Chorne more short description. Ecological characteristics of the Black Sea
The sea is of great importance for Russian Federation... Even through three aquatories - Chorne, Azovske and Kaspiyske - the state is tied from foreign countries.
All marine waters play an important role in the economy of the country. First of all, it stinks to smell the lack of necessary functions, for example, in transport and industrial spheres. In a different way, the seas powerfully bring tourists to themselves, which means the influx of pennies into the treasury of the state.
Tsi to be taken in a school course in a sufficient community, that is why it is necessary to go to vivchennya. The article is given in addition to the basic knowledge, which can be used during the presentation or abstracts.
Brief characteristics of the Black Sea
The Black Sea is the warmest in the middle of all waters of the Russian Federation. It's not like freezing, because icebergs are not growing here. The highest level of depth is 2245 meters. The whole sea is seen from now on to the new island. A number of inflow, as there is a water supply, within reach of the smallest sign.
There is little ribi in the Chorny Sack in the first half of the Old Seas of the Russian Federation. And on the right, shvidshe for everything, in that the water is full of water. The main promises are mullet and mackerel. Likewise, the non-rich Ribnium light can be amalgamated and obstructed by static waters.
The most beautiful Russian Chornomorsky port є the most beautiful place is Novorosysk. The staff of you will be able to serve the main transport of the viticultural oil in the foreign land.
Features of the Black Sea
Describe the pivdenne sea (photo of div. Vishche) gradually to the colony of the water level. It’s not just a fact that I’m witnessing about those archaeologists known to have found a settlement by sea archaeologists. The stench is so і have become lost in the days.
Water can be singular. On the right, there are two balls. The first mattress is 100 meters long, which is unbearable for the sake of desiccation. And in the lower sphere there is a great vmist sirvodnya. At the bottom of the sea, the valley is practically dead.
Azov Sea
Another pivdenne sea of the Russian Federation - Azovske. Territory won є one of the smallest on the planet and at the same hour the most watery. Maximum glybin to become 14 m. And in the middle - not more than 7 m. The water is warm, and the temperature reaches +28 ° С. 
Lead the Sea of Azov
Beyond the support of the vuzky and small Kerch canal, there is a given sea in Russia to share the waters of the Chornim. Aquatoria is described through friendly minds singing hour to that Volodya has a record number of ribs. In the main, before them lie the following: biluga, sturgeon, pike perch, lyash, oseledets and carp. At the connection with the changes in the area of the water surface (it is necessary to see through the frequent use of water reservoirs and the fall of water), the sea has become more salty and less productive.
Caspian Sea
The third invented sea of the Russian Federation in Caspian. There, at the entrance there are two in front, I will be closed by water. V geographer get into the lake. Make a shape, stretched out from pivnichi to pivday. Dovzhin yogo to become 1200 km, and the width - in the middle 320 km. 
Climat of the Caspian Sea
The Central Sea is located in Dekilkoh climatic zones... At winter - in the continental, at winter - in the subtropical, in the central part - in the world. It is often dry here. During the winter season, the temperature varies from -8 to +10 ° С, in summer - from +24 to +28 ° С. On the side of Russia (in the wintertime part) the sea is subject to strong ice, so the ice becomes close to 2 meters. Lead prodovzhu to stand close 3 months.
special features of aquatoria
Bagata with unique types of ribs. Naytsinnіshim from them є oseledets, kіlka, sturgeon, biluga, roach, carp, stellate sturgeon, sterlet.
Special attention is paid to the tse of the pivdenne sea. De to be found out? In such a miсci, you can do it with naphtha and gas genera. I know a lot about it, and it’s also a fact and became famous for water. The price of naphtha is not only on the Uzbeks, but on the sea bottom. The main Russian ancestors are located close to such countries as Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. 
Kolivannya Rivnya Vodi and Heritage
Through the frequent kolivannya rivnya waters of the Caspian Sea, there are problems. In addition, as a result, flooding of pre-communal settlements and towns and cities, ruining of sea ports, industrial and port structures. In addition, the Ribal settlements, after being transferred to the other territories, are seen after the overlap of the coastal towns. For what is this kaspiysk kolivannya tied? Fakhіvtsі vvazhayut, scho to the right in the relєfі and climatic minds.
Three hundred drops of water on the Earth earthly cool- at the same time, the odds on the territory of the land in the region are irregularly generated. To save water, to blow in before the new methods: pump clay into the soil, change the filtration into the soil, cover the surface with water with special synthetic water, etc. Tim spent an hour richly dry areas and roztashovany close to the water, however, salty, sea. For example, the waterless steppe Krim of the seawater. There is a lack of water on the green birch tree.
The Black Sea is the best Russian sea. The temperature of the water on its surface is 16 ° С, and the water temperature is more than 25 ° С. making hummocks up to 3 meters in height. In the vicinity of the rocks in the Odessa region, you will be able to use krigols for sailing ships by the sea.
Lead in a part of the sea to pretend for such reasons. Glibini here is somewhat small - up to 200 meters. When cooled, the water is stirred to the bottom. In quiet areas of the sea, de glibini are great, glibinia waters serve as a warmth for a charge. Small salinity of water in the winter-western part of the sea, viclikan by the tide of rychkovy waters, also has its own value. Low shores in the whole region give way to the cold masses during the winter and winter descent. All the processes are set to ice.
Especially in winter there will be some time, since over the European part of our land there is still an area of high vise - an anticyclone, which is a flood of waves at sea at night. Winter winds through the warm weather as the tide ripples from the Atlantic.
Area, busy with ice with a size of 30- 40 cm, and it is easy to trim 3 - 4 times, reach in the winter-western part of the sea from 1 to 20 thousand square kilometers. At the outflows and estuaries of Tovschina it takes about 50 hours, and sometimes it takes 70 centimeters, the triviality of standing from one to three and a half months.
Rіzki kolyvannya temperatury vinikayut at driving-down vіtrah. Zganyannya vodi to produce up to її coolness, surge - to the expansion of warmth inlib. At Krimu, once, when the water was driven a quarter of a year, the water temperature dropped by 12 ° C (from 23 to 11).
The temperature of the water in the depths of the sea changes from 200 meters to the very bottom, and the temperature of 8 - 9 ° C will rise and fall.
It means that the salinity of the Black Sea is two times lower than that of the ocean waters, and twice as much as the salinity of the Azov Sea and in the first place of the Caspian Sea. Near the Black Sea, in the middle of the White Ocean, there is much more calcium carbonate and calcium chloride, and less calcium hydrochloric acid. The change of salt in the storehouse of the salt is very insignificant, it is close to the Chornomorsk water to the river (not by salinity, but behind the storehouse of salts).
For its hydro-logical regime, the Chorne Sea is growing rapidly from one of the other seas. In some strong definitions, even more light surface ball (a little warm) lie on a large, salty lower ball. The emergence of two spheres is constantly being taken by the wine of fresh waters from the rych and defunct waters from the Azov Sea, and also clayey (schilnyh) waters from the Marmur Sea. The exchange of water between cimi balls is even weak.
Significant overheating of the water mass and accumulated heat for the winter. Great heat reserves of the sea, as if it were a manifestation, it should be looked at richly. We are positive, those who do not freeze the sea in their main part, and how much they keep up with the coast (klimatotvirnykh bureaucrats). Negative heritage є those who are superficial, strongly warm water cannot be cooled in the meaning of the world during the short period of the Black Sea winter. Weak winter coldness for a reasonably low salinity to bring to an even small increase in salinity and, even, to a slight drop surface waters(Not more than 200 meters). At the bottom of the balls, there is still water, where water does not penetrate from the surface of the sea, so there is a day of life.
Near the Black Sea, de water exchange, it is practical to go up to 150 - 200 meters of water, and at the bottom there is a bit of “corpse boards” of tall and natural organisms, instead of water, to reach 7.5 cubic centimeters of water, to the bottom of the water tank, billion tons. Stretching the rest of 1 - 2 thousand rockies, the number of times will be approximately last. I want to spend the whole hour watching water in the depths of the sea, and in parallel with it, there is the process of oxidation with water in the depths of the sea, lingering on the bottom and in the depths of the Black Sea.
At the Black Sea, iron bacteria, figuratively it seems, were shot with Kerch pvostriv. In a stretch of a thousand rocky rivers, they wined sour saline, bacteria transformed it into oxide, as now lie a 20-meter high ore on the Kerch Peninsula.
It was established that the waters of the Black Sea are approximately 8 thousand rocks, and Matsestinsky waters are more large: from 10 to 30 million rocks.
In addition to the water, in the sea water there is carbon dioxide, as it penetrates there from the morning and when the organisms are altered. Vitrified in carbonic acid by dewlins in the process of photosynthesis.
Take a seat in the sea water and nitrogen, non-energy gas, and avoid getting into the wilderness without entering into a reaction with other words.
The leader of the Black Sea will try to catch the rychok: Danube, kogilnik, Dnistra, Pivdenny Bugu, Dnipra, Ingulu, Mzimti, Psou, Bzib, Kodori, Inguri, Rioni, Chorokha, Kizil-Irmakir ) і through the Kerch channel (100 cubic kilometers per river). Fall over the sea give 250 cubic kilometers of water to the river. Lead the Black Sea through the Bosphorus channel (400 cubic kilometers to the river), through the Kerch channel (50 cubic kilometers to the river), take 400 cubic kilometers to the river.
The middle river of the Black Sea is approximately the same as that of the Baltic Sea, ale more (28 meters) of the river of the Caspian Sea.
The tidal events on the Black Sea are weak, as there is not enough sea area for their development. shodo small glybinі the width of the Bosphorus, the Dardanelli і the Gibraltarsky channel does not allow to pass through the ocean tidal waves. The magnitude of the tide-long-tide rivnya on the Black Sea is from 3 to 10 centimeters.
Besides the significant processes, in which they take the part of the waters of the Black Sea, there are two more types of ruins: flows and hvilyuvannya.
2.2. Ecosystem of the Black Sea
Ecosystem of Chernobyl is a biological system, which includes all the socially functional organisms, biotic sportsmanship and in combination with a physical middle, such a rank, as well as the energy of the structure, which clearly defines the cycle of biological processes.
Riznomanittya food and roslinniy svitu in the seas of the enemyє people.
So, in the Black Sea there are 250 species of algae. On the line of the surf it is possible to determine the water content of the horny color - coralline. At depths of up to 20 - 30 meters, the water content of cystose is alive on skeletal soils. Vaughn is a slan of more than a meter and is attached to a new "beard" from fibers. Proficiency in a settlement of seven kilograms per square meter. Bryozoans, worms and mussels live near cystozyria. A little more than a bag of green water: ulva (aka sea salad) і Laurens.
In a calm place, on a glybin of up to 10 meters, on a food and silty-food ground, a zoster is alive (abo sea grass). The growth is even wider in the wilderness-western part of the sea. There you can see the thick, half-water bows. At Zoster, there are grass scourges (vin riu nori in rootworms), worms, stingray stingray swim, sea horses, sea heads and shrimps. All the stench may look green or brown.
More than the others live the promislova water content of phyllophora, for sea grapes, which are called for the name of the similarity with grapes. Vona maє dark red color.
Є middle of algae and floating forms. Deyak from the cych of algae, for example, before, opening the light of the sea at night.
Morska grass - zostera is an excellent heat-insulating and polishing material, you can also choose to hang out for stuffing mattresses and soft furnishings, ulva and Laurens give delicious lively grasses. Cystose is good for grapes and other crops in the fermentation of the viglyad, or in the viglyad, the sols are burned.
The water growths of the building extinguish the hvili, overwhelming the rucks of ships, often winding on the gwent or settling on the bottoms. For rіk per 1 square meter of the underwater part of the vessel, there is a build-up of tens of kilograms of water growth.
One day to repair epidemic - a kind of water growth at once near all regions of the seas and oceans, de vin bags, and through a few rocks, the water grows again.
Persh nіzh pochati describe the creaturely light of the Black Sea, it is necessary to zupinitisya on the deyakie features that govern the marine organisms. Tsi specialty of wikklicans to the middle of the day (great salinity, salinity of sea water). In addition to all creatures organizmi vikoristovyuyuyuyuchin the sea water kisen. Bagato, they do not conceal a skeleton. A number of others lead a sedentary way of life, being brought to the creature by a stream of water.
Rospovimo about the main representatives of the food of the Black Sea. You need to say that you want the sea to be dead (only bacteria live there), and the population is deprived of a small surface sphere, how to become 12 - 13 huge spheres of the sea, life in the whole sphere is even more versatile and rich. For a number of species of creatures and roslin, known in the Black Sea, there is a loan from the Seredzem and Azov Sea.
Possibly describe the creation of light from the found forms. Before the warehouse plankton, for example, enter noctiluks, or night lights. The stench is smelled of ribs with a diameter of less than two millimeters. Noctiluks are small huts, the stench is swiftly swimming behind the help of their jgutics and glazing even more other organisms. The purchase of noctiluk is splendid in the period of warm autumn, unforgettable species is the splendor of the sea. The most wider lighting in the winter-western part of the city. Winikak vono at z'єdnanni cheery speech- luciferin with sour. As well as seeing and hanging luciferin, it can be seen directly from a living organism.
At the bottom of the sea, there are a few species of molluscs: oysters, music, Pecten, Litorin, tapes, modioleria. Especially abundant molluscs are in the Kerch prototypes, in the wilderness of the sea, on the Caucasian birch. Those from them, to live in the coastal zone, attach themselves to the ground with mint threads - byssus.
Near the Black Sea, there is a shellfish mollusk, which is a great ravlik. Wine is often seen off the Caucasian shores. Rapana їstivny. You can cook savory soup, and yogo meat can be cooked with sturgeon. Tilo rapani to take revenge on a special pigment, so that objects are barred into a red color.
Not so long ago, a new mollusk appeared on the Black Sea - mya. The name of the wine is nagadu mіdіyu, the dovzhinu is from 3.5 to 8 centimeters. Mya isstivna, promiscuous is carried out in Bagatyokh regions, and in the USA it is produced by pieces. Knowledge of molluscs in the winter-western part of the sea at depths of 7 - 10 meters on mulisty soils, navigate on such as rich water.
There are jellyfish, anemones and ctenophores in the Black Sea for intestines.
All are united alone characteristic particularity... As in the case of some organisms, etching is carried into the intestines, then the intestinal tract vasculature. It smells like only one opening, so it can serve both for chasing, and for seeing the surplus. For the peculiarity of the organism of the stench, they gave the name to the intestines.
Near the Black Sea, most often a jellyfish with the beautiful name "Aurelia" springs up; On the tips of the tentacles, open the mouths. The first of two species of jellyfish is not spun, but a friend can be given an opik, similar to an opik.
Golkoshkirich can be seen as an office, scho to guess behind the shape of a sea star. Stink like a mule.
At the pivdenno-western part of the sea, hesitate Morski Yizhaki... Dovgi gostrі goals on special "hinges" fastened to tila yizhak. If I want some small crabs, great ribs and sea birds (birds throw them from above on the skeleton and break up their shells), but all the stinks are stolen from the attack with their heads.
There are 180 species of ribs on the Black Sea. Promislove meaning mayut biluga, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon, oseledets, anchovy, sprat, sprat, mullet, red mullet, horse mackerel, mackerel, flounder, bonito, tuna. Mackerel, horse mackerel, pelamida, tuna come from the Sea of Marmur in Chorna, rise back: heat-loving ribs, for them the winter water of Chornomorska is cold. For example, mackerel comes to the Chorne more only if the temperature of the water is 8 ° C, and the winter is metaк in the Marmur Sea.
Horse mackerel in winter in the first part of the Black Sea. There її now catch on the light. Mullet, oseledets and hamsa (anchovies) are suspended from the Black Sea in Azovs'k for a year. When the water temperature is lowered to 6 degrees of rib, turn back in the Chorne more.
Ribs sturgeon breed ikra in the rivers of Don, Kuban, Dnipro, and salmon in the rivers of the Caucasian Uzbek. For the increase of salmon stocks in the Black Sea in the hand of one of the Caucasian rivers - the Black Sea - the fish of small ribs is held in special pools.
To be seen in the sea and in the vugri, in the river and in the sea. Richkovy height can be increased from a meter to the next meter and from 2 to 6 kilograms. Grumble vugri with riba, crayfish, molluscs.
In the middle of ribs, which does not seem to be of great industrial significance, it is possible to mean a scourge, sea yorzha, golku, conic, stickleback, dragon, zalenushka - a small yaskravu ribka, zdatnu with my teeth to crack the shells of molluscs; sea pivnya (or trigly) with the upper fins, shou krill, and the lower hard fins, spiral on the ribs, oversupply along the bottom; sea rice - a superbly unattractive riba with a great toothy flock. Win streiba along the bottom on the front fins, or to sit, partaking, and lure the riba to itself with a wriggling vusik, scho nagadu a worm.
Vishche said that the Chorne Sea was young in geology, and that organisms moved to new places, but they didn’t live before. The riba - triggerfish - settled here and there is still little vivchen.
Name the terrestrial creatures Bagatyom Ribam Dani: є here kit і Misha, konik, dog, fox.
Not only ribe, ale and sea animals are found in the Black Sea. Two for the last 90 years, whales flooded in the Chorna Sea. There are three kinds of dolphins. Most of the extensions in the middle of the dolphin-bilobochka, and by the great dolphin itself (3-4 meters per gin). Dikhayut dolphins with light, but not chickens. Probe under the water, vikoristovuchi supply of povitrya, the stench can be up to pivgodini. Being vityagnenyi on the shore, dolphins shine brightly, but not to the one who does not smell like chim dikhati, like ribs. Dolphin guinea saw an excess of her vagi, which is much smaller in water. On the land of the core, they repair the embossing one by one, strongly deforming at the same time.
The white-bellied black seal lives near the pivdennye areas of the sea. Tse - rіdkіsna creature, it is listed in the international Chervona book. Yogi was nicknamed Chentz for love until he was settled. In Lviv region, a few pairs of cich seals became victims of frost. The stench is lingering in the sub-water caves of the shores of Bulgaria and Turechchina.
Rspovimo trochas and about birds. On the Black Sea, there are a number of species of gulls and gulls: gull, sea dove, gull-hooded gull, mid-sea gull, chenrava and іnshi. There are a lot of them to nest in the region of the Chornomorsk state reserve, in the wilderness of the sea. Don't love seagulls if you have to go to their nests. In such vipadkas, the stinks carry over the nest on a new place.
On the birch trees of the Black Sea, you can see a seagull with a black head, a yak like a gooey sounding sound. Її so and they call it - Martin Kaspiyskiy.
Near quiet areas, there is a possibility of development and I go to the cich sandpipers of the bird Karavayki. Colir її is dark brown. Vona nest in colonies, often entrusted with herons, Baklanov. Fall in love with all the stench for riba.
There is one more dovonog, ale on the vidminu from sandpipers biliy ptah with a shank on the head, similar to a chaplus, with a great flat dziob - cauldron - a sack in the coastal areas on the winter entrance of the Black Sea, on the shores of the Azov Sea. Dribnu riba, toads, water comas, go right to the right.
Seeing on the Black Sea and now the birds of the pelicans - horny and curly. The horny pelikan has krila chorni, and the curly pelikan has a light-gray color. Stay so names to that, which is not easy to lie at, "curly". tse great birds with the majestic dzhob.
Above the Black Sea, the storm can be charged, far from the coast. The most common is maliy burevisnik. The range of the yogo krill is 20-25 centimeters. The birds fall in love with the game, they float low above the water, often waving krill. The back of the bird is of a dense black color, and the back of the bird is light.
Bagato s organisms, who linger in the Black Sea, are not safe for people, or for the builders of ships. І tree, і zalіzo, і stone, і concrete - everything is strong in the water of the sea organisms.
For example, the shores of the Sevastopol Bay, which are stored in vapnyaks, were thoroughly pierced with found green weeds. The robots of the algae finish off with storms, as they drive and take away ball after ball of coastal vapnyak into the sea. Bilya shores Sochi the bottom is lined with other molluscs-stone-moths. The number of openings reaches 4000 per square meter. Robot stonecutting and the sea lowering the bottom in the whole region by 3 5 meters per river. The broadening on the Black Sea and the stone-tailed mollusk is a folad. It is necessary to drill through the banks of the skeleton in the surf zone. Carbon dioxide, which is seen when organisms are altered, sluggish on hydraulic sporums, run a surface ball on concrete.
I especially respect the slides of animals that live in the sea water, but they are not safe for humans.
All kinds of oysters and music do not expect safe for the health of people. If the smell is good in the muddy waters (for example, at the port), then there can be a revenge of ailing microbiology. Like molluscs, spiymani in pure water, not too dull.
Among the not safe for the people of the Black Sea ribs, it is possible to refer to the sea scorpion. There is a small ribcage, on the back of her rosettes there is a black fin, which is nagadu vіtrilo, in which there is a slop. With a prick about a new one, a strong bele is seen.
Morskiy yorzh, for a scorpion, a scuyovdzheny viglyad, a brown-brown barb for the plumist, alive in the middle of stones and algae.
Amazingly, it’s not safe for the people of Ribi to develop, as a rule, close to fewer populations of the seashore and, of course, it’s not good at our small and sanatorium beaches.
There are no sharks in the Black Sea that are not safe for life. Here you can find only katran (prickly shark, sea dog) up to 2 meters long and a little plumist shark stsillium. Katrani is a lively ribi. Hanging stench to bring shark spat.
2. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE BLACK SEA AND BASIC SLAHI ЇX VIRISHENNYA
Lyudina can be make a friend, The best friend of nature. You can plant and grow vigorously a forest, you can plant such sorts of fruits, such as nicholas in nature, you can bring water growths, as they used to win gold from sea water. It’s a lot of people to come to visit Sochi, but I don’t know Yalti, but there were no palm trees, magnolias, and Himalay cedars. Їkh having planted a lyudin.
Ale, the great promises of the place, the starry rowing on the rivulets, the crimson digs from the bottom of the seas, the people get involved in the life of nature.
Russia has adopted a special law on the protection of nature. Lyudin, scho zod_yu skoda nature, punished as a violator of the law.
Chorny i Azov Sea Come in once to get an ecological become especially relevant, since the seas are closed, the exchange of waters with the ocean is weak, so you can get rid of the shkodi inhabiting these organisms. The Black Sea has difficulties in exchanging waters with balls. It is even more difficult to do.
By the term "water hardening" may be on the respect "introduced by people directly, either by word of mouth or by energy in the middle of the sea, as such a lot of inheritance, as a beast to living resources, not safe for the health of the sea of people, transferring the quality of sea water ".
At the same hour in nature there is not absolutely pure water, pure water is only distilled, ale is not suitable for life. In biology, technology, chemistry, medical understanding of "pure water" development. All to deposit for purposes, for those who are vicarious water.
From all kinds of hardships, I am not safe at once to present to Naphtha. Nafta beaches to see in areas, distant from Zhvavi sea shlikhiv... Accurate tribute about the number of naphtha was consumed in the sea, and the number of tons was estimated at a price.
It was established that the most amount of naphtha was consumed in the sea with the so-called ballast waters. Pislya vivantage naphtha and naftoproducts, the tanker does not lose the seafood, and the tanks are filled with a ballast - sea water... Before the new zavantazhennyam water is vikachuyut, albeit not in the sea - it is suvoro fenced off, but in a specially stimulated pool of clean sporud.
The pre-treatment of the behavior of marine organisms showed that naphtha and naphtha products could be nervously injected onto them. Otruunnya rib infusion when naphtha is mixed in water 15 milligrams per liter, and mediy - 40 milligrams per liter.
Come to Russia to get stagnant, so that the sea is hardened with naphtha.
All Russian ships, which take naphtha products, are secured with annexes, and then overflow overboard. At the ports and at the naphtha factories, there are installed water basins for the water, where naphtha can be recovered. Special stations receive oily waters from ships.
The Russian court will have a closed system of skidding water, and the static water, for an hour to take away fuel oil, will be cleaned in advance.
Vchenі work on new methods of purification of water from naphtha.
Besides the mechanical purification of waters, it is possible to be victorious and chemically, biologically. For example, in the Institute of Oceanology of the Academy of Sciences of Russia there are two ways to call oil. One of them transforms the naphtha float into the solid purchased, as it does not matter well from the surface of the water. It is the first way to re-create food in other bags, which can be sent by marine organisms. It is known, for example, that there are such bacteria that gnaw at naphtha. Їх і we are going to cultivate for the whole family. Deyaki molluscs, for example, media, send oil-containing inputs, transforming them into goodness for water. To breed many molluscs at a time to cleanse the sea in Novorossiysk Bay. Mіdії can live in very difficult water. Through one of the siphons, having opened the chairs, the stench will soak up the water, and through the other siphon it will be filtered. For the addition of a settlement with an area of 1 square meter, the building is profiltruvati 200 cubic meters drive.
Not only molluscs, but crustaceans, worms, jellyfish - filter organisms. The stench to cleanse our sea. It is impossible to admit that, they were thrown into the sea for fun, as if they were on the beach not only for children, but for grown-ups.
Krim naphtovoy zabrudnenya, I am not safe to become skidded in the sea of untreated waste waters... The resolution “About come in for the protection of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov” has been set to ask for such a discount again. This means that it is not only the industrial enterprises who are guilty of the culpability of the problem, but the allotment of the blame for the possession of the industrial water purification system. At the same time, it’s not only about the enterprises that have been rooted on the Uzbek seas, but about the rivers in the basins, which flow into the sea.
Enterprises for biological purification of waters were stimulated in Sochi, Krasnodar, in Adler, and mechanical purification was introduced in Novorossiysk, Arkhipo-Yosipivka, Khosta. In Tuapse, it is used to operate, which allows you to catch the fat from the waste waters.
It’s good enough to get lost in the purification of waters, to take revenge on otrutokhimikati and goodness, to the Silk State... It is necessary to reconstruct zlivovі skidi waters.
Pislya vikoristannya Matsestinsky sіrvodnevykh waters stench thrown into the sea at a distance of hundreds of meters from the coast. The closest hour of the special collection will be to recycle the water, and the purified water will know the victorious for technical purposes.
The sportsmen of the Azov-Chornomorsk Institute of the Ribal State and Oceanography have developed a way of purifying the waters, so that they can go to the sea to recycle the Chornomorsk phylophoria.
Ale virobnitstvo agaroid vimagaє rich vodi: with the preparation of one ton of the product, the amount of 1000 ton is vitrized. Vchenі thought: how to change the vitrata vodi? Chi can’t be victorious її again. Until then, they showed that only 50 bucks of water could be taken to replace only those wicked houses - siblings and turtles, which would be taken to the plant at once with water. Pristіy vіdstіynikіv allow vikoristovuvat water outside. This means that 500 tons of water can be saved on the skin ton of products. And if you soak up the water growth of purified, and not fresh, fresh water, as it is priced at a time, then you can save 250 tons in the same process. In such a rank, if the economy is not less than 75 miles of water, and the coastal waters of the Black Sea will not be obstructed by the entrances of the sea.
Carefully struggle with the obstruction of the waters in one place, as the stench will become obstructed in the other.
Given the massive protests of the international community against the naphtha obstruction of the ocean, a decal of international lands was already taken.
The sea will wander and іnshі speech. Stichnі water, grunts come in, kindly, miyuchі and disinfestation, insecticides, oils, resins, come from industrial virobnits (especially plastic and synthetic speeches).
Adopted in London in 1972, the International Convention of Fencing off in the Sea of Recipes, which reveals mercury, cadmium, and the input of plastic and synthetic materials, which cannot be easily found near the water, was accepted in London in 1972. It is allowed to flood at least 150 miles out of the coast at a depth of 2,000 meters or more (beyond the coastal powers) only as far as it goes, as it does not become insecure for growing and food.
The sinking of the ecological camp of the Black Sea viclikano in the first place of the Black Sea due to the significant entanglement of sea waters for rakhunok: 1) clouding the surface of the sea with naphtha and naphtha products in the great naphton-loading ports of the cities of Novorossiyska and Tuapse; 2) the availability of the necessary supply of water pipes (pipes); 3) ineffective robotic cleaning equipment and practically every day in numerical booths, camping and tourist centers; 4) unorganized autotourists, breaking up their parking lots and capturing Uzbek and coastal waters of the Black Sea.
Specific features of the ecosystem of the Black Sea and the coastal zone and the Caucasus
from the point of view of possibilities її obstruction and self-cleaning
The Black Sea grows heterogeneous (A.E.Bukatov, L.V. Cherkasov, 1983),
and in the new - irregularity (V.S.Bichkov, S.S. Strekalov, 1971).
Significant regions of the Black Sea, rivni obrisi basin, weak
roughness of the banks, slight development of the ice cover,
great glibini, Of course, it's great to get it straight
from entering the skid, set off friendly
when passing cyclones, and if they are directly affected by their character
close to the type of oceanic, may be great for dinner and height. Storms
three are encouraged in the main assessment of the charge; Dovzhina Khvil
reach 100m and height up to 6m, and in case of especially severe storms
hvili with a height of 7-8m.
Reduced salinity of water in the north-west part of the sea and negative values
the temperature will be produced here until ice is approved, but not choroku.
In particular, in the winter of the coast of Odessa, the coastline develops. At Dnipro-Buzkiy
і Dnіstrovsky estuary lіd pretend to be schozy; inodіtsei lіd to wine
at vіdkritі districts Z-Z parts of the sea (V.F. Sukhovey, 1986).
Naivazhlivіsha specific features of the ecosystem of the Black Sea -
vertical zonality of the ecosystem.
Richki, which flow into the Chorne Sea (Danube, Dnister, Yuzh Bug, Dnipro, Rioni,
Yesil-Irmak, Kizil-Irmak і ін.), Bring youmu more water, Brewing from the first surface, in conjunction with the second rivn, the rivn of the amber Sea of Marmur at -35 cm. average salinity NOT> 1.84% (in lime - 1.8%, and levied - 1.9%). Richkovy stick is injected onto the hydraulic structure of the Black Sea (N.P. Bulgakov z spivavt., 1998). On the exchange of natural waters of the Black Sea, a two-ball system of leaks is infused: 1) a surface leak - through the milky water and the vuzky Kerch channel in the Chornya Sea, less salt (1.1-1.4%) flows from the Azov Sea and the clay into the sea; 2) a surface leak in the Marmurov Sea and in Glybinna - in the opposite direction. Across the little water channel Bosporus, the Black Sea ulogovin will be replenished with the important waters of the Marmur Sea. Adjustment of the temperature of the water, correcting from the glibini in 90 m and more, observing; given only in the Black Sea. Per; to hang from the one that flows through the Bosphorus heat and salt water Marmurovaya sea is bigger than a pitoma wag, nizh mensh solon chornomorska. Raise the heat recovery from the clay; to burn down and replace the coldness; Jenny on the surface of the water. So about; at once, in winter months From the sea clays, the heat is supplied to the surface for the whole hour. The water exchange is a key factor in determining the hydrochemical and hydrophysical structure of the Black Sea. zavdyaki bilsh viskuy pryvnyu The Black Sea in the middle of the Seredzemny (the difference in the depth of the Bosphorus is ~ = 35cm), the vineyard stretching from the Black Sea, to grow slightly salted water in the ball to the depth of 20-40m. In the bottom balls, a convection flow from the Sea of Marmur develops in the field of water, which does not carry a salinity of 3.6%. Obsyag transferred by the skin plate is prone to seasons and rocks, in fallowness from the river runoff. In the middle of the Black Sea, wine grows ~ 370 km3, and in the middle of the Black Sea it is 180 km3, which becomes 1/2500 of the last. Salt water sinks into the deep water valley of the sea and drifts dynamically to the rockline (a ball with a gradient of brilliance), like the surface of the water, freshened by a stream runoff from the clay water. Obsyag surface waters with a decrease in salinity do not perevish 50 yew. km3, tobto ~ 10% of the overburden of the Black Sea waters. Vіdkritі regions of the Black Sea occupy> 75% of this area, being a typical meromіctіcheskіm (two-ball) basin. From the shores to the central part of the sea, the salinity of water increases from 1.65-17.5% to 1.8%. In balls from 50 to 200m, it grows by 0.25%, in larger balls, it grows step by step, reaching at the bottom of 2.2-2.25%. In a haloclin, which has been dispensed with surface and salty water, the salinity changes by 0.25-0.35%, and the coefficient of vertical diffusion Kz changes in the middle to 0.1-0.2 cm2 / s. Density stratification (significant gradation of salinity, as well as in clay water), which is not ruined during the period of the most severe winter cooling of surface waters, overshoot the normal change in the penetration of the surface of clay and clay 180 -200 m, as a result of the processes of bacterial sulfate reduction (H2S recovery), one of the main features of the Black Sea is waterborne infection - at the depths of 180 m є in the range of gas water, in the first place. And so, like sirvoden є with gas, in which life is unpleasant, the Chorne Sea is 180 meters deep and more uninhabited. Yogo glibini is absolutely amused life: in them there can be no life of any kind of growth and creature, except for water-growing bacteria. Instead of water at a depth of 180 m ~ 0.33 g / l, and at a depth of 2000 m, step by step increase, reach 6.55 g / l (S. Tarskiy, 1928); for the data of M.E. Vinogradov from sp_vr. (1992) concentration of H2S, increased with glybin, below 1500-2000m, reaching 12-13mg / l.
On other-scale processes of vertical mixing of waters deyakiy
injecting methane gases from the bottom of the Black Sea (V.N. Egorov z spivavt., 1999).
The main cordon may be higher in all biological and abiotic characteristics
є ball of the main picnocline, which divides the ecosystem into two tiers:
1. Upper tier (lower boundary є ball of maximum gradients
і the lower boundary of the purchase of meso-plankton) with a whole range of dressings
with oxygen waters and names by the aerobios tier. Ce biotope for phytoplankton -
the main range of mesoplanktonic creatures (desoseeding up to 99% of the mass) and biotope ribs.
2. The largest cities in the area are active phytoplankton.
does not penetrate, but for mesoplankton ci glibini є the area of sterile
gallows. The lower tier will hunt the entire underlying water supply, including
purely anaerobic balls
ball spivisnuvannya sisnyu and sirkovodnya
і a ball of oyster-deficient waters, in a concentration of oysters -
I do not change 0.2-0.4 ml / l and in the same hour the presence of water
(Less than 0.05-0.1 mg / l) (M.E. Vinogradov z spivavt., 1992).
Oxygen defect ball and C-ball
and water, the lower boundary - the surface of the more anaerobic
waters) populated by a specific faunistic complex of the simplest,
including species with symbiotic anaerobic bacteria.
Alle the main bag of the lower tier - bacteria, which, for its own sake, is used for chemosynthesis, which is obtained mainly in the case of oxidized or renewed spillover, or on the basis of organic speech. Education of bacteriological products of nitrifiers, but Methanotrophy is also quite useful here, because there is a great role to play. This rank, the waters below the picnocline, can be called the chemobios zone.
In this hour, it is not possible to statistically grounded talk about pidyom
the upper boundary of the watery waters, but it is impossible to block out and weak
turned to a trend of this kind, but if it is vin and є, then it is even small
and the change of the upper water line can only be seen
in the waters under the ball of maximum gradients of schilnosti, which is the main
hydrophysical and ecosystem cordon in the pelagic zone of the Black Sea.
All the wines of the glibin of the lagoon of the upper boundary of the water-water -
crocheted with pidyom and dropping piknoklinu and can be knitted only
go to him, yak to the Krishka of the majestic cauldron
Black Sea. At the surface of the ball, water can only penetrate
in that case, as to the surface, the picnocline can be seen, but also,
freshened with river runoff will water, or they will not be salted less,
lower by 0.25%, which does not leave. At the centers of rosy cyclonic
cycles through the increase of a number of organic speech in 1989r.
in the early 1960s. Intensity of sulfate reduction (H2S emission)
increased 3-5 times, or increased immediately and intensity
oxidized H2S. Collecting the dome of the main cyclonic circuits
vyavlyayutsya zone of the Chornomorsk upwelling, the upper boundary of the piknokline in them grows up to 20-40 m glibini (tobto in the boundaries of the eutrophic ball). For the most cold period on the domes of the main circuits through the piknokline, it grows in the middle 3-4 yew. Km3 (by an order of magnitude I change the rychkovy runoff) with rich nutrients of water, yak, mix with cold surface water in a ratio of 1: 5, a cold industrial ball is set up, and an eutophonic zone with biogenic elements. Tsey pidyom is one of the leading officials, which helps to start biological productivity. Here the wintering growth of algae and the "blooming" everywhere and phytoplankton in the birch (ME Vinogradov spivavt., 1992) will begin.
Anthropogenic change of hydrochemical and biological characteristics of the sea
Refined by the blame in the industrial and the Silk-and-Gospodar region, the Black Sea serves as a natural spring of water from its territory. The increase in the area of water intake to the area of the mirror (422tis. Km2), which is 4.4, is an order of magnitude higher, lower in the middle ocean (0.4). The price of the occurrence of fallowness of the sea to the runoff from the land serves as an indicator of the intensity of the inflow of anthropogenic factors into the ecosystem. Stronger, often ruinous inflow on the biological industry of the sea and its industrial potential is not rational, but it is permissible to overwhelm, promiscuous and drift from the other regions of the watery settlements, such as the auto plague of the sea. Also, for the ecosystem of the Black Sea, there may be a decrease in water regulation and change in flow, as well as to increase the salinity of the surface ball and reduce the gradation in the ice line, as a result of an increase in water loss. ...
The Black Sea lies in a zone that goes from humid to foreign minds. For a non-characteristic meaning of natural fluctuations in the climate and the size of the runoff, there is a cycle (rock and ten years). To this, the natural climate fluctuations of the trends, the anthropogenic influxes, which in the last 3-4 ten years led to great changes in the structure and function of the ecosystem of the Black Sea and the development of the ecosystem of the Black Sea, led to great changes. Throughout the 1980s, the rocky development of the new invasion - the ctenophore-Mnemiopsis catastrophically reduced the stocks of other plankton-eating ribs (and in the Sumy Sea of Azov - an ecological catastrophe).
A change of gidrochimichnyh minds, which will be found in the last ten years, tied up with a snake runoff. All the great rivers that flow into the Chorna Sea, are regulated, "growing" spring floods, for a few wine grapes earlier up to 70% runoff and a great amount of used material; Now there is a great part of the silicon-addicted vipadє in the bottom of the attachment. Over 50 years (1928-1978), the average concentration of phosphates fell from 1.54 to 0.35 (~ 5 times), and silicon - from 54 to 5 (11 times) μg at / L. The average concentration of nitrates in the 0-50m sphere fell by 8-10 times, instead of the organic carbon (Corg) it increased from 2-3 to 8-12 mg / l, the concentration of organic phosphorus (Porg) increased to 1-1.2 and Norg to 11-25 μg at / L. In the winter-western part of the Black Sea, especially in the mouth of the river, the magnitudes of the mountains are higher and higher. Risko increased (up to 0.4-2.2 μg at / l) concentration of Nam in the continental shelf, and in the deep-water part of the sea in the surface sphere of concentration of ammonia, little changed (M.E. Vinogradov z spivavt., 1992).
In the Black Sea, the classical scheme of transformation with nitrogen in the production-destructive cycle of aerobatic waters has been changed, if organic nitrogen-rich water is deposited, the accumulation of ammonia, at the same time, is reduced. Near the surface waters of oxygen, there is a process of decreasing the concentration of Norg, an increase in the concentration of Nam, and nitritis is practically visible (less 0.3-0.4 μg at / l); Gradually increase the concentration of nitrates (up to 6-9 μg at / l), or, when there are some recent renewed seeds (water, sulfates, thiosulfates and in.) concentration of nitrates to zero. In sirvodnevoy products from mineral forms of nitrogen, the presence of only ammonia, the concentration of growth in glybin, reaches 100 μg at / l. To that, the Black Sea is called "amonian" in the case of the porous as "nitritic" (or "nitratnyh"?), The Holy Ocean (M.E. Vinogradov, sp., 1992).
The waters of the sea and the oceans are not uniform in terms of their power, they are built around the water masses, in fact they establish a hydraulic structure (VN Beznosov, 1998). The main water mass lasts for a tricky hour and the evolution of marine ecosystems is rich in its structure. The result is to reduce the destruction of the historically formed structure of water masses to produce the last biological changes.
O.A.Andreev with sp_vavt. (1997) evaluated the biofilter potential of the Russian waters of the Finskoy inlet. During the period of 70-100% of the nitrogen supply will be absorbed into the contiguous part of the inflow, and the phosphorus will be carried over here from the entrance in several quantities, so that it can reach 60-160% of the supply, so that it should come from the St. Petersburg region " enterprise "). The levy of the situation changes, if the nitrogen reduction is reduced to 4%, and phosphorus is added to the growth for the secondary absorption, so that the phosphorus is seen from the bottom with water. As a result of model experiments, it was established that it is possible to achieve a radical (even for the skin 5 years) rapid improvement of biological elements from the land for a ten-year decrease in eutrophication in the most critical areas of the sea. At the same time, the speed of nitrogen growth can lead to a compensatory growth of nitrogen fixation and the boisterous "bloom" of toxic blue-green algae.
For the data of Yu.A. Sorokin from spivavt. (1982) Intensive removal of nutrients in sea waters, one of the most important factors in anthropogenic inflow, in addition to which there can be a large number of development of certain types of planktonic water growth, if the concentration of water in the surface exceeds 15-20 m3. Such biogenic eutrophication supervises with pests, negatively infuses on natural ecosystems sea waters. In addition, the introduction of nutrients into the marine environment by the cold waters will lead to a change in the chemical regime of the waters, the recovery of overseas changes in the warehouse and biomass components in plankton and bottom spirits and in. Negative manifestations (Microbiol. Zagr-x water, 1976).
E.V. Makarov with sp_vavt. (1995), carried out in 1993-1995. complex chemical and biological indicators of the coastal aquatorium, came to the notice about the accumulation of toxic spoluks of the Black Sea ribs, which are of order with some indicators, it is clear that the environment is unfavorable in the current
In the university coastal zones with glibines up to 15-20 m (up to 1-2 km wide from the shore), the introduction of macrophytes into the utilization of mineral components becomes more difficult. In tsy zones of growth, the role of benthic filter feeders (K.M. Khaylov і іn., 1983).
The Black Sea has over 2000 species of marine organisms. Three ribs (more than 160 species of ribs) are industrial values such as hamsa, horse mackerel, sprati, mullet, flounder, oseleder, sturgeon (biluga, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon). There are 3 species of dolphins living near the sea (the production of fences since 1966). Among other resources, the most significant is water growth (phyllophora, cystose, zoster) and spineless (music, shrimp, oysters, etc.). The great value of the development of aquakul'turi (zokrem, individual breeding of mussels, trout), as well as the acclimatization of salmon, perch, far-flung mullet (S.G. Boguslavskiy, A.F. Visotskiy, 1985). For the tribute of B.D. Tegetaev from sp_vavt. (1988) average biomas of molluscs (mids) on banks near the Pivnecaucasian Uzbek coast of the Black Sea (on the first path to Misu Utrish) - 18kg / m2 of bottom, and on larger small-water banks - 8kg / m2 with small , 4kg / m2. Despite the fact that 70-80% of the population is available in the hydrometeorological minds for 15-16 months, the mariculture of molluscs in our country is a new state of affairs, as there are 30 three more rocks.
Macroplankton of the Black Sea includes three common species of jellyfish creatures: two species of jellyfish and an invader - comb jelly-mnemiopsis. The number of jellyfish-aurelia grew strongly in the 1970s, more than two orders of magnitude outweighed the estimates of the late 1950s - the ear of the 1960s, since about 675ths lived in the entire water area of the Black Sea. t qih jellyfish. The stench took over the ecology-trophic niche, as it smelled through the decrease in the reserves of rib-plankton-feeders, which served as an indicator of glib snakes in the ecosystem of the Black Sea. Richna products of jellyfish-aurelia became close to 900 million tons in syrup viglyadі (or 1-2 million tons in coal) until 1988r. - before sleeping, the development of the ctenophore-mnemiopsis - a trophic competitor of Aurelia, which is young. Gelendzhik has a number of young comb jelly-mnemiopsis (up to 10 mm in diameter, which grows in plankton in a stretching rock) reach a peak (ponad 9 thousand copies / M2) in lime-crescent; the maximum biomasi (in the zhovtnі-leaf fall) should go down to April. At the quarter 1990r. in the Gelendzhik-Anapi region, the ctenophore biomas reached 12 (with an average value of 4) kg / m2 of syroe mass. Such gigantic concentrations of the ctenophore, which survived the life-changing organisms of zooplankton (from infusors to ribbed larvae) radically changed the structure of the Black Sea planktonic populations (M.
At the Tsemesskaya Bay, planktonic food production of hydrobirds is represented by species that are typical for the entire coastal zone, but they are not distinguished by great indicators of the number of biomasi. The basis of phytoplankton is stored by other diatoms of water growth, which do not have a high fodder significance. The number of diatoms is dominated by bento-planktonic species. Likewise, fewer previous and representatives of these groups. The average biomass of phytoplankton in the region becomes a value of the order of 200-400 mg / m. Zooplankton is represented by a small number of hygroscopic organisms, the fodder significance of such viscera. Maximum expansion of pelagic species and zooplankton. Copepodi, tintinnidi, cladocer dominate for the number and biomas. In the planktofauna of the region, less mice are occupied by larvae of benthic organisms: two-stalked and black-legged molluscs, crayfish. The benthic fauna of the region is not renowned for its species diversity. There are widespread representations of zoobenthos cystose phytocenoses, which can reach the area of hydro-construction up to 10-15m glibini. In overgrown cenoses, there are growing groups of molluscs, cancer-like ones, and polychetes are often less represented. The zoobenthos of fluffy soils in the area is not representative, which is tied to the nature of the bottom layers. The middle bagatore biomas of bentho fauni are varied in the boundaries of 8.3-16.4 (in the middle 11.4) g / m2. Algoflora region includes more than 70 types of macrophysiology, the basis of which are purple and water growth. The greatest number of species is found in cystose phytocenoses, which occupy the main area of the bottom of the region. The middle bagatoric biomass of macrophytes is wandering along the depths, storage in the middle of 2.3 kg / m2 (Program NTPPK, 1998).
Features of the ecosystem in the coastal and in the most critical areas of the sea
The stand of the ecosystem of the Black Sea is quite different in the coastal and extreme areas, which is tied to the peculiarities of the circulation of waters. The upper currents of the Black Sea represent a system of cyclonic circuits, the main part of which is to pass through the coasts of the sea against the old road, the ancient and secondary circuits to establish internal cyclonic currents. Directly of gallinnyh leaks most often it is used with the scheme surface leaks. Zagalna scheme surface water circulation in the sea is shown in Fig. 3.2 (M.E. Vinogradov z spivavt., 1992).
Small. 3.2. Zagalna diagram of the near-surface circulation of the Black Sea waters
Cyclonic mainly Chornomorske stretch (Rim Current) quilted near the entire sea, flowing in the central parts of the western and skidny regions in the great cyclonic circuits. Near the secondary part (on the path towards the Rim Current) there are more cyclonic (and in the early part of Batumi - small, rather intensive anti-cyclonic) circuits. In cyclonic circuits, they pass through the waters, and in the anti-cyclonic and on the outer periphery of the Rim Current, they descend. As a result of the meandering of the Rim Current and the second lateral grating on the mainland, the anti-cyclonic vorticity of the current in the coastal zone along the shelf edge has seized, a train of anti-cyclonic eddies are generated. With the vuzky shelf, the stench, mabut, collapses at once in the current, or, in the wide (in the north-west part of the Black Sea), a quasi-stationary character swells. Tsi vikhori zashvayy may vlіpsovіdnimі form from the great vіssu, the orієntana vdovzh of the coast (div. Fig. 3.3).
Near the coastal half of the eddies (between the great vissyu and the shore), the orbital brook is opposite the Rim Current and along the shores of the winery, there is a change of waters, which are straightened behind the one-year-old river, but it is good for the Caucasian vineyards.
At the anti-cyclonic vortexes, accumulation of water rises and further down, as it sinks from the sinking of waters on the periphery of cyclonic circuits. Їх the folding of the accumulation of water near the mainland and the formation of quasi-stationary zones and convergence (convergence of leaks). In cold weather, convergence on the last Cordon of the Rim Current appears on the surface along the lines (smooth) and the purchase of floating smitty. The Caucasian Uzbek won is located 5-7 miles (and mensh) from the coast. When the coastline of the convergence reaches the edge of the coast, it makes compensation for the water flow along the continental slope, which is meaningful when it passes through the Uzbek coastal antipsychological eddies, for example. When there is a lot of water flowing from the cold intermediate ball, the water temperature drops to a low temperature near the coast. The frontal zone, similar to the slope fronts, is pretended to be such a rank near the mainland school of the Black Sea. open to the ocean... The frontal zone appears to be a straining hydrochemical bar, until the maximum concentration of Zn, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg, as well as chlorine and organophosphorus pesticides and PAHs (M.E. Vinogradov, 1992)
When there is a decrease in progression and freshened coastal waters with more cold and salty waters of the Rim Current, there is a decrease and a sinking of water. Gravitational sedimentation of organic and inorganic suspensions, as well as turbulent isopycnic rods, produce a suspension of water from the mainland to recover the suspension waters. The stench descends on the convergence of the coastal waters and takes water from the surface spheres to the depths of the sea from the coast of the harbor and into the world as the waters of the sea from the main coastal anthropogenic runoff. Z clay water It is easy to spread across the water area of the sea and its share, flexibility and latitude are widespread, but it is shown on mathematical models that it is extended in the sea of passive houses (A.E. Horus, 1987). І in the surface spheres the isolation of the Rim Current waters from the coastal waters is very common, and periodically the coastal vikhori occur as a transfrontal transfer. Protect the nature of the shelf and offshore ecosystems, the processes of biological production, the steps and the nature of anthropogenic injections on them, and they are more likely to be associated with a number of problems (M.E. Vinogradov, 1992).
The phytoplankton biotope is a ball of water above the piknokline, which in the Black Sea lies on the nabagato menshy glibin, below in the other seas. In such vipads, "blooming" by phytoplankton can develop, depending on the length of the stratification of eutrophied zones, such as the magnification of the thermoclin. To this, for the most critical areas of the Black Sea, wintering "tsvitinnya" is typical. V lіtnіy period(Cherven-Veresen) biomas phytoplankton less, less in the period of spring "color" (especially in the last year, since in phytoplankton the role of heterotrophic and mixed phytoplankton is great. 1992).
Coastal shelf ecosystems have been developed to an especially strong anthropogenic inflow. Stick rik carry here all the available load of brute force. A ruinous effect on the function of coastal spilnos on the basis of eutrophication, a vicious victory from the fields of old good and organic wine. There is a great inflow of local coastal hardships due to the spiteful, industrial and by-river runoffs of settlements and recreational complexes, as well as some glimpses of coastal spilnias. Industrial trawls can overwhelm bottom biocenoses and damage them more normally. Dumping the soil and waking up to produce turbid water and a sharp decrease in the activity of phytoplankton and coastal macrophytes. snake chemistry warehouse coastal waters to produce up to the wintry warehouse bioti. Bacterial microflora, fungi and most common bacteria develop on the Alochthonous organic speech, and in 1992, the recycling of biological elements and the recovery of the primary products (ale) does not grow. The stike, the stationary stand of the ecosystem of the continental shelf of the Crimea and the Caucasus, has been destroyed. The aggravation of the situation, connected with the damaged ecosystem of coastal waters in the regions of the Chornomorsk resorts, viklikane persh for all local releases of unpurified or poorly purified waste waters, which supply the coastal zone of the sea organic speech(Bilki, fat, carbohydrates), mineral and organic spoluke biogenic elements. Naybіlsh strongly obstructed streams and bays of great places (Novorossiysk, Gelendzhik, Sukhum, Poti, Batumi). For example, volleys of emergency Wikidis from the re-equipment of the Batumi oil refinery in 1989. they brought up 7this to get into trouble. km2 of aquatoria with a change in 5 times as of the year 1988 rub. Every hour of emergency bottling of naphtha hydrocarbons in the GDK grows in hundreds and thousands of times. It is possible to wash for "freezes" with a small shortage of sourness (25% of the weed) in the bottom balls, so that the extreme quantity of bottom alcoholic products (12g / m2) is used. The inflow of local skids is surrounded by space; as a rule, even in 100-200m from the release, the concentration of mineral components in the runoff decreases by 90% (to 10 times), and organic - by 60% (to 2.5 times), so that the decrease in mineral components in the runoff increases nіzh organic. Oxidative processing and foreign drainage in the world of microplankton, the structure of food production at the same time as it is possible to conceive of a hundred wines. So in Yalta zatotsi, kudi from 1968 p. to 1983r. runoffs were released, the role of pyrophytic in the phytocoenosis decreased by 1.5-2 times, and the role of diatom was reduced; with a large number of phytoplankton species, the rate of growth was 20-30%. In the zones of low-water vodi, it was meant "color" of water, the wiklican by a massive development of phytoplankton species. In the zones of local emissions, the concentration of heterotrophic, saprophytic microfloria, which is an order of magnitude larger, lower in the background, cleverly clean water, and quilting for 0.5-1 km of water is especially high. In the open-minded Caucasian Uzbek (for some characteristic high shelf and steep shores), anthropogenic influx is known in the best world. In the late 1970s, there was a lot of traffic in the dark bays of the Gelendzhik type. Ale, before the end of the 1980s, unaffected by active water exchange, so that leaks on the coast could not be taken care of, the ecosystems of the bays (Novorossiysk, Blakitny, Gelendzhik, Sukhum) ceased to cope with eutrophication, increased Otruynykh Rechovin (M.Y. Vinogradov z spivavt., 1992).
The amount of toxicants on plankton and bottom organisms-filters reduces the health of the coastal ecosystem to self-purification, just as much as it can infuse eutrophication, which leads to the accumulation of bacteria in the water (including the most pathogenic bacteria). Among the oil-oxidizing bacteria, the form is evolving, which is clearly a genotoxic and DNA-ear-juvenile effect, which will not only improve its potential, but not only for hypochondriacs, but for people. The legacy of such a secondary organic endeavor is a style of water quality depletion, a sour regime and, as a result, of ribo storage and recreational value with water. This is one of the main reasons for the decrease in the reserves of sprat, horse mackerel, flounder, etc. Rib, spostering from the 1980s. belittling foreign number The population of ribs became the main reason for the rapid growth of a number of jellyfish-aurelia, which took over the ecology of plankton-eating ribs, and the development of the ctenophore-mnemiopsis took off.
Peculiarities of the Black Sea coastal zone
The shores of the Black Sea are weakly porous. Here є, deprive one great p_vostr_v- Krimsky and a number of relatively small inflows along its periphery and on the western Uzbek coast. In tsіlomu for Chorny sea characteristic perevazhny rozvitok abrazіynih beregіv at tsomu in skhіdnіy i pіvdennіy sea Chastain, de roztashovuyutsya molodі gіrskі sporudi alpіyskoї skladchastostі, perevazhayut visokі goristі abrazіynі coast, and in zahіdnіy chastinі, de basic role vіdіgrayut zhorstkі shaved edge drevnoї Rosіyskoї platform i Baikal storage, - virivnyan accumulative and abrasive-accumulative shores. The development of abrasion processes at the descent of the sea is also small in the edge of the shelf. At the Caucasian Uzbek edge, it is not easy for the shelf to go without the middle to the coastal zone. Tse zumovlyuє will appear steep dips underwater skyla (in the boundaries of Pitsundskoy bay inodі up to 30 °) (A.G. Kiknadze, V.P. Zenkovich, 1976), when we lay down to the shore of the great stormy gully beachless beaches ...
The Caucasian shores of the Black Sea are mountainous in winter, and low in winter. The downward Golovny Kavkazsky ridge runs subparallel to the coastal line of the half of the Uzbek coast and the second, often terraced, cut off to the sea by steep ledges. At the paved part of the Uzbek economy, great accumulative sounds (Adlersky, Pitsundsky, Sukhumsky, Burun-Tabiysky) are re-fermented, as a rule, the wine went through a fold evolutia. In the early days of the Chornomorsk coast of the Caucasus, I will reach out to a larger part of it. For the rest of the accumulation of sediments of the bucket, it is confined to the local wintries, tied with the girdles of the rivulets, to the vantage of the waves of the coastal streams of sediments from the accumulative branches, because of the drift of the drifts in the lower banks along the side of the bank. (Sochi, Ochamchira and in.). There are boulders-pebbles and pebble beaches. At the same hour, the rich accumulative children began to see intensive growth, in the vicinity of the beaches, the boules increased in price. The lift is going to navigate the accumulative shores of the great Colchis lowland, confined to the great Alpine midget valley. In the districts of Poti, Kobuleti, Adlya, the swiftness of the coast reached 3 m / rik, and on the other dilyankas of the Uzbek Abkhaz and Adjara - in droves up to 5-16 m / rik (A.G. Kiknadze і іn., 1984)
On the dynamics of the Caucasian shores, the great influx of rich homelands and the top of the sub-water canyons, which overwhelm a part of the long-shore streams, are wicked by the very bottom of the coast (G.A. Safyanov, 1977; V.A. Safyanov, 1977; M. Peshkov і ін., 1977). The most sub-water canyon Shark was glazed in the middle, close to 80 yew. M3 sediments in the river, right at the same time against the fast solid runoff of the suspension river. Bzib caused the retreat of the coast for a day out to the canyon in the boundaries of the western-western Uzbek coast of the Pitsunda, about 1 m / rik (V.M. Peshkov, 1977). In the 1980s, the rocky came in for the stabilization of the coastal design.
In the inter-coastal zones from Sochi to Batumi, five alongshore streams of sediments are developed, which are straightened in the lower reaches of the Kolkhida lower reaches along with the inflow of ancient and ancient and ancient winds, 1977: Mzimti - Musser pagorbi; Mussera - Sukhum mis; Sukhumska bay - girlo r. Kodori; girli r. Kodori - Mis Burun-Tabie; girli r. Korolis-Tskhali is the place of Kobuleti. Skin potik is a closed dynamic system, where there is little power to liven up, and the dividing line of the sediment (underwater canyon and steep was called glybin) abruptly re-entangled the flow of sediment. The demand for streams of sediments rises from 3-15 yew. М3 / рік (mouth of the Bila river and on the first step from the mouth of the Chakvi river) up to 150-220 yew. М3 / рік (mis Burun-Tabie and on a weekday from the arm of the Bzib river). Small in length alongshore flow of sediments of the peninsula right on the side of the Chorokhi river. Until recently, most of the bitter hard runoff of the river was destroyed close to the її hand in the underwater canyon, but 150 thousand m3 / rіk collapsed on the new bridges of the coast, but they could not have defended the development of the drift in the center As a result, the bank of the river. Chorokhi and the city of Batumi experienced a strong surge for an hour. In the 1980s, there was a rock for replenishing the flow of sediment pads in the bypass of the underwater canyon of pulp pipelines, which fed a piece of pebble material from the channel without a middle before raising the distance, but it allowed to significantly lower the bank here. Another sub-water canyon - Burun-Tabie is flanked farther away by the extended shore of the town of Batumi. Here the triva akumulyatsiya came from the side of the river. Chorokhi sediments of the Bula were poured into the habit of entering the pier of the Batumi port and actively progressed until the 1960s. If the line of the coast has come close to the top of the canyon, it has become stronger, and the accumulative whistle has grown up. From the beginning of the Burun-Tabie canyon, I will increase the load of sediments from the last day, and also an intensive development of the coast for the first time to Batumi.
An even greater expansion of the coast is characteristic of the early mountainous shores of the Crima, which expose to strong weather and weather from the beginning and from the beginning. Ruynuvannya shores will be primed here by the sanctuary of strained zsuviv in widespread clayey rocks. Mysciami zsuvi mayut an area of hundreds of square meters. For example, the place Alupka grows on 6 great zasuvs, which tend to lie in all kinds of factors: the inflow of underground and surface waters, sea abrasion, the severity of the week and in. In the Danish hour, there are plenty of small shores of Pivdenny Krimu. In the minds of the great rivers, they supply to the coastal zone a significant amount of aluminum material, and the straining alongshore streams of sediments dynamically ringing around the coastal areas, the coast is even weak, and here it is not successful to hear locally coastal drifts. Stagnation of growth, often complex (for one-hour recovery from suviv and abrasion) engineering structures: embankments with pedestrian walls, traverses, hvilerizi, buni from a piece of fabric<карманы>, Wave-breaking walls, not easily folding profile, і ін.
Deyakі economic-geographic views about the Uzbek coast of the Black Sea on the village of Novorossiysk-Tuapse
The international legal status of the Black Sea is grounded on principles international law, Ale maє specific rice, pumovlenі geographic provisions The Black Sea, tied with the other seas only by the channels - the sea territory of Turechchini. At the Black Sea, a number of outlying areas of the sea have been established on the internal waters, on the territory of the sea, and on the areas of the sea. All of the Black Sea states to withdraw their sovereign rights over the continental shelf for the development and development of yogo natural resources... The width of the territorial waters at the same time with adjacent zones does not exceed 12 nautical miles. In the open spaces, there is a regime of open sea with vignettes, established by the Convention of 1936r. about the duct mode. Subject to the 1982 Convention. part of the Black Sea beyond ter. waters can be distributed between the Black Sea powers in the economic zones, in which stench there can be sovereign rights for the development, distribution and protection of the living and mineral resources And also the jurisdiction of the establishment of piece islands, installations and equipment, marine science doslijens, to the protection of the marine environment. The Black Sea has been classified as such. Zakrytykh and napivzrytykh seas, such as the Convention of 1982r. vimag of the coastal states of the spіvpratsі mіzh itself in zdіsnennі їkh rights and ob'yazkіv as well as preserving the marine environment, carrying out marine science awareness and so on. (S.G. Boguslavskiy, A.F.
Before coming to Russia, the Circassian and Adygean tribes inhabited the offense and seized the Great Caucasus in the number of not less than a million cholovik. Before the hour of the end of the day, the part of this time is meant, and after the end of the day, it was too much to be punished to hang from the city villages and settlements on the flat-land of the village Turkish uryad proponuted hospitality to immigrants, England gave it to the court, and stretching 1864-66. Bulo registered 474 thousand cholovik, hanging in Turechchina. Відтоді Chornomorske uzberezhzha desolate. The first decline of the Circassians in 1864. There were 800 families of Kozaks, ex-soldiers and sailors, such as the district of Russia, having resettled primusovo and opened 12 villages between Novorossiysk and Tuapse. Then there will be the resettlement of the colonies: Virmeni, Greeks, Czechs, Nimtsi and Estonts. Ale in the early 1890s rocky land was empty. Hungry 1890-91. here there were organized huge robots that were laid along the coast (the so-called Hungry) highway from Novorossiysk to Sukhum (S.S. Anisimov, 1928). In 1888, from the station Tikhoretskaya to Novorossiysk, the bullet was seen as a persistent line, and the region quickly settled down. Before the Holy One, there were 194 thousand inhabitants in the Chornomorsk province alone. Food about the colonization and settlement of the Chornomorsk Uzbek coastline is very important in the new road. Besides the coastal highway from Novo Rossiysk to Sukhum and from Adler to the resort of Chervona Polyana (80 km long), there is a line of coastal railway. from the port of Tuapse to Adler, yak before 1930. the bullet was brought to Sukhum and dal to the station. Novo-Senaki of the Transcaucasian railways The village of Rashta is characterized by poor roads; For this reason, the vuzka of the coastal smuga has been forgotten by resort sanatoriums and dachas (S.S. Anisimov, 1928).
The main population of the Girsk aul and settlements and the Persian decline of Circassians and Adigivs lived mainly for cattle-breeding and gardening, and for the most part - for viticulture.
At our hour, the development of the pre-Slidzhuvan region has an overwhelmingly recreational and agrarian character, with the blame for the cities of Novorossiysk, Gelendzhik and Tuapse, and sea industrial and recreational complexes.
For a long time, the Chorne More has a great transport value. Slabko poshirennya beregіv buhtovogo-fіordovih type little spriyatlivo for stvorennya i rozshirennya portіv Yakimov potrіbnі good zahischenіst akvatorії od vіtrіv i Hvilya vіdkritogo Sea (scho pozbavlyaє portostroіteley od neobhіdnostі Institution zahisnih sporud) i velikі Glibin scho zabezpechuyut pіdhіd to prichalіv great ships of great rainfall ... Naivazhlivish port in the borders of the Russian Federation: Novorosisk, Tuapse, Sochi, Gelendzhik; the entire large-tonnage fleet is based there. In the last ten years in the structures of sea transport, the role of passenger transport has strongly fallen; passengers transported by the head of the rank at the link with the development of tourism. With the help of the Russian fleet, tourist cruises have been growing, the role of routes to near Turechchina has grown.
The current anthropogenic growth on the Chornomorskiy Uzbek coastline was formed as a result of intensive development of the territory lasting 100-120 rockets. There were three main zones: urbanized, agro-industrial and non-developed anthropogenically (background). The urbanized zone is located in the boundaries of the great metropolitan areas: Anapa, Novorosisk, Gelendzhik, Tuapse, Sochi. The agro-industrial region can be stretched through the cannabis without interruption in the dark from the Uzbek coast from Taman to the Psou river. Undeveloped Uzbek economies are hard to practically disrupt the state-run districts, which are occupied by the fossil massifs on the newly-built Western Caucasus (Geoekol., 2001).
The development of the pre-Slidzhuvan region has an overwhelmingly agrarian character, with the blame for the city of Novorossiysk, Gelendzhik and Tuapse, є sea industrial and recreational complexes. The seashore bridgeworthy was good for the recreational zone. Gelendzhik and Tuapse districts are characterized as a whole as recreation, however, there is an intensive development of the rural economy, and the city of Novorossiysk and the city of Tuapse are great industrial centers of Uzbekistan. Anthropogenic development of the Gelendzhik region is seen in the main recreational and private agrarian directorate of the state development of the territory.
Novorossiysk region stretches 80 km from villages. Vityazevo to the river Tsemes and Aderba, and the Gelendzhik region occupies a territory of 70 km to the Tekos river basin, united by small small pools, the most significant of which are the Pshada river. Uzdovzh coast in m Anapa and from the village of Kabardinka to m.Gelendzhik, there is a good recreational zone.
Tuapse region is about 140 km long across the Tekos river basin up to Shepsi and Makopse. The area is characterized as a whole as recreational, there is intensive development in the region, and the city of Tuapse is one of the great industrial centers of the Uzbek economy with a naphtha processing complex.
The Sochinsky District is close to 100 km long from the Makopse and Shepsy river to the Psou river. Anthropogenically navantazhennya area іdpovіdaє in the main recreational and private agrarian directing of the state development of the territory.
Main elements of the coastal zone of the sea
The coastal line is the natural boundary of the Holy Ocean and is surrounded by the continent and islands. nicely with a friend<Мор. геоморфол...> (1980) <урез воды - это линия пересечения берегового подводного склона с поверхностью моря при отсутствии волнения>... Ale, oskіlki rіven oceans unbeatable - in the wake of changing rіk in the rock and can be changed repeatedly by stretching the dob (as a result of the floods - and the evacuated ones), P.A. Kaplin from the driver. (1991) gave it to tsiy -<и приливов (отливов) и нагонов (сгонов) в данный момент>... In the end of the coastal line, we will take away the average long-term position of the water, and the coast - the smuga earthly surface, It lay down to the coastal line from the side of the land, as if it didn’t float, or a surge, it was surrounded on the side by a deyakoi line, which apparently means the maximum broadening of the flow of water, so that it could be seaworthy when the flow was running. Stir up the surge, pull up the boundary to the side of the land, expand the zone and the coast, and pull out the bushings to sound. Zagalom vvazhayut, so the coast - the tse lay down to the coastline the smog of the earth's surface, periodically drained or flooded, at the given level of the sea, continually seemingly flowing in the direction of the surf stream, the flooding-in-flood-in-flood.
On non-tidal seas to the coastline from the side of the sea there is a smog of the sea bottom, yak, given the middle sea level, is flooded marine hvilyuvannya It is a provincial factor in the dynamism of relfu in near-cordon smoothies, so that it grows between land and sea. Qiu smuga of the seabed is called a sub-water coastal gravel. Sukupn_st of the coast and the sub-water coastal zone, the coastal zone - the zone of the daily post-contact interaction of the land and the sea; won is the main object of geomorphology seashore, Scho vivchaє form the relief of the earth's surface, dynamic processes and the extension of the coastal zone. G.A. Safyanov (1978) having proponed the wider understanding<береговая зона>by way of inclusion of coastal waters in it, so contact with the sub-water coastal gravel and the coast, tobto, the coastal zone is a trivial expanse, including the surface of the sea, the water and the bottom; there is a wide area of bordering from one side of the coastal line, and from the other side - by the end, overlooking the lower boundary zone and actively flowing into the bottom of the sea. The sub-coastal zone based on the main elements is shown in Fig. 3.4 (P.A. Kaplin z spivavt., 1991).
Specific features of the Black Sea ecosystem
complex characteristic, Analysis and assessment of natural aquagenic processes and manifestations of factors, the reasons for the obstruction and self-purification of the coastal water area
The most important and the most dull (with an indelible eye!) Introduce hard particles of sediments (turbidity) at the obstruction of the coastal water area. J. Van der Weyde s spivavt. (2003) saw the onset of possible causes of the erosion of the shores as a factor in the establishment of the suspension:
I. transfer from land: 1) by small rivers; 2) in the morning; 3) land runoff;
II. video clip and bottom-sinking robots;
III. coastal processes:
1) hydrodynamic: a) alongshore transfer: by fouls, tidal leaks, leaks from the coast; b) transverse pulling of sediments: hvili, change of water level, inflow of sediments on a distant coast; c) type combinations;
2) geodynamic: a) subsidence to the ground; b) zsuvi, pіdkopi (erosion to the soil): 1) geotechnical instability; 2) development of soil.
Some of the specific features and ecosystems of the Black Sea and the coastal zone and the Caucasus ...
Russia Omivan 13 seas and from usіkh naiteplіshe - Chorne. From the shores of the sea itself, during the period of ice, the resettlement of peoples across the European part of modern Russia, which was often called the "Russian" sea, was carried on. The popularity of the Black Sea among our people is so great that the inhabitants of the country know about it. But not all of them are clear - the Black Sea, little who know its history and geography. I'll try to briefly describe our sea.
Chorne more - to lay down to the pool Atlantic Ocean, Sit with him through a series of seas and channels:
- Through the Bosphorus channel, from the Marmur Sea;
- Through the Dardanelli channel - from the Aegean Sea;
- Dalі By the Middle-Earth Sea;
- Through the Gibraltar channel with the Atlantic Ocean.
On the pivnichnomu descent across the Kerch canal, cross the Azov Sea. During the winter, the Krimskiy pivostrіv rises in the sea gliboko. On the surface of the Black Sea, pass between Europe and Little Asia.
The Black Sea area is 422,000 km. Obrisi of the Black Sea form an oval with the largest diameter close to 1150 km. The greatest length of the sea from winter to winter - 580 km. Uninvolved in small areas, the sea is even more glibok, best glybin- 2210 m. The volume of water in the sea becomes 555 yew. Km3. The part of the sea lived small, up to 100 meters in a depth of water;
The sea is on the shores of Russia, Ukraine, Rumunia, Bulgaria, Turechchina, Abkhazia and Georgia.
Viniknennya name Chorne more
Near the Black Sea there are twenty names. This is how the old Greek colonies called yogo Pont Aksinsky, scho to change as "inhospitable sea" ...
Geography of the Black Sea
The shores of the Black Sea are few and far between, and mostly, in the first part, there are plants that fall into a new collection of great rivers of the Danube, Dnipro and Dnistra, and there is a great number of bolivs.
History and Vivchennia of the Black Sea
Vivchennia of the history of the Black Sea has recovered in antique hours At the same time with the Greeks, they fell asleep on the birch of the sea, their settlements, long-term inventories did not go to us.
Climate of the Black Sea and uzberezhzha
Close to the views of the Middle-Earth Sea, this climate is on the continental winter. Chornomorske Uzbekskoe Caucasus and the ancient coast of the Crimea are captured by the mountains from the cold winter weather ...
Black Sea water flows
The Black Sea has no leaks. Ale most - two viruses with a half-gin of 300-400 kilometers.
The Chorne Sea is the Central Sea to the Atlantic Ocean Basin. Vono z'єnutsya Kerch channel from the Azov Sea, the Bosphorus channel from the Marmurov. The area of the Black Sea has a warehouse of 422,000 km, from the sides, the land of the Eurasia continent. At the connection with the cym, at the new difficulties of exchanging waters with the ocean, that is not a lot of tides and waves. The maximum depth of the Black Sea is 2210 meters, the average reach is 1240 meters. The length of the coastline is 4340 km. Omivan coast of Ukraine, Russia, Bulgaria, Turechchini, Rumunia, Georgia and Abkhazia.
The long-standing name of the Black Sea is Pont Aksinsky, which in the crossbar meant "Negostinne sea". The name was won in the XIII century, but until now, it’s impossible to come to a single visnovka, but it’s the same.
Earlier, dozens of millions of rockets to that, on the first day of the ancient ocean Tetis. Nadal іdbuvalosya rukh earth measlesі the continent, і the sea step by step transformed into a closed water. It became about a million rocky in that, if the Caucasian and Krimski Gori were established.
Until the bottom of the Black Sea on the depths of close to 100 meters, archaeologists came to Visnovka, where there was a lot of bulo dilyanka with native lands, on which in the Neolithic period there were settlements. Quite recently, there have been thousands of rockies in that, an earthquake along the Bosporus canal, which on the current day the Chorne Sea is going through the Seredzemnyi. Vono led to the flooding of the territory, yak passed near just a small area of water. Scientists walked around in dummies, as quickly as possible, but one admits the version that the water could come up to 1.5 km a day.
The water temperature in the Black Sea rises in the wilderness from the glibini. Near the coastal areas of the won, you can reach +30 degrees in the summer period and +8 degrees in charge. Tsei top ball of weed and sour organisms. At the lower ball, which should be repaired from the marks approximately 150 meters, the temperature becomes approximately +8 degrees; a whole ball of water and life in the new world. The salinity of the Black Sea in the upper sphere becomes 18 ppm, in the lower one it reaches 22.5 ppm. The clearness of the water can be reached in the middle of 7 meters, at the northern banks of the Crimea, it can reach 18-20 meters.
A great hvilyuvannya viklikak sirvodden of the Black Sea, which accumulates in the result of living of microspheres bacteria. Tsey gas is powerful vibuhati, which has given rise to a bit about those that the sea can become a mighty dzherel all-round catastrophe. As a matter of fact, there is a lot of concentration thrown back by maliy in order to achieve such an effect, so that the vibuhs of the Black Sea will not block the planet.
The islands of the Black Sea are not large, the most of them - the Snake and the Berezan - are not within reach of an area of 1 square kilometer. At the Chorne Sea, there is a small river of great rivers - Dnipro, Dnister, Danube - and more than 300 AMD.
Pidvodny light of the Black Sea to complete the development. There are more than 2500 species of food and 270 species of algae. It’s great, you see, how to live on a small scale and how easy it is to live. There are a few species of dolphins and seals living in the home, which are also not safe creatures.
Resources of the Black Sea are also useful. The stench include great genera oil i natural gas, Mineral and chemical syruvin. Vono rich in ribbons, molluscs and algae, as vicorist in the food industry.
On this day, the Black Sea basin is widely exploited by people. Foldable re-evaluation of its transport value - tse, in the main, vantage transportation between the countries, ferry ports, transport corridors. most port Black Sea - tse Kerch, Sevastopol, Yalta, Evpatoria in Krima, Ukraine; Odessa - in Ukraine; Novorossiysk and Sochi in Russia; Varna - Bulgaria; Sukhumi - Georgia; Samsun, Trabzon - Turechchina; Constanta - Rumunia. Along the bottom, there is a high-water gas pipeline running through the bottom of Turechchina and Russia. Rozvinene promislove ribalstvo, vidbutok naphtha and gas. Coastal territory is widely used in the recreational plan. At the connection with us, the environment of the Black Sea, in general, is unfavorable: it is overwhelmed by naphtha products, the entrance to the life of the people, and also, due to the influx of an anthropogenic official, he is greatly changed and tvarinny svit Black Sea.