What are the stocks of large organisms. Structural organization of large-scale organisms

TOPIC 10. large-scale organisms

plan

I. Principles of particularity of the organization of large-scale organisms. Understanding about textiles and organs.

II. Bagatoklіtinnі organіzmi, sho do not waste the reference tissues

III. Fabrics and organic growths.

V. Tissues of richoclatinous creatures. Gistotechnology.

Vi. Organ and systems of organs of roslin and tvarin.

Vii. Regulation of functions in large-scale organisms.

I. bagatoklitinnymi call organisms, only those that are stored in bagatokh differentiated, So that the stench of growing up for budget and vikonuvanih functions. later large organisms from earlier seen by us colonial ... Colonial organisms are differentiated from each other on the day of the day, and from the same, it is on the fabric. Крім differentiation kіtin, for a large amount of characteristic and vishy rіven integration(Vzaєmodii mіzh cells), nіzh for colonial forms. Cordon mіzh bagatoklіtinnichny and colonial impurity. For example, Volvox is often brought to colonial organisms, wanting in its colonies a clear growth of blood cells for generative and somatic. That is why a lot of volvoxes are introduced to colonial and to high-density algae. Deyakі vzagalі forget the principles of іdmіnnostі mіzh colonial bogatoklіtinny organisms, vvazayuchi pershі more primitive forms of the rest.

The multicellularity of the house is only among the eukarotic organisms, which can be referred to three kingdoms: Roslin, Gribi and Tvarini.

Skin cells to enter the warehouse of complex organisms, it is intended for health deprivation of functions. according to різні tipi klin are familiar with the peculiarities of Budovi, tobto differentiated... To that end, the function of a large-scale organism as an integral biological system is ensured by the narrow-mindedness of all cells. In rich and versatile organisms, manifest the processes of life (vitality, behavior, vision, infusion, etc.) It is characteristic for large-scale organisms individual development (ontogenesis) , Yake to repair from inception and end dying... Tilki part of the client to the body generative , To convey the signs of the coming generation and to ensure the continuity of the sight.

In the midst of large-scale construction colonial forms(Do not cheat with colonial one-liners) .. In this case, the colonies are set not by okremny cells, but by whole large-scale organisms (for example, by coral polyps). The stench is established as a result of vegetative reproduction, if the individuals of the daughters get lost with the mother.

with cloth I name the sukupn_st of the clerks, the subordinates for Budova, the functions and activities. Skin tissue on the vison in the body is a special function.

Not all organisms of a wide variety of organisms can perceive the same way in a strict rational word. In large-scale fungi, algae, and various creatures (for example, sponges), the tissues are rotated around the day, so the cells weakly interconnect with themselves. At the same time, they are differentiated on different functional types, but they are not on the same line of work as special holy clitin, And you can easily change one into one.

I only have vishykh roslinі bagatoclatinnyh twarinsє Reference fabrics, which will increase the visibility of the food to the point of view. The fabrics of the roselin and the food are meaningfully derived from the form and the bud. At the time of the embryonic development of the embryonic tissues, there is an germinal leaves (Ekto-, meso- and entodermi); all fabrics from vishchie roslin not take an ear of light fabrics(Meristemi) ... There is a lot of difference between the fabrics of food and roselin because the fabrics of food are often motivated not only by the cells, but also by the small words, which are the product of the living of the cells themselves. Outskirts of cells are so called rare fabrics (shelter, lymph, etc.). In fabrics of roslin, there is practically no speech. Then, between the shells of tall cells, the empty spaces are often roasted - the intercellular spaces; Instead of suspicious growing cells, plasmodesmata are tied, which is not common among the creatures. In such a rank, it is possible to create a garment, so that the weaving of the roses and the creatures appeared in the course of the Evolution absolutely squarely one of one.

Tkanini tvarin vivchaє science histology ... Microscopic Budova Tissuein Roslin Doslidzhu anatomy roslin .

Differentiation of tissue and tissue formulation... All large-scale organisms take their ear from the same cell - a zygote, dispute, etc. The DNA of the whole cell is encoded with all the decay information about the organism. Daughters of women, who want to carry a copy of the mother's genome, are more and more likely to come from her mother's skin. Later, the stench is transformed into cells, which are typical for singing fabrics in the warehouses of quiet organs. I will name such a process differentiation. In a mature organism, a small child is borrowed from a small organism, and all cells of an organism and a tissue are taken by a child (a phenomenon integration ). Also, there is a sense of the relationship between the cells, which will prevent the growth and development of the young body and the stability of the mature.

What about such relationships? At the same time, they set up, even at the early stages of the zygote, one cell of the embryo was infused into the inshi. This phenomenon was called germinal interaction (embryonic induction). It’s a lot of things to be missed until our hour. It has been reported that the deyaki of the germ cells (so called organizer) Seeing singing speeches, which guide the differentiation of their clients. So, realizing the deprived part of the powerful and declining information, the cells become epithelial, nervous, melodious, etc. An important role in the differentiation is played so called stovburovі kіtini In case of skin dissemination, one of the daughter cells plays the role of an organizer. Stovburov klіtini roztashovanі in special places of іnch fabrics of people and bagatokh ridge creatures. The stench is good until the end, with a powerfully self-directed approach: when one of the daughter’s children is sent, one of the daughter’s clientele gets stuck, and one is differentiated. The stench also starts building up to regeneration, and the new cell warehouse of organisms is renewed. Stovburovі klіtini are characterized by a number of specific features:

1) the number of developments is not limited;

2) with the introduction of stovbrovykh cells into the body, the stench is known to the zone of growth and take root in them, without the need for renewal clerical warehouse and other functions.

It means that there are even fewer stovbrovykh cells in the body of people: in the embryo of a human, one such cellin falls for 10,000 others, and in humans, in the case of 60 years - by 5-8 million. to the bend. Vryatuvati can only be operated on the introduction of stem-boron cells, taken from the donor, for example, by the way of transplantation of the red cyst.

In the embryos of growers, stovburovs cells can give an ear to all types of cells. In an old-growth organism, the odor will be deprived of a number of differentiated clitins for those necessary for the safety of living conditions.

Roslin has a dzherel klin to serve so called about educational textiles , abo meristemi ... There is a small number of types of meristems of the skin that gives an ear of singing tissue. At the same time, it’s like one of the daughter cells, one of the daughter’s cells, which differentiates itself when the cells are distant, and the other becomes meristematic. On the vidminu of people, in the roslin with singing minds, there may be a further process of converting different types of differentiated cells into meristematic ones. It will ensure the regeneration of tissues, organs, and help the whole organism in cases of growth, vegetative propagation and inn.

organ- a part of organism, like a buddie, a vison, one or a few specific functions. Razvichey organi are stored from fabrics of different types, but often re-fermented one of them (for example, in the heart - myazova fabric, nirkah roslin - lighting, etc.). Organi, how to show the main functions, become singing organ system ... So, in a large number of large-scale creatures, the rozvineni are herbal, dyshal, blood-bearing, visible, nerve, and state of the system. The organic system can be loosely tied between oneself (herbal or dichly) or "rozkidan" in the organisms and form a functional deprivation (endocrine).

II. Bagatoklіtinnі organіzmi, scho do not waste the reference tissues. tilo mushrooms to be stored with the last spaced cells, so that the threads can be adjusted - gifi. Gyphas are attracted by the upper rist and the most common shampooing. Oh sukupnist name mycelium, abo myceliy ... Gifs are well-groomed: for one extra mushroom mushroom grows a lot. A part of the mycelium is grown in the middle of the middle, on the growth of a mushroom (substrate micelle), and one part is on the surface (on the surface of the micelle). For the rakhun of the povitryan mіceliyu pretend to be so called fruit thila, Service for propagation of disputes. All mushrooms - heterotrophic organisms.

tilo high-grade algae be called thallus , abo slan... The growth of groups of algae changes in terms of pigments, structure of chloroplasts, products of photosynthesis, peculiarities of buds and mitochondria, etc. P. Viddil storm of algae representations of various types. mid green algae Among the single-line and colonial ones, in the form of a reference booklet and so-called nitro-parts, such as those, like GIFs, have been approved by threads from the last time they were sent.

Before bagatoklіtinnikh do not waste fabrics a few thousand water species are introduced, which can be combined into a type sponges... The sack-like body is stored from the walls of the inner space filled with water, which can be seen in the middle of the house with a lid. Through the new body of the creature, water flows from the undisturbed surplus of їzhі. The name and in the middle of the wall are covered with a small ball, one to one wall. The main part of the wall is stored from the smoothly roasted clitin decilkoh types; there are supporting elements (skeleton), a system of emptying and canals, through which water is consumed from the outer middle at the inner space of the sponge. The channels are repaired with small openings - pores. The skeleton is stored from hard meaty heads, which is stored from CaCO 3, SiO 2 or flexible fibers from horn-like organic speech.

With the channels we will tie the so-called komirtsev klitin zi jgutik, we will highlight it with a special education ("komirtsem"). Bittya jgutikiv wiklikak ruh lead through the body of the creature; the stink of zaganyayut living parts (more importantly, one-liner organisms) for a comic, de їkh pseudopodia. In sponges, etching is viciously internal. Yogo basically zdatnі zdatnі before phagocytosis amoeboid cells. The ts of creatures are multiplied by the way to the brunkuvannyam. The sponges grow out of the body, and the eggs and spermatozoa settle in the special cells that are distributed in the body. When the ovaries are covered, the larva, the yak singing hour swim, and then close up to the young, underwater objects and transform into a grown-up person. As a result of bruncation, colonies of sponges are established. There are lonely individuals.

III. fabrics and roslin work on lighting, pokryvny, wire, mechanical and basic.

Osvitnі fabrics (meristemi) they are stored from others, one to one clays are snuggled up. The stench may be thin classrooms with a rather small cellulose, a large nucleus of a small and innumerable vacuoles. Clients of light fabrics are built up to maturity and growth, as soon as you can start the packaging. Klіtina continue mitosis in two: one becomes a little meristem, and іnsha, having fed one more or less development, attacks before differentiation.

The meristem is seen behind the month of roasting:

1. Verkhivkova- distributed at the top in the last year ( build-up cone ) Abo root ( podilu zone ) I will give you food for dinner (upper rist).

2.insert- rostasovana bіlya pіdstav internodes deyakie roslin (for example, cereals) and preserves їх podovzhennya (plug-in growth).

3. Bichni meristemi at the viglyadі cylindrical surface there is in the middle of the stem or the root of the bagatorial growths and will prevent them from growing. There is a small number of species of bichnyh meristems, which can be used to set the size of the stem tissue: bark, wood, etc.

For prokhodzhennyam razr_znyayut first and second meristemi. pervinna meristem to lay on the tops of the germinal roots and stems. second meristemi they are able to find out from the grown-up adults, so that they have saved their health until the day cortical cambium, Rizvid bichny meristemi, which is informed for the coverage of the measles of village roslin - from the main tissue of the main fabric, or shkirki). In the case of single tissue, or vegetative propagation, the cells of the epidermi, the main tissue, etc. wound meristem abo, callus , I will take care of the regeneration or the approval of new individuals.

crooked fabrics rostasovani on the surface of organs and from the middle of the world. The stench of capturing the organism due to the infusion of unfriendly inviting factors, preventing its interconnection with the new environment, regulating the processes of gas exchange and vaping of water ( transpiration).

Razr_znyayut pokrivn_ fabrics:

1. Pervinna on a fabric on- e piderma (shkirka). to be stored in one or even decile balls of piercing living cells, which are nestled one to one, so the intercellular spaces are practically out of the way. Klіtini shkіrki zazvychay bezbarvnі, for a vinyat klіtin prodikhіv. Leave the little ones with greenery є all the cells of the epidermi. Innocent cells of the shkirki are prepared in the blue color of the plant in the wine juice made in the blue color of the violet color of the plant for the presence of the same pigments in the wine juice (color varieties of cybuli). The most common stems of epidermal cells are littered with internal and often leaked by mineral sponges (for example, horsetails contain SiO2). Shkirochka pokryvaє all organisms of the same and young pagony of bagatore villages, and її klіtini sberіgayut all the way to the bottom. At the top of the epidermis is covered with a product of the secretion of its own clitin - a special ball of waxy speech ( cuticle )

Bean clitini rose in pairs stomata To take revenge on the chloroplast, to fend off estuaries і to prevent їх or close. Walls of cych cells near the stomatal line of small cells, growing to medium cells. As the grip of cytoplasm grows, the outer walls stretch, and the inner ones curl, and the width expands. If the grip falls, the stomatal fissure closes, scho zapobіgaє viparovannyu vodi. During the day, if photosynthesis is taking place in the cells, the internal clamping grip will grow and the stomatal gap will bend, and at night, if the photosynthesis will bend, the grip will fall and the gap will bend. Through the prodiges, transpiration is also seen. Ustyachka zzvychay roztashovani along the sides of the leaf, a little more for all of them from the lower side.

Special education of shkirki - watery food - a bit of a clink, so you can feel the crack, through the yak on the surface you can see specks of ridini. It’s worthwhile to fall into that fall, if due to overpopulation of vologo and roselin it is not possible to viparouvat, a small amount of water is needed. Watery food most often grows along the edges of the leaf and grows characteristic of the roses, which grow in the minds of a vologue climate.

On epidermy often є one or more hairs smart budovi, who represent themselves alive or witnessed podovzheni klitini. Some of them seize the roslin from the superfluous waste in theology, and the inshi - from the view of the creatures, or to display the secretory function ( hairs ). The sprinkling hairs of the sprinkles will squeeze out SiO 2 and replace the vacuoles with murashinoy acid. The top of the hair is sharpened and easily pierced through the skin of people or creatures. At the same time, you consumed the acid in the wound, draining the skin very much. Zderevili hairs - spines , Roztashovani on shkіrtsі malini, expect that deyakyh roslin, seize all of them from the creatures. Mineral Harchuvannya in the main view through root hairs - virost klіtin shkіrki vmoktuyuchoї zoni root.

2. Secondary curvature of fabric on - Cork substitute for the epiderma in the villages and grassy roslin... singular cortical cambium I will call the shari cork cork, Sweat stinks that will dry out suberin and impenetrable for gas and water. To that їх in the place of shvidko vіdmiraє. So vinikє is a bowl of cork. All the middle cortical cambium is alive main fabrics... Clitin corks are tight, lazy, one to one and loose in a bagato ball. The top balls of the cork peel off in an hour, so the corky cambium stretches out all the growth of the growing line to create a new cell.

On the surface of the cork є lentils, through which gas exchange is carried out. The stench may look like humpbacks with a crack in the middle.

1 - sudini xylemi; 2 - tracheid; 3 - village parenchyma cells; 4 - pori; 5 - sitovidnye tubes; 6 - cells - supporters; 7 - street fields; 8 - cells of lub'yan parenchymi.

provide fabrics provide two streams of speech: overhead (Roschini mineral salts, as well as organic speeches resupply from the root to the above-ground parts of the growth і dalі) і slump (Synthesized in green pagons, organic speech goes up to the other organs). The flow is in two types of wire fabrics - xylem і phlome ... Most of the provincial elements, before the warehouse of the xylem and phloem, enter the cells of the main and mechanical fabrics, which they call complex fabrics.

xylem permeates all parts of the growing line and establishes a complete system. You will be stored from vasne providnyh elements (stinok vidmerlikh clitin), as well as living fellow clitin of the main fabric. develop two types of xylem elements:

1. Tracheid- one-liner illumination of the spindle-like form, up to 12 cm (at the lotus), the shells of which are pierced with other openings - pores.

2. Judge - bagatoklіtinnі education. Їх klіtini roztashovany last one by one; the transverse walls between them may be large open or in the back of the day. The middle size of such a judge should be approximately 10 cm, ale one can reach the decile meters (for example, in oak - up to 2 m), the diameter is close to 0.5 mm. The walls of the sudins and the tracheids may cause the growth of the versatile form (in the viglyadas of the chickens, the spirals, the suspicious nasaruvans with pores, etc.).

Elementi xylemis will immediately vikonuyuyu the basic function of the zavdyaka we will persuade the stinok. So, in the stalks of tree roselin, the rostashovan is closer to the heart of the judge, often clogged with greasy speech; vrachayuchi provide functiyu, stench podsilyuyut support. Hinges on xylem until afterwards do not only need to break mineral salts from the soil, but also to sugar, which is established as a result of the hydrolysis of crumbs in the storage tissues of the roots and stems. The stench serves for the growth of the leaf until the cob by photosynthesis.

phloem, Yak і xylem, є complex fabric, except for the provincial elements, before the storehouse, there are main and mechanical fabrics. Providnі phloemy elements are stored from cell tubes - live podovzhenih cells, released nuclei. The stench is lastly made between the transverse dilens of the walls - cytovid plates , permeate great number pir and then make a sieve. Through the openings of the plates, the cytoplasm of the susceptible cells comes down, and a decline in the flow of the organisms rises. The walls are clingy, but not wood. Handrail with sitovidny tubes roztashovani klitini-supporters with nuclei. Through the pores of the cytokine, speech flows into the cytoplasm of the cytoplasm of the cytoplasmic tubes, so that they will not get it.

Sudine, trachea and cytoid tubes at once with mechanical and basic fabrics fit vessel-fibrous bundles , On the vein of the leaf.

I carry out the function and also the clients main fabric , Yaki serve for the transport of rivers and fabrics (for example, hearty exchange zabezpechuyt relocation of speech in a horizontal straight line between the different verses of the stem: bark, cambium, wood and heart).

In some cases before carrying out milk judges The stench is illuminated by living cells, the cytoplasm of which grows in a constant ball with numerical nuclei, and a large vacuole is filled milk juice , Milk-white (kulbaba, milkweed, etc.) Abo orange (pure) color. Tse sumіsh rіdin, in yakіy, bіlіk wіrіnkіv іsukrіv, bіlkіv and і mineral speech, є blobs of lіpіdіv and іnіh hіdrophobic spoluks. Milk judges can fold together from one strongly knotted clitine, or they were angry with their kids. Milk judges seize the growths from those given by creatures, so as it is sik or bran, or vyazok and Lipok (often - it is). Sic of milk-based rubber tree vessels - latex- vikoristovuєatsya for otrimannya natural rubber.

mechanical fabrics vikonuyut supporting functions: Increase the growth of springiness and beauty, admit its part in the singing position. Stinks are stored from living or vidmerlikh clitin. Often, the cells of the fabric are twisted in the viglyadi fibers (lion, hemp, deer), in the leaves of the fruit (pear), and the form can be the only one. There is a great versatility of mechanical fabrics, typical for small groups Roslin, we will not look at the yake in detail. The social specialty of the clientele of them is the cultivation of the style, in which there are such speeches, the lignin).

Main fabrics, or parenchyma are stored in living cells with thin walls. There are intercellular spaces between cells. The fabrics are rostered between them, the sprouts are mechanical, and they are carried out, and the bulk of the rosettes is stored. Regarding the features of Budov and the function of developing three type of main fabric:

1.chlorophyllonosnim, or assimilatory parenchyma to store up for cells, to avenge chloroplasts. Vona is located in green parts (even leaves) під curly fabric... Photosynthesis is taking place in її cells.

2. stock up on parenchyma presence in all parts of the growing line, some of the special shari (for example, the core of the stem). In the її cells of growth, leukoplast, inodі - chromoplasts (in cards and fruits). The main function is the accumulation of spare lively speeches (starch and іn.), And in the deerweed plants - the same water (cactus, agave, etc.).

3. air parenchyma serve for gas exchange and great intercellular space. It is most beautifully rooted in dewlines, as it grows in small vegetation with low sourness (water and swamp dewline), as well as in the roots of species, widened on degraded soils. The qia is filled with a gas of the fabric, not only for gas exchange, but even for the water dews, either of these parts, on the surface or in the water.

Okremі klіtini main fabrics display secretory functions, synthesizing resins, ethereal olії and ін. І vidіlyayuchi їх name.

The main fabrics є in a misnomer of procrastinating with great biochemical reactions, so that they do not live up to the life of the roslin, at that time, the tip of the fabric is to serve for them, support, cheeky words etc.

V. The modern classification of fabrics і people were approved in 1987 at the International Anatomical Congress. Some of the main types of fabrics are seen before it: epithelial, myazov, nerves and the inner middle.

epithelial fabrics pokryvayut tilo, whistle threshing and emptying of internal organs. The stench has been approved with one or more balls, one to one client. Multiple speech in the epithelial fabrics of every day. Clinics of polarity: the upper part of the population is based on the basis and of the possible mothers (migratory cells), microvilli (intestinal fluff) and insight. callous shell - cuticle(Arthropods, round worms, etc.). In molluscs and creatures of the same type, they are called conch shells from organic and mineral spolucs.

Customers in the main restaurant basal membrane - a thin ball of multi-language speech. In the epithelium from the daytime blood-bearing judgment, that one of the clitines gnawing for a rakhunok hopeful through the basal membrane of the living words from the grown-up tissues.

Razr_znyayut a lot of types of epithelial fabrics Pokrivny one-ball epitheliy I will fix the shkirnі pokrivi bagatokh spineless creatures, as well as lancelets. In addition, the single-ball aperture whistles a second empty body, fixing the inner lining of the intestine, blood-bearing and lymphatic vertebrae and іn. A special type of a single-ball epitheliu - tse blinky , Scho whistling the walls of the dykhalny nobles. Yogo klіtiny zabrechenі vіyami, bittya whіkіh wіll wіll wіll wі wі wі, at once with saws, bacteria, іnne day tіls. Pokrivny Bagatosharoviy Epitheliy I will set the upper ball of the shkiri ( epidermis ) Ridge creatures and whistles for an empty company. The clientele of the inner ball is built up to the bottom, and the last one can turn horny, ginut and step by step peel off. To that on, on the other hand, on the other hand, on the other hand, on the other hand, there are cells from the growing number of balls, as soon as they receive the new food. In the bagatech ridge creatures, horny dylyankas in the singing parts of the house set structures, such as these functions: luska plasuns, pir'ya and dziob ptakhiv, kigty, nigita, horns. hairy hepatitis I see emerging speeches and often enter the storehouse.

The visibility of the epithelial tissues to self-improvement (regeneration) is one of the reasons for the self-healing of wounds.

In the whole, the epithelial tissue is used to display the interdigital, stash, secretory, gas exchange, excretory and all-wet functions.

m'yazov fabrics characterized by building up to speed in response to an increase in nerve impulse. The stench to enter the warehouse of the support-roche system and the walls of large internal organs and to avoid the ruck (moving in space) of all the space or the surrounding parts, as well as the correct fixation of the position in the open space - the pose. Tsim fabric is in power until regeneration (behind the wine of the heart). Їх subscribe to undrawn і swarthy. M'yazov cells are used to replace bunches of myofibrils - threads, which are stored in quick order (actin, myosin, etc.). Groups of cells are taken into bunches, between which are removed from the resulting tissue on the blood-bearing and lymphatic vessels and nerve fibers.

Non-lined (smooth) m'yazov fabricsb store in a cell, which most often has a spindle-like shape, one core and enter the warehouse smooth connections ... Їх fast fibers, the darkness is reduced, and the fast speed is mimic and heavy. Clients of fabrics are built up to strong stretching and a trivial hour can be transferred to the fast rolling mill. Unscrewed m'yazi - a part of the shells of the internal organs of the backbone creatures. The musculature of flat and large chrobaks, as well as molluscs and deceased creatures, is approved by unscrewed meat.

Stretched (cross-striped) fabric stacked with sub-fibers. The stench is built by the patronage, because in them it is correct to watch the light and dark discs from the fast-feeling little actin and myosin, which may give rise to the development of the light breaking. The swarthy m'yazi zdatnі skorochuvatisya meaningfully shvid, nіzh non-drawing. develop swarthy kistkova і the heart of the fabric . Tough skeletal fibers nuclear-rich, formed in the course of individual development from a great number of other cells, so they were angry at one and the same time. The stench makes the skeletal muffs, the sinews are connected with the elements of the skeleton, and then - with the shkіroy. The stench to enter to the warehouse of the support-ruhovoy system; tse also m'yazi mov, pharynx, larynx, upper part of the stravohode, diaphragms. Oremi fibers and fibers in the whole are covered with semi-fabric sheaths, so that they will be super-stretched. The cloth is channeled to the cloth, it is rooted in humans, ridge creatures and arthropods. In round worms (roundworm, gostriki too.) M'yazi are stored with a special obliquely lined cloth, so I will be patronized by the authorities. The speed of skeletal m'yazіv people are known under the control of measles in the great pіvkul, in order to get pretty much.

Lined heart fabric Set one of the balls of the heart of the backbone creatures - the myocardium and the deyaki of the blood-bearing vessels of great diameter (aorta, upper empty venia and in.). The stench is stored in the surroundings of the clitin ( cardiomyocytes ) Yak silently z'ednan (ale without evil cytoplasm) into a network-like structure. This is the structure of a widening widening of impulses, which can be found in special cells of the myocardium itself.

For the peculiarities of budov and cardiomyocytes, go to three groupies ... Some of them, they call working , Warehouse the base of the heart meat. The stench may be looking at the reddish fibers, like revealing fast threads - myofibrils. The robotic cardiomyocytes establish multiple contacts, united in the heart of the fiber. Іnsha group of cardiomyocytes - to the rhythm , To ensure the correct rhythm is fast. Cyclops are flickering over the thin fibers, otochened with loose fabric. They periodically receive nerve impulses, which are transmitted to the working cardiomyocytes and victories. The staff of the whole heart will be very quick to feel, if the nerve impulses do not reach a new part of the central nervous system. A part of the cardiomyocytes is characterized by secretory activity ... The stench sees a hormone that regulates the arterial grip. characteristic rice heart meat є those that are, on view of skeletal ones, are innervated by the vegetative nervous system.

The variety of dark-tinged fibers forms the basis of electrical organs (in more than 300 species of ribs: electrical skats, vugrivs, catfish and іn.). For example, in electric skates, they are organized with pectoral fins. Discharge, the strain of those who can reach up to 200 volts, rib vikoristovuyut for love and for the sake of the cities.

nerve tissue It is good to break down on the basis of the singing factors of the same performance in the body. They have nerve impulses of an electrical nature: the stench moves along the singular nerve fibers in other strands - from receptors to the central nervous system and from the central nervous system to working organs. Qia fabrics in stock nerves (neurons) і additional (main) cells ... The number of additional clients will be approved neuroglia .

neuron- clitine, which is a structural and functional unit of the nervous system. The neurons are designed to generate stimuli, re-transforming them into the nerves of the pulses and conducting the pulses to the cells of the other types of tissues. In a mature state, neurons do not grow up to the day. The neuron is stored from the body and from the growths (axons and dendrites). At the same time, the core and the other organelles have been removed. axon - podvzheniye (up to 1 m per second) and distribution at the end of the growth, according to which impulse is directed from the neuron to the first cells. dendrite - in the main, a short, strongly prolapsed outgrowth, due to which it is transmitted from receptors of some neurons to the length of the nerve cell. Neurons ring one axon or one or a few dendrites.

For a number of adolescents, how to come from a cell, develop neurons:

- unipolar - there may be one spine, which, when going out of the cell, will fall on the axon and dendrite, which are characteristic of spineless creatures,

- bipolar - May one axon and dendrite each;

- multipolar- Place one axon and a decile of dendrites of the neuron.

Krim conduction of nervous stimulation, actions of neurons see neurohormone і neurotransmitter and. The first to see in the body and functions, and the secrets of endocrine worms are hormones. Others will prevent the transmission of nerve impulses between the same neurons and between the neurons and the muscle cells, as well as between the neurons and the robotic organs.

For the nature of the functions of the neuron, there are:

- sensitive - take away the patrons of the new and internal middle;

- insert (Asociative) - the connection between the neurons

- rukhovi - transmit signals to working organs.

Nerve tissues develop a gray tongue, which can be stored from neurons and short dendrites, and more, stimulated from neuronal growths, which are critical of the muscle sheath, - nerves.

On view of neurons, growth cells of neuroglia zdatnі to podіlu. The stench of capturing progression between neurons, delivering lively speeches, setting up electrically insulating sheaths near the growths of nerve cells, synthesizing actions of biologically active speeches, necessary for the function of the nerve.

fabrics of internal the middle class is able to display the versatile functions: to adapt homeostasis, to fix, rozpodilny, transport, support, to store, to update the secondary parts, etc. Smells to be stored from the client and the mid-life. The fabrics create the inner middle of the organism, the sounds and the resemblance are the name. Їх subscribe to from the bottom, skeletal and і rіdki(Blood і t. P.).

with the resulting fabrics Mayut a little bit of different types:

1.Fibrous, or wet, Fabrics incl. klitini, fibers of rose budoviі navkolishnє їх structureless (amorphous) basic speech... Fibers give the organs energy and springiness. For example, in the warehouses of blood-bearing vessels, the stench is overpowering, and the elasticity of the skin becomes unbeatable. False from the synthesis of fibers and amorphous main speech puff і from the received fabrics .

The down is made of fabric to be found in the organs of the bag, the zokrema will make the ball so called child's nursery... It will be stored from a great number of the main speech, in a kind of roasting of fibers and cells of decile types. Deyaki from them ( macrophages ) Build up microorganisms and particles by way of phagocytosis without preserving the function; інші - synthesize the library of multi-language speech ( collagen, elastin ta in.), take a part in the wounds, approved with semi-tissue capsules near the side of the body and so on.

Solid fabric To avenge a large number of people, one to one fibers, three of the main speech and clitin. Її follow unformed і issued ... Fibers unformed fabric and rostasovany smoothly. Vona enter to the warehouse vasne shkiri (dermis) and ostya. Fibers are decorated with fabrics and set parallel bundles. With her ligaments and tendons.

2. Received fabrics with special authorities:

· English - from an hour of individual development, an ear of cells of all types of fabrics is given, and a spindle-like form of spindle-like form may cause sprouts, such as intertwining, set up a mesh;

· fat tissue є in baguette organs, the main function is the accumulation of reserves in living speech (for example, fatty tissue of arthropods, fatty tissue in humans, survivors and poultry) and heat dissipation people have two types:

- bila adipose tissue take care of the fate in the blood, synthesis and selection of lipids;

- borax fat fabrics to serve for thermoregulation;

· reticular tissue roztasovana in the liver, selenium and other organs, to become the basis of blood-forming organs, to enter the store of mucous membranes of the intestine, some lymphatic universities, etc. fibroblasts And also stovburovikh cells, cells of blood flow out in the blood-forming organs.

· endotheliy - a single-globular layer of flat cells of mesenchymal movement, which whistles the inner surface of blood-bearing and lymphatic vessels, heart-hollows, vikonu bar'єrnu (razdіlyaє blood and mіzhklіtinnu rіdinu) carry out (forget about them) Robot heart) and deyakі іnshі functions.

Ridky fabrics (shelter and lymph) stocked from the richest intercultural speech ( plasmi ), form elements ). The main functions of the tissues of the tissue support in the formation of homeostasis, transport of the living spores, hormones and other biologically active words, products of the exchange, gases, safe immunity. Zbagachena sour blood is called arterial, and in carbonated gas - venous.

Form elements of blood:

1.Erіtrotsіti zd_ysnyuyut gas transport. The stench is to take revenge on the spirited pigment hemoglobin It is necessary to have a red color and a built-in non-staggering time with O2 and CO 2. Increased erythrocytes are larger in the nucleus. In arthropods, molluscs and deacons, spineless creatures, they have different types of plasma development.

2. Leukocytes May the core and display the specified functions, without providing the immune response. Leukocytes ( lymphocytes, monocytes etc.) vary in size, peculiarities of budget and functions, triviality of life. Some of them (for example, macrophages), through the path of phagocytosis, will throttle and overtravel third-party bodies (bacteria, hard particles, etc.), prevent cell immunity. Інші (for example, B-lymphocyte ) - create special conditions for antibiotics, preventing humoral immunity.

3. Platelets to take part in the hypogastric blood of the ridge. The whole nucleus of a part of the great cells of the red blood cell was added.

skeletal fabric vertebral creatures are characterized by springiness (cartilage tissue) and mice (cyst tissue) of small speech; the stench to enter to the warehouse of the support-roche apparatus.

1. Cartilage tissue to build on the basis of a classic and organic main speech, which is the beginning of the process and the springiness. In the embryos of ridge creatures, the skeleton of apparitions is cartilaginous tissue. In mature individuals, cartilage is present in the slopes, tendons, ligaments, the walls of the wandering paths and t.P. junk(In the slopes) і semi-subassemblies, Overwhelm the decline of wandering paths, prevent the renewal of cysts in case of fractures, etc. The skeleton of older mature ribs (sharks and stingrays) grows in the cartilage.

2. Kistkova fabric I have a lot of inorganic salts, as I have a special taste. Have mіzhklіtinnіy speeches revenge carbonatiі calcium phosphate, And also special bіlki(Colagen і ін.). One of the cells of the cyst fabric and the fabrication of the material, from which the fibers are stored and the main speech. The stench take a part in the renewed cyst fabric. Being walled up by the interlocutors of speech, it is re-transformed into adults, not built up to the bottom. In the cyst tissue, there are also great nuclear cells, which, for additional enzymes, destroy the cyst and cartilage tissue. develop lip part і compact kistkovu fabrics (spongy and compact speech).

sponge The rosettes in the middle of the stacks are stored in interlaced stacked plates, aligned in the direct line of the straining or straightening forces. Wono maє viglyad spongy masi, stars and name. Interventions between cystic plates are stored with a cystovymus worm.

Compact speech I approve the call parts of the keys. Vono maє viglyad sutsіlnoy masi with okremimy empties in the middle, de-razmіshchenі klіtini. The main structural unit is osteon - the number of concentrically expanded cylindrical cystic plates (from 4 to 20). At the center of the osteon there is a canal, filled with tissue, in which there are blood vessels and nerves.

Gistotechnology- directly to the level of biotechnology, like the development of methods of tricky tissue preservation (preservation) of tissue posture by organism and preparation of tissue and clinical preparations for a general replacement and practical storage.

For example, try to freeze fabrics, and because of the use of new methods of microscopic technology, develop them on thin plates, unleash them, use different words and t.P. (crayfish) chubby.

Before the modern gastronomic technology, broad perspectives are seen, linking up with stovburovnyh clines for organism and growing up on individual lively middlings. Yak vikhіdny material vikoristovuyut, for example, cells of the umbilical cord, which is a single embryo with the organism of mother. vcheni rіznih lands Developing methods that allow for the crops of stovburovich cells viroshuvati tsіlіsnі organi, which can be used to replace ailments or problems.

Vi. Organize roslin... Organize roslin grows on vegetative і reproductive ... Vegetativnі bodies (i flow in korіn) vikonuyut funktsії zabezpechennya rіznih protsesіv zhittєdіyalnostі:. Harchuvannya, vidіlennya produktіv obmіnu, gazoobmіnu i t P. Pong not utvoryuyut spetsіalіzovanih klіtin, SSMSC zabezpechuvali b statevy abo bezstateve rozmnozhennya against Roslin often zdatne rozmnozhuvatisya for rakhunok autonomic organіv abo їх vidosmіn, tobto bagatoklіtinnіkh uvoren. For example, behind the help of species-specific pagons, such as yak vusa, bulbi, tsibulini, rootworms.

root- subterranean vegetative organ of growing roslin. Win the rosette in the ground and close the dewline in it, preventing the chasing of the pockets of life and transport to the above-ground parts. The roots of moss are visible, and their function is visible rizoid - nitty parts of virility, approved by the last row of clitins. The overground organ of the growing roslin in the course is stored in the axial part ( stalk ) I bichnyh ( leaf ). The species of pagons can grow apart from the earth: roots, stems bulbi, cibulin, bulbocybulin. stalk I will secure the connection between the small parts of the rosline, the wine will fix the nirka, from which the new pahoni develop. Main functions leaf є photosynthesis, energy and water vaporization.

Roslin has one reproductive organ give birth to statusless reproduction (for help supercross ), Інші ( generative ) - article. The generative organisms of the spore spores of roslin (moss, ferrotes, horsetails and pluns) are established on the individuals of the statues - gametophytes ... Some of the growers have cholovichi and zhіnochі statues of organisation on one individual ( one-room you see, for example, the scorpion bug), for those on the children ( dvodnі see, for example, zozulin lion). For the angry cholovic and feminine statues of their clines, they become a zygote. A person without articleless generation ( sporophyte ). On sporophyte organisms of non-statute propagation develop - sporangia, which are often selected in groups (spore-bearing spikelets and in.). In sporangias, you get up to argue. A person of the statuesque generation (gametophyt) develops from the super-spreader. Such a rank, a tsim to the roslinam, is a snug, foldable life cycle with the cherguvannya of the statute and articleless generations. In moss, sporophytes take root on green gametophyte. Guess from lecture 7, how and what is the karyotype of gametophyte and sporophyte for?

Even in the spore spores of the roslin, it is offended by the generation of good growth (in the moss, the generation of the generation in the moss, in the ferns, in the horse and in the horsetail - without the status), then in the nasinnєvih roslin (Holonic and pokritonnyh) status of generation (gametophyt) is significantly reduced. Cholovik gametophyte representations by cells saw grain (In kvitkovy roslin tse vegetative cellina і two sperm ), And the little one - with seven clitines embryonic bear (at the same time ovum і central clitinoyu The storage of the embryonic tissue on the endosperm develops).

In holonose growls, cholovichi and zhіnichі statues are organized on species-changing generative pagons - cones ... Generative organizations of pokritonasinnykh roslin - tse Quotes ... stench queens і titches , De formed as a type of gametes and gametes. From the other parts of the quotes, the last time the fruit and the fruit are formed.

Organ і systems of organs of large-scale species.

shkira approve of the body, seize the body of the shkidliv call-in injection... Vona also often takes part in gas exchange (for example, the shkira of toads). The basis of shkiri є one-ball (Most of the invertebrates) anyway big ball (In the great chord) epitheliy You can wrap up the fabric from the fabric. In shkіrі, there can be a lot of growing greens and around secretory cells. For example, at ssavtsiv - tse sweat (Vykonuyut thermoregulatory and secretory functions), salny (Cover the surface of the dust), milk (In females, serve for vigodovvannya ditinchat), odorous (For the registration of the thresholds or for the detection of specific statuses) zalozi і secretory clitini ... The function of finding the paths from the paths of the land, growing in the schools of amphibians (salamanders, toads, toads). The stench is vidіlyayut otruynі speeches.

For the children of the groups, the call of the shkira is covered with a dashed ball - cuticle ... You can see the clients of the food. Cuticle of arthropods and round worms to serve for one hour callous skeleton and landowners only from unwelcoming infusions dovkilla... Fragments of the cuticle do not stretch, then the creature grows molts : The old nodding pokry shedding and, while the new ones are not hardened, the size of the food will quickly grow.

The skeleton and attached to the new m'yazi are stored support-roc system The staff of the house just started to get into the singing position, come to the collapse of the surrounding area and move into the open space. In arthropods, the annular skeleton is from the cuticle, before the depot which includes polysaccharide hіtin ... The winners will drain away from the sides, and the muzzles will be attached to the new middle. In ridge creatures and humans, the skeleton is internal, so that the whole body is pulled apart. Until new skeletal m'yazi fasten.

In some chrobak and deactivate creatures, which have been removed from the solid skeleton, just inside the small ones, they should be stored in the food and decorative balls of the muses. When the stench is fast, there is antagonism: for example, the speedy stench is shorter, and the yellow ones are tough. With a lot of empty space, the visitor's role is incompressible hydrostatic skeleton .

Mechanical and chemical reconfiguration of speeches in warehouses, soaking of products, etching into the roof of the house and lymph, making the name of non-etched surplus (defecation) to prevent the organization herbal systems... In intestinal and flat barrels, the anal aperture is visible through the mouth opening, and non-etched solid particles are seen through the mouth. This type of intestine is called closed ... In round and large chrobakiv, molluscs, arthropods, ridge creatures, the intestines nakr_zny - win to end anal opening... The appearance of a nasal intestinal tract allowed for an intensification of the exchange of speech, and at once, for the loss of non-perturbed surplus, a new portion of the patient was channeled.

Okremі zalіzisti kіtiny i travі zalozi (Slynnі, pіdshlunkova і ін.) herbal ferments , Which will split the lively speech (high molecular weight organic spoluke) At their warehouses (amino acids, monosaccharides, glucerin and fatty acids, nucleotides), as well as spoluca, emulsifying fats, to lodge in the infusion of all kinds of herbal enzymes (for example), zhovch is the secret of liver oil cells. At bagatokh tvarin (huts, klischі, pawuki, larvae of flies and іn.) Vіdomo is so called call , abo posture etching ... The food is to introduce herbal ferments in the storehouse of herbal juices, in which there is a posture by the organism of a lively middle, and after a dozen hour to soak up some of the most frequently digested products.

Dichny system I will preserve the necessary care in the body and the vivedennya of in carbon dioxide, Having settled in the process of oxidation of the old days. For help trachea abo lungs creatures glaze atmospheric kissen, chuguyuchi inhale and vidikhannya povitrya. Water creatures dichayut we find in water sour through finch - Virosti tila with penetrating coverings for water razchin_v. In the chaffinches, the judges often roam, in which circulating roofs abo іnsha rіdina.

The ridge creatures and humans have a circulatory system closed , So that shelter collapses along the vessels and does not consume the empty space. They have є heart - an empty muscular organ, which periodically speeds up and makes blood flow through the system of blood vessels. Suddenly, to bring shelter through the heart, to be called arteries , And I will give shelter to new - veni ... Arteries and veins with small diameter vessels - capillaries ... At the capillaries, the arterial roof is viddaє kissen, which is transformed into the venous. A part of the blood plasma through the walls of the capillaries is consumed into the empty body, which is transformed into the tissue (mіzhklіtinnu) rіdina. Vona supply kisen and lively speeches, confiscated from the blood, in the clit and organ, taking products from them and exchanging them. Let the fabric go through the walls lymphatic capillaries rub in the middle of them, molding lymph ... behind the system lymphatic vessels lymph to turn in the great veins of the blood-bearing system.

In many chrobaks, the circulatory system is also closed, the heart is out of the heart, and the straightening of the blood goes to the rhythmic speed of the muses of the stinks of the singing blood vessels.

Tvarins have unclosed circulatory system (Molluscs, arthropods) capillaries are visible, so that shelter from arteries is consumed in the empty space. There you can see the empty ridinoy.

empty tilaє Interventions between internal organs, in which circulations are mіzhklіtina rіdina. The functions of the family are adjusted to the functions of the circulatory and lymphatic systems. Іsnіt ізні empty types:

- pervinna - not a little bit of vigorous worms, and they are intermediate between internal organs (for example, in round worms).

- second - I’m vlasnu epithelialnun vistilannya, as well as from internal tissues and organs (many parts of worms, molluscs, chordates, lyudin).

- zmіshana -When the hour of the embryonic development is laid, the second empty is laid, and the surplus of the first empty is thrown at the second (arthropods).

For people and workers, the emptying includes the chest and the black part, the part is divided by a flat muzzle - the diaphragm. At the empty of the skull, the brain is located, in the empty of the spinal canal - the dorsal.

the system is visible will secure vivedennya s organism ( ecclesiastical ) Kintsevy products in the exchange of rechovins. In small groups of creatures, there are different types of organs of vision. In flat and large chrobakiv, lancelet in vivid organisms - the number of variants of vivid tubules - nephridia c, in crayfish - green zalozi , In comas and pavuko-like - malpіgіevі sudini , At the backbone creatures - nirki ... All organizations are unaffected by the meanings of visibility in Budov, following the same scheme:

( pervinna slaughter );

2) when the primary section is projected through the channel through this stage, a large part of the water turns into the body, the number of words that are needed (the process zealous soaktuvannya );

3) concentrated second slaughter vivoditsya nazovnі through a sečivnik.

The system of vision, which is responsible for the delivery of end products to the exchange of speech, often takes part in the processes of regulating the concentration of salts in the body. As a result, lie an osmotic grip in the cells (guess what an osmotic grip is). The health of the osmotic grip is important for the sack of water, instead of the salts in which it changes from time to time. For example, the Artemia crustacean can be baggy in small waters - from as low as possible to quiet, the concentration of salts in them becomes up to 300 ppm.

Nervous systemі fill in the internal secrets to prevent the regulation of the vital functions of the body, its function as the whole biological system, the reaction to the versatile subdivisions of the popular and internal medium.

View of the types of the nervous system:

1. Difuse(Kishkovoporozhninni) - to be stored in the number of neurons that are distributed according to the number of neurons, with their own outgrowths, the nerves of the universities in the daytime.

2. Skhodova(Flat worms) - front part of the space of the spacers of the boys nervovy vuzol - brain , As a result, guys come in late stovbury, with transverse nerves. Otzhe, є podil of the nervous system on central (Brain і late nerves і stove storm) і peripheral (Nerves ending, as they come in) parts.

3. rozkidani-vuzlov(Molluscs) - the nerves of the university can be found in the small parts of the body, the stench of getting behind the help of the nerve stubs. In species that have a luring active way of life (cephalopods, cephalopods), a large number of nerve universities enter the warehouse brain .

4. Chained(Most of the worms and arthropods) - the central part of the nervous system, including brain і cherenovu lantsyuzhok , Scho store up for bets on the proximity of nerve stovburіv (to pass through the bridle of the black side of the body). They are promoted in the skin segment of the body to be accepted by the university and enter from the nerves. Ts stovbury, like nerves vuzli, you can get angry with yourself.

5. Trumpets(Chordovi) - the central part of the nervous system of the tube dorsal side... In the lancelet, the anterior end of the central tube is deprived of a trochaic enlargement, and in the ridge worms, it is central nervous system distributed for extensions head and podvzheniya spinal cord ... In the spinal brains, the brain folds from five viddiliv.

Organi chutta to get a connection to the body with a navkolishn_m middle, to get rid of podraznik_ in the most recent and inner middles.

It is easy to understand the sense of vashtovani in intestines. In polіpіv, the cultivators of the navkolishny midstry take away the receptor cells, and in the jellyfish, they have a large number of organisms for the recovery of light (eyes) and іvnovagi. Glasses allow jellyfish to learn about the steps of illumination, and the organizers allow them to control the position of space in the open space. In addition, organizing razvnovagi zdatnі sprymati kolyvannya drive before the storm, the stench will serve as a signal for seeing jellyfish from the shores. However, most of the foldably organized jellyfish (for example, box jellyfish) are light-sensitive, which can be seen as simple pits, which have expanded to reach the fold-out eyes, so that the light-refractive devices can be readily

The іnshikh bogatoklіtinnyh creatures є organization, hearing, scent, dotting and t. P., Yak can mother different arrangement and walking.

state system stock up on organs, which will ensure the rate of reproduction, and in some cases - the cob stage and development of offspring. Organizational statistic systems - tse in pershu cherga statévi zalozi- rascals , In which there are a number of cells, as well as a system of ducts, such as the stench vivodat to the body. To the warehouse organs of life state systems it is obligatory to enter statutory zalozi - ychnyi , Deformed eggs, as well as the system of vivid nobles.

In bagatokh twarin (for example, in a large number of flat hooves) є especially zalozi - vitelline In which women are established with a supply of lively words for the embryo, as well as a sperm receptacle (for example, in the worms), to accumulate a number of statues of cells, which are taken out when paired.

In a large number of animals, in some individuals, spermatozoa (males) are established, and those of them - eggs (females). I call such creatures divisive (Csavts, birds, plazuns, amphibians, cartilaginous ribs, more cystic ribs, arthropods, etc.). Alle є і creatures, in some in one organism, both cholovіchі are established, as well as zhіnichі statues (worms with small bristles, pavki, a large number of flat caskets, etc.). I call such creatures hermaphrodites .

Vii. regulatory systems to ensure the functioning of the rich-clitinous organisms as an integral biological system, and to initiate their reaction to the change of minds of the new and internal middle ground. Among creatures and people, to the regulatory systems, they are nervova , imunna і endocrine ; Roslin has okremi secretory cells. The regulation of the activity of cells, organs and systems is directed towards the adjustment of homeostasis of the inner middle of the organisms of the complex.

Regulation of life functions in large-scaled roslin in pershu cherga zd_ysnyut phytohormoni ... Pong in Malih kіlkostyah regulyuyut Process obmіnu rechovin, koordinuyut іndivіdualny rozvitok, vplivayuchi on rozpodіl i rіst klіtin, diferentsіyuvannya tkanin, formuvannya organіv, rozvitok nirok, germination Nasinnya i t. P. Odnі fіtogormoni priskoryuyut vikonannya zhittєvih funktsіy (podіl klіtin, rozvitok pagonіv, dozrіvannya fruit), іnshі їх galmut (for example, wickle leaves). Before phytohormones are applied:

1. Auxini- to be synthesized in the upper lighting fabrics and to prevent the stretching of the clitin, as a result of which it will grow. The stench can also be infused into the differentiation of provincial fabrics, stimulates the formation of a cambia, accelerates the formation of additional roots of livestock, etc. to the Silk State auxini vikoristovuyut for stimulating the establishment of additional roots of livestock, falling off fruits before harvesting, and at high concentrations yak herbicides (for fighting with the Bur'ians).

2. Cytokines- to accelerate the processes of proliferation of cells, growth and development of small children, stimulate the germination of seeds, exchange of words, to take over the processes of aging.

4. Гіberelini accelerate the growth of roslin, the processes of color, the formation of fruits, stimulate the germination of the seed, the development of bulb and cybulin, etc.

5. Abscisic acid stimulating the transition of roslin to the camp of calm, increasing triviality of the period, accelerating leaf fall, driving the sprouting of today and growing brunoks.

Phytohormones, yak and hormones

For modern living organisms, the characteristic forms of structural organization are:

• highly differentiated single organisms (such as, for example, simple ones),
• large, nuclear-rich organisms with folding morphological differentiation, without cell walls (such a structure is called syphonic or siphonic);
• organisms, which represent a common culture (for example, colonial organisms). Colonies win the path of the clitinous suburb. Clients in them establish a morphological and functional unity. In high-organized colonies (for example, in Volvox), there is a lot of func- tion between cells. In colonies є vegetative clitini, who will not be able to get rid of food and food, and generative, services for breeding. Such colonies can be respected by the simplest many organisms.

tilo complex organisms to build up from the majestic number of clients, which are differentiated for the budget and viconuable functions. Bagatoclatinny organisms, in their turn, are subdivided into generic organisms without reference tissues and bagatoclatinny organisms with reference tissues. Tilo large-scale organisms without reference tissues are differentiated on the basis of organisms and do not revenge tissues. Such is the structural organization of mushrooms, a greater number of algae and moss-like forms (for example, pechinkov moss). In mushrooms, gypsy can unite in the graces of the fabric: they intertwine, the stench makes the woven fabric, and when it grows, it becomes pseudo-parenchyma. With such a grave cloth in the cap mushrooms, the fruits of the tree are set. In the filamentous algae, the cells, multiplying by the transverse podil, set one row - the filamentous thallus (spirogyra, ulotrix). In some cases, there are flat thalli, if the cells are spreading in the lower and transverse strands (ulva). In some forms, there is a polar differentiation: they have a growing tip of the thallus and adhere to the substrate of the basal rhizoids (ulotrix). In more highly organized forms, the growth of the thallus is more likely to occur.

The number of large-scale organisms with true tissues is differentiated on the basis of organisms, which are stored from the growing tissues. Such structural organization may vischi roslini and a lot of food.

At the vine dews, behind a vignette of moss-like, see rootі pagin(Stem with leaves and nirkami). Mossy have the root function rizoid- threadlike stems of the lower part of the stem. As much as all the growths of autotrophies are, and in addition, a large surface is needed, so that there is clay. Tse reachable zvdyaki rozgaluzhennya stalk and majestic pieces of leaves, rosted on the stalks. When you leave the leaves, you can spread out in the open space in such a rank that the stench does not obscure one one. The development of the great surface near the ground dewlines is to be produced to the great loss of water as a result of transpiration (viparovannya) through the leaves. Tsі vtrati permanently zapovnyuyutsya from the ground. It will prevent the water and mineral waters from getting wet from the ground; Roslin leads the way of life and that they are characterized by radial symmetry.