Ecological groups with a table of residences. Ecological groups of roslin. Ecological groups of organisms

Ecological groups of organisms

They also studied in the previous lessons, the inter-vitrification of the organisms, according to the prevalence of environmental factors, is strongly developed. The set of specific adaptations and the latitude between the vitality of the species begin to expand the given species, the possibility of its appearance in the given natural zone... According to the ratio to the latest ecological factors, the ecological groups organism_v. In the basis of the ecological classification of organisms, the assignment of organisms to the given ecological factor is to be established. In such a rank, іsnu bezlіch classifications - according to the price of light, to warmth, to vologosti, etc.

Yearly, ecological groups of organisms according to the age before light, to warmth, as well as the specialties of these ecological factors.

However, a couple of words about adaptations (that is, pre-sensitizing reactions) are vzagal. Vchenya about adaptations - one of the most fragmented parts of ecology. Here lies the sphere of the retreat of such sciences as ecology, evolutionary judgment (so as the process of evolution, in essence, is the process of emerging effective adaptations), physiology (physiological mechanisms of adaptation) and in.

There are three main paths of adaptation to the unfriendly minds of the middle class:

active - active overbudov function of the body (for example, the diagnosis of warm-bloodedness, and scientifically - homeothermic);

passive - passively in order to organize the functions of the organisms of the wandering middle (for example, cold-blooded, or poikilotherm, creatures);

uniknennya - unique unfriendly minds (taxis in roslin, migration for twins, cycling in development for twins and roslin).

Light.

Practically, a single energy source for all living organisms є Energy Sontsya. There can only be one group of organisms - green dewlines (for the first time in the early lessons) and photosynthetic organisms - without the need to dispose of sleepy energy. Mova, brightly, about a unique phenomenon - photosynthesis. All іnshі organisms, according to the day, glaze the energy of the sun, transformed with green roses into energy cheery sounds.

Sleepy radioactivity, from a physical point of view, is an electromagnet vipromagnetism with a wide range of dovzhin hwil. Ecological and biological efficiency

Ionizuyuche vipprominuvannya(Dovzhina Khvil is less than 150 nm). Natural and also technogenic radioactive background. Biological action is good, first for everything, on the subclinical level. I can shkіdlivu dіyu on the genetic apparatus of statych cells (mutagenic effect), somatic cells (carcinogenic effect).

Ultraviolet exchanges(150-400 nm). The nybilsh short-cut (200-280 nm) part of the spectrum is practically more glazed with an ozone screen. UV-exchange with a dose of 280-320 nm may be carcinogenic, the protemechanism of the whole process is unclear until the end. The exchange also activates microorganisms. A part of the spectrum at 300 nm (most of the changes, in the main, reach the surface of the Earth) are needed for organisms, a head rank, chemistry; activate the processes of cell synthesis; Vitamin D3 is synthesized before the flow of changes in organisms, which regulates the exchange of calcium and phosphorus and normal growth of organisms. Bagato ssavtsi, as they vived the little ones in the holes, regularly grape them on the illumination of the sun, near the nori (for example, foxes, borsuki). The main role of the behavioral community, which is important, is the normalization of the synthesis of vitamin D, the regulation of the production of melanin (black pigment). At the same hour, an excess of UV-exchanges has a negative role.

Gigantska meaning vidigravisible light... The edge of the chemical (in the upper, blue-violet, part of the spectrum) and heat (in the lower, red-yellow, part of the spectrum), the visible light is of little signal value. Orієntation bagatokh food in the open space, signalization between the creatures (zoru zoru), synchronization of the rhythm of the life of the growers due to the seasonal dynamism (the breeders of the triviality of the day) were unpalatable without visible light.

Here you need to make a short step. In the midst of a lackluster classification of ecological factors, the most basic classifications of ecological factors,virtual (Energy) isignaling ecological factor. First of all, to make sure that there is no flow to the life of organisms, to change their energy stan. Apply such factors: temperature, housing and іnshі. Factors of another group (signal) carry information about the change in the characteristics of the middle, change in behavior, life strategy of organisms, etc. Apply such factors: pheromones, the triviality of a light day. With a tsomu SVITLO є butt ecologic official, Volodya is a vital, as well as a signaling dyєu. On one side, it serves as the head energy source for the photosynthesis of roses, and on the other side, it plays an important role in the healthy biological rhythms of growing triviality.

By the end of the day, see the advances in ecological groups of Roslin:

gelophytes (light-loving);

sociality (tiniolyubivi);

tinovitrivals (optional gelatinous).

heliofitiv... Svitlovi roslini. Meshkans і vіdcritical mісts living: meadows, steppes, upper tiers of lisіv, early spring dews, a lot of cultural dews.

other sizes of leaves; seasonal dimorphism occurs: hinged ladders are dimmons, vlіtku - more;

the leaves are rostashovuyutsya under the great kut, and sometimes vertically;

leaf blade is bliscule or densely pubescent;

Confirm the virginity of the woman.

sociality... Chi does not blame strong light. Lives: lower darkened tiers; bags of glib balls in the water. Persh for everything, the price of the line, to grow under a gentle foil (sour, Kostina, take off).

Characterized by the following signs:

leaves are great, low;

a leaf of a dark green color;

leafing ruffles;

the so-called sheet mosaic is characteristic (so that it is especially rostashuvannya leaves, with which leaf does not intercede as much as one one).

tinyovitrivaly... Borrow the provisional position. It is often good to develop in the minds of normal illumination; For their signs, they occupy intermediate positions.

Warmly.

Temperature, on a daily basis, is a vital (energetic) factor. In roslin and tvarins (especially cold-blooded creatures), the temperature adjustment is accelerated to accelerate all biochemical and physiological processes. So, when the temperature is adjusted, the hour will speed up, which is necessary for passing through the three stages of development. For example, for the development of the caterpillars of a panicle-cabbage from an egg to a lance at a temperature of 10 C, 100 dB is required, and at 26 C - only 10 dB.

The availability of fluidity in terms of temperature is described by S-like crooked:

Specka , In the curve v = f (t), the temperature scale (i.e., OX) is reclaimed, called the threshold of development. At temperatures lower than given, the development does not appear.

This is the name of the sum of active temperatures, that is, the sum of temperatures, as it is necessary to collect for the completion of the development cycle, to be victorious in to the Silk State... Describe the sum of active temperatures S teffSo:

S t ef = y *( t - a ).

y - the whole hour of the development, t - the temperature, at the beginning of the development. Steff - post_yna (obviously, in a statistical sense - individual views, Crazy, є) a value for a given species. The regularity is known (and mathematicians, melodiously, already started to bring the foreground fallowness to the form y = S / (t-a)) practical sucking... Know the triviality of development when higher temperatures, You can calculate the sum of active temperatures. Name the sum of active temperatures for silskogospodarsky roslin in the same house; On the basis of the given values ​​and specific temperatures, a phenological forecast is made, the possibility of acclimatization of a given species, the need and triviality of growing in the closed soil (greenhouses).

The temperature is also infused during the interruption of other physiological processes (the number of living conditions, behavior, fertility, and so far). Temperature regime, dressings z geographic latitude and other factors, such as the beginning of the range of species.

Between vitrification of organisms. +70 ... + 90 oTo grow the algae of hot dzherel. Deyakі bakterії zdatnі evolve in the craters of volcanoes. Dry food can tolerate temperatures close to absolute zero. Deyaki village roslini can tolerate temperatures -60 ... -70 oC. In the polar ice є the type of algae, which is close to 0 oWITH.

Warmth for roslin can be a form-making factor. So, when there is no heat in high-mountainous species, the form of a "pillow" is in the middle of which there is more warm microclimate; in the tundri sackcaps there are creeping, or trellis, and dwarf forms.

According to the temperature rise, see the onset of ecological groups:

European and stenothermal organisms (div. Early lesson)

Thermophiles and crispies (thermophilic and cold-loving)

Behind the stage of adaptation to the minds of heat deficiency, they develop cold-resistant (to go at temperatures of freezing water and through the activation of enzymes), non-frost-resistant (to go, if in the cells to fix the adaptations of crystals to ice, that is the basis the overcooled camp of cold-water ribs will be accumulated in the depths of the so-called biological antifreezes - glycoproteins, which lower the freezing point).

Behind the stage of adaptation to variable temperatures, they see a non-heat-resistant form (it will appear at t = 30 ... 40 oC); brazier (wine-growing +50 ... + 60 oWITH); heat (tse, pershza everything, thermophilic bacteria, deyaki vidi blue-green algae).

A look at the physiological mechanisms of adaptation to increased and lower temperatures is not included in our course. However, if there will be food - write, you will try to come to the food from the specials.

On seogodnі all (the release and so the weishov are even more comprehensible). An upcoming lesson will be assigned to the view of the middle of life.

glossary

adaptation

morphophysiological and behavioral features of an individual, a population or a species, which will not be successful in competing with other species (populations, individuals) and strength to the addition of ecological factors.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

transformation by green dews and photosynthetic microorganisms (so called bacterial F.) energy Sontsya into the energy of chemical connections in organic spoluks.

taxis

direct change of organisms, okremikh klіtin and navіkh organelles under the inflow of a one-sided factor (for example, the organization of chloroplasts in the depletion is directly related to the illumination - phototaxis).

MUTATION

a change from subdued powers to the body

carcinogens

speech is abo a physical agent, which is to produce a new solution to evil (cancer).

SUM OF ACTIVE TEMPERATURES

the sum of temperatures (scho to change the development time), necessary for the completion of the life cycle.

PORIG ROSVITKU

temperature (for the value of the official), the lower development of this type does not appear.

CYCLE OF DEVELOPMENT, CYCLE OF LIFE

Sukupn_st of all phases of the individual growth and development of the individual, as a result of the reach of characteristic values, nabuvaє characteristic signs.

FEROMON (s)

biologically active speeches, scho vyroblyayutsya creatures; pour on behavior, and one grow and develop of a special kind. Before F. make speeches, such as singing individuals of antiquated statuses (attractants), speeches of triviality, etc. F. is a type of chemical signalization (communion) between organisms.

Among the impaired adaptations, especially versatile adaptations of anatomical and morphological, are represented by versatile ecological groups and living forms.

22.1. ecological groups

Try the classification of organisms in terms of the relationship "to the middle in a specific situation" were still in the other half of the XVIII century. Most of the classifications of roslin were successfully broken up. analogous robots with the creatures bully mensh plіdnymi in connection with the even great versatility and living in all the midst of life. At the XIX century. Scau, according to the growth of light-loving, tiny-loving and dewdrops, which hesitate in temryavi. Unger klasifіkuvav roslini on vіnoshennyu to the ground, Decandol - according to vіvnoshennyu to warmth. With the introduction of R. Dyuvigno's term "ecological groups", the system of ecological classification of organisms began to take shape, which became the basis for the development of autecology. The skin ecology group will be united by the same needs for the singing official of the middle class. It is accepted to develop, for example, ecological groups of organisms in terms of performance to light, health, heat and other factors. Already in the stage of ontogeny, the position of the organism in the ecological system can change.

Ecological groups of tvarin

The basis of the ecological classification of the species is based on the connection with the development of life and living in the middle regions, according to the criteria: the attitude to the middle class factor, the way of living, the way of living.

Among the aquatic creatures (gidrobionis), they see groups of species behind the place of living in your water and the specifics of oversimulation in them: pelagic species, benthos and periphitone. pelagic vidi(Meshcanic waters - pelagic) are represented by Nekton (actively suckle) and plankton (see, how to fly in your company and high school). The way of life is a special feature of the pristosuvan. see nekton(Vid Greek. Nektos - swimming), which includes ribs, pinnipeds, cephalopods, whales, in freshwater waters - amphibians, great comas, є active swimmers. Deyakis can develop a speed of up to 110 km / year and occupy large areas. The stench may be obt_chnu, torpedo-like shape of the tila, rosy musculature, kindly rosy organisms oversupply. Unpaired swimming ribs, rosetting bridles of the middle line, additionally help to stabilize the water, and the guys (chest and black) are vicious for steering and balancing the body and at once with the tail fin to let the water flow through the front. Change of rubbing between tilom and water to reach the smudged luski by the vision of nestling trees. For biomas the first place in the warehouse, nektonu borrow ribi (80-85%). On a part of cephalopods, 10-15% are brought in, savts - less than 5% of the backbone biomasi nekton. plankton(From Greek. Planktos - to soar), which borrows a key position in the aquatic ecosystem, including the order of other creatures (zooplankton) and dewline (phytoplankton - one-line and colonial algae). The species of the whole group are not characterized by the capacity of active oversaturation (except for vertical migrations), and all of the attachments are straightened to the movement of buoyancy (Fig. 16). The buoyancy can be reached by the way of increasing the surface of the body (flattening, virility), reducing the size and thickness of the body (reduction of the skeleton, accumulated specks of fat, the appearance of bulbs turns

Small. 16. Improvement of common surface dust in planktonic organisms (according to S.A. Zernov, 1949). Forms are divided: a - coastal larva Morskogo Yizhak; 6-larva of Polykheti nerєis; v - larva of coastal ravlik; g - jellyfish; d - copepod cancer

A special group of plankton in the warehouses is to become ny stogin (from the Greek. Neustós - floating), which inhabits the float of surface tension of water. Tsi vidi actively peresuvayutsya, kovzayuchi on the water surface, deyaki lead a nervy way of life. Store a group of simplest and most microorganisms, coma. Nybіlsh wiggle beetles, waterbugs and іn.

Gidrobionti, sluggish at the bottom and in the fall of the water, become benthos (View of the Greek Benthos - glybina). The group is also even more versatile. At her, krim tvarin ( zoobenthos), Include bacteria and water growth ( phytobenthos), Yakі otrvuyut development with a small amount of water and deed illumination. Benthos species are stored attached or they are commonly fed by organisms; organic speech, Є creepy creatures. Among them there are є filtratoria (for example, two-stalked molluscs) and ground-eaters (for example, carapace molluscs).

To become a special ecological group periphyton. Including species (creatures, as well as dewlines), attached to the stems, leaves of dews and small surfaces in your water.

According to the date of birth, the creature is classified on hydrophilen (Beasts who are constantly lingering by the water), hіgrofіli (Vologo-loving terrestrial creatures that live on boggy territories, in the floodplains, as well as in the ground), mesophilia (Terrestrial, terrestrial-cultivated creatures of the mesophytic middle age) and xerophiles (Creatures of the dry micezrostan). Xerophilic species (komakhi, gryzuni) do not smoke, they do not drink metabolic water, they are widened in napivustels, deserts and steppes, may be water-tight, and be satisfied with metabolic water.

According to the temperature factor, the creatures are subdivided into European and stenothermal types (depending on the wide and high range of living temperatures). Evrіtermniye є more important creatures pomirny belt... mid stenothermic creatures develop thermophilic (thermophilic) and cold-loving (thermophobic, or cryophilic). Thermophobic species are sometimes unnumbered, confined to regions with suvorim climates (arctic and antarctic willows, tundra, visokogir'ya, sea glibini).

Close to the fold soil center(The surface of the runt particles is great, there is a great number of other empty and verdant valleys, which are filled with water, for example) Yogo warehouses have types of systematic groups and business organization, Including one hour microscopic one-line simplest and ssavts. The basis of the classification of ground fauna is the distribution of individuals. The magnitude of organisms depends on the physical features of the soil center. With the magnitude in the meaning of the world, the character is oversubscribed, the way of growing, the way of living and the particular function of the food.

At the empty and the vertices, filled with water, they actually live in water "floating" single-line species (amoebas, flagellates, infusions) and microscopic other spineless (rooters, nematodes). For the people of them, as well as for the bagatyokh microorganisms in the mice of the іnuvannya є plіvkova vologa, I drain the soil particles. Naybilsh other species of ground fauna to be found in micro-fauna. Large organisms (often up to 2-3 mm), in the main arthropods (clams, komakhi), roots, store mesofauna. Stinks are ruffled, to live in empty spaces, filled with water vapor, washed out through thin curves. In the wake of the change of light, you see, you will be able to float into the ground for the sake of getting out of the picture. When the soil is dried out, you will see the appearance of the cyst-capsules with cracked shells and carry them for an unpleasant hour for an hour. for species macrofauni(Bagatonіzhki, groinfoot, springtails, plank worms) the soil is a schіlnoe center, which is infused with a significant mechanical opіr in Rusі. At the same time great sizes(2-20 mm or more), you can not see the soil with natural emptyings. The stench grows wider or you go wild.

The root middle is the form of tila, the morphological features and the way of living of tsich creatures. Tilo їkh thin, wiggle, ziginatne zginatny in the vuzy zvivistnyh moves to the ground. Some of them (for example, boards of worms) are built for a quick musculature of a shkіr-m'yazovy mishka zmіnyuvati the diameter of til. A collection of woodworms, having fixed the rear end of the tila, groaning and podovzhu anterior, penetrating into the high ground slit. Having taken over it, the front part of the body is fixed, the hydraulic grip breaks down stronger, for the opening of which the gap expands and takes care of the action of the drying out. Vertical migrations of board worms reach 3 m. A number of worms (larvae of comas, bagatonizhi), fastened tilo (podpori, teeth, slacks), pierce with a hat of rosters in front of the soil with cracks running with special attachments on the rear end, called "wheelbarrow". Zakrittyam on the move will take care of the steel of the middle.

Small. 17. Organize in fallowness according to the way of life (according to P. Farb, 1971): a - bіlka-flying squirrel weed a nіchny way of life; b - blind man live in the ground

A group of ground fauna is advancing - megafauna - including diggers (moles, blinds, tropical giant chrobaki and іn.). The stench is laid in the soil of the chain of the drive system. Riє pіdzemniy way of life is the beginning of the particularity of the organization. Tilo of a mole, for example, rolling, shchilne; hutro thick and short; kintsevki digal. In the way of life, the little eyes of the shrews are used in the way of life (Fig. 17).

At the warehouse of primordial organisms, there is an order of creatures - green algae, cyanobacteria and fungi. At the connection with the cym Y. Odum looking at all soil organisms yak biota і vidіlyaє microbial(Growth, bacteria, fungi and most common); mesobiota(Nematodi, larvae coma, mites, springtails, etc.) І macrobiota(Root roslin, board worms, komakhs, moles and in.). The skin of them is a viscous function. Heterotrophic microbiota є cob main lanka detritus grub lancer. Mesobiota, harvested by detritus and bacteria, prodding detrital lancers harvested. One of the important functions of the macrobiotic is the release and mixing of the soil, the improvement of the water regime. Soil organisms all at once play the role of a pushing factor of priming.

Ecological roslin group

Roslini are classified according to the ratio to the operative factors of the middle. Head in їkh life є light, vologue, warmth and trophism of the soil.

Ecological groups of roslin for sale to the light. Three ecological groups of roslin are being developed: light-loving, tinovy ​​and tinovitrivali.

Small. eighteen. Transverse leaf size: anatomical budova (after P. Kemp, Do. Arms, 1988)

light-loving roslini, abo heliofitiv(Від Greek. Helios - sun, phyton - roslin), optimally develops with re-illumination. Weakly darkened strongly drives them to grow to bend. Before the infusion of bright light, the heliofites were attached in a smart way. They are characterized by the svitlova structure of the leaf: the stench squeak out of the other or the rosy, altogether the odor of the good (doubly or globular) columnar (palatine) parenchymal and mechanical tissue (Fig. 18). In the minds of a particularly strong illumination columnar fabric to develop not only on the top, but on the lower side of the arkush. Epidermis is stored from other products, not very large balls, covering the cuticle with a taut ball. The number of perforations per leaf area is large. Smell of drіbnі, chill out gliboko baked in mesophyll. Chloroplasts are also dry, more numerous, light (to replace less chlorophyll, less chloroplast from shade lovers), perhaps a good granular structure, gradually, in the absence of illumination, put in winter. Have light-loving chlorophyll a fermenting over chlorophyll v(Zvychayne ratio 5: 1); leaf to replace the amount of chlorophyll 1 of the photosystem and the program P 700, which helps to ensure the photosynthetic growth of cich roslin.

Deyakі light-loving roses, for example, wild lettuce, or compass (Lactuca serriola), chondrilla zvichayna (Chondrilla juncea), in the minds of a strong light and high temperature, when you turn the photographic plate of a leaf with an edge and ... For bagatokh heliophytes (hawk hawk - Pilosella officinarum, green golium - Herniaria glabra, wild thyme) are characterized by short mіzhvuzlya and pahony, rosette leaf-growing. Pristosuvannymi, pom'yakshuyuchim strong infusion of sleepy changes, є also blinking on the surface of the leaf, wax coating, pubescence.

tinyovi roslini, abo sociality(From the Greek. Skiá - tin and phyton - roslin), it is normal to develop only in the minds of dullness with growing light, and not to grow on very good, illuminated images. Until the number of the last few grassy roslini: Sour, black-eyed, four-leaved, prickly ploon, floater Baranets, noble peel, Europeysky kopitnyak, ortilya one-sided, abo ramish_ya one-sided, wintergreen, and also a lot of moss.

The leaves of such roses are dark green, albeit large, a little thin and with fewer veins on one surface, below the light-loving roses. Epidermis in them is single-globular, large-celled, the cuticle is swaying in the daytime, the less developed mechanical tissue (the undersized is Impatiens nolitangere, the two-lobed one is Circaea alpina). The palisadna parenchyma of a single-ball, does not seem to be kindly twisted, often it is not a type of budov and is not built from cylindrical, but from trapezoidal cells. Chloroplasts are large, but the number of them in cells is small. Smell take revenge on the minority of the P 700 pigment. a to chlorophyll v to become approximately 3: 2. Physiological processes run at a lower intensity, a small mass of non-photosynthetic organs (stems, stems, roots), overgrowing vegetatively propagating, makes it possible to cross over to heterotrophic With low illumination, the appearance of the building is more effective, less light-loving growth.

tinyovitrivali roslini, abo optional gelatinous It is good to develop in the minds of the main illumination and at the same hour of the building to endure the darkening, in one meaning, for example, to remove it. The stage of vitality at the representatives of this group of Roslin Rizna. With a strong trivial shading, deyaki vidi, especially cereals, consume the building up to generative propagation and only vegetate.

The group of optional heliophytes is the most numerous. Before it, there are a large number of small village species (hornbeam, yalina, linden, willow chorna, elm, maple), rich chagarniki, chagarniki and grassy roslini. Due to the nature of the adaptations of the stench, even more of the heliophytes, there are also a number of attitudes, such as the stench of society, which will ensure the ability to endure the loss of light in the singing period of ontogenesis (young growers). So, for the leaf of rosette pagones of yaglitsi, the luminous structure and the temporal intensity of photosynthesis are characteristic. The leaf of the lithuanian generation, which is shown with a rooted wood zapony, is dominated by a typical tin structure. Rizni anatomical structures can be seen in the leaves of roslin in the fallowness of the mice of rosetting.

For tinovitrivali roslin, leaf mosaic is characteristic. Oskilki dovzhina stalks are grown, leaves on the pagon, grow only in the area, straightened to the light. Likewise, the growth of the leaves of the additional help to the tinovitrival species is the most commonly used physiologically active light. In їkh leaves there is a change of chlorophyll in vishche, lower in light-loving roselin. Even with a thorough system of above-ground organs, Juncus effusus. The function of photosynthesis is to identify the pipe parts (empty middle) of the dew line, the walls of which are installed with photosynthetic tissue. In addition, the pahony is straight up sideways up the hill and does not fade one by one.

A special feature of fox ephemeroids (duckweed, anemone, goose onions) є seasonal adaptations (the stench hasten to go through the life cycle of additional leafing of village and chagarnik roslin).

Experimental vivchennya of deyaky village and chagarnikovyh roslin allowed rostashuvati їkh in the immediate lowering of light-loving ones in the offensive row: robinia (pseudoakats_ya), modrina vropeyska, yasen zvychayna, birch birch, ossica , yalіvets zvychainy, oak zvichainy, thuja zvіdna, maple, alina zvychayna, maple gostrolisty, hornbeam, kinsky chestnut zvychainy, beech lisoviy, yew yew, boxwood wichgreen. Naybіlsh tinovitrivali є green water growth and especially cyanobacteria, which are sluggish in the ground. The stench is satisfied with the light that penetrates through the gaps and pores of the soil.

Ecological groups of roslin according to the introduction to the vologue. Growth of growth lines of hydrophilicity, hydrophilicity, hygrophysiology, mesophytes and xerophytes.

Gidatofiti(Vid Greek. Hydōr (hydatos) - water, phyton - roslin) - water roslin. Some of them will rise into the water (elodea canadian, rdesti - Potomogeton L., uruti - Myriophyllum L.), іnshі (pleistophіty) swim on the surface (duckweed, salvinia float - Salvinia natris, Hydroraceae - Hydrocyanate only floating leaves. Gidatofities are most often not rooted. Water clings to the entire surface of the dust. The roots of rooted species have lost their main functions, the stench is weakly branched, and does not faint root hairs. In a kubushka (Nuphar luteum), a latatta (Nymphaea alba) has a function of root, insertion of spare words, vegetative propagation of root roots. In telores (Stratiotes aloides), the root, scho virosta from the day, is propelled into a mule, ale potim vidmira. The growth of the growth of the telorez has grown only for the little ones and for the floating roots.

At the connection with the water way of life, as long as the level of the growth of the growths in the water goes down into the water, the gidatofity virobili are very unique. So, they have chloroplast not only in the mesophyll of the leaf, but in the epidermis. In some cases, there are little accusations about them, or more in the daytime. Mesofil is not differentiated. The buoyancy of the growths has a good development of aerenchy, there is a large number of intercellulars and dry sleepers, which take up to 70% of the length of the tree, a greater development of the surface in terms of growth to the backbone mass of growth. There is a strong dissection of the leaf blade on other segments (Kaufman's mulberry - Batrachium Kaufmannii, whorled urut - Myriophyllum verticillatum, cushy burrowing - Ceratophyllum demersum) with a short cut of the dewline is sour (Fig. 19). Floating (above-water) leaves appear behind the anatomical bud, shape and size of the leaves, buried near the water (variegated phenomenon - heteropholy) (Fig. 20). In submarine leaves, the epidermis is thin, without cuticles. A thin leaf blade is filled with stomata. The upper surface of floating on water leaves can move a number of food.

Small. 19. Kaufman's Silkweed. Gidatofit

Small. twenty. The shape of the leaf in the serpentine arrowhead in the fallowness of the minds of the growing (according to B. Volles, A. ShRBU, 1964): a - on land; b, c - by the water

It’s just as easy to get out of the water, for example, it’s too hard for Elodie canadian, it doesn’t matter much, but the mechanical fabrics are weakly rosy, like the growths, which grow in the minds of the fast streams. Tilo roselin is not invincible to the noun, the soft and no worse than the cold. Among the children of the species, we can recognize the development of the glories of the goods of the clergy-idio region.

In gidatophytes, re-fermentation is vegetatively propagated (nirkami, vtechi, leaves). So, at the vodokrasnaya zvychanyy grows up until the bottom of the water pahony, at the end of which until the autumn a brunka is established. Won the winter at the bottom of the waters. The sheds of the plant were set up as empty spaces. It is easy to walk onto the surface of the water and even a cob of new roseline. Roslini behind an additional slime can easily be glued to creatures and transferred to large cities. For the help of water, carry and carry cich roslin.

gіdrofіty(Від greek. Hydōr - water, phyton - roslin) - ground-water dewline, or water-water (gelofity), partly buried in the water (it will outline the serpentine, broadleaf hornet, outline the lake). May the root system. Virostayuchi on milky waters, along the banks of waters, may be marked by intermediate signs of water and terrestrial dews. They have є podikh, beautifully developed mechanics і carry out textiles, finish a good turn of aerenchy. The root is relieved of root hairs, leaves are loosely large (swamp specimens - Calla palustris, marsh marigold).

hіgrofіti(From the Greek. Hygros - vology, phyton - roslin,) - land growths in the natural environment: pain, swampy meadows and leaves, coastal areas that are flooded for hours. They are more beautiful, less from hydrophytes, developed wire and mechanical fabrics. Remaining at once with the other fabrics visually start the growth of the roses, the stalk of the vertical position of the stem. Root hygrophytes rostashovani in the surface horizons of the soil. In bagatokh species (marsh grass-Galium palustre, marsh-grass -G. Uliginosum), the root system is weakly rooted, in іnsh (outlines of foxes - Scirpus sylvaticus) є root hairs This will ensure the possibility of successful growth in case of a loss of water regime.

xerofity (Vid Greek. Xēros - dry, phyton - roslin) - the growth of dry mushrooms, which can endure trivial atmospheric and dry ground. Doslidzhennyi N.A. Maksimov (1952) brought up, that xerofity is not sukhoolyubov. The stench is dry. In the unfriendly period of life, the xerophies tend to grow up, or rather often throw off the leaves and be in the depres sion. The state of the art of vitrimuvatie vnevodnennya fabrics is explained by the special coloidal-chemical powers of the cytoplasm of the cytoplasm of the chitin tsikh roslin. In the presence of evidence, the xerophytes are transported on one surface of the surface of the water, the style and, more or less, the mesophyll.

A few vologues have shown the xeromorphic organization of the species of the group, which is good in most cases. Leaves of deyakykh xerofitіv (pine pine, yalіvets, lingonberry) are dripping, shіlnі, zhorstki, with a cuticle and a large ball of good quality epidermis. The stench is the essence of helpless stomata. As soon as in the process of transference, vologues change the amount, when it comes from the roots, then it turns out to be a little bit curled up, so it’s a decrease in the speed of diffusion. in carbon dioxide reduction of the intensity of photosynthesis. The change in transpiration can be reached by the rosette of the stomata in the pulp of the leaf, and in the pine, for example, at the bottom of the glib grooves, filled with wax grains.

The stomatal side of the leaf is of various species, for example, the hairy cove, the sheep's bone (Festuca ovina), as a result of the gutting of the plate into the tube, it appears in the middle (Fig. 21). In some species (araucaria chiliyska, agathis Brown), the stomatal slit is attached to a waxy "cork". The price is changing in the minds of the overworldly dryness of the soil. It is also a sign of wax coating and pubescence. As a matter of fact, up to the small age of adherence to one and the same factor, such groups of xerophies are being developed: succulence, euserophies, poikilokserophies.

succulenti I can kindly say to Parenchimn_ fabrics, I store water. In stem succulents (cactus, milkweed) - meat and juice of the stem, in leaves (scarlet, agave, stonecrop, young) - leaves (Fig. 22). The Korenev system is tied over the surface horizons to the soil, the stench of the stench is to wash off the water only during the season.

Small. 21. The transverse sphiz of the covili-hairy leaf (according to A. Kerner, 1896): a - dilyanka zrizu with great improvement; b - the enclosure of the leaf blade in the weather; v - plantation of the leaf blade in dry conditions

Small. 22. Rejuvenated from the risk. succulent

Suculents are driven by a low osmotic grip (that’s good to gnaw only the water of atmospheric debris), a high gap of protoplasm and a great volume (up to 70%) of tied water, which will prevent heat from happening. Economical vitrification of water is reduced by the additives of roslin, reduction of leaves, growth of epidermis, tovsta cuticle, a small number of products (10-20 pieces per 1 mm 2), їх closure during the day. The broadening of nasinnya among the species is tied to water. Only in woody weather near the cleansing of the savory fruit and other fruits are opened and wineyed on the board.

Euserofity(Helpful xerophytes) turn into a high osmotic grip, build up water from the ground, the appearance of pubescence and xeromorphism is a sign that changes the transpiracy, a kindly rooted system. Some of them (kovili, kostritsi) have an intensive type, while others have an extensive type (the shear root of a camel thorn has a reach of 18 m). Heat, it is good to endure hot tissue, overheating and significant water deficiency.

Have poikiloxerofity regulation of the water regime in the daytime. In specotnu dry weather, tsі roslini (lichens, steppe moss, deyakі vodrostі) hang until dry-dry, falling into anabiosis. At a time, instead of driving, they become 2-9%. At such days, with feet in the lichen pine forests, there is a characteristic trisk. From the vipadannyam to the board life is updated.

A special group of roslin, according to the vologue, is to form green chagarniki erikoid type It grows on upper and transitional bogs: bog, crowberry, pidbil, marsh myrtle. The leaves are small, cracked, with curled edges, which cover the food. The upper side of the lamina is matte cuticle, epidermis, and columnar parenchyma. The order of signs xeromorphism of the structure in the sheet is denoted as actions of hygromorphic features. So, the cells of the spinal parenchyma of the lower side of the arkush are great, with great intercellulars. Osmotic vise їх wine juice Of course not. Special ecologic minds (drying out the substrate in a dry summer and an excess of vologues in the board period) determined the anatomical and morphological peculiarities of their organisation.

mesofity - Growths in the same place. According to the prevalence of vologue, the stinks occupy the intermediate position between hygrophytes and xerophytes, sometimes xeromorphic and hygromorphic signs. In xerophytes, root hairs develop on the roots of mesophytes, which often develop. Mesophytes are known for their great versatility. Typical mesophytes є eumezofity, I will grow in the normal minds of the daily and water regimes. Leaves may have small cells and intercellular spaces, around a dense line of veins, an average number of veins on one surface and an osmotic grip between 20-25 atm. Eumezofitamі - a large number of onions, lisіv, rich grains, fruit-berry and vegetable roses. roslini xeromesophy(Oak oak, іkotnіk sіriy) і mesoxerophytes(Alfalfa is sickle-shaped, wild thyme) may be prone to being prone to, allowing him to endure non-trivial dryness. In the world of improvement, mesofitness is sacrificing a misce hygromesophytes, Yaki, in my own heart, wander mesogіgrofіtamі. Before them are Bilozir marsh (Parnassia palustris), marsh skerda (Crepis paludosa) and ін.

Ecological groups of roslin according to the temperature factor. There are three groups of species.

thermophiles (Vid Greek. Therme - warm, phileo - love), abo megathermie roslini , Live and multiply at consistently high temperatures in the middle. Call for a clearer temperature threshold, the temperature of 18-20 ° C, the lower organisms cannot be abused. Thermofiles - there are a lot of roslin paths, like hot dzherel.

Mesothermic roslin (Vid Greek Mesos - middle, therme - warm) - see, as you see the middle temperature regime 15-20 ° C. Most of the subtropics of the surrounding latitudes can be seen before them.

kryofili (From the Greek. Kryos - cold, frost, phileo - I love), anyway microterm roslini , Living at very low temperatures. Prior to them, there are tundra and lisotundri, high-growth, boreal vid, near water growths, built-up during the mass development of vicious farbuvannya snig or ice.

Ecological groups of roslin by the deterioration to trophicity and acidity of the soil. According to the rise to the living rivers, the soil of the growing line should be combined into a group of groups.

Eutrophy (Vіd greek. Їй - good, trophe - kharchuvannya) vimoglivі to lively speeches and develop normally only on roaming runts. Eutrofamy - a large number of onions, lowland swellings, sour, sprinkling, snail and ferrotid types of wood.

oligotrophy(From the Greek. Oligos - deyakiy, trophe - kharchuvannya) grows on small and, as a rule, acidic soils. Prior to them, there are abundant roselin of dry onions, lichen, lingonberry, heather, sphagnum types in the forest and in the middle of the midst of the forest with long peaks. On the hoarse squeaks, grow psammophyta dews (fig. 23).

In the minds of the vinyatkovo vidnosty of the middle in the upper bogs, there is a special, coma, type of oligotrophy. Before them, there are round-leaved crabgrass (Drosera rotundifolia), intermediate (D. intermedia), long-leaved (D. longifolia). On the leaves of sundews there are up to 200 hairy hairs, so they see sticky hairs. Dribbles її shine, like dew (stars і name - crabgrass), luchayuchi coma. Along the edge of the arkush, one grows even more sensitive to the dotted line, as one turns into a bik coma, settling down. Zalіzyaki vidіlyayut rіdina, I will add to the pepsin, the zavdyaki how to over-etch meakі parts of the coma. In a day or two, when the komakh begins to grow, it will again grow out and the leaf will take on a large number of vigilads.

mesotroph(From the Greek. Mesos - middle, trophé - harchuvannya) occupy the intermediate position between eutrophams and oligotrophies. Mesotroph is a rich species of meadow, fox and polish phytocenoses.

The broadening of the roselin and the tall growth is tied to the acidity of the soil. The reaction of the soil breakdown begins with the concentration of strong ions H + and OH "and is characterized by the pH value. The reaction of the soil breakdown (pH) rises from 3.5 to 8-9. climatic minds... According to the classification Brown - Blanke developed acidophilic, neutrophilic, basic and indifferent types of roslin.