The ground is a yak center of living. Living organisms. Knowledge of the organisms of the midst of life
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1.3 The theme of the middle of life. Pristine organisms to the middle of life
1.3.1. Among living and living organisms
On our planet there are 4 centers of life:
water
Povitryano - ground
ґruntova
organismic
1.3.2. On the ground - the people of the middle of life and specialty. Adaptations of organisms before living in a terrestrial-food center
1.For a reason - to the terrestrial center- to be characterized by the non-permissiveness of the factors. Yaskravo bends climatic officials: promenade E; t; vologism; fortunately; light.Temperature is a primary, periodic factor. Readily adaptations in organisms have been vibrated. Regarding the temperature of organisms, the following are applied:
thermofili (Heat loving)
creofili (Organizmy of the middle and winter latitudes)
In the process of evolution, adaptations are carried out:
the process of transpiration, which is going to go to Q and protecting the organism from the descriptions
not clinging to the chlorophyll of sleepy exchanges
roslin accumulates salts in plasma organic spoluke, I do not use plasmas.
In terms of temperature, we see ecological groups of roslin:
For low temperatures:
not cold-resistant - go at low positive temperatures (water growth in warm seas)
non-frosty - to endure low temperatures, if only if there is ice in the cells, then go (green tropical vidi)
frost , Ice resistance of the growth
not heat resistant ; t = +30 to +40 C, move water
fever - dry wooded plants living: steppes, hedges, savannah - up to +50 - + 60C
heat - organisms of hot dzherel: +80 - + 95C
Temperature and creature
Creatures are less fallow because of the temperature that is crumbling. Most of the thermophilic species N: ribka cypripodon plyamistia - up to + 52C; snowstorms, beetles in the kestrels - up to + 50C; reptiles, birds, penguins in Antarctica up to - 70C; springtails or fleas from +50 to -70C
Anatomical and morphological attachments:
Storage of fat, oil, glycogen
For example, seals and walruses have up to 40% of their fat reserves near the slunk in the Siberian and Mongolian thinness.
Adaptations of the rules V. Bergmanі D. Allen
Bergman's rule is an imaginative law: great species of warm-blooded creatures live in the most cold climates; drіbnі in a warm climate.
Napryklad, Pingviny korolivski (1.5 m) - Antarctica - the best Galapogo islands (near the tropics)
Biliy Vedmid - Antarctica; bamboo wedmid - path.
With a great mass, tila is not great to see less; little creatures see more.
The three rules for viplivay Allen's legacy in how to see the regularity, how to rotate in the changing of the blowing parts of the house in the inhabitants of the cold clime, the sublimation of the cich parts in the inhabitants of the warm climate.
For example, zaєts bilyak - vuha short
Rusak is our
Stepoviy - wuha dovgi
The creatures of power and migration in the land with an unfriendly climate
Two types of hibernation:
Lіtnі, due to high temperatures and vologism (steppe, deserted) gryzuni, larvae of moths, eggs of mosquitoes
Winter, due to the low temperatures and the weather: wedmid, borsuk, monotonous dog, soil creatures. (In the case of roslin, it is also the cause of the winter sphere)
For example, the American pivnichny deer will rise in price up to 800 km; Blue whale - 500 km; Flying Mish(Our) in Bilorusia.
The reason for the appearance of the
Behavioral adaptations: preparation of nests, branches, ligva.
Yak adaptation to low temperatures
Іgri among the ditinchat great creatures
so zigrivayutsya
At the tvarins of the unwelcoming climate, the food for the seasons
Napryklad, drizd - vlitku - komakhoidna
Recharge - Gorobina
Schigliki, siskin, chechitki - vlitku - komakhoidna
The levy - nasinnya
At the creatures of the cold climate, the ratsion of the best
1.3.3. The aquatic center of life. Adaptations of organisms to the water center
Zagalny characteristic.The middle course is also called the middle course, in which water the middle is important, as the middle course is.
Loan water approx 71% to the surface earthly coo... Monday 98% - salt water,
1.2% - ice of the polar regions.
~ 0.45% rivers, lakes, swamps, dzherela, subterranean water, etc.
There are 2 ecological areas in the ocean:
pelagic - tovshu drive;
benthal - the bottom, yak in its own circle in the fallowness from the glibini, last for:
– battalion zone - an area of steep slope up to glibini 3 km;
– abisal zone - ocean bed average glybin- 3-6 km;
– ultraabissal - ocean depressions, 6 - 10 km;
– thalassobatic - snatched oceanic mountains, volcanoes,
The edge of the coast, where it is flooded in the period of high tide, is called littoral ... A part of the coast vishche rіvnya flood Supralitoral .
Pelagial grows on:
– epipelagic - the area of the water up to the glibini up to 200 m;
– mesopelagic - the area of the drive from the glibini 200m to the glibini up to 1 km;
– batіpelagіal - water area from 1 to 2-3 km;
– abissopelagic - driving area from 3 to 6 km;
– ultraabissal - glibokovodnі depressions.
Nearly 150,000 species of creatures live in water - close to 7% of species of animals and 10,000 species of roslin - 8%. The greatest diversity of species in tropical, subtropical seas on a sea level does not exceed 200 - 500 m.
The characteristic rice of the water center is the nesting.
Lumpiness of water: increase and increase, sea flows, Rukh hwil і ін.;
The strength of the middle and the viscosity. The power of water is 800 times more than the power of the mid-season. The water is at its maximum at 4 ° C. In the middle, in the water on the skin 10m of water, the grip grows by 1 atmosphere. The strength of water and the safety of the ability of living organisms to spiral on it, which is especially important for skeletal forms. The support of the water and serve as the mind's breadth in the water;
The appearance of a surface tension as a result of the appearance of a thin layer is the result of the attraction of ridin molecules. Tsim krystyuyutsya for oversupply water spineless (vodomiri whirligig), scoop on the water surface leash water, fix the menisks;
The temperature factor is due to a lesser rush of heat, obviously long, stenothermy, even more warmer. A part of heat energy, scho to go to the surface of the water, to get in, part of it to go to viparovannya. In lakes and rates in fallowness, depending on the temperature, there are three water balls:
- middle, metalimnion , The ball of the temperature striker, because there is a high temperature difference;
Glybokovniy (bottom) - hypolimnion , De temperature stretching all the way to change insignificantly.
A little bit of the warmth of the balls is shrinking on the surface, cold - on the glybin - direct stratification ... Bribe navpaki - revolting stratification ... The period when the temperature is stable in the water environment will be charged and given a name stagnation (summer and winter) .
Thermal stratification for the maritime community, de also see 3 balls:
- surface, up to 400 meters of water (sea thermosphere);
- intermediate (permanent thermocline), up to the depth of 1500 m.
- glibovodny, with a temperature of 1-3 o C.
The vinyat becomes a thermal dzherela with a temperature of up to 100 o C.
Thermodynamic features of the middle, such as a pitoma's head, warmth, great heat conductivity and expansion when frozen (when there is a lot of ice, it gets deprived from above, but the main mass of water does not freeze)
The acidity of the middle is an important factor; Acidity is not readily visible in watery ones with a stretch of water. Morska water is more significant and less significant. The glybin of the PH changes. Water reservoir with PH 3.7 - 4, 7 - acid, 6.95 - 7.3 - neutral, more than 7.8 - puddles.
The light mode and the severity of the water and lie down in the background of the sleepy light, which falls on the water surface. Part of yogo is driven in, part is to bow to the comrade's water. The spectral storehouse of water is changing in the glibinium, the splinters of the riznoy dozhiny are glazed by the water. The first ones are the red exchanges, the green ones, the blue ones. Roslini are adapted to a wide variety of special pigments: phycofeinf, fucoxanthin, phycoerythrini and іn. For water dews and partly burrowing, it is characteristic heterophilia , Tobto the visibility of both above-water and sub-water organs in the same growth.
The chanting of light in water is stronger than that of insight. The clarity of the water in its own room is pummeled by the appearance in these particles of mineral rivers (clay, mule). Changes in the clarity of water with a boisterous growth of water growth in lіtnіy period for when there is a mass multiplication of other organisms, it is found in the surface balls in the increased stage.
The water in the Sargas Sea is 66.5 m, and the vision of the Sirdar and Amudar is as follows.
The salt regime is formed under the influx of natural-historical and geological minds, as well as during anthropogenic injection. It starts with salts in water, turns in g / l, or in the volume of O / GO. For the backbone mineralization, you can go to:
- solonuvati - 1 - 25 g / l;
- sea saltiness - 26 - 50 g / l;
- rosalts - more than 50 g / l.
Naybilsh important from the differentiation of rivers є carbonate, sulfate, chloride. Sered cations - calcium, magnesium, sodium, calcium. It is always a matter of changing calcium ions in clear water, drinking water (less than 9 mg per 1 liter) and hard (more than 25 mg. Per liter).
Salinity is an intermingling factor.
The gas regime starts in the first place with the concentration of acid and carbon dioxide. They are near the water є sirwater, methane and ін.
For example, freeze the ribs.
Among the creatures, there are both Eurioxybionti and Stenooxibionti. There are a lot of types of living organisms in the building when there is a lack of acidity, falling into an inactive state of anoxibiasis.
Dikhannya gidrobіonіv zdіsnyutsya yak across the entire surface of the body, so and through special organizations: chaffinch, legends, trachea. The children are developing a combination of organisms, for example, from Dvodishny ribs. Repeated creatures take on an atmospheric type of behavior, which is energetically greater than that, and thus require contacts with a shifting middle.
Carbon dioxide gas come into the water as a result of the determination of the food, as a result of the hydration, the distribution of organic surpluses, the recovery of carbonates. It is more beautiful to be at the water, not kissen. Instead of carbon dioxide in water 700 times more, less in the world. Sea water is the main reservoir of carbon dioxide on the planet.
Carbon dioxide gas will take care of the fate of the formulated vapnyan skeletal devices of spineless creatures, and will prevent the photosynthesis of aquatic dews.
There is a common steel of officials, and as a heritage there is a great number of wall-mounted species;
Ecological groups of gidrobіonіv.
At the water center, there are 3 ecological groups of organisms:
Nekton - Sukupn_st free-floating creatures, but do not miss the sound from the bottom of the waters - ribe, squid, whale-like. Representations of the great creatures, such as the building of the great appearance and the share of the description of the waters. May the usual form of tila and good development of the organization. The speed of oversaturated squid - 50 km / year, water-cutters - 100-150 km / h, sword-riba - 130 km / h.
plankton - the prevalence of pelagic organisms, which do not grow until active oversubstantiation. As a rule, there are other things that can be carried by leaks. Plankton grow on zooplankton , phytoplankton , Water bacteria.
neuston - organisms that inhabit the surface of the water on the cordon with the winding middle. As a rule, there are organisms in the larval stage of development. The lingering stench overwhelms the surface of the ball, the serviceman is the pristine and the life is shifted into the inner ball. Before hyponeuston carry great spineless, larvae and fry of ribs.
playston - organisms, a part of which is roasted over the surface, and a part in the water. For example, duckweed.
benthos - sukupn_st of organisms, sluggish on the bottom with water, in the ground: phytobenthos , zoobenthos .
Another specific water ecosystem is established in black chickens, de the temperature of the hydrothermal fluids reaches 350 o C. There is a large number of chemo-lyto-autotrophic bacteria, "overgrowth" of the creatures of the crayfish, giant, molyusks.
For decay, all gidrobionti can be added to:
a little rude;
unruly;
Rukhlivi.
autotrophy;
Heterotrophy.
micro;
Macro;
Meso.
Weak development of wired fabric, which is why water and mineral speech are clayed all over the surface.
Weak development of the root system, which serves only for attachment to the substrate. In algae, roots are nemaє, є rhizoids. Among the deyakim є rootstocks, in which to store up lively speeches. So the stench itself serves for vegetative propagation.
Weak development of mechanical fabrics, through the high degree of the middle, will flow into the flow anyway.
The appearance of appendages, which increases the buoyancy.
The presence of air parenchyma, which increases the buoyancy and storing gas for energy and photosynthesis.
The surface of the leaf is large with a small amount of dewline - the gas exchange is prone to polishhennya when there is no acidity.
Rizolistny (heterophilia) - salvinia float, chilim. Burrowing into water - mineral vitality, surface photosynthesis.
Leaves buried in water - thin, chlorophyll rosted in cells of epidermis - attached to photosynthesis with poor illumination.
Determination of the slime of mineral salts.
Intensive propagation by vegetative path through the difficult transfer of the file and the low temperature of the water, unpleasantly for the generative organisms of the growing line. When multiplied by a path, quitkonos often wine in the middle of the day.
Pilok, nasinnya, fruit spread by leaks - hydrohoria ... Often the stench may be empty, forgotten, virgins, and buoyant.
In nekton and plankton, it is attached to the bottom way of life.
Anatomical and morphological:
In other forms, which live in comrade water, there is a reduction of the skeleton, the establishment of empty bodies in skeletal installations, shells (radioleria, rizopodi).
The appearance of a great quantity of water in fabrics - jellyfish.
Purchase of specks of fat in tili (night lights, radioactive), large purchases of fat - crayfish, ribi, whale-like.
The appearance of floating devices, similar to gas in ribs.
The development of the overwhelmed empty ones.
Increased surface area for plankton.
Roztashuvannya dichny opening. For example, in dolphins in the dark part of the head, it allows them to sprout in without getting buried.
Vikoristannya surface tightness of water for a ruch - vodomіri, beetles-twirling.
Actively swimming for an additional viyok (infusoria shoe, infusoria-trumpeter), dzhgutikiv (Evlena green), zginannya tila (minogi, miksin, vugor), in a reactive way for a fucking energy vikida ), special swimming patterns (fins of ribs, fins of ssavts).
The usual form of thyla in actively swimming.
Pokrittya tila slime, which changes by rubbing.
Deyakі ribi zdatnі up to polotu (flying riba, wedge-bellied) for an increase up to 400 m.
Tilki near the aquatic center develop unruly, provide attachments to the way of life of creatures: hydroids, coral polipes, sea lilies, two-stalk molluscs and others. They have a rounded tila shape, a good chickweed, and little buoyancy.
In glibokovodnyh specific rice, which was earlier.
Prisosuvannya form tila, scho to mask under objects dovkilla(Riba-golka, sea horse, riba-list, skorpenoviє).
The presence of the middle line in ribs is an organ, specialization for the water center.
Folding mechanism of water-salt exchange. The presence of special organs for the visualization of excess water: pulsating vacuoles, organization of vision.
Salts are seen in marine organisms through chaffinches and peels.
Mouth apparatus of the filter type (intestine-porous, molluscs, lancelet, golkoshkiri, cancer-like). Play an important role in purified waters.
Yaka will catch sounds (before ultrasound). Health before eholocation.
Building up to electricity generation (electric slope, electric hill).
Evidence of rogue chemoreceptors.
Vertical displacement (dobov, for spawning, polishing).
Horizontal relocation (spawning, wintering, feeding).
Duration to Budivnistva (pavuk-Serebryanka, octopuses, caddis larva).
Specific behavior of people who are dry enough to water, who endure trivial periods without water in the camp hypobiosis (Decreased living standards).
1.3.4. The soil center of life. Soil organisms.
Zagalny characteristic.Soil is a product of living organisms, including microorganisms, like the occasional ones, so it should be a "colossal biosphere". Soil is the most important component of any ecological system of land, on the basis of which the development of growing groups of trees grows, in its own turn it will store the basis of food lances in all of these organisms, the sphere of establishing systems of ecology. People do not blame here: be happy human suspension start to appear and camp land resources, Rustic soil.
Tim in an hour, for a historical hour on our planet, up to 20 million km 2 of lands of the Silskogospodarsky land have been consumed. On a skin inhabitant of the Earth, in the middle of all, 0.35-0.37 hectares, while in the 70s, the value became 0.45-0.50 hectares. yaksho lucky situation do not change, then through the century, at such a rate, Zagalna square ug_d, adherent for farming, to speed up from 3.2 to 1 billion hectares.
V.V. 5 head soil-forming factors have been identified:
klimat;
parent rock (geological base);
topography (relєf);
alive organisms;
hour.
The groundwork should be repaired from the primordial success, so that it appears in the physical and chemical vivitryvanna, before being released from the surface of the mother's rocks, such as basalt, gneiss, facets, vapes. The whole sphere is gradually populated with microorganisms and lichens, which transform the substrate and replace it with organic words. As a result of the lichen activity in the primary soil, there are accumulated various elements of the growth of roselin, such as phosphorus, calcium, calcium and іnshі. On the primary soil now can settle dewlines and form a dewline formation, which will begin to expose the biogeocenosis.
Progressively in the process of grounding, more earth is obtained. That is why there are more soils, more and more bends of the sharuvati profile, spread out on the soil horizons. A complex of soil organisms settles near the ground - foodfon : Bacteria, mushrooms, komakhs, worms and creatures, scho ryut. Foodafon and roslin take a part in the establishment of soil detritus, which passes detritophages through their organisms - worms and larvae coma.
For example, boards of worms per hectare of land for a year process about 50 tons of soil.
When debris debris is spread, humus speech is established - weak organic humus and fulvic acid - the basis of ground humus. Yogo zm_st to ensure the structure of the soil and the availability of mineral elements of life to the dewlines. The pressure of the ball, rich in humus, is the reason for the rationality of the soil.
There are 4 important structural components to the ground floor:
mineral base (50-60% of the ground storage to the ground);
organic speech(to 10%);
povitrya (15-20%);
water (25-35%).
The structure of the soil is known to be readily mixed in any clay and clay. It is very favorable for the growth of the growing soil, so that you can place the sand and clay in the soil.
At the ground, as a rule, there are 3 main horizons, which are developed according to mechanical and chemical authorities:
Upper humus-accumulative horizon (A), in which one accumulates and transforms an organic speech, and from which through the rinse waters, a part of the z'єdnan is to be wine down.
Horizon vimivannya abo illuvial (B), de sediment and re-vimit at the top of the speech.
mother breed For the horizon (C), material, which is transformed into the ground.
The main powers of the ground are yak ecological centerє її physical structure, mechanical and chemical warehouse, acidity, oxidative-altered mind, change of organic speech, aeration, volition and fever. Rizni at the end of the times of the powers that be, set up the helpless evangelicals of the runts. On the Earth, in terms of width, the campsite occupy five typological groups of soils:
runti inological paths and subtropics, importantly chervonozem і zhovtozemi , Scho is characterized by a wealth of mineral warehouse and great rupture of organics;
rodyuchi runti savan i stepiv - black earth, chestnut і brown the soil with a straining humus ball;
small and in the edge of unstable soils, a hedgehog and a blanket, so that it can be climatic zones;
with respect to the soil of the leaves of the inner zone - pidzol, sod-pidzol, brown і gray lisovy soils ;
permafrost to the ground, low-flowing, pidzolic, swamps , gleyovі , Zbіdnenі with mineral salts from a weak humus ball.
Stand with saline soil in a group: salt marshes, solonets, i etc. on the attack 25% of the soil.
salt marshes - the soil is constantly heavily permeated by salty waters right up to the surface, for example, near the humid-salty lakes. Vlіtku the surface of the salt marshes visikhaє, covered with a bunch of salt.
Z
Change in salinity in ґruntu
Olonets
- the surface is not saline, the upper ball of forks, non-structural. The lower horizons are gnarled, filled with sodium ions, when hanging, they are shaved at the top, shaved. The water regime is unstable - overhang - stagnation, vlіtku - more dry.
saline
Solanchakish solonets
saline soils (Slightly salted)
Organ_ichne speech to the soil.
The skin type of soils is susceptible to growing rosin, tvarinny svit and the number of bacteria - foodfon. I see if the organisms accumulate on the surface and in the middle of the soil, humus ... The process of humification is repaired from the ruining and supplementing of the organic mass with ridge creatures, and then it is transformed into mushrooms and bacteria. To such creatures to be admitted phytophages , Scho grunt with fabrics of living roslin, saprophages , I live the dead roslin's speeches, necrophages , Yaki gnaw at the corpses of creatures, coprophages , Scho zenischuyut excrement tvarin. All the stinks are stored in a folding system, I will name it saprophilic complex tvarin .
Humus grows out of sight, the form and nature of the warehouse elements, which can be huminov і inhumanity speeches. The inhumanity of speech is established from a halfway, which is included in the fabric of the roselin and the food, for example, the bile and the carbohydrates. With the distribution of these speeches, see carbon dioxide gas, Water, amiak. Energia, scho to pretend to be victorious with soil organisms. At the same time, it is necessary to improve the mineralization of the living elements. Humane words as a result of living of microorganisms are transformed into new ones; humic acids abo fulvic acid .
Humus grows for a living one, which is easy to overtake and serve as a livelihood of microorganisms and is stable, which is a vison of physical and chemistry functions, Controlling the balance of lively conversations, the amount of water and wind in the ground. Humus glues the minerals to the soil, painting the structure. The structure of soils can also be deposited as a mixture of calcium. See the advancing structure of the ground:
boroshy,
powdery
grainy
nutty,
breast kuwatu,
clayey.
The main power of the soil is її ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї і і ї і і і і і ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї і ї і і ї і і ї і ї і ї і ї і і і і і і іnpіvnі prychuvіy with water, mineral salts, povіtv. The pressure of the humus ball is the reason for the rationality of the soil.
Vology and aeration.
Water to the ground grows on:
gravitatsіynu,
hygroscopic,
capillary,
steam like
The hygroscopic water in the ground is reduced for the watery clinks near the surrounding colossal particles near the thin, micro-knotted fish. Vivilnyaєte only at temperatures of 105 - 110 ° С and practically inaccessible for roslin. The amount of hygroscopic water can be deposited together in the soil of coloids. In clay soil, up to 15%, in food - 5%.
In the world of accumulated amount of hygroscopic water, pass into capillary, wipe out in the ground by surface tension forces. The capillary water easily flows to the surface through the pores from the groundwater, it is easy to vaporize, and it can be easily cling to the dewline.
The steam is similar to the loan of all the water from the water.
Isnu continuous exchange of soil, soil and surface waters, Yakiy change its intensity and directness in the fallowness from the climate, seasons.
All the time, every time, according to the history of the day. On light (growing) soils, the aeration is more colorful, less on important (clay) soils. The shaking mode and the mode of dressing with a number of atmospheric falloffs.
Ecological groups of primitive organisms.
In the middle soil, place 2-3 kg / m 2 of live dews and twigs, or 20-30 t / ha. With tsom in to the pomirny belt root roslin to form 15 t / ha, komakhi 1 t, board worms - 500 kg, nematodes - 50 kg, cancer-like - 40 kg, ravliki, slimaki - 20 kg, snakes, grizzlies - 20 gk, bacteria - 3 t, mushrooms - 3 t, actinom 5 t, simplest - 100kg, water - 100kg.
Roslin, adapted to fizzy squeaks, are called psammophy ... Smells of good-looking brunks when they are naked, often cause a high speed to the growth of pagans, flying weather, parasitism In some cases, the growth of the tree grows out of the ground, it hangs up and at once from us it is transported in the morning in the middle of the place. Go quickly to sprout, with the sand dune. Є pristosuvannya before transferring dry land - chohli on roots, crumbled roots, stronger development of bicar roots, leafless pagony, xeromorphic leaves.
Roslini, which grow on peat bogs, are called oxylophytamі ... The stench is stuck to high acidity in the soil, strong moisture, anaerobic minds (bagno, crabgrass, crane).
Roslin, scho live on stones, skeletons, stony ossipes to be carried up to lithophy. As a rule, there are many settlers on skelny surfaces: autotrophic water growth, scale lichens, leaves, lichens, moss, lithophytes vishykh roslin... Їх they call shilin roslin - hasmophytamі ... For example, lomikamin, yalivets, pine.
1.3.5. Living organism is especially the middle of the day. Environment-forming role of living organisms.
Vikoristannya with some organisms of those for the satisfaction of their needs is wider in nature. Nemaє practical bagatoclatinous organism, SCHO I CANNOT internal bags. Chim vishche organizing organizmu, thym dedication to the inner middle, fabrics and organisation and thym more intelligent mind, and we can give for living with their spiwmeshkantsiv. Jonathan Swift wrote:From the microscope vin vidkriv
Live a flea bite blishki;
On blishki tiy - flea-krykhta,
I put a tooth in a flea, angrily
Flea ... and so ad infinitum.
- Practically indiscriminate food resources;
- the seizure of all foreign minds;
- the seizure of all the landmarks;
- post-life mind.
- the closure of the space, to that the attachment to the vision of the offspring with the organism of the hazyaina appeared;
- inadequate sourness, the bagatokh has an anaerobic type of exchange;
- it is important to know the ruler and that the vision of the offspring is small;
The number of organisms near the ground is magnificent. Roslin, creatures and microorganisms, lingering in the ground, perebuvayut at the post-modality one by one and from the middle. Dani in the form of folding and versatile. Critters and bacteria live on growing in carbohydrates, fats and drinks. The breeders of the cims owed to the monarchs and as a result of the fundamental changes of the physical, chemical and biochemical authorities girskogo breed in nature, soil-creating processes are constantly observed. In the middle soil, place 2 - 3 kg / m2 of live roslin and twarins, or 20 - 30 t / ha. With the whole climatic belt, root roslin grow 15 t / ha, komakhi - 1 ton, board worms - 500 kg, nematodes -50, crustaceans - 40, ravliki, slimaki - 20, snakes, grits - 20kg, bacteria - 3t , mushrooms - 3 tons, actinomyceti - 1.5 tons, simplest - 100 kg, water growth - 100 kg per 1 hectare.
Unimportant to the heterogeneity of ecological minds in the ground, you can easily reach a stable middle ground, especially for crumbling organisms. The steep gradation of temperatures and airiness in the soil profile allows the soil creatures to move insignificant changes in order to preserve their specific ecological situation.
The heterogeneity of the soil should be produced to the point that for the organisms of the young growth you will be able to see it in the middle. For microorganisms, it is especially significant that the surface of the soil particles is majestic, so that the part of microorganisms is adsorbed on them. The foldability of the soil middle is the great versatility of the minds for the very different functional groups: aerobians, anaerobes, living organisms and mineral spoluks. For the growth of microorganisms in the ground, it is characteristic of a different type of environment, but a few stretches of decilkokh milimeters can change the development of ecological zones.
Behind the step, the link with the soil, like the middle ground, is united by three ecological groups: geo-links geophilia and GEOKS.
Geobionti - creatures, constantly bagging in the ground. The whole cycle of development of the soil center... Geobiontams є board worms (Lymbricidae), abundant primordially non-cretaceous coma (Apterydota).
geofiles - creatures, part of the cycle of development of which (often one of the phases) is bound to pass in the ground. Before the whole group, there are more comas: sarans (Acridoidea), a number of beetles (Staphylinidae, Carabidae, Elateridae), long-legged mosquitoes (Tipulidae). The larvae grow in the ground. In a mature railway station, there are types of terrestrial bags. Before geophiles, there are comas, which are located in the soil in the phase of the lyalechka.
GEOKS - creatures, inodі lead the soil for the team hour ukrittya chi the lane. Tarakanova (Blattodea), Bagato Klopi (Hemiptera), deyaki kraine, where beetles develop a pose on the ground, are known to geoxenes with comas. People are welcomed to live in burrows.
At the same time, the classification has not been shown to represent the role of food in soil-forming processes, so as in the skin group є organisms, they actively re-suck and grow in the ground and passive, as they cure eggs in the soil during the period of ovulation. soil bags in the fallowness of the debris and the degree of decay, it is possible to divide it into several groups.
Microbiota, microbiota - all soil microorganisms, warehouses the main lanka of detrital grub lancer, є hiba scho industrial lanka with growing surplus and soil creatures. Here, the first for everything, green (Chlorophyta) and blue-green (Cyanophyta) algae, bacteria (Bacteria), fungi (Fungi) and simple (Protozoa). On the day it is possible to say that water organisms, and the soil for them is the whole system of micro-reservoirs. The stench to live in the soil pores, filled with gravitational or capillary water, like microorganisms, a part of life can be transferred to an adsorbed camp on the surface of particles in thin prods of floating vologue. Bagato from tsikh vid_v bag and in the wispy waters. At the same time, from the soil form, you will grow more pristine, and moreover, it will take a significant hour to spend a lot of time in the process of being inconsistent with the period. So, freshwater amoeba can be 50-100 microns in size, soils - 10-15 microns. Flagellates do not overlap 2-5 microns. Soils and infusions can also change the shape of wood in the meaning of the world.
For a given group of terrains, the soil is represented as a system of ovens. They have a lot of special pristosuvan to ritty. The stench povzayut on the slopes of unpaved empty roads for additional pictures or worm-like zvivayuchis. Water vapor infestation on the ground allows you to dichati through pokrivi tila. Bagato vidіv tvarin of the tsієї group do not disturb the tracheal system and are sensitive until they are hungry. For them, they are oversubscribed. Most of the creatures may be susceptible to being attached, as they allow to endure the hourly decrease in the value of the runt food: the cut pieces on the floor, the partly the impenetrability of the curves, the very rough shell.
Period of flooding of the ground with water, creatures experience, as a rule, in bulbs povitrya. By and by, to be covered with hairs, shreds, etc. D. Bulbashka has been used to serve for a common food-grade “physical chop”. Dikhannya zd_ysnyuєt for a rakhunok souring, scho diffundє in the bendings of the prodigies from the navkolishny midst.
The creatures of meso- and micro-types are able to endure the winter freezing to the ground, which is especially important, since most of them cannot go down from the balls, so that they are allowed to flow into negative temperatures.
Macrobiotyp, macrobiota - There are great soil creatures, with dimensions from 2 to 20 mm. Until this group, the larvae of comas, bagatonizhki, enkhіtreіd, worms and worms and in. The soil for them is a schіlnoe center, which is infused with a significant mechanical opіr in rusі. The stench is peresuvayutsya in the ground, expanding the nature of the upper reaches of the path, and the rooting of the soil particles or swarm again. Insulting ways to oversupply impose a video beat on the call of Budova Tvarin. In bagatokh types of development, it is more ecologically more common in the type of oversupply in the ground - the rate of clogging behind it.
Gas exchange of a large number of types of a given group should seek the help of special organs of the economy, but in order to complement gas exchange through curves. In the worms and enkhіtreіd, the meaning is entirely different.
Riyuchі creatures can go from balls, de vinikє unfriendly situation. Before winter and on dry land, the stench concentrates in large balls, which are several tens of centimeters from the surface.
Megabytes, megabytes - tse great diggers, the chief rank from the number of ssavts.
It is a lot of them to spend all their life near the ground (golden mole in Africa, mole voles, tsokori, mole Eurasia, summery mole of Australia, blind, etc.). The stench is laid in the soil of the system of the movement and the number. Attitude to the subterranean the way of life to know the image is in the most modern vision and anatomical peculiarities of the cich creatures: they have poor eyes, a compact lumpy body with a short width, a short thick hut, strong compact images with a small width.
Criminals of persistent sackcloths in the soil of the great creatures do not easily see the surroundings ecological group bagkants_v nir . Before the whole group of twins, lay borsuk, babaki, hovrahi, jerboas and іn. The stench is good for the surface, however it multiplies, hibernates, resists, hides in the ground. A number of these creatures are victorious nori, they are known to have a friendly microclimate and ukrittya from the cities. Meshkantsi nir, or nirniki, mayut rice budovi, characteristic of terrestrial creatures, but at the same hour mayyut a number of prisosuvan, knitted in a way of life. So, for borsuks with characteristic rice dovgі kіgtі і there is strong musculature on the front kіntsіvka, vuzka head, small ears of the shell.
To a special group of Psammophiles to bring creatures to populate the hoarse crumbled food. Before the typical Psammophilia, marmot beetles from the genus Polyphylla, larvae of goose levs (Myrmeleonida) and horses (Cicindelinae), there is a large number of mugworms (Hymenoptera). Soil creatures that live in ruky sands, may have specific preoccupations, which will prevent them from being oversubscribed in fluffy soil. As a rule, the creatures are “mute”, and the parts of the squeak will grow.
At the ridge Psammophilia of the kitsivka it is not very easy to wedge in the form of free "licks", so that it can be oversaturated on the fluffy soil. For example, in the thin-toed hovrakh and the jerboa's comb, cover the fingers with their hair and horny virost.
Yak has already been identified, 25% of all soils in our planet are salted. Tvarin, who stuck to life on saline soils, call them halophiles . The fauna grows in saline soils in a highly and well-worn environment. For example, there are larvae of blacksweed (Elateridae), beetles (Melolonthinae), and at the same time there are specific halophiles, which do not grow in soils of extreme salinity. Among them, the larvae of the darkling beetle beetles (Tenebrionidae) can be seen.
At the inhabitant of the water center guilty but they are attached, many of them can be found in the same time. For swimming, the shape of the body is required, and the shape of the body is suitable for laying down near the water. Apparatus oversupply includes special pictures, special versions of the dvigun.
Prystosuvannya to the water center
The form of tila is to blame for the usual with the most recent options:
flattened from sides (crucian carp),
flattened in the back-cranial straight (pavka),
round in transverse overriding(Vugor),
teardrop (swimming beetle),
torpedo (squid).
Tilo guilty minimizuvati rubbing against the water. Tse reach the features of the yogi curves:
curling the slime (riba);
arched smooth ("polished") hard surface (sea turtle),
A soft ball on the surface of a solid body (whale).
pictures:
tossing a swimming cross (toad),
conversion in swimming (dolphin),
transformed into lust (seal).
Special features and attachment to the water near the water can include:
a swimming mantle about the size of a special type of "parasolka" (cuttlefish, jellyfish),
waterstorm ("reactive") dvigun (squid, grandma larva),
tail with fin (riba).
At the same time, the dichati can be brought, and the dichati is also organized according to the singing rules.Organizational development:
zyabra (riba),
dichny tube (ranatra),
povitrozabirniki (water beetles, bugs),
storing up the water near the viglyad mikhura (pavuk serebryanka),
the formation of mikhura, which replaces the lung (float beetles).
The basic rule of barring for water creatures is dictating the use of light in water. If you are astonished from above, then the bachish is dark at the bottom, and when you look from the water, the sky is lighter. Zvidsi is characteristic of all people who live in the water. Their upper part is dark, the mask is on the dark bottom, and the lower part is light, the mask is on the light sky. Due to the peculiarity of the budget:There are a lot of water bags of small two-colored: dark top and light lower (black) side.
Organizmi, scho linger in the ground, to live according to their own rules and may also have special attitudes, such as the form of til, yogo curvatures, cues and other features.
Prisosuvannya to the ground
The cover of the body of an underground inhabitant is guilty of allowing you to suck in the cradle ground without any problems, both forward and backward (you can’t always turn around at a high school).Axis deyaki rules for curves:
mucous vidіlennya, scho allow kovzati in the ground (worm),
if є wool, then you won’t be short (krіt),
the wool is smoothed forward and backward (kryt),
wool stike before erasing (krit).
The form of tila and kintzivok tezh is guilty of the address ... Dovgі kіntsіvki do not give the ability to collapse at the university holes, except for the fact that it is necessary for digging the earth. Tilo is not guilty of chilling for the crypt of nori, but we can easily go straight and go to the house. Here are the rules:
short pictures,
digging teeth (kryt) or digging teeth (mole vole),
til tonke and dovge (geofil),
everyday without blowing parts (krit).
Specificity of organs sensitive to earthmoving - also pristosuvannya to the peculiarities of the middle of the living. The stench can be done with the following rules:
changes or changes in the outer shells (krit),
changes or changes in the eyes (krit),
tactile sensitivity has been adjusted (scrolling across the board).
The ground is great and important, and, besides, there may be a lack of food in it. Tsi and її specialties also produce up tophysiological and anatomical adaptations :
style to unstable sourness (asphyxia) system of lacunae (empty in which shelter is available, filled with sourness);
straining m'yazi and kistki, how to resist the pressure (crit).
Inhabitants of the food center people for their attachments, that is, specialization to the back of the development of communication. So, they run on hard ground, they don't look like climbers, but those who are even more likely to come out of those who are climbing. That is why all the organisms here are manually divided into groups, so that they can be adapted to one and the same habitat.
Prystosuvannya to the midst of food
Most of the specific middle of the food industry, very speciallitayuchі form. Already the particularities of the zest of the organism allow him to pomp that his attachment to the point of favor. Persh for everything, to talk about yogo tila form .
Tila form:
daily volume (ptah),
the appearance of areas for support on the wind (krill, parachute),
the design (empty boxes) has been lodged,
the appearance of krill and their attachment for the sake of favor
lodging of kintzivok (short, change of masi m'yaziv).
Have bigayut tvarin can be seen as a type of rice, for which it is easy to recognize a good bigun, and if it is to be oversupplied with strips, then a stribune:
straining, ale easy kintsivki (kin),
change of toes on the feet (kin, antelope),
even tighter rear patterns and shortened front (haunches, kangaroo),
horny deposits on the fingers (hornets, calluses).
climb organisms may themselves grow attached. The stench can be fantastic for roselin and creature, but it can be delicious. For a lazinnya you can buy vicoristan and a free form of tila:
thin dovge tilo, loops that can serve as a support when lazin (snake, liana),
dovgі nnuchі hapalnі, or hіplyayutsya kіntsіvki, and maybe, and the same hvіst (mavpi);
virosty tila - vusiki, gachki, korintsi (peas, ozhina, ivy);
state standards of the Kyrgyz Republic on the cues, or dovgі kіgtі, bent with a slack or strong hapal fingers (bіlka, lіnivets, mavpa);
tighter miscellaneous ideas, which allow you to move it from the head to the head (orangutan, gibon).
Deyak_ organ_zmi added freedom of versatility to attach to two at once. Climbing forms can be seen as a sign of climbing and pleasure. There are a lot of them can, having climbed on the temple tree robiti dovgі stribki-poloti. Tse podbnі pristosuvannya among residents of the same center of residence. Often times, creatures are built up to a shimmery big time, and one hour offense to a set of adaptations. In the lumps of tse beetles-horses (family Ground beetles), in ptakhіv: bustard, little bustard, derkach.
There is a chance to get a prestosuval sign in the body to life in the midst of the middle. Such parallel set of adaptations are the essence of all amphibious creatures. Prisosuvannya to the benefit of may and days floating purely water organisms. Try flying ribs to find squids.
Also, from the earliest age, children can be shown different organisms and information about special priesthood, such as the stench of viciousness in their life. This will be the first system of simple axioms, how to embrace the pre-existing structure of the living, how to lay down all the factors, how to infuse the middle. The simple rules of factorial ecology (autecology, or the ecology of an individual) show the basic preoccupation of living organisms to the minds of being able to see, allowing us to see during the changing times of the planet, the same day, the same day The skin organism has its own function, and the stench is even more important for the realization of planetary life, for which one can call the efficiency of any organism a robot. Nature needs all kinds of robots, so an important leather worker.
The rules are for those і, well, everyone could pass by, to that і people can be victorious їх in their life. If the design does not allow you to speed up the necessary rule, then the person will see the device or come up with a suitable one. Guess a scuba diver. In a new everyday life, a smooth gumy curl, fins for a ruch, a mask, a bachiti by the water and a supply of food for a dick. All prices are equipped according to the rules of a water resident. The importance of the knowledge of the tsikh pristosuvan for any people. In addition, it is not the only way to know that it belongs to the body to this group, ale viznachaєsh and de yogo mice of living, and what is it who grunts. The navkolishnє life is old, and, besides, all the rules can be lighter in this particular situation in your life.
Repeat the attachment of creatures to the ground middle: Kintzivki attached to the ritty (planes with great cigars). Tightened front teeth (for fast and root biting). Weakly blighted eyes and ears. Tilo oval with a short tail and short tail (for manual overslowing along the ground passages). Short hutro (for less rubbing with soil). The company was special in Budova (the earth didn’t use the soil). Joints tilo (oversubbed in the ground). Vidіlennya slicku (when oversubbed in the ground).
Slide 14 from the presentation "Uruntova center of living" before lessons in biology on the topic "Soil"Size: 960 x 720 pixels, format: jpg. Schob bezel-less lock the slide for the victorian at the level of biology, click on the image with the right button of the bear and click “Save the image yak ...”. You can add the entire presentation of "Uruntovye meddovische obitana.ppt" in the zip-archive with size 4410 KB.
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