The ground is yak middle ground. Soil yak ecological factor and the middle of living
The soil is a whole living organism, which can be stored from small microscopic living organisms. The number and versatility of living microorganisms in the ground is imperceptible. In 1 meter of the ground, there are miliardi bacteria, fungi, algae and other organisms, and in addition, depleted woodworms, woodlice, bagatoni, equal and іnіrіnіh runtіvіh organіzmіv results, yakіt lively speeches, available for growing with roslin. Establishment of humus in the soil from the cultivated dewline and white material, which, as a result of the use of water and sour wine, gives rise to lively speeches for dewlines. Fluff the structure of the soil can be easily reached
Root organisms, as a natural order to change the mineral and organic speech, vibrate with a new substance. It is important to improve the durability of the soil. Vyvchennyam of soil-dwelling creatures are engaged in a special science - soil zoology, which has been formulated in our capital. For this purpose, the fakhivtsi have broken up the methods of thinking and fixing things, which are tied with significant technical difficulties, the eyes of zoologists have become a whole kingdom of isstot, who are distinguished for Budova, the way of living in their own processes, the way of living in their processes About biological development tvarinny svit the soil can be torn from coral reefs - the classic butt of the most rich and versatile natural sports goods on our planet.
Among them there are great spineless types of worms, microorganisms, which are ill-fated to poke with an unbreakable eye. In addition to other sizes (up to 1 mm), there are more soil-dwelling spineless creatures that are not suitable for harvesting, too, because it is possible to use a special tool Microorganisms store the basis of the population of the soil, biomas which reach hundreds of centners per hectare. If you talk about the number of woodworms and the great spineless ones, then there are tens and hundreds per square meter, and the number of other and microscopic organisms is within the reach of millions of individuals.
For example, simple and round worms (nematodes) with a size of up to 0.01 mm according to their physiology - typically water, healthy, sour, can be found in water. Finding the size allows them to be satisfied with the microscopic dots in theology, who will remember the empty soil in the university. There the worms peresuvayutsya, know how, multiply. When the soil stinks, it’s a trivial hour to spend in an inactive camp, and if you cover the call with a zapobyzhnoy shell, you can catch a vision.
From soil organisms, it is possible to name more soil mites, springtails, other worms - the closest relatives of table worms. All the same reference land creatures. The stench is dyhayut atmospheric sour, populate the dead inner soils, empty, root walk, nori more spineless. Dribnі rozmіri, nnuchka
Soil organisms є living a necessary lanka in a closed cycle of exchange of words. The staff of the living room All products of organic walking are laid out, reworked and filled in a mineral form available for the roselin. Mineral speeches, razchineni by the water, go up from the ground to the root of the roslin, and the cycle is repaired from the spat
just allow them to navigate the very high ground between soil particles and penetrate into the glib horizons of cracked loamy soils. For example, carapace clamps should blow coal by 1.5-2 m. soil bags the soil may not be a solid mass, but a system of walking and emptying, which is used by itself. Critters linger on the walls, yak in the stoves. Overwhelming soil appears on the floor and is unfriendly for її bagkansіv, as і dry out. Good soils without spines with dimensions greater than 2 mm. Here it is possible to create a developmental group of worms, terrestrial molluscs, crayfish (woodlice, amphipods), pavuks, blue moths, pseudoscorpions, bagatons, goose bumps, termitiv, larvae (beetles) The larvae are comatose, and the musculature is strongly rosy. Fast-paced music, stench increase the diameter of your body and grow the soil particles. The worms wrap the earth, pass it through their intestines and seep out when it comes forward, like a bi "pass" through the gut. Behind the stench, pour your extras with food exchange and mucus, clearly see in the empty intestines. With their slimy breasts, the worms cover the surface as they go, they go to the ground, so they go to the ground.
And the larvae of comas may be especially illumined on the heads, on the backs, like a stink, like a shovel. For example, the bear's front legs are transformed into strong digging - the stench is widened, with jagged edges. The scrapers are good for building even dry soil. In larvae w
Khrushchiv, scho ryu go to the sign of the mountain, for the people to push out to serve the upper slots, as they look through the tricky pyramids with the toothed top and with the forced combs from the sides. The larva smashes it into the ground breast with its slits, crushing it into other particles and pidgorta for itself. are great baggage to soil to live in already obvious empty places. Smells appear, as a rule, even nasty thin body and you can penetrate into the arch of the university and walk. riє, tvarin maє is of great importance for the ground. The system of steps is used to grow the air, so that the roots and the development of aerobic microbial processes, connected with humidification and mineralization of organic material, are developed. It is not for nothing that Charles Darwin wrote, back before that, like a man had fallen into a plow, the boards of worms appeared correctly and kindly crumbled the earth. Win assigning to him a special book "Osvita soil ball with worms and caution over the way of living the rest".
Main role The natural organisms of the glades in the building are quickly rewarded with the growing surplus, they are, by the way, when they come in, they are transformed in a visually appealing natural environment, organically kind biohumus. In Bagatyah lands, among others, in ours, worms have begun to grow on special farms for rejecting organic goodlings. Evaluate the addition of invisible workers in the soil to improve the structure of the structure to help the onset of the butt. So, the flies, which will be ground nests, wicked on the surface from glib spheres in the ground over a ton of earth per 1 hectare. For 8-10 rockyv stinks practically pereroblyayut the entire horizon populated by them. And the woodlice pedestrian grows from the clay of 50-80 cm on the surface of the soil, filled with elements of the mineral vivification of the roselin. There, there are colonies of cich woodlice, the height of the tree lice is thick and dense. Planks and worms are built to produce up to 110 tons of land per hectare.
Oversupply in the earth and grow in deadly tall surplus, the creatures mix organic and mineral particles into the soil. Tighten up the ground litter in gliboki balls, smell the air of the balls by yourself, start activating micro-bial processes, and bring humus to the soil to fill up the soil and lively talk. The creatures themselves, by their own power, create a humus horizon and soil structure.
The role of woodworms in the biological life of the soil
The board worms push out the soil, penetrating into every single soil organisms, living in one soil ball, in the soil. Through the poured holes, open up to the root of the roslin to penetrate water and water.
The board worms sprinkle the sour soil on the soil, so that the processes of decay of organic material are damaged
: Plank worms glaze organic surpluses, at once into the herb tract they consume minerals, grains of clay, soil water, bacteria, microorganisms. There, a lot of different material is changed and reworked, the managers of the exchange processes, supplemented by the visions of the intestinal microflora of the chrobak, a new camp, and then at the vigilant after being consumed in the ground. It is clear that the warehouse is covered with soil and I will glue the breast structure together.
Lyudina came to chop the soil, fertilize it and cut it off. Replace the efficiency of runt organisms? It’s like this in the world. Ale with intensive earthmaking by means of special methods, with soil re-tanting with chemicals, mineral goodness, pesticides, growth stimulants), with frequent breakdowns of the surface ball and damage to the soil by means of clay tins The envy of a number of minerals does good to clean up the earth and drive in a biological life. Chemical treatments do not exist in the ground only for schoolchildren, ale and corny creatures. For the renewal of the tsy bitku of the required rock. Today, in the period of the ecology of our mission, I am thinking over the tim, some criteria for evaluating the bitches, I grow up. Until now, it has been accepted only as a matter of school. Ale, let’s go to hell and waste, create the very soil from the bend of the soil formers.
For the protection of the soil, a unique natural resource Land, built up to the self-creation of its own kindness, it is necessary to persist for all the preservation of the gift. Soil organisms, soil-formers to roam those who still cannot rob people with their forced technique. Stink will require a stable middle ground. Їm necessary kissen in the system of propagating moves і a stock of organic surplus, a lane і walk, so as not to be ruined by people. The cleverness of the government, the sparing method of processing the soil and the maximum view of the chemists who won the roslin mean the clearing of the minds for the preservation of the living BIOMIR to the soil - make it more productive.
Living rooms in the warehouse ground
All the components of the growing line that are necessary for life can be trimmed from the soil only in a mineral form. Lively words, which are rich in organic matter, humus and organic goodness can be taken up by the roses only before the completion of the process of folding organic spoluks or mineralization.
The presence in the ground of a sufficient number of old-fashioned speeches є one of the leading officials of the successful development of roselin. Its supermundane part, root system, quit, fruit that growling grows from organic speeches: Fat, bicarbonate, carbohydrates, acids and other words, how to vibrate with a green leafy mass of roslin. For the synthesis of organic speech, the roslin need ten head elements, which are called biogenic. Biogenic chemical elements are constantly entering the warehouse of organisms and displaying the same biological functions, so that the life of organisms is not guaranteed. To biogenic macroelements, carbon (C), calcium (Ca), zalizo (Fe), water (H), calium (K), magnesium (Mg), nitrogen (N), kissen (O), phosphorus (P), sirka (S). A part of the roslin elements will be removed from food, for example, kissen and coal;
The process of exchanging old talk
Living elements play a role in the cyclical process of exchanging words, securing the life of the growers. Water grows lively speeches and microelements, grows out of soil, which grows in the roots of dews
for, іnshі elements, to go up the lines, whichever way from the ground, at the viglyadі rozchinenih near the water spoluk, the so-called root wedge. Even in the soil, there is a serious shortage of any element, the growth is weak and grows only to the singing stage, as long as there is no internal biological supply of this element, the essential tissue in it. You can get rid of the roslin at the center of the stage. In addition to biological macroelements for the development of a growing line, microelements are necessary, to take revenge in even small numbers, but also to play an important role in the exchange processes. To microelements of the past: aluminum (A1), boron (B), cobalt(H), mid (Ci), manganese (Mn), molybdenum Mo), sodium (Na), silicon (Si), zinc (Zn). Hei - overflow or excess microelements to produce before destructive exchange of words, scho tyagne
for itself the increase in growth and development of the growth, decrease in yield and inheritance. The deyaki from the re-insured microelements are not life necessary, and are often seen as precursors in the group so called " brown elements". Tim is not less obvious, it is necessary for the development of the growth of the growing line. All components of that are present in the growing growing line in an unbalanced view, so as a matter of fact I want one of the head elements - the same Lack or unhappiness of the growing of the three elements, as well as of the other living speeches.
Building of Roslin dovkilla to start as a general rule of the root system. Roslin will develop lively speeches through all the vegetation, albeit nervnomirno. The need for roselin in lively conversations changes in the period of development. During the period of intensive growth of the growth, nitrogen is especially required, before the hour of flowering and fruiting the growth of the need for phosphorus and calories. Sediments of the living words vibrate vibrate in the growing organs of the roses.
The Earth is one of the planets and the soil (edasphere, pedosphere) is especially the upper shell of the land. Qia obolonka was formed in an hour, historically accessible for viewing - it is the same age as land life on the planet. Forward to the food about walking around M.V. Lomonosov ("About the spheres of the earth"): "... the ground has become like the mind of creatures and tall bodies ... for the next hour ...". And the great Russian teaching you. You. Dokuchaev (1899: 16) for the first time calling the soil a self-contained natural til and doviv, so the soil є "... also an independent natural-historical til, like whether it’s like a roslin, whether it’s a creature, whether it’s a mineral ... the result, the function is superb , in addition to the effectiveness of the climate given to the society, to the growth of the large and natural organisms, to the history of the land ... in the established normal soil ... ".
The first occasion of the presentations of the teachings of N.A. Kachinsky ("Soil, її power and life", 1975) yes, it’s the beginning of the day: "Under the ground, the need for the size of all the surface ...
The main structural elements of ґruntu: mineral base, organic speech, drink and water.
Mineral base (skeleton)(50-60% of all soil) - a very non-organic speech, which was established as a result of a pedstyle gir (maternal, soil-forming) breed as a result of a vivitryuvannya. The size of skeletal patches: from boulders and stones to found leaves and mulish particles. Physical and chemical authorities of the building stock in the main warehouse of soil-supporting species.
From spіvvіdnіnnya in the soil of clay and sand, the size of fragments, to lay down the penetration and porosity of the soil, so as to prevent circulation, like water, so on and on. In the middle of the climate, ideally, as the soil is approved with equal pieces of clay and sand, so that it is loam. In general, the soil does not overload or overwhelm, but does not dry out. The first is the same for the roslin, so for the creatures.
organic speech- up to 10% to the soil, to be taken from the dead biomass (roslinna masa - leaf litter, gillocks and roots, dead stovbur, ganchir'ya grass, organisms of dead biomas), refined and re-crushed into soil-organic humus Simple elements, which were established as a result of organizing the organics, know how to start growing with roses and get started up to a biological circuit.
fortnightly(15-25%) in the ground to take place in empty spaces - pores, between organic and mineral particles. When the weather (important clay soil) is filled with water (during the hour of heat, thawing of permafrost) in the soil, the air is lost and anaerobic minds are stored. In such minds, the physiological processes of organisms are galvanized, as they live in mussels - aerosols, and organisms are distributed everywhere. Stupendously accumulate, the stench is set in peat. Large reserves of peat are characteristic of boli, swampy leaves, tundra spilnots. Peat accumulation є is especially relevant in winter regions, because coldness and overflowing of soils are interdependent and add one to one.
water(25-30%) in soil is represented by 4 types: gravitational, hygroscopic (tied), capillary and vaporous.
gravitatsiyna- water collapses, occupies wide gaps between particles of soil, seeps down under a mighty water to the level of groundwater. It is easy to pick up roslin.
Hygroscopic, or tied- it is adsorbed near colossal particles (clay, quartz) to the soil and settles down at the thin water behind the rakhunok of watery sounds. See them at high temperatures (102-105 ° C). Roslins won’t be able to get out, don’t viparovatsya. In clayey soils, such water is up to 15%, in food - 5%.
capillary- settle down near the soil particles by the force of the surface tension. Behind the high pores and the canals - capillaries, go out from the groundwater level or go out into the empty space from the gravitational water. It is more beautiful to wipe down with clay soils, it is easy to viparum. Roslin is easy to glaze її.
steam-like- borrowing all of the water from the water. Viparovuєtsya in the Persha Cherga.
There is a continuous exchange of surface ground and ground waters, like the lanka of the out-of-the-way circulation of water in nature, as there is a change in the swiftness and straightness of fallowness during the season and the fate of the weather minds.
Budova Root Profile
Budova soil is not uniform along the horizontal, as well as along the vertical. The horizontal heterogeneity of soils reflects the heterogeneity of the distribution of soil-forming rocks, positioned in the relief, especially the climate and the growth of the soil along the territory of the dewline curvature. For skin such heterogeneity (type of soil) is characterized by its own vertical heterogeneity, or soil profile, which is formed as a result of vertical migration of water, organic and mineral speech. The profile of the tsiy is the supremacy of the spheres, or horizons. All the processes of grounding are carried out in the profile with the obligatory urahuvannya yogo dismemberment in the obrії.
Regardless of the type of soil in the її profiles, there are three main horizons that develop beyond the morphological and chemical powers between themselves and similar horizons in other soils:
1. Peregnіyno-accumulative horizon A. The new one accumulates and transforms organic speech. Pislya the re-creation of a part of the elements from the horizon to wine with the water in the lower one.
The whole horizon is most foldable and important from the soil profile for its biological role. Wines are stored from a lumber bed - A0, approved by ground litter (the organics were added to a weak stage of spreading on the surface of the soil). Behind the warehouse and the strain of the bedding, one can judge about the ecological functions of the cultivation of cultivation, its activity, the stage of development. The bottom of the bedding is growing Dark humus horizon - A1, the appositions are enhanced, the growing step is laid out with surpluses of woolen masi and masi tvarin. The destruction of the surplus takes on the fate of the backbone creatures (phytophages, saprophages, coprophages, hijacks, necrophages). In the world of subdivision of organic parts, it is close to the onset of the lower horizon - the eluvial (A2). New humus is distributed chemically on simple elements.
2.Illuvial, for the horizon is immersed in... At the same time, they settle and transform in the soil of the spoluca, the wine from the horizon A. The whole of humic acids and their salts, which enter into a reaction with the bark of the growing and taking over the roots of the dewlines.
3. Mother (underlying) rock (vivitryuvannya bark), or horizon S. In the middle of the horizon, it can also be transformed into the ground.
Ecological groups of primitive organisms
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There are three stages of decay and growth, the whole runt fauna was grouped in the onset of three ecological groups: Microbiota, or Microbiota(Do not cheat with the endemic of Primor'ya - the growing microbial cross-paired!) Tse vodnі organіzmi, alе dіbnіshe sluggish by the water. Live in the pores of the soil, filled with water - micro-reservoirs. The main lanka is the detrital grub lancer. They can be visihati, and with the renewal of sufficient vologosti they come to life again. Mesobiote, abo mesobiote- a large number of small ones, it is easy to fight against the soil of collapsed comas (nematodes, clams (Oribatei), other larvae, springtails (Collembola) and others. Even more numerous - up to millions of individuals per 1m2. When the air flow is low, the coal must be blown out. Macrobiota, or Macrobiota- great comas, board worms, crumbled arthropods, how to live between pidstilkoy and soil, other creatures, right up to ryut savtsiv (moles, zemleriyki). Handle boards of worms (up to 300 pcs / m2). The skin type of soil and the skin horizon is given its own complex of living organisms, and it takes a part in the utilization of organisms - foodfon. Naybіlsh numerical і foldable warehouse of living organisms may be the top - organogenic shari-horizons (Fig. 4). The illuvial bag only contains bacteria (sulfur bacteria, nitrogen phytomex), but does not require acid. |
Behind the step, three groups are seen in the background:
Geobionti- post-sacking soil (plank worms (Lymbricidae), abundant primary malignant coma (Apterigota)), sarcastic moles, blinds.
geophiles- creatures, for which part of the development cycle takes place in the middle, and the part - in the ground. There are a large number of lumpy comas (sarans, beetles, long-legged mosquitoes, cabbage, and a lot of metelikiv). Some of them undergo the larval phase in the ground, and the larvae - the lyalek phase.
GEOKS- creatures, inodі drive the ground yak ukrittya or a lane. Before them all ssavtsi, who live in holes, rich comas (Targani (Blattodea), Bugs (Hemiptera), deyaki vidi beetles) are known.
A special group - psammophies and psammophiles(Marmurovі krushchі, murashinі levi); adapted to fizzy squeaks in kestrels. Prying to life in rukhomiy, dry middle ground near the roslin (saxaul, acacia food, roe pischana і ін.): Dodatkovy roots, diving brunky on roots. The first to repair the growth when the squeak is clogged, other when the squeak is blown up. As a result of the entry, they hide in a shimmering growth, reduction of the leaf. Fruits are dominated by volatility, springiness. On dry land, they preserve food chohli on roots, crumbled measles, strongly rooted roots. Pristine to life in ruhomiy, dry middle ground in creatures (vyshe, dezglayavshey and vologii mode): mіnuyut piski - rossuyut іх tіlom. In ryut tvarin lapi-lizhi - with growths, with hair.
Soil - midway between water and water ( temperature regime, Low vm_st sourness, abundance of water vapor, the presence of water and salts in them) and in the evening (the empty ones, the sharp changes in the lightness and temperature in the upper balls). For arthropods, the soil is in the middle, through the yak stench they could pass from the water to the terrestrial way of life.
The main indicators of the power of the runt, how to imagine the power of being the middle man for living organisms, is the hydrothermal regime and aeration. For the content, temperature and structure of the soil. All three indicators are tightly tied together. The heat conductivity and the airflow of the ground will increase with the allowance for the heat supply. Chim vishche temperature, tim is stronger than viparovannya. Bezposredno with tsymi indicators of tying the understanding of physical and physiological dryness of soils.
The physical dryness of the grain during atmospheric droughts, in conjunction with the fast speeds, is necessary to water through the trivial volume of the fall.
In Primorye, such periods are characteristic for the middle spring and especially strongly rotate on the grasp of the early displays. Moreover, with the same position in the background and in the other minds of growth, which is more beautiful than the roslinny curvature, Tim shvidshe insists on the standard of physical dryness.
Physiological dryness is a more foldable phenomenon, it is overwhelmed by the unfriendly minds of the middle. Polyagus is in physical inaccessibility of water and in abundance, and in the overworldly water in the ground. As a rule, physiologically inaccessible water at low temperatures, high salinity or acidity of runts, the presence of toxic rivers, unstable acidity. Immediately inaccessible to the water and the elements of life: phosphorus, sirka, calcium, kaliy and іn.
Through the coldness of the soils, and its zooms to the overflowing and high acidity, physiologically inaccessible to the Koreans large reserves water and mineral salts in bagatokh ecosystems of the tundra and northern taiga forests. Tsim explain themselves more strongly in them vishykh roslinі widespread lichens and moss, especially sphagnum.
One of the most important pristosuvan up to the suvorikh minds in the food sphere є mikoriznogo kharchuvannya... Practically all trees may have links with mushroom-forming mushrooms. The skin species of a tree is considered a microcorpore-forming type of fungus. For rakhunok mikorizi, the surface of root systems grows active, and the fungus is easily seen by root rods.
Yak told V.V. Dokuchaev "... Soil zones and natural historical zones: there is an obvious link to climate, soil, food and growing organisms ...". Tse good can be seen on the butt ground cover in forest districts at winter and winter districts
The characteristic feature of the soils of the Distant Descent, which is formed in the minds of a monsoon, tobto arcuate climate, is more vivid in the elements from the eluvial horizon. Ale in the winter and early regions of the region, the process is not the same through the difference in heat supply in the middle of the region. The soil on the Extreme Winter is seen in the minds of a short vegetation period (no more than 120 days), and the widespread expansion of frozen ground. Lack of heat, often overwhelmed by overwhelming runts, low chemistry activity in the development of soil-friendly species and trusting organisms. The life of the soil microorganisms is strongly attuned, and the possession of the living elements in the roots of the roslin is dull. As a result, the growing cenoses lead to low productivity - the stocks of wood in the main types of modrinous plants do not outweigh 150 m2 / ha. With the whole accumulation of the deadly organisms prevail over the distributions, in the case of which the strained peaty and humus horizons are formed, in the profile a high one instead of humus. So, in pivnichny larch forests the toughness of the fossil bedding reaches 10-12 cm, and the stocks of undifferentiated mass in the soil - up to 53% of the backyard stock of biomass growing. One hour the wine of the elements goes beyond the profile, and when the frost is close to the ground, the stench accumulates in the illuvial horizon. In soil formation, yak in all cold areas pіvnіchnoі pіvkulі, Providny process - podzol forming. Zonal soil on the pivnichny Uzbek coast of the Sea of Okhotsk є Al-Fe-humus pidzols, in the continental regions - podburi. In all areas of the Pivnichnoe Descent, there is a wide range of peat soils with ice-rich permafrost in the profile. Zonal soils are characterized by a sharp differentiation of horizons beyond the color.
In the new areas of the climat maє rice, similar with climate vologic subtropics. The provincial factors of soil conditions in Primorye on the lightest of lightness are to serve time-over-long (pulsating) peroxidation and trivial (200 days), even warmer vegetation period. They will amass the acceleration of deluvial processes (vivitryuvannya priminnyh mineralіv) and even more quickly the spreading of the mortar organics on simple chemical elements. Stop not to blame for the boundaries of the system, but to overdo it with dewlines and soil fauna. In small broad-leaved forests on the first half of Primorye, up to 70% of the litter fall will "overwhelm" during the summer, and the strain on the litter does not change 1.5-3 cm. Between the horizons of the soil profile of the zonal burrow soils, the cord is slightly rotated.
With a sufficient amount of heat, the main role in the soil-supported boundary is the hydro-logical regime. All landscapes of the Primorsky Territory are seen from the distant teachings of G.I. Ivanov has poured out on the landscape a swift, poorly trimmed and difficult water exchange.
The landscapes have a quick water exchange є brown soil-forming process... The runts of these landscapes, the stench and the zonal - brown forests, along with coniferous-broad-leaved and broad-leaved forests, and brown-taigov - along with conifers, tend to be even more productive. So, the stocks of wood stands in black-and-white-leaved forests, which occupy the lower and middle parts of pine grasses on weakly skeletal loams, reach 1000 m 3 / ha. Buri soil evolves weakly by differentiating the genetic profile.
In the landscapes of poorly streamed water exchange, brown soil formation is superimposed on podzolivania. At the profile of soils, beyond the humus and illuvial horizons, one can see the illumination of the illuvial and the signs of differentiation to the profile. I am attracted to a weakly acidic reaction of the middle and high instead of humus at the upper part of the profile. The productivity of cich soils is less - the stocks of tree stands on them decrease to 500 m3 / ha.
In landscapes with a difficult water exchange through a systematic strong overflowing in the soils, anaerobics develop, processes of gleying and peat formation of a humus ball develop, taiga peaty and peaty-opidzolens - from larch forests. Through a weak aeration, biological activity decreases, and the pressure of organogenic horizons increases. The profile of the sharp cuts into humus, alluvial and illuvial horizons.
Oscillations to the skin type of soils, skin soil zones of the power of their particularity, then the organisms vibrate according to the attitude to the minds. On the basis of the growth of the dewline it is possible to judge about the vologosti, acidity, heat safety, salinity, storage of the mother breed and the other characteristics of the ground cover.
Not only the flora and the structure of the growth, but the fauna, with the blame of micro- and mesofauna, is specific for agricultural soils. For example, about 20 species of beetles are halophiles; they live only in soils with increased salinity. The worms of the greatest number of worms can be nailed to the boards in the warm, warm, with the straining organogenic ball soils.
Soil (food factor) is another living center of our planet, which was formed as a result of the trivial re-creation of the surface spheres of the lithosphere under the inflow of the hydrosphere, the atmosphere of living and dead organisms. A number of global functions have been infected with a vison, not being hunted down to an ecological crisis.
The ground is the middle ground of the lifeless organisms, the clear information and sanitary role. Vona is also an in-house regulator of the intermode of geological and biological circuits in the biosphere; The managers of "rodyuchosty", won є the basis of the idea of people and their social eulogy.
Like the middle of life, the soil is a folding system, in which solid particles are soaked in water and water. Tse, on the thought of M.S. Gilyarova, yes, by the time it was allowed to go, she became a middle-class, through a sprinkle of water bags, they could go to the land-based way of life. The solid part is set in the main mineral component (the size of the particles is up to 3 mm), the type of mechanical storage, structure, porosity, water penetration, as well as changes, water and temperature conditions. In addition to the number of non-living components in the soil, the root of the roslin grows, a bag of great and "world" of other and found creatures. In the circulation of speech in the ground, the growth of the line is to play the role of producers, to establish an organic speech. Creatures vibrate mechanically and biochemically (phytophages, hijacks, saprophages, caprophages). Microorganisms synthesize and lay the ground humus. The whole life of living in the soil of organisms is called foodfon. The reason for V.I. Vernadsky has brought the soil to the special biosynthes of nature, by themselves, the weirdness of life and the unreasonable connection of inorganic components to the living.
At the same time, the soil is far from being uniform, but it is most likely to manifest itself in a vertical split on a sample (A, B, C) and large shot balls. Rіznomanіttya materinskih porіd i rіznomanіtnіst drain prizveli to formuvannya bіlsh 100 genetichnih tipіv gruntіv, s yakih on teritorії Russie nayvazhlivіshimi Je chornozemi, kashtanovі, pіdzolistі, sіrі lіsovі, zaplavnі, Leather of yakih vіdrіznyaєtsya structure zmіstom humus, temperature, vologіstyu i near іnshih pokaznikіv ... Designed to produce heterogeneity of the soil before different organisms vona vistupaє, yak rіzna middle. Behind the step, the link with the middle soil organisms is combined into the following ecological groups:
Geobіonti, constantly linger in the ground;
Geophilia, in some lichens, a part of the cycle is developed against the ground;
GEOKS, as one hovers in the ground.
The role of food in soil-forming processes and soil-forming processes, sacking in the soil can be divided into:
Mikrofaunu - the main lanka of detrital lanceuga kharchuvannya (2-5 - 10-15 microns);
Mesofauna - arthropods and soils and nematodes (up to 2-3 mm);
Macrofauna and megafauna - great vidi.
In addition to the persistent sackcloths in the ground, there are some particular groups of sackcaps nir, Psammophiles (inhabiting the hoarse squeaks), halophiles (sacks of saline soils) and some of the others.
Roslini along the rise to the ground should be carried by:
Eutrophy - to populate the soil;
Oligotrofi - sack of low-fire runts;
Mesotrof - roslini with intermediate signs.
A number of groups see in terms of maturity up to a variety of elements (nitrophy, calcephy, etc.), ions (Acidophilia, basephilia, nitrophilia) or ryuntiev (petrophysiology, psamophyta), halophytes.
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Topic 1. History, subject, structure and department of ecology.
Meta: Learn about the main stages of development and development of ecology, structure and enterprise. 1.1. History of ecology. 1.1.1. Forming naturally and historically
Formation of natural and historical phenomena in the ancient times, middle and 16-18 centuries.
The term "ecology" (from the walnut word "oicos" - budinok, zhitlo and "logos" - science, vchennya; in literal sense - science about habitat)
The development of ecological directing in the 19th century.
A special feature of the first half of the 19th century was the recognition of the greater role of the middle class in the development of organic society, which is the most clear-cut
Development of ecology in the first half of the 20th century.
Important news of the 20th century was announced by the official announcement of the "Ecology" and the development of eutecology and syncology (111 International Botanical Congress: Brussels, 1910r.). In tse
The development of ecology in the other half of the 20-ear is 21 tables.
Since the middle of the 20th century, the development of ecology is characterized by: - significant expansion of the scale of ecological
Subject and structure of ecology.
The vicious versatility of the living organisms of our planet (close to 7 million are described. Views, the foreign number is estimated at 80-100 million);
Naivazhivіshі head of ecology.
Nayvazhlivіshim zavdannymi, who stand in front of the modern ecology є vivchennya: - Ecological mechanisms of adaptation of organisms to the new center; - mechanisms of regulatory
Ecology in the systems of sciences.
It has already meant that ecology is related to the fundamental biological sciences, so that one can cope with one and the same organisms between oneself and one's own middle. However, there are some indications of the aspects of information
Methods of Ecological Doslidzhen.
Proficiency in education in the field of ecology and in the sciences of transmission in ecology pre-development methods and to understand how to become stagnant in physiology, morphology, chemistry, geography, geology, h
Ecological plasticity of species; її minlity in ontogeny and for the past seasons rock.
Any organism in the process of living is conceived in the infusion of powerless ecological factors. Anyone who has an effect (or a certain reaction) should be stuck in all
The laws of the spіnnoї dії factors.
Whether an organism is immediately aware of the infusion of a great number of factors, the skin of which can do the following:
Navkolishnє center of people.
Navkolishnє people the center includes elements of inanimate nature, live nature And also the powerless factors that are tied to the lives and power of the people themselves. Lyudin in Rizny
The biosphere is the specific geosphere of the Earth. The structure of the biosphere.
The Earth is the third planet behind the rakhunk in the system of small size (diameter is close to 1.5 million km) and the average size of the sun, which should enter the warehouse of the giant galactic landscape
Nayvazhli components of the biosphere, laws of interaction.
The biosphere is stored from decilkoh components: - living speech - sukupnosti of all living organisms; -biogenic speech, tobto all forms of speech, folded and repetitive
Signs, functions and power of living systems.
All living systems have the following basic signs: - Unity of chemistry warehouse. In living organisms, 98% of the chemistry has an attack of 6 elements (m
Biosphere yak arena life
To the warehouse of the biosphere according to V.I. Vernadsky enters all the water, the upper part of the solid and the lower part of the winding shell. More recently, the upper boundary of the biosphere was carried out at a height of 15-20 km,
Biosphere yak central system
Three warehouses of the biosphere - hydraulic, lithium and atmosphere, tightly tied and at once set up a single self-regulating ecosystem,
Topic 4. The midst of life and adaptation of organisms to them.
Meta: learn about the specificity of the middle of life and the most important features of the adaptation to them of organisms in different ecological groups. 4. The midst of life 4.1
Zagalna characteristics.
Water middle є Tim middle course, de vinikla і more than 3 bln. life is developing. Vona played an important role in the geological history of the Earth and at the same time the most important parameter
Specificity of the water center of yak areni life.
The length of the hydrosphere is significant and the specificity of the physical world is important, and there is a lot of power, as well as from other centers. Price - great proficiency, meaning fall in a vice, weak
Specificity of adaptations and ecological groups of children.
The versatility of the minds of the aquatic environment was due to the number of adaptations of the hydrodynamics. At the same time, water organisms in the whole may have less ecological plasticity, lower ground, so as water
Obrudneniya surface and underground waters.
Necessary mental preservation of the quality of the water є the protection of the water. Vodi obrudneniya - the tse of introducing or setting in new physical, chemical and biological computers
Control and standardization of water supply.
Control of water quality and flow through the analysis of samples, a number of samples (not earlier than once per month) and every month
Ґrunty, їх warehouse and power
Soil for the design of V.V.
Land resources.
The power of the soil cover is especially special - its flexibility, giving the soil the nature of the most important virobnic resource in the sphere Silskoy government, I want to land the viconu function of the spacious basis
Obrudneniya soils.
One of the reasons for the degradation of the soil cover is the first obstruction. The main and most reliable soil bruising agents are pesticides, nitrate, nitritis, important metals, naphtha
Protection of soils and land resources.
Before protecting the soil, the complex of entering the complex will help to preserve the integrity of the soil cover and its efficiency. Vaughn includes the following:
Protection nadr.
Pid nadrami rose to the upper part earth measles, In the boundaries where you can see the brown kopalini. Subject to the law "About nadra (1995) and" About the protection of the midst of the village "(2002), about
Terrestrial - the middle ground.
4.3.1. Zagalna characteristic ground-based food center. 4.3.2. Sleepy and sleepy and their role in the life of terrestrial organisms. 4.3.3. Infusion of temperature on living organisms. 4
Infusion of temperature on the life of organisms.
In the process of evlution, the skin looks stuck to the point in the minds of the singing temperature range and at the singing temperature regime. Tse was informed by the team, what was the exchange of reactions є
Specificity of heat exchange for roslin and tvarin.
The addition of that seasonal temperature change, the scale of the growth from the distance from the distance, led to the formulation of a number of adaptations, such as to be active: - active path
Adaptation of terrestrial dews and twigs to the water regime.
The normal function of the roses is less likely with sufficient water supply. Bottom roslin vologu glaze all over, moss - rhizoids, and vishch roslini - rhizoids (and deyakim
Sleeping temperature and air quality.
Any organism in nature immediately sees the input of many factors, and moreover, often the temperature and the logic are present in the baguettes. Їх
The obstruction of the atmosphere and the main methods of cleaning the vibration from the houses.
In his own way chemical warehouse atmosphere is a sum of gas. Razrіznyayut postіynі, changing and vypadkovі warehouses parts of the food. Before the last components of the atmospheric twist
Alive organisms yak the center of life.
Bagato heterotrophic organisms all life or a part of its life cycle linger in the same istot. The manifestation of endobiasis, for being vicious by some organisms of the middle yak
The rhythm of the outward middle ground and reason.
Seredovishche, which will leave us alive and our organisms gradually change and change and change in many ways. The cycle of great processes is one of the fundamental powers of all living nature
Add and circadian rhythms.
Periodic change in the illumination of the Earth, as it winks around its axis, called for the formation of a good rhythm, which appeared in the very small organisms - as one-year
Thousands and tidal rhythms.
In addition to the above-mentioned and circadian types, the periodicity is equal to the monthly month, moreover, it is in both terrestrial and aquatic organisms. So before the strictly singing phase of Misyatsya, some
Seasonal, circus and bagatorial rhythms.
We live by the organisms of the authorities, as well as seasonal (or ichnі) and bagatorіchny cycles. Basically seasonal changes to be the head of the class, the climatic seasonality, when flowing into the process
Signal role of the factors of the middle.
The onset of the cycle stage of the riches cycle in living organisms is called upon to appear on a number of changes as well as internal factors. However, the periodicity is often stale
The system of living forms by E. Warming and K. Raunkier.
Understanding "about the life of the form" yak sukupnosti pristosuvalnyh signs, one hundred and fifty years old for the first time in 1884. one of the founders of ecology roslin Danish botanist E. Warming, hocha, before
The system of living forms of Roslin I. G. Serebryakov. Villages and napіvdirіvny roslini.
One of the best known є classification of living forms, broken down by I.G. Serebryakov (1964). For yogo viznachennyam life form - tse free zagalny viglyad (gabitus
The system of living forms of Roslin I. G. Serebryakov. Herbs.
A great and versatile group includes Viddil V - ground grassy roslini middle vid_lyayut: Type polycarp_ or non-one-time fruiting
Life forms of ridge creatures.
The stench is also rіznomomanіtnі, like і at the Roslin. Naybilsh adopted by zooecologists є classification, proponated by D.N. Kashkarova (1945) and it was refined in part by offensive zoologists. However, qia siste
Living in coma.
By the baggage of life forms, comas are seen. For V.V. Yakhontov (1969), among them are the main groups of living forms:
Topic 9. Biotic vidnosini
Meta: Learn about the main forms of internal and different types of ideas and meanings in the life of small organisms. 9.1. Understanding biotic officials, bioty
Understanding biotic officials, biotic environment, meaning in the life of organisms. The main types of vidnosin.
Whether it is an organism, whether it be the growth of a creature, it is not isolated, but in permanent form in the interconnection with the individuals of their own species. Link tsey є n
Direct interaction with roslinami.
The stench is manifested in mechanical and physiological interaction. With the help of mechanical interconnection є: - shredding of pine and yalini in a thin forest from a chilling birch tree
Indirect transabiotic interactions between the roslin.
Indirect transabiotic interactions between the roslin are manifested in the midst (environment-forming inflow) and competition. The most widely extended and the most universal type in
Indirect transbiootic relations between the roslin.
As it was meant, in the most recent literature, the most common knowledge is the classification of phytogenic factors, proponated by V.N. Sukachova (1964), in yaky krym straight mechanical and physiological
Homotic zoogenic bureaucrats.
To the whole type can be recognized as "group effect", "masovy effect" and internal competition. The term "group effect" (according to Gross, 1944) means wines, knitted from one
Heterotypical reactions
The stench manifests itself in the following forms: - multi-species of competition, because of the reason, the active shout of the decilcom by the types of one and the same food resources and the middle of living,
Topic 9. Lyudin in the ecosphere.
Meta: Oznayomiti with vіdnosinny people і navkolishnogo middle in the development stages of civilization. 9.1. Dinamika population. 9.2. ecologically
Population dynamics and anthropogenic influx into the biosphere.
Our planet has formed 4.5-5.2 billion Rokiv. Life on them was born about 4 billion. Rocks to that. As a result of the subtle interaction of living and inanimate nature, the initial
Ecological crises in the history of people.
Ludin s very cob of his becoming infused into the navkolishnє middle ground. At the same time, on the cob stage of its history, pouring in the buv podibny to pour in any kind of creature. zrostannya chi
The main type of hardening of the navkolishny center.
One of the minds of the strong sense of the biosphere is the obvious steel to become the components. The emergence of new ob'єktіv in nіy, with the cause of the state dіyalіnіstu people, wagon train
Radioactive interference in the midst
Radioactive complications are wicked to occur due to the ionizing changes (radioactivity) and the changes of the natural environment instead of radioactive speeches in the midst of the
Injection of electromagnetical fields and the flow of energy from them.
Our planet has an electromagnet field, in the minds of a vicious life and a prototype of the Bagatov Evolution. Vono before sleepy viprominuvannya, processes, which are seen in m
The noise of obstruction of the midst of the midst and the methods of capturing all of them in flux.
At the heart of the evaluation of the vibrations and noise is the mechanical collection of spring tones, which is transmitted from the viglyadas. Lyudske vuho sprymaє kolivannya from 15-17.0 to 20,000 Hz; I call more low sounds
Infusion of natural and social factors on the health of the population.
Vivchennya zmіn in the camp of the health of the population allow for the vicarious analysis of the factorial analysis. Naturalists in the whole system are directed to: -
The regulation is injected into the navkolishnє middle ground.
At a complex of calls, which will not be able to adjust the quality of the surrounding middle, it is important to introduce the regulation of anthropogenic infusions. In the middle of a straight line, like a roundabout
Understand ecological monitoring. Form monitoring.
Until the need for coordination has been learned, it’s hard to get started, to take care of and overhaul the tribute about the camp of the midst of the world, the light industry came in the late 1960s, and it’s not a bargain at the Stockholm Conference.
Systems and services for environmental monitoring.
On the territory of all Europe, the functions of the body for international monitoring of the navkolishny center of the Vicon European Agency of the navkolishny center (ANS). Wono zdіysnyu zbіr and an assessment given
Forms and functions of ecological control.
Function of environmental control є revision of the revision of the current legislation and the adoption of standards (revised up to Federal Law No.
Topic 10. Ecological safety.
Meta: Learn about the factors that are environmentally insecure and the system of entry to the environmentally friendly environment. 10 .1. Factory, dzherelom
Protection of the ecological safety of Russia
Safeguarding the environmentally friendly people in the protection of the life of health and the minds of the life of the people, in the defense of the suspension and the new community of threats, which are the result of
International spirovrobitstvo in viral ecological problems.
Evidence of the external connection and the interconnection between the components of the biosphere and the unpleasantness of the global environmental problems Outside regions of the country, the need for a minor
The power of the soil, as an ecological factor (food factor).
The soil is a superality of highly dispersed particles, due to which atmospheric droppings penetrate into the depth and settle there in the capillary systems. The particles themselves are flattened on the surface of ізні іon, gas, water bet. At the top balls, the soil needs to concentrate the elements necessary for the growth of the roslin: nitrogen, calcium, calcium, phosphorus and other elements. Soil roschini rіznіkh speeches They can be acidic, neutral and luscious. In the ground layer, it is possible to make adjustments instead of carbon dioxide, in carbohydrates and water bets. The soil can also wrestle toxic to the organisms of chemical speech.
Life of organisms in the ground, sound and biological features. So, the root mass of roslin in the process of growth, growing and spreading loose soil, expanding structure of the soil, and making it safe for the life of their organisms. Riuchi creatures mix up the root mass, and when they die, they become a jerel of organic speech for microorganisms. Soil organisms ensure the continuous cycle of speech and energy migration, and at the same time with climatic factors - cyclic cyclic changes in the soil, specific for high latitudes. In fact, the role of the formulated soil and the authorities is that of the relief of the world.
Physical and chemical mechanical power the soil in the end is characterized by an ecological regime, the main indicators of which are hydrothermal factors and aeration. So, a good moistened soil is easy to warm up and generally attain. Above ground temperature is up to 1 m... The porosity of the soil will prevent water circulation and air circulation. Aeration to go down due to increased temperature and temperature of the ground. With glybin in the soil, the dioxides in the carbon will change. The assigned factors are one of the reasons for the vertical migration of organisms in the ground.
The complex of temperature, moisture and air pressure to the soil will increase the hydrothermal regime and rob the virtual inflow on the ground sacking.
The role of soil in the life of living organisms.
The managers of the food are transferred to the authorities, the soil will not be able to live in the new organisms of water supply and mineral life. Staggered water in the ground brought in the ground by organisms. The dryness of the soil was taken to be physical and physical: physical - at atmospheric dry; physiological diagnosis as a result of physiologically inaccessible physical evidence. So, the water of some people is sick, unaffected by a large quantity, is inaccessible to the roses through the high acidity of the small bureaucrats. Physiologically dry and highly saline soil.
Along with the water, the root system of roslin is supplied to them and the mineral speech, but in addition to the participation of the primordial microorganisms is a folding biochemical process.
An important role in the growth and development of the growths is to clean organic speech to the soil, which is stored in the products of humification (aerobically distributed growth in the growth of the remains). Approvals for a wide range of humus (humus) є the main source of mineral spoluk and energy and enhancing the efficiency and structure of the soil. Humus also serve as a dzherel of active physiological spolucs (vitamins, organic acids, etc.). The main energy material of the runtu is the organic speech of roots, because of the number and types of development of soil bags.
It is a great contribution to make the circulation of words in the ground possible to bring in the soil of the creature, which will change the structure and structure.
Soils, microorganisms, dews and creatures play an extremely important role in soil-forming processes.
Soil bags are intelligently divided into three ecological groups:
- microbiota - the main warehouse of the grub lancer, which є industrial lanka between the growing surplus and ground creatures (green and blue-green algae, bacteria, mushrooms and іn.);
- mesobiota - coma larvae, mites and in. The stench is even more numerical - up to 1 10 6 individuals per 1 m 2 ground;
- macrobiota - great comas, worms and ін. The number of them in the ground is 300 individuals per 1 m 2. The organizations of the group play a positive role in the mixing of the soil.
Salinity of runtu.
In areas with a small number of fallen trees due to the lack of soil soil with planks, there is a predominant water stream with wine and glybin salts, which are very heavy for a large amount of soil organisms. For a lot of familiar ground, go to solonets(Salt rots in glide balls) salt marshes(Slowly and more strongly the upper spheres are disturbed by brackish waters).
food(Grounds) officials play an important role in the widening of the Earth's growths and creatures.
The soil yak, the middle of the living organisms, was established as a result of infusion on the mother (mother) breed of food, atmospheric fall, sleepy warmth, life of living organisms, as well as dead organic speech. Tse naymolodsha middle life on Earth. At the moment of recognition the soil has an important role in the evolution of organic light.
MINISTERSTVO OF OSVITI I SCIENCE UKRAINI
Tyumen State University
ECOLOGO-GEOGRAPHY FACULTY
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY I
ground yak ecological factor and middle life
Visonala: student 722 groupie
Rakhimova N.R.
Tyumen - 2003
1. Introduction
2. Soil yak ecological factor
2.1. Zagalna characteristic soil center
2.2. Mechanical warehouse of soil
2.3. Chemically active soil
2.3.1. Acidity step to soil
2.3.4. soil salinity
2.4. Organic speech to the soil
2.5. Vology and aeration
3. Yak soil from Lanka
4. Soil yak center living
4.1. Ecological groups of primitive organisms
4.2. Roslin shrine to ґruntu
4.3. Role of food factors in rospodilia roslin and tvarin
5. Visnovok
6. Vikoristan Literature
1. Entry
The soil is the basis of the nature of the land. You can marvel at the very fact that our planet Earth is one of all the planets, how I can marvel at the soil. Has the yak become the ground? At the same time, the great Russian teaching-encyclopedist MV Lomonosov was first introduced in 1763 in his famous treatise "About the spheres of the earth". The soil, writing wine, is not primordial matter, but became won "from the mind of creatures and tall bodies at the same hour." VV Dokuchaev (1846-1903) in the classic robots about the soils of Russia, for the first time, became the basis for looking at the soil as a dynamical, and not inert, middle. Win doviv, scho the soil is not a dead organism, but a living one, populations with numerical organisms, it is folded behind its warehouse. Five major soil-forming factors have been identified, including climates, parent rock (geological basis), topography (relief), living organisms for an hour.
Soil is a particularly natural affirmation, where volodya is near power, power of living and inanimate nature; to build up from genetically linked horizons (to establish a soil profile), which results in the re-creation of surface spheres of the lithosphere under a spilny inflow of water, by and by organisms; to be characterized by romance.
2. Soil yak ecological factor
2.1. The characteristic of the soil center is overwhelming
Even more foldable chemical, physical, physical and chemical and biological processes occur in the surface sphere of girder rocks on a path of transformation into the ground. N. A. Kachinsky in his book "Soil, power and life" (1975) and the beginning of the day: , growing and growing organisms, and on the cultivated territories and everyday people, let them grow. That mineral rock, on the yaky soil, has established itself and yak yak bi populated the soil, is called the parent rock. "
For G. Dobrovolskiy (1979), "the ground is slid to nazivat the surface ball earthly coo It is volodya owing, which is characterized by an organo-mineral warehouse and a special one, only when we are in power with a professional type of budovi. The soil of the vineyard grows as a result of water, food, sleepy energy, green and food organisms, which is poured into the water breed. The power of the soil to represent the different features of natural minds. " This rank, the power of the soil in its own capacity, creates a singular ecological regime, the main indicators of how to serve as a hydrothermal factor and aeration.
Before the warehouse of the soil, there are chotiri of important structural components: a mineral base (add 50 - 60% of the storage to the ground), organic water (up to 10%), powder (15 - 25%) and water (25 - 35%).
mineral basis (Mineral skeleton) to the soil is a non-organic component, which has become established with the mother breed as a result of the development. Mineral fragments, which fix the speech of the soil skeleton, are from boulders and stones to growing grains and found particles of clay. Structural material can be easily spread on small soil (parts less than 2 mm) and large fragments. Particles smaller than 1 micron in diameter are called coloids. The mechanical and chemical power of the soil is mainly based on these words, which are carried to the dry soil.
soil structure Visnachaetsya vіdnіsnimі vіstom in nіy sіst і clay.
Ideal soil is guilty of a mystery of approximately equal parts of clay and a drop of particles of industrial growth. In general, it becomes porous, granular structure, and the soil is called loam . The stench of volodiyut perevagami two extreme types of runts and not to miss their shortcomings. Medium- and dry-structured soil (clay, loam, silt) should give more space for the growth of the growing plants together with a sufficient number of lively rivers and healthiness to drain the water.
At the ground, as a rule, there are three main horizons, which develop behind morphological and chemical powers:
1. Upper humus-accumulative horizon (A), in which to accumulate and to transform itself into an organic speech, and from which through the rushing waters, part of the wine is to be wine down.
2. Vimivannya horizon, abo illuvial (B), de sediment and reimagine vimiti at the top of the speech.
3. Mother breed, abo horizon (C), material which is transformed into the ground. At the boundaries of the skin horizon, there are more shot balls, which also grow strongly behind the authorities.
2.2. Mechanical warehouse of soil
The smallness in the open space and in the hour of the bureaucrats in the ground, and also, in the processes, which were found in the ground in the last and in the weather, enhancing the great versatility in nature. The structure of the soil is known to be readily mixed in any clay and clay. Isnu 11 basic soil classes:
3. Piskuvati loam
4. Piskuvati aleurite
5. Piluvate loam
6. Piskuvati important loam
7. Loam
8. Important piluvaty loam
9. Piskuvati clay
10.sale clay
The skin type of soils is treated with pebbled types of growths. So, pine forests, as a rule, grow on light fodder soil, and samer foils make up the ferry more important and lively rivers of loamy soil.
A special group is represented by roslini, adapted to the hoarse ruhomim sings, - psammophytes. Roslin of effervescent squeaks at all climatic zones may be the peculiarities of the morphology and biology. Hoarse squeaks occur in the vologue climate, for example, dune food along the shores of the winter seas, the drip of the river bed along the banks of the great rivers, etc. On the grown-up, overly clayey soil, such roslini, yak mother-y-machuha, horsetail poloviy, m'yata polova and іn live.
Roslin, who lives on stones, skeletons, stony ossips, in the life of which I will override the role of playing physical power to the substrate, to communicate to lithophy. To lay down to the whole group, the first for everything, the first for the microorganisms of the settlers on the skelny surfaces and zruynovani girskikh breeds: Autotrophic water growth, scale lichens, grow up to the substrate and grow skeletons in different colors. Later on, on the surface and especially in the trenches of stones, organic surpluses accumulate near the viglyad ball, on which moss settle. Under the moss cover, a primitive ball is established on the ground, on which the lithophytes of the growing dews settle. Їх they call shilin roslin, or hasmofitamі. Among them are the genus lomikami, chagarniki and village species (yalivets, pine, etc.)
2.3. Chemically active soil
Chemistry of soil is partly due to a mineral skeleton, partly organic speech. A large part of the mineral components is represented in the soil by crystalline structures - stable products of the growth of the parent breed. Peso and aleurite are composed of the head grade of quartz (SiO2), also called silica. Silica serve as a dzherel silikat-ions (SiO44 "), as well as to get along with cations especially with cations of aluminum (A13 +) and galiza (Fe3 +, Fe2 +) and create electrically neutral crystals.
The great role in the utmost life and lively speech is especially numerical and important is the group of mulistic miners. Most of them are seen in the eyes of other flat crystals, often six-sided form, which can be used in water to form a coloidal suspension. At the zv'yazyka with even small sizes, the years of the soil can be majestic sumarny surface - on 1 cm3 soil is close to 6 yew. M2, or more than half a hectare; We will explain that it is a great building up to physical adsorption - the chasing and cutting of water, which are found in these lively speeches on their surface. The physical adsorption is based on the surface of the soil . Given a part of the soil (coloids and parts of the mule), I named the soil yak clay to the complex .
The soil is characterized by biogenic accumulation of chemical elements before the injected height, as it is not available in korі vivіtryuvannya. Lumpiness of a number of elements in phosphorus, calories, silicon and in. In the processes of vivіtruvannya and biogenic accumulation growth.
2.3.1. Acidity step
Khimizm of the primrose є for primordial organisms it is an ecological factor of first-rate importance. So, on the growth of roslin, the reaction of soil rose (pH) is significantly infused, it is tied together in the soil of acids (volatile acid, fulvic acids in gley-pidzolic soils), or in meadows (soda in salty soils), enter the clay complex. There is a great number of ions in water, for example, aluminum reaction is sour reaction, and ions in sodium are lusen. High acidity is observed in pidzolic and swampy soils, and in puddles - solonets. Chornozem may be reacting close to neutral.
Roslin is differently placed before the acidity of the soil. So, for good reaction middle ground in the horizons of the ground can be wicked as an uneven development of the root system at the stables. Roslini, yak_dayut perevaga acid soil, with low pH values of 3.5-4.5, called Acidophilia (Veres, Bilous, sorrel maliy і ін.), Roslin and lush soils pH 7.0-7.5 (mother-and-machuha, girchytsya polova and in.) - neutrophils (foxtail lugoviy, boe luvna і ін.)
The growth of species of roslin is not similarly applied to the range of available nitrogen in the soil. Roslin, especially vimoglivі to supplemented with nitrogen in the soil, is called nіtrofіlamі. (For example, gritziki, deaf sprinkler bila, sprinkler dvodomna, loboda bila and іn.)
Let the stench settle there, de ddatkovі dzherela organic іnkhodіv, and also, і nitrogen vivleniya. Before nіtrophіlіm іnnosіtіn bаtа umbelliсnі, scho settle on the knots of the lіsu. A lot of nitrophilis settle there, de the soil is gradually replenished with nitrogen, and through the experiment of twarin. For example, on pastures, in places where pus is bought up, nitrophilic grasses grow in beaches
The stocks of living words at the runts have developed a lot to overwhelm the need for them. However, a large part of them is represented by the inaccessible for the roslin z'єdnanny. The gallant zmіst of the living words in the ornom ball of the old runts is not the same.
Zm_st phosphorus (P2O5) at the storage soils 0.03-0.25%. Closely half of this is in the mineral form, and half is in the organic form. In poorly cultivated peat soil, phosphorus in organic form accounts for up to 70%. Deyaka is a bit of yogo to take revenge in the camp, which is clayed with soil piles. A significant part of the mineral forms of phosphorus in acidic pidzolic soils and chervonozems is found in phosphates, which are important for roslin, and aluminum. In neutral soils, for example, in black soils, mineral phosphorus is represented by calcium and magnesium phosphates, which are more accessible for roslin.
On a small part of calium (K2O) near the ground, 0.6-3% of the mass of the soil is accounted for. More calories are found in clay and loamy soils, and in soils of a light mechanical warehouse (food and supine) it is significantly less. The amount of processed calories in the warehouse, kg / ha: in pidzolic soils - 150-300, black soils - 400-900, gray soils - 600-1500. On the basis of nitrogen and phosphorus, calories cannot be confirmed in the growls of microorganism complexes. Therefore, the amount of it in organic speech in the soil is insignificant.
Calcium (CaO) in runts is close to 0.2-2% and more of the weight. Vin of representations of silikates, carbonates, gypsum, phosphates and other spoluks. The part of the calc is located in the clay camp. Naybіlsh bagatі obminnim caltsієm black earth (about 40 meq). Most of it grows in pidzolic soils (5-8 meq), which is associated with acidity. Vapnuvannyam not only shy away from the reaction of the runt, but rather the vitality of roslin caltsim.
Calcium is the most important element, which is one of the necessary for the mineral vitality of roslin, and also an important storage part of the soil. Roslin of carbonate soils, where more than 3% of carbonate and effervescent from the surface, are called, calcification (zosulin peliroses). Z trees calciefilny modrina sibirska, beech, clear. Roslin, which is a unique soil with a great vapna, is called calcephobamy. Ce sphagnum moss, swamp heather. In the middle of the village species - warty birch, chestnut.
Closely 90-95% of magnesium in the soil is included in the warehouse of young minerals, the main rank of silikats and aluminosilicates, but it is important to be found near the water, so that magnesium cannot be found in them without a middle line of dews. Close to 5-10% of magnesium is found in the clayed (exchange) camp. Obminny magnesium. Yak and obminniy kaliy, I will play a role in the cultivation of roslin, I have added a bit of magnesium in a rustic way in the world of living with roslin. The small part of the magnesium in the soil is not important to develop in the form of organic speech, when the distribution of such wines becomes available for the roses.
Naybilsh bagati magnum black earth, chestnut soils and sirozemi. Less magnesium in food, soup and peat runts.
Instead of sirki (SO3), it is used as 0.1 to 0.5% mass of soil. Syrka in the ground is presented organic spoluks(80-90%), the devil is in the renewed form, and the minerals of calcine, zaliz, kalim, sodium (10-20), and є dzherel harchuvannya roselin. The process of oxidized water, which enters the storage of humus and organic surpluses, is added to the inflow of aerobic bacteria (sulphonation).
In large soils, there is a bit of water to fill up for roslin, however, in low-humus podzolic soils, it is not very rich, so sulfate forms are more effective here, less chloride. To add water to the soil also with organic goodies, forgive superphosphate.
Zalizo in the ground is found in the form of feroaluminosilicates, oxide and sour zaliza and іkh hydrates. Lack of salinity for dewlines is most often manifested on carbonate or heavily watered soils;
2 .3.4. soil salinity
For the soil liveliness of the roslin, a highly important salt regime is characteristic of the soil, which is characterized by the abundance and availability of salts of the elements necessary for the livelihood of the roslin (nitrogen, calories, phosphorus, calcium, salmon). Such elements, such as zalizo, aluminum, can be found in the ground in sufficient quantity for the growth of the roslin, and those - nitrogen, phosphorus, calium - are made up of roslin in small doses, often appear in a short time. For the normal interruption of the physiological processes of the growth, it is very important to protect the soil with microelements - middy, boron, manganese, zinc and others. 25% of all soils of our planet in this world are saline. The excess of salts in the soil is toxic for a large amount of roslin. Naybіlsh shkіdlivі light-corrosive salts, without pratsі penetrate into the cytoplasm: NaCl, MgCl2, CaCl2. Mensh toxic important salts: CaSO4, MgSO4, CaCO3.
mid different types saline soils are mainly salt marshes and solonets, which may not be the same salt and water regimes.
Salt marshes are a soil, steadily and strongly swollen by salty waters right up to the surface, for example, near the humid-salty lakes. The concentration of salts in the soil is within the reach of dozens of decils. They are not only known to be in sateliness, but they can enrich the complex with a lot of ground yak. A bit of salt marshes hang from the surface, covered with salt scorch. The solonets from the surface are not salinized, the upper sphere of forging, non-structural. The lower horizons are dented and filled with sodium ions, when they are hung up, they are stuck on the floor, shaved, etc. Є a number of intermediate types of soils: solon-makuvati solonets, solon-makuvati, solon-makuvati, etc.
Roslin, scho addicted to the growth of high salts, are called halophytes. On the view of halophytes, dewlines, which grow dumb on saline soils, they call them glikofitamі. Halofiti looses a high osmotic grip, which allows them to vikoristovuvati soil roschini, so as the power of the root will overturn the power of the ground. Typical halophytes are European salineros, sarsazan shishkuvatii і ін.
2.4. Organ_ichne speech to the soil.
The creatures and the growths, which linger on the ground and in the ground, are gradually poured onto the substrate, taking away from the new lively speech. To that, the skin once ruined only when the chemical rim was set up in the ground, to go further away from the degradation of the processes of deployment and vivification.
With the growth of roslin, an organic substance was established, it was consumed by the drop of the leaves and needles in the ground, transformed into microorganisms and re-converted without the mediocre or through the created organisms into the ground humus. With such a path, I’ll know to be drawn into the mineral aboriginal cycle, and perhaps in the new viglyad, it is taken up by the roslin.
The skin type of soils is susceptible to good quality light and good luster. I see it either by the organisms or by the particles accumulate on the surface and in the middle of the soil, creating an organic speech. Sukupn_st to live in the soil of organisms is called foodfon.
Unimportant to those, where the number of microorganisms in 1 dm3 soil is reduced by millions, in the foreign mass of stench they store less than 5% of the total amount of organic spoluks. Mineral substance to soil borrows 93%. Organic speech to the soil, where it is stored from the dead surplus of roslin and tvarin, is called humus . In such a rank, the process of humus formation is obeyed by the ruins and supplementation of the growing mass and the dead creature of the speech. The whole process is healthy for backbone creatures with the obligatory participation of fungi and bacteria. Phytophages are introduced to such creatures, grub with fabrics of living roslin; saprophages, live the dead roslin's speeches, necrophages , to gnaw at the corpses of the creatures; hijacks, give living creatures coprophages , diminish the increment of tvarin. All the stinks are stored in a folding system, which I named the saprophilic complex of tvarin.
In the cycle of speech in soil roslini synthesize organic speech.
There is a great role in the development of the soil, the mechanical relocation of organic and mineral speech, to play the crumbling earthy creatures (board worms, grizzlies, etc.).
Creatures vibrate mechanically and biochemically ruinate them and prepare themselves for humus formation. Microorganisms synthesize soil humus and then lay it out.
Humus grows in a viglyad, in shape and in the nature of the warehouse elements (table).
Naivazhlivіshі form humus (for G. Franz, 1960)
The elements can lie down to a group of human beings for non-humane speeches. The inhumanity of speech is established from half a day, before entering the storehouse of living roselin and food, for example, bile and carbohydrates. With the distribution of these words, two oxides are seen in coal, water and amiak. Energia, scho to pretend in the presence of others, vikoristovuyutsya by soil organisms. The decline of non-human speech will lead to more mineralization of the elements of life, which will be transformed into further growth in the ground of stable organic speech. Navpaki, human speech as a result of the living of microorganisms is transformed into new, high molecular weight spoluks - humic acids and fulvic acids.
Yak grows humus in humus and stylish. Aging humus is easy to recycle and serve microorganisms with a dashboard. In such a rank, humus is to serve as the main leader and reserve of elements in the life of the roslin. The dark color of humus is reduced to the shortened progrivannyu soil, and the thigh of the vologoism is reduced by the soil. Humus mintly glue minerals, fixing breasts, and paint the structure of the soil. The dignity of power will give the mind to the growth of dewlines on soils rich in humus. Highly flexible ecological ideas for the dewlines, which grow on peat (peat bogs), - a special kind of soil substrate, which was asserted as a result of an unequal drop in the growing amount of growth in the minds of growing Roslini, which grow on peat bogs, are called oxylophytes.
We respect the power of the ground є її - The health of the growth of the growing line with water, elements of life and vitality. The need for a humus ball versus humus in the soil is one of the most important indicators of the efficiency of soils. In pidzolic soils of pivnichnyh regions of Russia 1-3% of humus is replaced, in larger soils of the forest-steppe zone - 4-6%. Naybіlsh bagati with humus of black soil (extra ─ 7-8%, ogryadny - 8-12%).
So, black earth zvychainy ogryadny clay to cover up to 70% of physical clay, rich in carbonates. Stvoryuvani on clays of zvychayni black earth soil the humus horizon with 60-70 cm of glybin, instead of humus, I do not change 10%. The amount of humus in a meter ball reach is 60,700 t / ha, up to 800 t / ha. Tsі black earth may well bend a water-resistant lumpy-granular structure.
Chornozem zvychainy medium humus content on important forest-like loams widespread in the right-bank part of the Saratov region. The demand for the humus horizon does not change 50-55 cm. Instead of humus in the horizon, it is close to 7-8%, reserves in a meter ball are 400-450 t / ha. Chornozem zvychainy medium humus Serednoglibokі confinements to pre-girder depressions and low-density depressions on plateaus and shilah.
The Kurgan region has 3.0 million hectares of black earth borrow 65.3%, in the complex with salt licks - 8.7, siri lisov - 5.0, black earth-meadow and archer-black earth - 4.2, malt - 0, 4, salt marshes - 14.9, salt marshes - 0.3, floodplains and іnshі - 1.2%. Instead of humus in soil, it rises from 4-6 (black earth) up to 1% (malt). Behind the mechanical warehouse, 63.8% of all soils in the pillars are brought to high-loamy, clayey and heavy-glazed, 35.1 - to medium-light loamy, 1.1% - to high-loamy and heavy loamy.
In order to form humus of the same type, it is necessary to have sufficient drainage to the soil. In the minds of the overloading of decomposition, it is still more common, since it is not so easy to cut around the growing number of aerobic reducers. In such minds, growing and solid surpluses preserve their structure and, step by step, pressurize peat, which can accumulate right up to great glybin.
2. 5 ... Vology and aeration.
It was meant by us earlier, with the introduction of a ground-based food center of life, with a physical condition, decay, accessibility to the values for roslin, ground water is supplied to gravitational, hygroscopic and capillary.
gravitational water - Rukhoma water, the main type of water, which will store wide gaps between particles of the ground and seep down the edge of the ground under the force of heavy water, leave the ground water. Roslin easily assimilates gravitational water, if it is wine; to be born in the zone of the root system. From the point of view for the roses, it is even more important to irrigate the soil, to feel watery.
The water in the ground is also subdued near the edge of the colossal particles near the thin wiggly bandage. This water is called hygroscopic . Vona adsorb for the watery clinks on the surface of clay and quartz, or on cations tied with clay minerals and humus. Hygroscopic water of vivil'nya tilka at temperatures of 105-110 ° C is physically practically inaccessible to roslin. The amount of hygroscopic water hangs together in the soil of large particles. In clayey soils, there is close to 15%, in food, it is close to 5% of the mass in the soil. Vona will establish so the titles of a dead supply of water in the ground.
In the world of that, as balls of water accumulate near the ground particles, you start to store a collection of high-density poros in small parts, and then - all the more wide poros. Hygroscopic water step by step pass into capillary, utrimuvati near the soil particles by means of surface tension. Capillary water can flow through high pores and canaliculi from the groundwater level, under high surface tension. Roslin easily slides capillary water, which has the greatest role in regular water supply. Capillary water is easy to vaporize as a hygroscopic water. Fine-structured soil, on the butt, clay, soften more capillary water, less coarse-textured, such as pisky.
In addition to the overhaul of forms of water in the ground, there is a vapor-like vologue, scho borrow all vіlnі from the waters.
Prostyzhimo way, like the water, reaching the surface of the earth, the clear meaning of the air and the ground like the middle of life.
Water, which seeps into the ground, reaches the mirror of ground waters, or will store the troughs and schilines in the crystalline and shale rocks.
However, a part of the fallen, yak penetrates into the ground from the surface, and reaches the level of the ground waters, and I open the corisse for the roslin to the ground vologu. Root vologa under the flowing power of the soils of dynamical forces, as it was raised over the mirror of the ground waters, the infiltrating water in the dimpled bag - in the form of more and more flowing flow through the near-earth waters For the keys, there are in the channels of the rychok of the strum, the bottoms of the lakes. Snu continuous exchange of surface, ground and ground waters, change its intensity and its own direct in the fallowness in all seasons in the rock.
The water and energy regime should lie in the soil in the form of soil and instead of in humus. It remains in its own cell to pour into the porosity, volatility and water penetration of soils and by ourselves - on the heat balance.
In fluffy soil, the porosity of the upper ball (up to 70 cm) becomes 20-30%; drive a little - 10-20%, great glybin... Spividoshennya zvorotne spite on important grounds. I will store water in them practically all the pores. Only the upper horizon with a height of 30 cm Great is the house of clayey, so that the growing particles reduce the moisture of the soil. Food (light) soil may have little vology. The stench is busy hanging out. Clayy (important) soil is not enough to replace it, because it smells badly warmed up and in such a rank you perceive the growth of the growth and the nature of the soil organisms. Improve the growth of the dewline to grow sawn loam and loam, water and weather conditions are optimal. Determine the physical and physiological dryness of the soil. With physical dryness the ground has seen the failure of the scientists. It is necessary to fly in atmospheric dryness, if it is necessary to drive and to speed up quickly, you should start to speed up in places with a dry climate, de the soil will only be allowed to fall for atmospheric debris. physiological dryness to the ground - the phenomenon is more foldable. Vona is victorious as a result of physiological inaccessibility of physically accessible water. Roslin with physiological dryness is hungry to navigate on the ground If the temperature of the soil curve is low, or if you are uncomfortable, you should switch over to the normal functioning of the root system. For example, on sphagnum bogs, unaffected by a large number of vologues, water appears inaccessible to bagatokh roslin through the high acidity of the soil, fouls of aeration and manifestation of toxic speech, which destroy the normal physiology. Physiologically dry and highly saline soils. Through the high osmotic grip of the ground cut, the water of saline soils for bagatiokh roslin appears inaccessible.
Good soil is easy to warm up and usually reach, on the surface there is a higher number of temperatures, less in glybin. At the same time, add the balls up to 1 m. Naturally, the collection of soil creatures is much more common, less so.
A great role is played by the formulated ґruntu vidigraє relєf. On the same and single forms of the relief, it is established that the soil is close to the same type. On the spot with a dismembered topography, unequal groundwater rim helps to increase the visibility in the climate, heat regimes, fluidity of the vaporization of the surface vology and in the conditions of atmospheric debris. All the price is added to the physical and chemical power of the runts, as well as to the nature of the rose-tree cover and food light.
3 ... Yak soil spoluchna lanka
In general, according to a number of ecological features, the soil is the middle, the intermediate between the ground and the water. By turning the middle of the soil closer to the manifestation of the ground twist, the threat of draining in the upper horizons, as well as changing the temperature regime of the surface spheres. In the middle of the water, the soil is brought closer to the temperature regime, the lowering of the temperature in the rustic weather, the abundance of water vapor and the presence of water in the lower forms, the presence of salts and organic specks in the runts. Yak in the water, in the ground, it is strongly developed chemical interdependence and fueling organisms.
Climatic mind to pump indirect flow on such a factor of soil, yak parent rock, Roslinny і tvarinniy light, і ін. An extension of the main types of runts is tied to the kulemets.
Relief - one of the chinniks overrun on the earth's surface of heat and water. With a change in the height of the ground, the water and thermal conditions of the soil change. The relief summarizes the explanation of the soil cover in the mountains. With the peculiarities of the dressing, the nature of the inflow of ground, talikh and board waters onto the ground, migration of water-borne rivers.
Biological interconnection between soil and people will be the head of the rank by way of exchange of speech. The soil is like the leader of the mineral speeches, necessary for the cycle of exchange of speeches, for the growth of the dews, which are living by human and herbaceous creatures, and are brought into their own devil by human and meaty creatures. In such a rank, the soil will provide for the bagatyokh of the representatives of the rose and tartar light.
Otzhe, the reduction of the soil's quality, the reduction of the biological value, of the health to the self-cleaning of the biological lantsyug reaction, as in the time of the trivial, slow-moving, we can bring to the very healthy changes. Moreover, in the context of the control of the processes of mineralization, it is possible to set up when there is a drop in the amount of nitrate, nitrogen, phosphorus, calories, etc. the child has a breastfeeding).
Living with water with iodine-free soil can be the cause of endemic goiter, etc.
Lyudin has seen water from the ground, which is necessary to support the processes of exchange of words and life itself. The quality of the water and I will lie down to the runt; it is important to see the biological standard given to the soil.
It is especially important to go to the ground waters, the biological value of some of them is mainly due to the power of the soil and the ground, the building to self-purification of the rest, the filtration, the warehouse and the macrofloory.
Direct injection of soil onto surface water It’s not so sutta, it’s tied with the head rite for the fall off. For example, the driftwood from the soil moves from the soil to the water (rivers, lakes), from the soil to the soil, including the piece good (nitrogen, phosphate), pesticides, herbicides, in the areas of the karvovykh, three underground water.
inappropriate cleaning waste waters It can also be the reason for a lucrative biological activity on the ground and in the end bag to bring to the degradation. This protection of soil in settlements is one of the main protection areas of the naval middle-class in general.
4. Soil yak center living
4.1. Ecological groups of primitive organisms.
The number of organisms near the ground is magnificent. Roslin, creatures and microorganisms, lingering in the ground, perebuvayut at the post-modality one by one and from the middle. Dani in the form of folding and versatile. Critters and bacteria live on growing in carbohydrates, fats and drinks. The breeders of cims owe a lot to monstrosities and as a result of the fundamental changes of the physical, chemical and biochemical authorities of the large breed in nature, the soil-making process is constantly being brought to bear. In the middle soil, place 2 - 3 kg / m2 of live roslin and twarins, or 20 - 30 t / ha. With a tsom in pomirny climatic belt root roslin to form 15 t / ha, komakhi - 1 ton, board worms - 500 kg, nematodes -50, cancer-like - 40, ravliki, slimaki - 20, snakes, grisons -20kg, bacteria - 3t, mushrooms - 3t, actinomyceti - 1.5 t, simplest - 100 kg, water growth - 100 kg per 1 hectare.
Unimportant to the heterogeneity of ecological minds in the ground, you can easily reach a stable middle ground, especially for crumbling organisms. The steep gradation of temperatures and airiness in the soil profile allows the soil creatures to move insignificant changes in order to preserve their specific ecological situation.
The heterogeneity of the soil should be produced to the point that for the organisms of the young growth you will be able to see it in the middle. For microorganisms, it is especially significant that the surface of the soil particles is majestic, so that the part of microorganisms is adsorbed on them. The foldability of the soil middle is the great versatility of the minds for the very different functional groups: aerobians, anaerobes, living organisms and mineral spoluks. For the growth of microorganisms in the ground, it is characteristic of a different type of environment, but a few stretches of decilkokh milimeters can change the development of ecological zones.
Behind the step, the link with the soil, like the middle ground, is united by three ecological groups: geo-links geophilia and GEOKS.
Geobionti - creatures, constantly bagging in the ground. The whole cycle of development goes against the ground in the middle. Geobiontams є board worms (Lymbricidae), abundant primordially non-cretaceous coma (Apterydota).
geofiles - creatures, part of the cycle of development of which (often one of the phases) is bound to pass in the ground. Before the whole group, there are more comas: sarans (Acridoidea), a number of beetles (Staphylinidae, Carabidae, Elateridae), long-legged mosquitoes (Tipulidae). The larvae grow in the ground. In a mature railway station, there are types of terrestrial bags. Before geophiles, there are comas, which are located in the soil in the phase of the lyalechka.
GEOKS - creatures, inodі lead the soil for the team hour ukrittya chi the lane. Tarakanova (Blattodea), Bagato Klopi (Hemiptera), deyaki kraine, where beetles develop a pose on the ground, are known to geoxenes with comas. People are welcomed to live in burrows.
At the same time, the classification has not been shown to represent the role of food in soil-forming processes, so as in the skin group є organisms, they actively re-suck and grow in the ground and passive, as they cure eggs in the soil during the period of ovulation. Soil bags in fallowness from different sizes and stages of decay can be divided into several groups.
Microbiota, microbiota - all soil microorganisms, warehouses the main lanka of detrital grub lancer, є hiba scho industrial lanka with growing surplus and soil creatures. Here, the first for everything, green (Chlorophyta) and blue-green (Cyanophyta) algae, bacteria (Bacteria), fungi (Fungi) and simple (Protozoa). On the day it is possible to say that water organisms, and the soil for them is the whole system of micro-reservoirs. The stench to live in the soil pores, filled with gravitational or capillary water, like microorganisms, a part of life can be transferred to an adsorbed camp on the surface of particles in thin prods of floating vologue. Bagato from tsikh vid_v bag and in the wispy waters. At the same time, from the soil form, you will grow more pristine, and moreover, it will take a significant hour to spend a lot of time in the process of being inconsistent with the period. So, freshwater amoeba can be 50-100 microns in size, soils - 10-15 microns. Flagellates do not overlap 2-5 microns. Soils and infusions can also change the shape of wood in the meaning of the world.
For a given group of terrains, the soil is represented as a system of ovens. They have a lot of special pristosuvan to ritty. The stench povzayut on the slopes of unpaved empty roads for additional pictures or worm-like zvivayuchis. Water vapor infestation on the ground allows you to dichati through pokrivi tila. Bagato vidіv tvarin of the tsієї group do not disturb the tracheal system and are sensitive until they are hungry. For them, they are oversubscribed. Most of the creatures may be susceptible to being attached, as they allow to endure the hourly decrease in the value of the runt food: the cut pieces on the floor, the partly the impenetrability of the curves, the very rough shell.
Period of flooding of the ground with water, creatures experience, as a rule, in bulbs povitrya. By and by, to be covered with hairs, shreds, etc. D. Bulbashka has been used to serve for a common food-grade “physical chop”. Dikhannya zd_ysnyuєt for a rakhunok souring, scho diffundє in the bendings of the prodigies from the navkolishny midst.
The creatures of meso- and micro-types are able to endure the winter freezing to the ground, which is especially important, since most of them cannot go down from the balls, so that they are allowed to flow into negative temperatures.
Macrobiotyp, macrobiota - There are great soil creatures, with dimensions from 2 to 20 mm. Until this group, the larvae of comas, bagatonizhki, enkhіtreіd, worms and worms and in. The soil for them is a schіlnoe center, which is infused with a significant mechanical opіr in rusі. The stench is peresuvayutsya in the ground, expanding the nature of the upper reaches of the path, and the rooting of the soil particles or swarm again. Insulting ways to oversupply impose a video beat on the call of Budova Tvarin. In bagatokh types of development, it is more ecologically more common in the type of oversupply in the ground - the rate of clogging behind it.
Gas exchange of a large number of types of a given group should seek the help of special organs of the economy, but in order to complement gas exchange through curves. In the worms and enkhіtreіd, the meaning is entirely different.
Riyuchі creatures can go from balls, de vinikє unfriendly situation. Before winter and on dry land, the stench concentrates in large balls, which are several tens of centimeters from the surface.
Megabytes, megabytes - tse great diggers, the chief rank from the number of ssavts.
It is a lot of them to spend all their life near the ground (golden mole in Africa, mole voles, tsokori, mole Eurasia, summery mole of Australia, blind, etc.). The stench is laid in the soil of the system of the movement and the number. Attitude to the subterranean the way of life to know the image is in the most modern vision and anatomical peculiarities of the cich creatures: they have poor eyes, a compact lumpy body with a short width, a short thick hut, strong compact images with a small width.
Criminals of persistent sackcloths in the soil of the great creatures do not easily see the surroundings ecological group bagkants_v nir . Before the whole group of twins, lay borsuk, babaki, hovrahi, jerboas and іn. The stench is good for the surface, however it multiplies, hibernates, resists, hides in the ground. A number of these creatures are victorious nori, they are known to have a friendly microclimate and ukrittya from the cities. Meshkantsi nir, or nirniki, mayut rice budovi, characteristic of terrestrial creatures, but at the same hour mayyut a number of prisosuvan, knitted in a way of life. So, for borsuks characteristic riceє Dovgі kіgtі і strong musculature on the front edges, vuzka head, small ears.
To a special group of Psammophiles to bring creatures to populate the hoarse crumbled food. Before the typical Psammophilia, marmot beetles from the genus Polyphylla, larvae of goose levs (Myrmeleonida) and horses (Cicindelinae), there is a large number of mugworms (Hymenoptera). Soil creatures that live in ruky sands, may have specific preoccupations, which will prevent them from being oversubscribed in fluffy soil. As a rule, the creatures are “mute”, and the parts of the squeak will grow.
At the ridge Psammophilia of the kitsivka it is not very easy to wedge in the form of free "licks", so that it can be oversaturated on the fluffy soil. For example, in the thin-toed hovrakh and the jerboa's comb, cover the fingers with their hair and horny virost.
Yak has already been identified, 25% of all soils in our planet are salted. Tvarin, who stuck to life on saline soils, call them halophiles . The fauna grows in saline soils in a highly and well-worn environment. For example, there are larvae of blacksweed (Elateridae), beetles (Melolonthinae), and at the same time there are specific halophiles, which do not grow in soils of extreme salinity. Among them, the larvae of the darkling beetle beetles (Tenebrionidae) can be seen.
4.2. The shrine of the roslin to the ground.
Specific Russian associations, are formed into a connection with the versatile minds of the living environment, including soils, as well as in connection with the vibrational nature of the landscape, which is connected with the growth of roses in the geographic zone. Slid vrahovuvati, how to navigate in the same zone in the fallowness from the relief, the level of groundwater, the exposure to the disease and a number of other factors are not the same wash the soil, I see it on the type of line.
We have identified earlier, that we have found the power of the soil є ї ї humus, macro- and micro-elements, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, calcium, sic, magnesium that in. Kozhen s cikh elements play its role in the structure and exchange of words of the growing line and cannot be replaced by those who grow up. Growth grows, widening is important on roaming soil, - eutrophic, or eutrophic , і are satisfied with a small number of lively speeches, - oligotrophic. Among them, they see an intermediate group of mesotrophic species.
The growth of species of roslin is not similarly applied to the range of available nitrogen in the soil. Roslin, especially in the form of moisture up to the addition of nitrogen in the soil, is called nitrofilami
Call the stench to settle there, de ddatkovі dzherela organic іnkhodіv, and, moreover, і nitrogen vivleniya. Tsse roslini virubok (raspberry - Rubus idaeus, khmіl v'yunky - Humulus lupulus), smittyvі, or vidi - companions of the human life (kropiva - Urtica dioica, schiritsya - Amaranthus retroflexus і ін.). Before nіtrophіlіm іnnosіtіn bаtа umbelliсnі, scho settle on the knots of the lіsu. A lot of nitrophilia settle there, de the soil is gradually filled with nitrogen, for example, through the excrement of the creature. On pastures, in places where pus is bought up, nitrophilic grasses (kropiva, shiritsya and ін.) Grow in beaches.
calcium - the most important element, which is one of the necessary for the mineral vitality of the roslin, and also an important storage part of the soil. Roslini of carbonate soils, where more than 3% of carbonate and boiling from the surface, are called calcium (Zozulin pelirok-Cypripedium calceolus). From trees of kaltsіefіlny modrin sibіrska-Larix sibiria, beech, clear. Roslin, which is a unique soil with a great vapna, is called calciophobam. . Ce sphagnum moss, swamp heather. In the middle of the village species - warty birch, chestnut.
Roslin is differently placed before the acidity of the soil. So, with the development of the reaction of the middle in the horizons, the soil may experience an uneven development of the root system at the stables.
Roslini, which are capable of overloading acidic soils with small pH values = 3.5-4.5, call Acidophilia (Veres, Bilous, malium sorrel and іn.) -th-stepmother, girchitsa polova and in.) (Bazofilam), and the dewlines of soils with a neutral reaction - to neutrophils (meadow foxtail, archery roe and іn.).
An excess of salt in the soil is to repair the negative inflow on the dewline. Numerical experiments have established especially strongly on the dewline of chloride soil, which is less sulphate less. The lesser toxicity of sulfate salinity to the soil, sprout, is tied to it, but on the top of the cl-1 ion SO4-2, in small amounts it is necessary for the normal mineral vivification of the roselin, and the lingering overdrive. Roslin, which have grown stubbornly on soils with high salt content, are called halophytes .
On the view of halophytes, the dewline, which grows mute on the lazy soils, is called glikofitami. Halofiti looses a high osmotic grip, so that they allow them to win the ground, so that the power of the roots will overturn those of the saints the strength of the ground. Deyakі halophіty see surplus salts through the leaves or accumulate them in their body. To that inodi їkh vikoristovuyut for the removal of soda and potash. Typical halophytes are European Salicornia (Salicornia herbaceae), Sarsazan cones (Halocnemum strobilaceum) and ін.
A special group is represented by roslini, adapted to the hoarse ruhomim piscah, - psammophy . The growths of effervescent squeaks in all climatic zones may be of particular morphology and biology, they have a historically widespread habit. So, the villages and chagarnikov psammophies, when they are clogged up, establish themselves with the same root. On the roots grow dodatkovy brunki and pahoni, as the grows become naked when you see a sap (bili saxaul, cand, food acacia and іnshі types of empty roslini). Deyaki psammophies scamper from the introduction of the shimmery growth of pagones, the reduction of leaves, the volatility and springiness of the fruits are not often increased. Fruit peresuvayutsya at once with a rudimentary meal and not fizzle out. Psammophytes are easy to tolerate on dry land for children who are prone to growing up: chohli on the roots, obkorkuvannya roots, stronger development of native roots. Lots of psammophytes without leaves, or the xeromorphic leaf is clearly visible. Highly fast transport surface.
Hoarse squeaks occur in the vologue climate, for example, dune food along the shores of the winter seas, the drip of the river bed along the banks of the great rivers, etc.
Roslini, yak mati-y-machuha, horsetail polovii, m'yata polova live on boggy, perevazhno clayey soils.
Superscripted ecological ideas for the dewlines, which grow on peat (peat bogs) - a special kind of soil substrate, as a result of an inconsistent drop in the growing surplus in the minds of growing Roslini, which grow on peat bogs, are called oxylophytamі . This term means the growth of wine production, high acidity with strong disturbances and anaerobic disease. Bug (Ledum palustre), crabgrass (Drosera rotundifolia) and ін.
Roslin, who lives on stones, skeletons, stony ossips, in the life of which I will override the role of playing the physical power of the substrate, to relate to lithophy . To lay down to the whole group, the first for everything, the first for the microorganisms of the settlers on the skelny surfaces and the ruined green rocks: autotrophic water growth (Nostos, Chlorella і ін.), , chervonia, etc.), і, nareshty, leaves, lichens, which see the products of metabolism, so that they consume the ruined species and play them ourselves my role in a trivial process of grounding. Later on, on the surface and especially in the trenches of stones, organic surpluses accumulate near the viglyad ball, on which moss settle. Under the moss cover, a primitive ball is established on the ground, which settles lithophytes from the growing dews. Їх they call shilin roslin, or hasmofitamі. Hasmophytamii are species of the genus Lomikamin (Saxifraga), chagarniki and village species (yalivets, pine, etc.). It smells like a free form of growth (curved, popping, dwarf, etc.), tied together with hard water and thermal regimes, as well as with a small amount of life-giving substrate on the skeletons.
4.3. The role of food factors in roselin and tvarin rosters.
Specific Russian associations, as already meant, are formed into a connection with the versatile minds of the people living in, including soil, and also in the connection with the vibrational landscape, which is connected with the landscape to them. Slid vrahovuvati, how to navigate in the same zone in the fallowness of the ground water, the depth of the groundwater, the exposure to the development and a number of other factors appear different ground minds, which appear on the type of development. So, in the kovilno-fescue steppe, you can see dilyanki, de dominu kovila abo, navpaki, fescue. The very same type of soil is a pressure factor for growing roslin.
On terrestrial creatures, food factories are less inflow. At the same time, the creature is closely tied to the growth, and won the great role in its development. However, in the middle of the great ridges, it is easy to evolve forms, which are attached to specific grounds. This is especially characteristic of the fauna of clayey soil with a hard surface, gritty peaks, boggy soils and peatlands. In a tricky connection with the dirt minds, there is a riє form of tvarin. Some of them are stuck to more solid soils, and they can rip up only a little light food. The types of soil creatures are also stuck to the older types of soil. For example, in Central Europe there are up to 20 canopy beetles, which are widened on salty soils. And at the same hour, the soil of the creature may grow even wider in areas and grow in the green soil. The woodworm (Eisenia nordenskioldi) reaches a high number in the tundra and taiga soils, in the soils of the wilderness and meadows and in the mountains. The price is tied together with that, in the widened soil bags of the power of the ground, there is a great significance of the evolution of the earth and the growth of the soil. The trend towards cosmopolitanism is clearly seen in other forms: bacteria, fungi, simplest, microarthropods (clams, collembolans), ground nematodes.
In general, low ecological features of the soil є the middle, intermediate and terrestrial and water. By turning the middle of the soil closer to the visibility of the soil, the threat of draining in the upper horizons, to reach the sharp changes in the temperature regime of the surface balls.
In the middle of the water, the soil approximates the temperature regime, decreases instead of sour in the soil, the abundance of water vapor and the appearance of water in lower forms, the presence of salts and organic speech in the dark ruins. Yak in the water, in the ground, it is strongly developed chemical interdependence and fueling organisms.
The prominence of ecological power to the ground, as the middle ground, the creation of food gives the power to grow up, so the ground played a special role in the evolution of food. For example, for the groups of arthropods in the process of historical development, the soil became the middle, through a typical water organisms they could go to the terrestrial way of life and settle the land.
4. Conclusions
The soil is stable in the middle of living, in any temperature regime and the conditions are changing smoothly. The soil is full of organisms, the number of which is majestic, physical and chemical authorities, Mechanical warehouse. Roslin, creatures, microorganisms, lingering in the ground, perebryuyut at the post-modality one by one and from the middle. That is, for organisms to achieve a slight change in knowledge of a friendly mind and living. The foldability of the soil middle ground leads to a great versatility of minds for the very young organisms. The soil is full of lively speeches, which are necessary for the development of roslin and tvarin. Vona is an indispensable creeper of land and water. Biological interconnection between soil and people will be the head of the rank by way of exchange of speech. The soil is like the leader of the mineral speeches, necessary for the cycle of exchange of speeches, for the growth of the dews, which are living by human and herbaceous creatures, and are brought into their own devil by human and meaty creatures. In such a rank, the soil will provide for the bagatyokh of the representatives of the rose and tartar light.
The main function of the soil is the safety of life on Earth. It’s not possible to lay aside in the soil itself to concentrate the necessary organisms of biogenic elements in accessible forms of chemical spolucs. In addition, the soil has the capacity to accumulate water and is necessary for the livelihood of the producers of biogeocenoses of water reserves, as well as in the available forms, which are equally insensitive to the water during the vegetation period. Nareshty, the soil serves as an optimal middle ground for the root of ground dewlines, the habitation of ground spineless and ridge creatures, versatile microorganisms. The function and design of the understanding of the "durability of soil".
7. Vikoristan Literature
1. Alexev V.P. Narisi ecology of people. - M., 1993 .-- 191 p.
2. N.A. Voronkov "Ecology zalna, social, applied" - M .: Agar, 1999 ..
3. Vronsky V.A. Applied ecology. - Rostov-on-Don, 1996r.
4. V.I. Kormilitsin, M.S. Tsitskishvili, Yu.I. Yalama "Fundamentals of Ecology" - M .: MPU, 1997 ..
5. B. Nebel "Science about navkolishnє middle-class" - M .: Mir, 1993.
6. A. D. Potapov "Ecology" - M .: VSh, 2002.
7. A.S. Stepanovskikh "Ecology" - Kurgan: GIPP "Zaurallya", 2000 ..