" mystery; analogous distribution of wine and in the style of items by the way. Tsei opening the mensh is visible there, de folklore elements deeply penetrate the culture of the privileged faiths and the church. In Russia, it manifested itself, for example, in the architecture of the palace in the village. Kolomenskoy (17th century), from the great number of forms of folk wooden architecture, and in the regions of Latin America - in the decor of the Baroque church, having selected the paintings of the pre-Columbian civilizations. In the 17th and 18th centuries. in N. t. there is a weak ideographic ear. In Russian motives, now everywhere there is symbolic-geometric vіzerunki, decorative mode of old vіlnіshe, rіznomanіtnіshoyu. N. t. Pronikau has more and more new warnings, bit-by-word plots, growing up to the Kazakh-folklore comprehension of the life of the other spheres of the suspension, to the suspicion of the forms of pan-style styles, the mathematics of labor of the texture of expensive However, new motives and forms (renaissance, baroque, empire) penetrate into N. t. In total for 17 - ear of 19 tbsp. to bring the era of the development of N. t., which gave a superb distribution of their types and forms. Tsomu was equipped with N. t. Earlier inaccessible to them materials and tools, new technical possibilities, broadening the horizons of folk artists, development of folk lyricism and satire.
At the 19 st. Intensively developing artists are increasingly drawn into the system of capitalist economics; Commodity handicraft in large regions is left behind as a conservative domestic one. In Russia, in 1861, the character of private maisterns, which was brought to the All-Russian market, was filled with character. The university of specialization of industries, efficient distribution of processes and standardization of motives for people to use different types of forms, borderingly angry with the virtual receptions of technical performance (within an hour's reach of the machine); With a whole workmanship, mechanically, there is no mainstreamness, all part of the creative work. They enjoy the imagery of masculine and anti-artistic products, unmistakably technical and natural principles for folklore. Compositions, previously strictly organized, filled with meaningful associations, become more vivid, a little less logical. The tempera painting of the Farbi is characterized by being ol_ine, and from one by one; folk icon and splint withers; in plasticity, the volume-subject form is incorporated into architecture. The image and the ornament, which used to be angry with the picture, now look like a picture pasted on the surface. Okremi galusies, which do not stand out in competition with cheap factory virobs, do not fall asleep, but they do not grow and expand, they do not show the good technology, the style of the industrial commerce and the ideas of the professional machine tool In a number of regions, such as mali before naybagatshim N. t. (England, Denmark, Netherlands), in the future there are more countries, but they are intensively developing in industrial regions, but Russia has saved in Austria, Slovakia, Balkan lands, Spain, Sicily in Italy).
From the middle of the 19th century, Slid for the knowledge of the value of verbal folklore, in the ranks of the regions of interest and to the folk decorative art. For every hour, the aesthetics of N. t. (Yak national, and exotic), its barvism and rhythm are more and more infused into the professional architecture, figuratively and decorative art. To fix the collection of collections of N. t., Gromadic organizations and patrons of the arts, to develop a number of new industries and to organize new ones. A special range of activities was carried out at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. with extended style "" and associated with him national-romantic trends. However, imposing the idea of easel-type on the people's masters, the artists and theorists of "modernity" most often revealed the unreasonable specifics of N. t. in the ranks of the capitalist lands, navpaks, they were afraid to try to bring the folk sculpture and ornament to an abstract painting.
Create a funky N. t. Wear in the main character of decorative virobes and souvenirs, figuratively inform about the freedom of folk culture of this kind; The zavdyaky of their obviously handicraft respect the stink of rice of the national tradition and unprecedented humanity, stemming in the main with standardized industrial methods. Folk arts and crafts play an important role in the economy of the country, as it develops. In the Bagatikh lands (the first for everything in the USSR and in the Socialist Powers) there is a need for the protection of the people's industries and their artistic freedoms, for the purpose of the national majesty to want to study for additional competitions in technical schools and For the participation of pre-scientific institutes and museums, the tradition and education of N. t., Zokrem, from Tim, to see virobi and decorative priyomi, to sound happy life, can be learned. N. t. Nadaє unremittingly pouring in on the artist's prominence, in addition to helping to know the most varied forms and decor of by-word speech; okremi risi N. t. live in the creations of self-made maestros, as well as professional artists, such as vikoristovuyu to see the folk art. In the SRCR, a number of quieted folk industries have evolved, a lot of new developments have been taken out and linked to the national life of the organization (for example, the number of centers of the iconography have become universally visible centers of varnish). In the versatile types and genres of Radiansky N. t. Dbaylive, the preservation of folk traditions will share the breadth of interests and active spirits of radiant action.
About N. t.Riznykh peoples, see Rozdili Literature, Architecture and Imaginative mystery, Music, Ballet, Drama Theater, Circus in articles about the country and about the republics of the USSR.
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Meltsi M. Ya., Russian folklore. Bіblіografіchny pokazchik, 1945-1959, L., 1961; the same 1917-1944, L., 1966; the same 1960-1965, L., 1967; Z. I. Kushnereva, Folklore of the peoples of the SRSR. Bibliographic dzherela Russian language (1945-1963), M., 1964; Volkskundliche BibliogrgIphie B, -Lpz., 1919-957; , In the book: Internationale volkskundliche BibliogrgIphie Bonn, 1954-70.
B. Bartok, Navishcho i yak zbirat folk music, M., 1959; Kvitka K.V., Fav. pratsi ..., t. 1, M., 1971-1973; Narisi musical culture peoples of Tropical Africa, Sat. Art., comp. i ter. L. Golden, M., 1973; Bose F., MusikaIlische Völkerkunde, Freiburg im Breisgau, 1953; Nettl B., Theory and method in ethnomusicology L. 1964; Brăiloiu S. Folklore musical, in yogo book .: CEuvres, v. 2, Buc., 1969, p. 19-130.
Alfiorov A.D., Petrushka і th ancestors, M., 1895: Onchukov N.E., Pivnіchnі narodnі drami, St. Petersburg, 1911; Russian folk drama XVII-XX century. Texts p'єs і describe uyavlen, ed., Vstup. Art. і comments by P.N. Berkova, M., 1953: History of the Western European Theater, pіd zagalny ed. S. S. Mokulsky, t. 1, M., 1956; Avdov A.D., Pokhodzhennya theater, M. - L., 1959; Vsevolodskiy-Gerngross V.N., Russian Usna Narodna Drama, M., 1959; Dzhivelegov A.K., Italian folk comedy ..., 2 vidavnitstva., M., 1962; Cohen C. Le théâtre en France au moyen-âge, v. 1-2, nouv. éd., P., 1948.
Tkachenko T. S. Folk dance M., 1954; Goleizovsky K. Ya. Images of Russian folk choreography, M., 1964; The encyclopedia of social dance, N. Y., 1972.
Malitskiy G.L., Pobutovі motives and plot of folk art (in the design and development), Kazan, 1923; History of the Russian Mistress Vol. 4, 7, 8, (book 2), 9 (book 2), 10 (book 2), 11-3, M., 1959-9; Razina T. M., Russian folk creativity M., 1970; Vasilenko V.M., About the wizard in the Russian peasant mystery of the 18-19th century, in the period: Russian mystery of the 18th - the first half of the 19th century, M., 1971; Voronov V.S., About Selyanske Mistress. Vibrani pratsi, M.,; Riegl A., Volkskunst, Hausfliess und Hausindustrie B., 1894; Art populaire. Travaux artistiques et scientifiques du 1st Congrès International des arts populaires, ed. H. Focillon, v. 1-2, R., 1931; Spiess K. von, Bauernkunst, ihre Art und Sinn, W., 1942; Toschi T., Saggi sull "arte popolare, Roma, 1945; Harmon M. Cocchiara G., Marabottini Marabotti A. Folk art in the book: Encyclopedia of world art, v. 5, L. - NY - Toronto, 1958, p . 451-506 (є lit.); Bossert T. H., Peasant art of Europe and Asia, NY, 1959. Div, also lit. at articles,