The initial scheme is for the synthesis of the library. Biosynthesis of Bilka and Yogo Stage. The role of RNA and DNA in the process
Genetic information in all organisms is stored in the vigorous sequence of DNA nucleotides (aka RNA in RNA viruses). Prokaryoti to revenge genetic information in the view of one DNA molecule. In cells, the genetic material of the changes is in decile DNA molecules, which are organized in the chromosome.
DNA is stored in code and does not code for delianoks. Code for dilyanka code for RNA. Non-breathable DNA regions structurally the function, allowing the genetic material to be packed in a singing rank, or regulatory function, beruchs the fate of the included genes, which direct the synthesis of the protein.
To codify DNA є geni with dalyankas. gene- a dilenk of a DNA molecule, which is the code for the synthesis of a single mRNA (as a polypeptide), rRNA or tRNA.
Dilanka chromosome, gene de-stitching name locus... The supremacy of the genіv of the cinnamon nucleus is genotype, The number of haploid genes to a set of chromosomes is genome, Sukupnіst genіv extranuclear DNA (mitochondria, plastids, cytoplasm) - quantum.
Realization of information, recorded in genes, through the synthesis of bricks, to be called express(Developing) gen_v. Genetic information is acquired in the form of the singularity of the DNA nucleotides, and is realized in the view of the endowment of amino acids in the bottle. RNA is used as intermediaries, carriers of information, so that the implementation of genetic information becomes an offensive rank:
DNA → RNA → billock
Etapi biosynthesis bіlka
The process of biosynthesis of a library includes two stages: transcription and translation.
transcript(From lat. transcriptio- rewriting) - the synthesis of RNA from the DNA in the form of a matrix. The result is mRNA, tRNA and rRNA. The process of transcription in the form of great vitrates of energy in the form of ATP and is activated by the enzyme RNA-polymerase.
Not the entire DNA molecule will be transcribed at once, but if it doesn’t happen. Such a vidrizok ( transcrypton) fix promoter(Dilanka DNA, where to start RNA polymerase and start to start transcription) and end terminator(Dilanka DNA, to avenge the transcription end signal). Transcrypton - tse gen from the point of view molecular biology.
The transcription, as a replica, is based on the healthy nitrogenous bases of nucleotides to a complementary link. For an hour of transcription, the sub-lance of DNA is ripped, and the synthesis of RNA goes through one lance of DNA.
In the process of translation, the sequence of DNA nucleotides is rewritten to the synthesized mRNA molecule, as it appears in the matrix during the biosynthesis of the protein.
Geni prokaryot are stored only with the code of nucleotide sequences. Genie eukarіot wry zhryuyut koduyut ( ekzoniv) I do not code ( introns) Dilyanok. Writing transcripts for mRNA files, similar introns, seen during splicing, well є warehouse part processing. processing- the process of forming the mature mRNA from the pre-mRNA transceiver.
Win includes two main podії:
- the delivery of short nucleotide sequences to the mRNA endpoint, which means that the ear and the end of the translation are instant;
- splicing- visualization of uninformative messages of mRNA, similar intron DNA. As a result of splicing, the molecular weight of mRNA decreases 10 times.
broadcast(From lat. translatio- transfer) - synthesis of polypeptide lanceyug from mRNA vikorystannyam in the role of a matrix.
All three types of RNA take part in translation:
- mRNA to serve as an information matrix;
- tRNA deliver amino acids and know codons;
- rRNA at once with the beads validates the ribosomes, which eliminates the mRNA;
- tRNA і blocks і wait for the synthesis of polypeptide lanceuga.
mRNA is translated not one, but one hour decilcoma (up to 80) ribosomes. Such groups of ribosomes are called polіrіbosomі (polysome)... For the inclusion of one amino acid in the polypeptide lance, the energy of chotiroh ATP is required.
genetic code
Information about the structure of the nucleotides is "recorded" in the DNA at the end of the nucleotides. In the process of transcription, it is listed on the synthesized mRNA molecule, as it appears in the matrix during the biosynthesis of the protein. The singular recognition of DNA nucleotides, and also mRNA, is a type of amino acid in the polypeptide lancer bile. Price list genetic code... One amino acid starts at three nucleotides, which are triplet (codon)... Oskіlki іsnuyut chotiri types of nucleotides, combined in three in a triplet, the stench gives 4 3 = 64 variants of triplets (in that hour, only 20 amino acids are encoded). There are three of them with "stop codons", which are used to pin the translation, and 61 sashta is called the codon. The number of amino acids is encoded in a different number of triplets: from 1 to 6.
| P / p No. | amino acid | short name |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | alanine | Ala |
| 2 | arginin | arg |
| 3 | asparagine | ASN |
| 4 | aspartic acid | asp |
| 5 | valin | Shaft |
| 6 | histidine | Гіс |
| 7 | glycin | glee |
| 8 | glutamine | Gln |
| 9 | glutamic acid | glee |
| 10 | isoleucine | Ілі |
| 11 | leucine | lei |
| 12 | lizin | Liz |
| 13 | methionin | meth |
| 14 | proline | about |
| 15 | Serin | gray |
| 16 | tyrosine | shooting range |
| 17 | threonine | Tre |
| 18 | tryptophan | Three |
| 19 | fenylalanin | hair dryer |
| 20 | cysteine | cis |
| persha pidstava | friend of the police | third submission | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| U (A) | C (G) | A (T) | G (C) | ||
| U (A) | hair dryer | gray | shooting range | cis | U (A) |
| hair dryer | gray | shooting range | cis | C (G) | |
| lei | gray | stop | stop | A (T) | |
| lei | gray | stop | Three | G (C) | |
| C (G) | lei | about | Гіс | arg | U (A) |
| lei | about | Гіс | arg | C (G) | |
| lei | about | Gln | arg | A (T) | |
| lei | about | Gln | arg | G (C) | |
| A (T) | Ілі | Tre | ASN | gray | U (A) |
| Ілі | Tre | ASN | gray | C (G) | |
| Ілі | Tre | Liz | arg | A (T) | |
| meth | Tre | Liz | arg | G (C) | |
| G (C) | Shaft | Ala | asp | glee | U (A) |
| Shaft | Ala | asp | glee | C (G) | |
| Shaft | Ala | glee | glee | A (T) | |
| Shaft | Ala | glee | glee | G (C) | |
Notes:
- Better than nitrogenous bases in a triplet is located in the left vertical row, the other - in the upper horizontal row, the third - in the right vertical row.
- The shukana amino acid will appear on the first line of three.
- The nitrogenous bases in the arms enter the mRNA store, the nitrogenous bases in the arms - to the DNA store.
The power of the genetic code:
- triplet code- one amino acid is encoded by three nucleotides (codons) in a nucleic acid molecule;
- universal code- all living organisms from viruses to humans, vikoristovuyut a single genetic code;
- unambiguous code (specific)- a triplet of one single amino acid.
- surplus code- one amino acid is encoded by more than one codon;
- the code does not overlap- one nucleotide cannot be included in the fold of several codons in the nucleic acid lance;
- collinear code- the last of amino acids in the synthesized molecule of the protein is formed from the last triplets of vmRNA.
translation stages
The translation is stored in three stages: innovation, elongation and term.
- ініціяція- folding the complex, like taking care of the fate in the synthesis of polypeptide lantsyug. The small subparticle of the ribosome is lost to the initiator meth-tRNA, and then from mRNA, in order to see the establishment of a whole ribosome, to fold into small and large subparticles.
- elongation- podovzhennya polypeptide lanceuga. The ribosome is displaced from the mRNA, which is supervised by the bagatorazim repetitions of the cycle of bringing the acidic amino acid to the adult polypeptide lancet.
- Termination- completion of the synthesis of a polypeptide molecule. The ribosome reaches one of three stop codons of mRNA, and since it does not contain tRNA from an anticodon, complementary to stop codons, the synthesis of a polypeptide lancet creeps back. Vaughn to see and see from the ribosome. Ribosomal subunits dissociate, emerge as mRNA and can take part in the synthesis of the advanced polypeptide lanceuga.
Matrix synthesis reactions
Prior to the reactions of the matrix synthesis, take into account:
- self-doubling of DNA (replication);
- development of mRNA, tRNA and rRNA on DNA molecules (transcription);
- biosynthesis of protein on mRNA (translation).
All the reactions are united, that the DNA molecule is in one form, or the mRNA molecule in the first one appears in the role of a matrix, on which the confirmation of the same molecules is considered. On the basis of the reactions of the matrix synthesis, the health of living organisms is based before the creation of such children.
Regulation of the gene expression
tilo bagatoclatinous organism prompted by the smart clientele types. Smells are derived from structure and functions, to be differentiated. The prominence is manifested in the fact that the blood cells need to be synthesized for the organism, cells of the skin type, such as specialized cells: keratin is established in the epidermis, etc. The clinical differentiation is surrounded by a set of expressible genes and is not supervised by some kind of non-evasive changes in the structure of the DNA sequences themselves.
Biosynthesis Bilka vidbuvaєtsya inakshe. In the biosynthesis of a protein, an active part is to take nuclei-new acids - DNA and RNA, and in the capacity of the necessary energy vikoristovuyu energy cheery sounds visokomolecular organic z'єdnan-niy, obvious in the cells, the head rank - ATP.The sequence of DNA nucleotides (ie, Geniv), or the genetic code, is a system for recording information about the transfer of amino acids in bottles and, in fact, with a cipher, which will prevent the biosynthesis of a bottle.
Genetic information is based on the genetic code at which time it is rewritten from DNA, as from the matrix, into the nucleotide sequence of the thread information RNA (iRNA). Here, first of all, there are also a selection of amino acids from a single protein molecule.
It is important to note that the genetic code є universesal for all organisms that travel to the Earth. The power of the universality of the code permits the development of an important visual display about the unity of the day of all living organisms - prokaryotes, eukarotiv and viruses.
In the Danish hour, triplets for all 20 amino acids have been decrypted, which include 8 warehouse of natural batteries. Genetic code of buv encryption in 60-і pp. XX Art. Celebrated vcheni-biohimiki X. Quran, M. Nirenbergі R. Hall... For the decryption of the genetic code and its role in the synthesis of the library, we were named in 1968 by the Nobel Prize.
In biosynthesis, an active role is played by the rich structural components of cellini: RNA molecules, ribosomes and molecules of other amino acids, which will be a polymeric protein molecule. If you want a plan for the future of a library of codes in DNA, you will not take part in the synthesis of protein molecules, but will only serve matrix for the synthesis of informational RNA (iRNA). The process of synthesizing a bottle is stored in two stages: iRNA stemі Collecting a library according to the information in the whole iRNA molecule.
The synthesis of protein molecules is carried out without interruption. There is a great shvidk_styu: in 1 chilin, there are 50 to 60 thousand peptide links. The synthesis of one molecule is easy to run for 3-4 sec. The triviality of life in the middle of the world becomes close to two dibs, if you want not to break up in those days. As a result, half of the bile of people (all of them is close to 17 kg of bile) will be completed in about 80 days. Material from the site
The process of biosynthesis at all stages of the process is due to the participation of many fermenters and the inevitable benefits of a great amount of energy.
Reading the sequence of the processes, which are carried out, the matrix organization and the distribution of the functions between all the rear components to produce up to the replacement, so that the biosynthesis of the binder is necessary, the necessary molar-cell folding system of the reaction valves
Biosynthesis of bіlka is a plastic part of the exchange of words of the clitini. It is characterized by the matrix basis of the folding of protein molecules. Synthesis is carried out in ribosomes with non-mediated participation of iRNA, tRNA, rRNA and monomers - amino acids. On the basis of photosynthesis, biosynthesis is carried out under strict control of genetic information, written off of iRNA from the genetic code of DNA. The process of biosynthesis of a bilky molecule of enumeration in two stages: transcription (writing off) and translation (transmission).
On the basis of the function of the body - exchange of speech, growth, development, transfer of decay rate, turnover and input. - to be healthy in the result chemical reactions for the participation of proteins, nucleic acids and other biologically active words. At the same time, in the cells, mutually variable spoloks are synthesized without interruption: awakening drinks, enzymes, hormones. In the course of the exchange of speech, talk and change, and replace them with new ones. Oscillations of the library create the material basis of life and accelerate all the reactions of the exchange of speech, the life of the cell and the body in general, it begins to build the cell of the synthesis of the library. The primary structure is zoomed in with the genetic code in the DNA molecule.
Molecules are stored in tens or hundreds of amino acids (more precisely, from amino acid surpluses). For example, in the molecule hemoglobin is close to 600; in molecules of ribonuclease of such amino acids 124 and so on.
The main role in the designated primary structure of the block is to align with the molecules DNA. The development of children is responsible for the synthesis of young proteins, and yet one DNA molecule will take part in the synthesis of individual proteins. The power of proteins to lie down due to the longevity of amino acids in the polypeptide lanceus. At its core, the amino acids start to form the last nucleotides in the DNA, and the skin amino acid forms a triplet. It has been experimentally carried out that, for example, DNA dilution from the VAC codons leads to amino acid leucine, the ACC triplet to tryptophan, the ACA-cysteine triplet, etc. Having released a DNA molecule into a triplet, it is possible to discover that amino acids and in the last time will grow in the molecule of the bottle. The triplets form the material basis of genes, and the skin gene reveals information about the structure of a specific cell (the gene is the main biological unit of decay; in a chemical form, the gene is a pair of DNA cells, which includes a nucleus).
Genetic code - The organization of DNA and RNA molecules is historically formed, with the same sequence of nucleotides in them there is no information about the sequence of amino acids in blue molecules. Authority to the code: tripletness (codon), non-perversion (codons follow one by one), specificity (one codon can start in a polypeptide lancet only one amino acid), versatility (for all living organisms, the same code is included in the same code supernatural (for a large amount of amino acids, a few codons). Triplets, but do not carry information about amino acids, є stop triplets, which mean the synthesis of the cob i-RNA.(VB Zakharov. Biology. Dovіdkovі materials... M., 1997)
DNA fragments are found in the nucleus of the cell, and the synthesis of the protein is found in the cytoplasm, which is a medium, which transfers information from DNA to the ribosome. To serve as such an intermediary, RNA, on the basis of the nucleotide sequence, to be rewritten, in the exact form of such on DNA - according to the principle of complementarity. Tsey process by name transcripts and against the reaction of the matrix synthesis. Vin is characteristic only for living structures and lie in the basis of the most important power of the living - self-creation. Biosynthesis of the protein transfer matrix synthesis of iRNA to DNA strands. With a whole series of iRNAs, they enter the cytoplasm from the cell nucleus, then ribosomes are not strung, and then amino acids are delivered behind the aid of the TRIKE.
Bilka synthesis is a foldable accessory process, which takes part in DNA, iRNA, tRNA, ribosome, ATP and developmental enzymes. A number of amino acids in the cytoplasm are activated by additional enzymes and adhere to the tRNA (before the dilenka, destructuring of the CCA nucleotide). On the offensive stage, the preparation of amino acids in such an order, in which the nucleotides from the DNA are transferred to the iRNA. Tsey step be called translating. On the іRNA thread, not one ribosome is distributed, but a group їх - such a complex is called a polysome (N. Koval'ov, L. D. Shevchuk, O. I. Shchurenko. Biology for educational institutions).
scheme Biosynthesis Bilka
Bilka synthesis is stored in two stages - transcripts and translations.
I. Transcription (rewriting) - the biosynthesis of RNA molecules, to appear in chromosomes on DNA molecules according to the principle of matrix synthesis. Behind the help of enzymes, all types of RNA (іRNA, rRNA, tRNA) are synthesized on various DNA molecules (genes). 20 types of tRNA are synthesized, so 20 amino acids take part in biosynthesis of a protein. As the iRNA and tRNA enter the cytoplasm, rRNA is absorbed into the subunits of ribosomes, which also enter the cytoplasm.
II. Translation (transmission) is the synthesis of polypeptide lancers in bilks, which are found in ribosomes. Vona supervise with such podiyami:
1. Osvita of the functional center of ribosome - PCR, which is stored with iRNA and two subunits of ribosomes. PCR usually has two triplets (number of nucleotides) of іRNA, which assign two active centers: A (amino acid) - the center for the recognition of amino acid and P (peptide) - the center for the supply of amino acid to the peptide lance.
2. Transport of amino acids, transferred to tRNA, from cytoplasms in PCR. In the active center A reads the tRNA anticodon with the mRNA codon, at the same time as complementarity of the links, which serves as a signal for the passage (streak) of ribosome iRNA bridging per triplet. As a result, the complex "codon rRNA and tRNA with amino acid" is transferred to the active center of II, de and is added to the supply of amino acid to a peptide lance (protein molecule). For what, tRNA enters the ribosome.
3. The peptide lancer will podovzhuts until quiet feast, as long as the translation does not end and the ribosome DOES NOT jump from the іRNA. A few ribosomes (polysome) can be reduced on one iRNA at once. The polypeptide lancer is buried in the endoplasmic fissure channel and there it swells a second, tretiny or quarter structure. The fluidity of the folding of one molecule of the protein, which can be stored from 200-300 amino acids, becomes 1-2 minutes. The formula for biosynthesis of a library is: DNA (transcription) -> RNA (translation) -> block.
After completing one cycle, the polysom can take part in the synthesis of new molecules of the protein.
The molecule was drawn from the ribosome, and the molecule was drawn from the thread, as it was biologically inactive. The biological and functional wonders because the molecule swells a second, tretine and quarter structure, that is, E. Pevna has a spaciously specific configuration. Secondary and onset of the structure of the white molecule of zooming in the information, embedded in the cherguvanny amino acids, i.e. in the primary structure of the protein. In addition, it seems, the program of globule education, a unique configuration, begins with the primary structure of the molecule, which, in its turn, will be under the control of a specific gene.
The speed of the synthesis of the wine is amazed by many factors: the temperature of the middle, the concentration of water-borne ions, the amount of the mineral product, the synthesis, the presence of high-grade amino acids, magnesium ions, the ribosomes.
Entry
Life is the way to get rid of the bricks. The price, given by Fridrikh Engels, will put in place the role of bricks in the functioning of organisms. Biosynthesis Bilka- superficially folding і energovitratny process. Wine is the basis of the life of the clitini.
The synthesis of the protein is valid in the ribosomes and passes in the block of steps for the scheme DNA RNA block... Dvolantsyuzhkov's DNA molecule on the basis of the principle of complementarity is transcribed into a single-stranded RNA molecule. As a result, the matrix RNA is sent, as a revenge on the information about the amino acid after-life of the bottle. The mRNA can enter the ribosome according to it, like according to the matrix, synthesize blocks, transferring genetic information from the nucleotide sequence to the amino acid sequence. Croc by croc will be a polypeptide lancet, which, in the process of synthesis and transformation, will be modified into a biologically active protein. Synthesized blocks are transported in small kitchens for displaying their functions.
Amino acid post-production processes follow the rules, which are called genetic code... Deciphering the genetic code is even more significant to the achievement of science. The code will explain the mechanism of the synthesis of the protein, which is similar to mutations and biological phenomena.
X-ray structural analysis and modern methods until recently they were allowed to peek far into the biosynthesis of biology and other aspects of molecular biology. Along with it, we are still getting lost in the non-restoration of the vastness of the structure of these vital macromolecules. We should be able to trace the differences to a rich diet, but also to a high level of alcohol synthesis.
Bilka biosynthesis scheme
Basic scheme for biosynthesis of proteins in cells: DNARNAprotein (Malunok 1).
Malunok 1. General scheme for biosynthesis of bilks in cells
Transcript. Oremets of double-stranded DNA (geni) serve as templates for the synthesis of single-stranded RNA lanes on them according to the principle of complementarity. The transcription takes place in three stages: initiation, elongation, term.
Processing and transport. The process of RNA synthesis is susceptible to change, as a result of which the molecule is transformed into a mature molecule, which is suitable for the synthesis of protein. As soon as the information (matrix) RNA (mRNA) comes in, it comes up to the ribosomes in the programs, as it means the amino acid sequence in the synthesized bottles.
Activation and acceptance of amino acids. Bilkas are stored with amino acids, but altogether amino acids cannot be stored without the presence of ribosomes. The cutaneous amino acid is activated with the help of ATP, and then it comes to the special RNA molecule - transfer (transport) RNA (tRNA), ribosomal posture. Aminoacyl-tRNA enter the ribosome as a substrate for the synthesis of protein.
Translation. The potential for information in the mRNA vigilance and the potential for the material in the aminoacyl-tRNA vigor to enter the ribosome, as the transfer (translation) of the genetic information from the nucleotide ratio of the aminosity The dermal ribosome collapses from one end of the mRNA from one end to the last and apparently vibrates from the aminoacyl-tRNA, as it appears (complementary) to three-year-old combinations of nucleotides. Amino acid surplus of the derived aminoacyl-tRNA is dermal once covalently applied by the ribosome to an adult polypeptide lancer, and the deacylated tRNA is called from the ribosome at the origin. So last will be the polypeptide lancer.
Formation of a functional library. In the course of the synthesis, the polypeptide lancer is vivified from the ribosome and into the globule. Consumption and transport of the bottle are supervised by enzymatic modifications (processing of the bottle).
Unimportant for the great folding of the apparatus for the biosynthesis of bilkiv, it is against the superbly high speed. Synthesis of thousands of small proteins in the skin cells of strictly ordering - for the given minds, metabolism is synthesized without the need for a number of skin protein molecules.
Biosynthesis of proteins (polypeptides) is a superbly flexible and wonderful process. Biosynthesis of proteins actively protects in all organs and tissues, including erythrocytes. Bagato klіtini synthesize bottles for "export" (klіtini pechіnki, pіdshlunkovoy zalozi), and in the wake of the stench, there is an even greater number of ribosomes. The number of ribosomes in tvarinnii cells reaches 10 5, the diameter of the ribosomes is 20 nm.
The process of synthesis of cells is formed in the middle cells on the surface of ribosomes, which are complexes of two subunits of sedimentation constant 60S and 40S, which function as a single unit. In ribosomes, cells become 30-35% and ribosomal RNA - 65-70%. In ribosomes, they develop aminoacid and peptidial dylyanki. The first one serves for the fixation to come to the ribosome complex of active amino acid and tRNA, and the other phyxuє polypeptide lancet is tied from the tRNA. Subunits of ribosomes are synthesized in the nucleus on the DNA matrix.
The essence of the process of synthesizing a library is represented by a diagram:
The biloxynthetic system includes ribosomes, nucleic acids, a set of 20 amino acids, enzyme, ATP, GTP, magnesium, about 200 other noncatalytic protein factors.
A protein molecule is a large lance of amino acid surplus, which is present in the middle of 100 to 500 amino acids. The program for the synthesis of the skin protein is stored in the molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). A DNA molecule is a polymer, monomers which serve as nucleotides. The sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA molecules is the origin of the sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule.
In DNA molecules, there are types of nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and thymine (T). After three times (triplet) become a codon, which is a bi-one amino acid.
Nucleic acids - DNA and RNA - binding components for biosynthesis of proteins. DNA is used for the preservation of genetic information, so that RNA is used to transfer the information and to implement the protein molecules in the viewer. Can stverjuwati, scho head function DNA is safeguarded to the genotype, and RNA is violated to the genotype.
At the same time, ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is re-digested in cells. rRNA can spiralize, avenge modified nucleotides (for example, 2-methyl-ribose). rRNA becomes close to 80% of the amount of RNA in the cell. Another type of RNA in the form of transport RNA (tRNA) is synthesized in the nucleus. At the її part of the seizure 10-15% of the amount of extra RNA in the cells. A total of 60 new tRNAs were revealed. Also, for the transport of amino acids, there is a small amount of red tRNAs. For skin amino acids in cells, we take one specific tRNA. The tRNA molecules are different from each other. There are 75-93 ribonucleotides in these structures.
The amino acid is added to the vitriolic 3-OH-group of the terminal mononucleotide tRNA, represented by ade-Nil acid. tRNA, which is important, is an anticodon, behind the addition of a complex of amino acid and tRNA, there is a singular sequence of three nucleotides in the matrix RNA (codon). The anticodon and codon are complementary to get along with the help of water-borne connections.
As long as there is decay information in the cells and DNA, as it is stored in the nucleus, but the synthesis of the protein is transferred to the cytoplasm, then, also, it is the mediator who is responsible for transmitting information to the cells in the cytoplasm. Tsim in the middle was information about messenger RNA (mRNA). On a part of the mRNA attack 2% of the extracellular RNA of cellini. Molecules mRNA found (include up to 5 thousand. Nucleotides). mRNA can also avenge the chotiri species and nitrogenous bases. There are three of them (A, G, C) as well, yak in DNA, and the fourth is uracil.
Information, encoded in mRNA, is required for the synthesis of a protein molecule, which is read on ribosomes. The synthesis of mRNA in the nucleus of cellini is even more vivid, but it is necessary for the active biosynthesis of protein molecules. mRNA is established on one of the nucleus DNA strands. At the same time, the double-spiraled structure of DNA unwinds, and due to the participation of DNA-stagnant RNA-polymerase, the synthesis of mRNA follows the principle of complementarity:
MRNA synthesis scheme
The principle of complementarity means that adenine on the DNA spiral is derived from uracil mRNA, thymine is adenine, and guanine is cytosine. Also, mRNA reads information from DNA.
The stage of DNA - "RNA, in such a rank, is the beginning of the synthesis of the mRNA molecule, in which nucleotide sequence is complementary to the singular DNA (gene). The whole process is called transcript. Then the mRNA comes to the ribosome, united by subunits. One mRNA molecule is fixed on the free ribosomes at once, so called polysomy. Evidence of the policy advances the effectiveness and efficiency of mRNA testing.
Synthesis of polypeptide lanceolum of the singing store is displayed on the mRNA matrix. The process of transferring information from mRNA to blocks is called translations. The stage "RNA -> block" represents the process of synthesis of a protein, which is directed to mRNA. Thus, the transfer of information is dependent on the DNA - "RNA -" blocks.
The translation process includes the steps:
- 1) activation of amino acids and fixation on tRNA;
- 2) the synthesis of polypeptide lanceuga;
- 3) elongation to synthesize polypeptide lanceuga;
- 4) the term of polypeptide lancer and і її sound;
- 5) Post-translational modification of polypeptide lanceuga.
- 1. Activation of amino acids by the enzyme aminoacyl tRNA synthetase and vitra energy in the presence of ATP:
The same enzyme takes care of the fate of the fixation in front of the active amino acid in the position of 2 or 3 ribose residues of the tRNA nucleotide:
At the sight of the given complex, the amino acid is transported to the ribosome, on which the synthesis of the protein molecule takes place. Aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase is specific, it is very useful for both amino acid and tRNA. In cells, in this rank, є not less than 20 synthetic synthetases, up to the number of a-amino acids.
2.tRNA, tied by an essential link with a singing amino acid, comes to the ribosome and in conjunction with mRNA by the type of complementarity and specific codon of the nucleotide of the mRNA, called the codon, and the complement of the nucleotide specific Thus, the mRNA skin codon generates a specific fixation of one amino acid in the peptide lancer behind the auxiliary tRNA anticodon. The ribosome is reassigned to bridging mRNA molecules, which can be read after all the codons, thus setting the order of the development of all amino acids, which is delivered to the synthesis.
Synthesis of a protein molecule in a range from a single amino acid group to a high carboxylic acid group. Name the cob amino acid in the synthesis of polypeptide lantsyug є methionin, for which codon serve as the nucleotide sequence of AUG mRNA.
The initiation of polypeptide synthesis is repaired by fixing two tRNA anticodons behind the corresponding mRNA codons. The process of developing energy efficiency, which serves as a GTP, as well as the participation of a whole series of protein factors in the development of and peptidyltransferase.
For the participation of the given enzyme, the rate of establishment of covalent links is 1200 amino acids / xv / ribosome.
Scheme for the synthesis of polypeptide
3. For the confirmation of the dipeptide "Unavantage", the tRNA enters the ribosome and delivers new amino acid molecules, and the mRNA passes through the ribosome (polysomy) by three nucleotides. As a result of the relocation (translocation), a borrowed codon is assigned for the recognition of the tRNA molecule. From the same time, in the elongation stage, the last transfer of one amino acid to a polypeptide lancer in the order of the codon of the mRNA molecule is made.
A polypeptide lancer podovzhutsya with one molecule of tRNA ficuetsya with a great subunit of ribosome. The admission of the cutaneous supplemental amino acid to the polypeptide lancet is taken for the aminogroup to combine the amino acid in the complex with the tRNA and the carboxyl group to the peptide.
4. Termination, or the completion of the synthesis of a polypeptide molecule, receiving the codon of the term “without sense” and the protein factor of the term. There are three codons (UAG, UGA, UAA), which do not code, do not tie an amino acid, so as in the cells there is no tRNA anticodon, complementary to them. Theoretically, if one codon “without sensu” is deprived of the recognition of the polysome before passing an hour in a straight line of 5-3 mRNA, the synthesis of the protein molecule is guilty.
The presence of a termination codon in a mRNA distribution means the end of the protein synthesis. As a result of the polysome, the mRNA collapses, the nevikoristan mRNA is hydrolyzed by the polynucleotidphosphorylase, and subunits of ribosomes are prepared until the cob to synthesize a new protein molecule.
mRNA can take part in the process of biosynthesis of the protein. The triviality of the function of the mRNA molecule is not the same for different organisms... You can go from decilcoh dib to decilcoh dib.
5. DNA is encoded with the primary structure of the protein. Bilki molecules synthesized on ribosomes still do not have a residual completed mill. Smells represent the first polypeptides, since it is possible to recognize the numerical modifications (associations of monomers from the definitions of oligomers, the addition of coenzymes, chemical changes), and the structure of the new
Secondary and tertiary structures are not coded, the stench is due to the power of the primary structure, but to mean that this form of a protein molecule is to be found in the last of amino acids and the powers of the interchange between oneself. Structural modifications of synthesized bricks may occur on the basis of ribosomes in order to complete the synthesis as a result of the addition of different functional groups.
The scheme of information transmission from the viglyad is displayed
maybe in okremikh vipadkah zmіnyuvatisya. For example, in viruses, which don’t revenge DNA, information is embedded in the RNA. When a virus penetrates into a cell, information is transferred to the cell's DNA, while the rest of the synthesis of mRNA, viruses are synthesized on the matrix. Such a process is called a verbal transcript, and a scheme for transmitting information in any way will come:
Still, the last of the DNA nucleotides, the same, the mRNA, the nature of the synthesized library will become invisible.
Genetic information required for the synthesis of a bottle can be presented similarly to the human movi, Yaka is composed of the last letters of letters, which form words and propositions. In genetic mov, however, only chotiri literi - chotiri pіdstavi (adenin, guanin, uracil, cytosine).
The genetic code includes three-letter words. Chotiri put in this vypadku (43) give 64 options (words), which are more than enough, and 20 amino acids. In such a rank, 64 codons and constitute the genetic code (Table 3).
Analysis of the genetic code will show the number of codons for different amino acids. For example, methionine and tryptophan can only have one codon, and arginine, leucine, and serine can only have one codon. The identification of decilcodon codons for the same amino acid represents the "birth" code. Also, one and the same amino acid can be encoded after its own nucleotide nucleotide triplet. At the same hour, the skin triplet is converted into a single amino acid in the synthesis of polypeptide lancer.
Table 3
genetic code
|
nucleotide |
different nucleotide |
nucleotide |
|||
The genetic code is universal and the same in species of the growing level of development (lyudin, creatures, roslini, microorganisms). Universality of the code is to be determined by all living organisms in the last minute of a single ancestor.
Amino acids (oxyprolin, oxylizin), for example, do not disturb the codon and take on additional chemical reactions for the synthesis of a polypeptide lancin. The whole process is called post-translational modification and is even more important for the correct function of the skin flare.
Non-glued codons (UAA, UAG, UGA) do not code amino acids, but actually serve as a signal for the completion of the synthesis of a protein molecule.
Thus, mRNA is a mediated carrier of genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosome by cytoplasm. One ribosome borrows about 80 nucleotides per mRNA for a dilyanka, and it catalyzes approximately 100 peptide links into quiline (Severin E.S. et al., 2011).
Synthesized protein molecules can be structurally modified on the same ribosomes, if the synthesis is completed as a result of the addition of different functional groups. The cytoplasm of mRNA has a relatively short period of time. A bit of mRNA is synthesized and stored in an inactive form, being ready for rapid synthesis of a protein. Oscillations of mRNA information are linked to the line of last the nucleotides, the integrity of the sequence of the last, is superbly important. Whether it is a loss or change in the order of nucleotides, the synthesis of a protein can be modified. A number of DNA replication reactions in cells of the organism (antibiotics, chemical bran, anti-virus drugs) have been installed on this year. The post-mortem of purine or primidine bases in the gene was called mutations.
Replacing one nucleotide in the codon (mutation) will change the codification of one amino acid to one another. For example, the mutation is linked to the replacement of glutamic acid for valin in the hemoglobin molecule, to produce hemoglobin synthesis, which causes sickle-shaped anemia. Yearly, 200 mutations of the polypeptide lanceuga of the human hemoglobin molecule are observed. Often mutagens є speech (nitroso-mini, for example), which change the structure of nitrogenous bases, can lead to a change in the nature of complementarity. Ultraviolet analysis of the condensation of surplus in timin from the statements of timin dimar. Happily, from a great series of ultraviolet exchanges, creatures are captured by a sphere of ozone of the atmosphere.
Bagato antibiotics, vikoristovuvanі in veterinary practice, Bacterial synthesis of protein (lincomycin, erithromycin, chloramphenicol) is performed at the stage of translation. When there is a microbial clitina guinea, there is a lot of growth. Such antibiotics, such as tetracycline, are not injected onto ribosomal synthesis in the cells of foodstuffs. Penicillin is not a direct inhibitor for the synthesis of protein, protein efficacy in the formation of bacteria due to the blockade for the synthesis of hexapeptide culture... It means that the synthesis of the protein is not only on the ribosomes, but in the mitochondria. Mitochondria can be used to synthesize a protein for their needs, so that not all mitochondria can be synthesized in these organelles. RNA mitochondria become deprived of 3% of the increase in blood cell RNA. Ribosomal mitochondria are smaller by size, lower cytoplasmic. The UGA codon, which is a terminator for the synthesis of protein in the cytoplasm, is vicious in the mitochondria in the order of the UGG codon for the amino acid coding.
Synthesized on the ribosomes of the bilka still do not have a residual completed mill. Smells represent the first polypeptides, since it is possible to recognize the numerical modifications (associations of monomers from the established oligomers, adding coenzymes, chemical modifications), and the structure of the modification