Great is the encyclopedia of oil and gas. The name of the shell of the earth

The anthropogenic inflow into nature in the Danish hour penetrates into the spheres of the planet Earth, so it is necessary to briefly look at the characteristics of the outer shells.

The earth is laid out from the core, mantle, earth measles, Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, etc. For the rakhunok, in the flow of lively speech and activity of people, two shells are revealed - the biosphere and noosphere, which includes the technosphere. The human spirit is expanding to the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere and noosphere. Briefly discernible the ts_ of the shell and the nature of the inflow of the strength of the people on them.

Zagalny characteristic of the atmosphere

The atmosphere of the Earth is the sign of the gas-like shell of the Earth. The lower part of the atmosphere is in contact with the lithosphere or the hydrosphere of the Earth, and the upper part - with the interplanetary space. The atmosphere is composed of three parts:

1. Troposphere (the lower part of the atmosphere) і її above the surface of the warehouse і 15 km. The troposphere is stored in due course, the strength of which changes in height. The upper part of the troposphere is in contact with the ozone screen - a sphere of ozone with an area of ​​7-8 km.

The ozone screen will be consumed on the surface of the Earth (lithosphere, hydrosphere) of a vigorous ultraviolet viprominuvannya or cosmic viprominuvannya with high energy, which are gnarly for all living things. The lower balls of the troposphere - up to 5 km high from the sea level - are the most populous midst of living, while the lowest balls of the atmosphere are most populated - up to 100 m from the surface of the land or water. Naybilshe injected into the power of the people, ecology, Vіdchuv troposphere and especially її lower balls.

2. The stratosphere is the middle sphere of the atmosphere, the boundary of which is 100 km above the sea level. The stratosphere is filled with gas (nitrogen, water, gel, etc.). Vaughn move into the ionosphere.

3. Ionosphere - the upper sphere of the atmosphere, which goes into interplanetary space. The ionosphere is filled with parts, which are detected when molecules fall apart - ions, electrons, etc. At the lower part of the ionosphere, the winery "pivnichne syayvo", which is more popular in the regions beyond the Polar stake.

The most significant is the troposphere in ecology.

Brief characteristics of the lithosphere and hydrosphere

The surface of the Earth, which is located under the troposphere, is not uniform - a part of it is occupied by water, which constitutes a hydrosphere, and a part is land, which constitutes a lithosphere.

Lithosphere - zovnishnya firm obolonka earthly coo, Established by kam'yani rocks (to that name - "litte" - stone). It will be stored in two balls - the upper one, fixed by siege rocks with granite, and the lower one, fixed by hard basalt rocks. A part of the lithosphere is occupied by water (Svitovy ocean), and a part є land, which becomes close to 30% earthly surface... The very top ball of land (in most of its own) is covered with a thin ball of a combustible surface - soil. The soil is one of the midst of life, and the lithosphere is the substrate on which to live small organisms.

The hydrosphere is the water shell of the earth's surface, established by the supremacy of all waters that are visible on the Earth. Tovshchina Gidrospheri Rizna on Riznih Dilyanka, Ale middle glybin the ocean becomes 3.8 km, and in the surrounding depressions - up to 11 km. Hydrosphere є dzherel vodi for all organisms, how to live on the Earth, won є by strained geological force, as the circulation of water and those words, the "sticky life" and the midst of the waking up of aquatic organisms. The hydrosphere of the earth is also larger and will be seen lower.

Zagalny characteristics of the biosphere and noosphere

At the moment of the appearance of life on Earth, the vinikla nova, a specific shell, is the biosphere. The term "biosphere", introduced by E. Suess (1875).

The biosphere (the sphere of life) is that part of the sheaths of the Earth, in which they live in different organisms. The biosphere occupies a part of the atmosphere (the lower part of the troposphere), the lithosphere (the upper part, including the ground) and penetrates the entire hydrosphere and the upper part of the bottom surface.

The biosphere can be seen as a geological shell, inhabited by living organisms.

Between the biosphere there is a manifestation of the minds necessary for the normal life of organisms. The upper part of the biosphere is surrounded by the intensity of ultraviolet viprominuvannya, and the lower part - by a high temperature (up to 100 ° C). Dispute bacteria grow at a height of 20 km above the sea level, and anaerobic bacteria appear on the sea surface up to 3 km from the earth's surface.

Seemingly, organisms are alive with living speech. The concentration of living speech is characterized by the power of the biosphere. It has been established that the greatest degree of biosphere is characteristic of the land surface and the ocean on the cordon of the lithosphere and hydrosphere with the atmosphere. Much more of the temporality of life in the ground.

Mass of lively speech in the context of mass of earth measles and hydrosphere is small, but speech is alive with great role in the processes of the serpent of earthly measles.

The biosphere is the price of all the biogeocenoses that are visible on the Earth, so it will get involved in the new ecosystem of the Earth. In the biosphere, everything is interconnected and interconnected. The gene pool of all organisms in the Earth will become unwell biological resources the planet, even in natural and ecological processes, there will be no dramatic involvement of the growing forces of geological or interplanetary nature. In this hour, as the tse bulo is meant to be, anthropogenic factors flowed into the biosphere to the character of geological strength, which is necessary for people to be able to live, if they want to visit the Earth.

At the moment people appear on the Earth in nature, there is an anthropogenic factor, who can cope with the development of civilization, and a new specific shell of the Earth is the noosphere (the sphere of intelligent life). The term "noosphere" was first introduced by E. Leroy and T. Ya. De Chardin (1927), and in Russia for the first time in his ancestors Vikoristovuvav V. І. Vernadsky (30-40-і pp. XX century). The interpretation of the term "noosphere" has two approaches:

1. "The noosphere is the center of the biosphere, the state's dignity of the people is being realized." The author of the concept was L. N. Gumilov (synonym of A. Akhmatova and poet M. Gumilov). The point of view is fair, as it is necessary to see the activity of people in the biosphere, to show the intelligence of the activity of their organisms. The same understanding characterizes the "high sense" of the day of the noosphere like the shell of the Earth.

2. "The noosphere is the whole of the biosphere, the development of which can be straightened by the human mind." The dane of the witness is widely represented in the works of V.I. Vernadsky and to understand in the wide sense of the noosphere, so as the infusion of human sentiment into the biosphere can be worn as a positive, so negative character Moreover, the rest of the bow often perevazha. The technosphere, a part of the noosphere, is tied to the wicked spirit of the people before the warehouse of the noosphere.

on happy step The development of the civilization and the number of populations is necessary. It is necessary to infuse it “sensibly” into the Nature, it is optimal to infuse it into it, so that the smallest children can be brought to the natural ecological processes, and in some cases, the growth of the population is not necessary. The dіyalnіst of people and inevitably make changes in navkolishn_y light, Ale, I will look at may inheritance, Transmitting can be negative, it is necessary to make it so that the inheritance will be very ruinous.

A brief description of the superficial situations that occur on the surface of the Earth, and their classification

An important role in natural environmental processes is to play supervised situations, which constantly emerge on the surface of the Earth. Smell of a miscellaneous biogeocenosis, і, if it is repeated cyclically, then in a row environmental factors, Shoot against the evolutive processes.

Situations, when it becomes difficult or becomes uncomfortable, the normal functioning of a great number of people, or the biogeocenosis as a whole, are called super-susceptible.

Understanding the "over-the-top situation" in a larger world can be stashed to the strength of the people, but it can only be attributed to natural spirits.

For prodzvichennym supervised situations podilayut on natural and anthropogenic (technogenic).

Natural supernatural situations arise as a result of manifestations of natural character. Before them, there are povens, earthquakes, zsuvi, seli, hurricanes, volcanoes and іn. The deyaki of the manifestation is clear, so that the overpowering situations of the natural character are affected.

Earthlings are the center of the potential energy of earthly nadr, and they buy the form of shock pins and spring pads (seismic pins).

Earth-Russians are recognized as the leading rank for the rakhunok of underground volcanic manifestations, the substitution of layers is one and the same, or even the mother and the technogenic character and the vernacular for the collapse of the viroboks of the cinnamon copalins. In case of earthquakes, there is a compensation, a number and a change girskikh breeds from seismic hvils and tectonic rocks earthly measles, which can lead to ruinous surfaces - the appearance of tremors, breaks, etc., as well as to the breakdown of pozhezh, ruinous awakening.

Zsuvi is a war of reprisal from down the grave from the stolen surfaces (gir, pagorbiv, sea terraces, etc.)

When dry, the surface collapses, the biocenoses move, the populations run out and so on.

Volcanism (volcanoes) is the name given to the presence of magma tied with magma (melted mass), hot gases and steam of water, which flow through the channels or through the thrusts of earthly measles.

Volcanism is a typical natural phenomenon, which is a great ruin of natural biogeocenoses, which brings a great rend of the state's dignity of people, greatly obscures the atmosphere of the region adjacent to volcanoes. Vyverzhennya volcanoes are supervised by the largest catastrophic natural phenomena - burns, landslides, windfalls, etc.

Silts are short-hour bursting floods, which carry a large number of squeaks, pebbles, large crushed stone and stones, which obscure the nature of mud-stone streams.

They are characteristic of the city's districts and can create a significant school of state-owned people, serve as the cause of the death of the native creatures and the viciousness of the ruin of the local population.

Snow avalanches are called snow heaps, flooding after themselves all the new and new mass of the snow and the other effervescent materials. The avalanches are a natural and anthropogenic yak. The smell of the great shkodi gospodarskogo dyyalnosti people, running roads, lines of power transmissions, wicked death of people, creatures and tall people.

Visherazdanie appearances, which are the cause of the blame of superficial situations, tightly tied to the lithosphere. The hydrosphere also has a lot of natural phenomena, which create super-specific situations. Prior to them, the events and tsunamis are known.

Povenі - the tse of flooding by water mіtsevostі in the boundaries of rychkovy valleys, Uzbek lakes, seas and oceans.

If the poveni are strictly periodic in nature (priplivi, vidlivi), then in the same way natural biogeocenoses are attached to them as to the middle of living in singing minds. Alle, they often turn out to be unsuccessful and tied with some non-recurrent pests (excessively, if you need to pay for great floods, if great area etc.). At the turn of the day, ruin soil curves, There may be an infection of the population due to the growth of the trees, the destruction of the animals, the growth of the people and the population of the settlements, etc.

Tsunami - gravitational weaknesses of great power, which are found on the surface of the seas and oceans.

Tsunamis may cause natural and technogenic reasons. Prior to natural causes, earthquakes, seaquakes and sub-water volcanoes, before technogenic - sub-water nuclear vibuha.

Tsunami viklikyut the bend of the ships and the emergency on them, so that in their own ward they bring to the obstruction of the natural environment, for example, the ruining of the tanker, for the transport of naphtha, , live in the surface sphere of water and the ocean, but also with waters; pelargic form of tvarin is a creature, it is possible to move in your water for active oversupply, for example, sharks, whales, cephalopods; benthos form organisms, , crayfish observers, golkoshkiri, attached to the bottom of the water growth and in.). Tsunami viklikayut stronger mixing of waters, transferring organisms to non-power їm the middle of life і bend.

In the atmosphere, there are also appearances that affect the overwhelming situations. Before them, hurricanes, tornadoes, and other types of borers can be seen.

Hurricanes are tropical and extratropical cyclones, which have a strong lowering grip in the center, supervised by victories, which will be great speed and ruinous force.

Growing weak, strong and extreme hurricanes, as I wicked, I will appear angry, sea sickness and destruction of land objects, the collapse of industrial organisms.

Whirlwind storms (squalls) - atmospheric phenomena, tied to the events of strong winds, which are great ruinous power and significant territory expanded. Razrіznyayut sіgovі, saws and without saws. A flurry of wickedness transferred to the upper spheres in the ground, їх ruinuvannya, bend of roslin, tvarin, ruinuvannya sporud.

Tornadoes (tornadoes) - a vortex-like form of a ruch povitryan mas, SCHO supervising the winding funnels.

The force of tornadoes is great, in the area of ​​their ruin they are spared to go outside the ground, to move creatures, to run through the equipment, objects and to be transferred from one moment to the inshe, to wickle and to be found there.

Krim characterized visce natural diseases, To bring up to the conclusion of superstitious situations, to detect and to witness, to wick, the reason for which is the activity of the people. Prior to anthropogenic supra-specific situations, they include:

1. Transport accidents. In case of ruined rules, the ruins on the new highways (automobile, zaliznichny, rychkovy, sea) will lead to the collapse of transport workers, people, creatures, etc. D. natural middle ground indulge rіznі speeches, Including those, which produce organisms in all kingdoms (for example, naphtha, pesticides, etc.) to the point of collapse. As a result of accidents on transport, there is a possibility of heating and drinking gases into the atmosphere (chlorine water, ammonia, the possibility of vibration-free speech).

2. Avars on great enterprises... Disruption of technological processes, failure to follow the rules of exploitation of possession, lack of knowledge of technology can serve as a cause for wickedness in the midst of high-rise spoluks, so that wickedness of the organisms of humanity and twarin is Naybіlsh not safe accidents at factories, scho vikoristovuyu atom. Velikoї Skoda zavdayut avarії on atomic elektrostantsіyah (AEC) as yak krіm zvichaynih vrazhayuchih faktorіv (mehanіchnі ruynuvannya, vikid shkіdlivih rechovin odnorazovoї dії, Pozhezhi) for avarіy to AEC characteristic urazhennya mіstsevostі radіonuklіdami, pronikayuchoyu radіatsієyu i radіus urazhennya in tsomu vipadku uniquely perevischuє ymovіrnіst viniknennya accidents at other enterprises.

3. Possibly to hunt for the significant territories of forests or peat deposits. As a rule, it can also be of an anthropogenic nature through the violation of the rules of fire in the fire, but also of the mother and natural character, for example, for the rakhunok of thunderstorm discharges (blizzards). The reason for some of them can be damage and destruction in the power lines. Possibility to live on the great territories of natural production of organisms;

All the characteristics of the phenomenon, how to destroy the natural bio-geocenosis, how to bring the great shkodi of the dignity of the people, to work out the boxes and to take the calls to change the negative in the flow, to realize the situation when the situation is good.

The Earth is one planet in our Sonyachny system, where life was born. She had a lot of sense of the presence of six young shells in her: atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, lithosphere, pyrosphere and centrosphere. All the stench leads between itself a tight contact, as it turns around the exchange of energy and motherhood. The given statutes have a clear warehouse, the main characteristics of that power.

The name of the shell of the Earth is the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere.

gas shell The Earth is the atmosphere, at the bottom it is between the hydrosphere or the lithosphere, and up the mountain it stretches for 1000 km. They see three balls: troposphere, yaka є collapse; because there is no stratosphere; behind it is the ionosphere (upper sphere).

The height of the troposphere is approximately 10 km, and the mass is 75% of the mass of the atmosphere. They have to move in a horizontal or vertical way. Vishche is located in the stratosphere, yak stretch 80 km up the hill. Vaughn approves the balls, shifting horizontally. Behind the stratosphere, there is a sleepy ionosphere, in which it is inevitably irresistible.

The size of the hydrosphere - the watery envelope of the Earth, becomes 71% of the entire surface of the planet. Average salinity water - 35 g / l. The ocean surface is approximately 1 and the temperature is 3-32 ° C. The building penetrates not more than two hundred meters, and ultraviolet - 800 m.

The sphere of living organisms is the biosphere, you get angry with the hydrosphere, the atmosphere and the lithosphere. The upper edge of the biosphere extends to the upper culture of the troposphere, and the lower reach of the bottom of the depressions in the oceans. They see the sphere of twins (ponad milyon species) and the sphere of roslin (ponad 500 thousand species).

The community of the lithosphere is the Kam'yan shell of the Earth, which can change from 35 to 100 km. It includes all continents, islands and ocean bottom. Below it is the pyrosphere, which is the outer shell of our planet. At nіy sposterіgaєtsya shift temperature by about 1 ° C through the skin 33 meters in the air. Ymovirno, on great glybin under the inflow of a majestic vice and even at high temperatures, the rocks are melted and found in the mill, close to dear.

The growth of the central shell of the Earth - the core - 1800 km in depth. Most of them have adopted a version that can be stored in a nickel and a wallet. At a new temperature, the temperature of the components becomes a few thousand degrees per Celsius, and the vice is 3,000,000 atmospheres. The core of the kernel has not been properly grafted, ale vіdomo, so it’s going to be cold.

The geospheric envelopes of the Earth are constantly wobbling: in fire - to thicken, and firm - to be puffed up. The whole process has provoked the appearance of solid shaved stones - continents. And in our hour, the sphere is driven into the fire without attaching it to life on the planet. Її is even bigger. Gradually change the contours of the continents, climates, oceans,

Endogenous and pouring onto the solid surface of the Earth without interruption, pouring into the biosphere of the planet.

All callings of the Earth Mayut overwhelming power- viscous rupture, through the yak I will change the snake, whether from them it is inaccurate to expand to the whole of the whole country. I will explain why the uniformity of the stock of shells is early hour, I want to smell and know significant changes before the hour of geological development. For example, in the atmosphere, on the thought of the bagatokhs, there was not a lot of sourness, but a little bit more, as a result of the living of the roslin, the season has grown. Let's select the rank of the changing and storage of the Earth's water envelope, so that we adjust the standard indicators of the salt storage of closed waters and oceanic ones. So it changes itself and the whole organic light, In the new, to the tsikh pir vіdbuvajutsya snakes.

Life on our planet was born by the staff of the bagatokh bureaucrats. The earth is located in a friendly place from Sontsya - it doesn't get too hot during the day and does not get too cold at night. The earth is a solid surface, and there is no water in the native land. An obolonka, which will drain the Earth, is protected by meteorites from the brutal cosmic vypromynuvannya and "bombarded" by meteorites. Our planet has unique features - its surface is operating, mutually modulating with itself, a splinter of shells: solid, strong and watery.

Povitryana obolonka - the atmosphere is stretched over the Earth to a height of 2-3 yew. Km, a little more part of the mass of the earth, the surface of the planet. The atmosphere is subdued by the power of the Earth's heavy weight, and the power of the earth is changing. The atmosphere is to avenge kissen, necessary for the environment of living organisms. In the atmosphere there is a ball of ozone, so the title of a screen, such as a clay part of the ultraviolet radioactivity of the Sontsya and the preservation of the Earth from superfluous ultraviolet interchanges. Far from all planets sleep systemє a hard shell: for example, the surfaces of the giant planets - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are stored in gas, which is located in a rare or solid mill through a high vice and low temperatures. The hard shell of the Earth, or the lithosphere, is a great mass of mountain rocks on land and at the bottom of the ocean. From the oceans and continents, there is a growth of the sea - from 70 to 250 km. The lithosphere is divided into large blocks - the lithosphere plates.

The water envelope of our planet - the hydrosphere includes all the water of the planet - in a solid, rare and gaslike station. Hydrosphere is the sea and ocean, rivers and lakes, subterranean waters, swamps, ice floes, water vapor in vitro and water in living organisms. The water shell is overwhelmed by warmth, as it comes to the Sontsya. They tend to heat up, the waters of the Holy Ocean accumulate heat, and then transfer it to the atmosphere, which will help the climate on the continents in cold periods. Already in the light circuit, the water is constantly moving: vaporizing from the surfaces of the seas, oceans, lakes, or a rychok, it will be transported to dry land and vipadє at the viglyadi board or snig.

The shell of the Earth, in every sense of life in all its manifestations, is called the biosphere. Vona includes the very upper part of the lithosphere, the hydrosphere and the surface part of the atmosphere. The lower boundary of the biosphere is located in the earth's crust of the continent at a depth of 4-5 km, and in the wandering regions the sphere of life extends to the ozone ball.

All shells of the Earth are poured one on one. The main object of the development of geography є the geographic shell is the planetary sphere, de-intertwining and clearly intertwining the lower part of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the biosphere and the upper part of the lithosphere. The geographic shell develops in the right way, to the rhythm of the rhythm, to infuse eleven-year cycles of sleepy activity, that characteristic feature geographic envelopeє the rhythm of the processes that are being seen.

The geographic envelope changes from the adequacy to the poles and from the way to the peaks of the mountains, the basic laws of this are fixed: integrity, uniformity of components, reliability and heterogeneity.

Burkhlivy development of human civilization called up before the appearance of the shell, into which people are actively pouring into nature. Qia obolonka is called the noosphere, or the sphere of rosumu. For an hour, people are changing the surface of the planet to navigate more actively, not deyakі natural processes. Being coarsely involved in nature, unwillingness by laws can lead to the fact that, in an hour, drown on our planet, become unacceptable for life.

The planet Earth is stored in the lithosphere (solid), the atmosphere (the shell of the water), the hydrosphere (the water shell) and the biosphere (the sphere of the expansion of living organisms). In the midst of the spheres of the Earth, there is a strong interconnection, surrounded by a circle of words and energy.

Lithosphere. The earth is a splinter of flattened poles of a cooler, or spheroids, a spherical pole along the eqvor is close to 40,000 km.

In the future of the earth, one can see the onset of the shell, or the geosphere: the wilderness of the lithosphere (the outermost shell of the shell) will push for close to 50 ... 120 km, the mantle, as it stretches to the mountain of 2900 km and the core - from 2900 to 3680 km.

For the greatest expansion of chemical elements, it is necessary to enter to the storage of the shell of the Earth, and to go to the upper - siallite, which extends to the mountain 60 km and is less than 2.8 ... 2.9 g / cm, and is warm, up to 1200 km і small power 3.0 ... 3.5 g / cm 3. The name "cіallіtnaya" (Сіal) and "сіmatic" (Сіма) shells resemble the meaning of elements Si (silicon), Al (aluminum) and Mg (magnesium ).

At a glide point from 1200 to 2900 km there is an industrial sphere, with a thickness of 4.0 ... 6.0 g / cm 3. I call this shell "ore", as in this one, at the great number, there is a lot of metal and the most important metal.

Glibsche 2900 km, the core of the earth's core is located with a radius of about 3500 km. The core is stored in the main zone and has a large thickness (10 ... 12 g / cm 3).

per physical authorities The earth's crust is not uniform, and it is subdivided into continental and oceanic types. The average strain of continental earth measles is to become 35 ... 45 km, the maximum is up to 75 km (before the mountain massifs). Near the upper part of the country, sieges are laid down, the breed will be pulled up to 15 km. These breeds have become established in the course of trivial geological periods as a result of the change of the sea on land, the change of climate. Under siege rocks, the granite ball grows tighter in the middle 20 ... 40 km. There is a lot of pressure on the ball in the areas of young mountains, to the periphery of the mainland, it will change, and before the oceans, the granite ball is out. Before the granite ball is a basalt ball taut 15 ... 35 km, folding with basalts and similar rocks.

The oceanic crust of the earth is less taut, less continental (from 5 to 15 km). The upper balls (2 ... 5 km) are stored from siege rocks, and the lower (5 ... 10 km) - from basalt.

The material basis of the soil is to serve as siege rocks, which are found on the surface of the earth's measles; the role of magmatic and metamorphic rocks in the established soils is not great.

The main mass of girskiy rocks is made up of kissen, silicon and aluminum (84.05%). If there are three elements to add up to five - zalizo, calcium, sodium, calcium and magnesium, then in the sum of stench, add 98.87% of the mass. At least 88 elements of the attack of trocha more than 1% of the mass of the lithosphere. However, it is unaffected by malium instead of micro- and ultra-microelements in rocks and soils, many of which may be of great importance for normal growth and development of all organisms. In this hour, there is a great respect to settle down in the soil of microelements as in connection with the meanings in the growing of the roslin, as well as in connection with the problems of protecting the soil from the chemical obstruction. Warehouse of elements in soils in the main storage from їkh warehouse in girskikh rocks. However, the change in the elements in the rocky rocks and on their soils is easy to change. The price is linked both with the concentration of elements of life, so with the course of the soil-creating process, when there is a decline in a number of silica. So, in soils there is more space, less in the lithosphere, acidic (apparently 55 and 47%), water (5 and 0.15%), in coal (5 and 0.1%), nitrogen (0.1 and 0.023%).

Atmosphere. The cordon of the atmosphere to pass there, de the force of the earthly hardness is compensated by the central force of energy, zoomed to the wraps of the Earth. Above the poles of the vaughn, it is hanging at a height of approximately 28 yew. Km, and above the ekvator - 42 yew. Km.

The atmosphere is stored with a lot of green gases: nitrogen (78.08%), acid (20.95%), argon (0.93%) and carbon dioxide (0.03% by weight). Before the warehouse, it is also included in a small amount of helium, neon, xenon, krypton, water, ozone and іn., Yakі in the whole store is close to 0.01%. In addition, in some cases there are water bets and a handful of saws.

The atmosphere is composed of five main shells: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, ionosphere, exosphere.

troposphere- the lower sphere of the atmosphere, the height above the poles is 8 ... 10 km, in outside latitudes- 10 ... 12 km, and in equatorial latitudes - 16 ... 18 km. The troposphere has nearly 80% of the atmospheric mass. There is much more of the water vapor of the atmosphere, it forms and falls horizontally and vertically.

stratosphere It extends from 8 ... 16 to 40 ... 45 km. Vona includes about 20% of the atmosphere, water vapor in the middle of the day. In the stratosphere є a ball to ozone, like clay ultraviolet viprominuvannya son and prey from the bend of living organisms on the Earth.

mesosphere Proceed at a height of 40 to 80 km. The spirituality in the whole sphere is 200 times less than near the earth's surface.

ionosphere It will move at a height of 80 km and be stored in the main charge (ionized) atoms, charged molecules, nitrogen oxide and electronic electrons.

exosphere is the calling ball of the atmosphere and to repair itself at the height of 800 ... 1000 km from the surface of the Earth. They call it the sphere of development, so as here small parts of gas collapse with great speed and can space.

atmosphere--tse one of the indispensable factors of life on Earth. Sleepy lanes, passing through the atmosphere, rise, and also often glaze and see. It is especially hard to glaze heat exchanges of water vapor and carbon dioxide. From the day of sleepy energy, there is a shift of the masses, the climate is being formed. Vypadaut from the atmosphere of the fall є the factor of soil-satisfaction and dzherelom life of growing and living organisms. To take revenge in the atmosphere, carbon dioxide in the process of photosynthesis of green roslin is transformed into organic speech And the kissen serve for the development of organisms and oxidative processes, which are taken into account in them. The nitrogen of the atmosphere is of great importance, as it can be captured by nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, to serve as an element of the life of the roses and to take care of the lot in the set of white speeches.

Під дією atmospheric drink vivіtruvannya vivіtruvannya gіrskіh breeds і minerals and soil-making processes.

Hydrosphere. A large part of the earth's surface is occupied by the Svitovy Ocean, which at the same time is surrounded by lakes, rivulets and waters that have grown on the earth's surface, occupying 5/8 of the land. All the waters of the Earth are found in the oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, swamps, as well as underground waters and store the hydrosphere. W 510 million km 2 of the Earth's surface 361 million km 2 (71%) fall on the Holy Ocean and only 149 million km 2 (29%) - on land.

surface water land at the same time with ice dwellers to become close to 25 million km 3, that is 55 times less than the amount of the Svitovoy ocean. There are close to 280 yew in the lakes. Km 3 waters, approximately half falls on the lakes, and the other half - on the lakes with the waters of the rising stage of salinity. Richkah has only 1.2 yew to take revenge on. Km 3, tobto less than 0.0001% of the fresh water supply.

Lead through critical waters to be in a post-life cycle, tying all parts of the hydrosphere with the lithosphere, atmosphere and biosphere.

Atmospheric vologa actively takes part in water exchange, with a total of 14 yew. Km 3 won I will approve 525 yew. Km 3 fall, which will fall to the Earth, and the change of all atmospheric pressure will be 10 dB, or 36 times stretching out to the rock.

Vaporization of water and condensation of atmospheric vology will make sure that there is no clear water on the Earth. From the surface of the oceans, it is close to 453 yew. Km 3 water.

Without water, our planet would have been goliy kam'yanu kul, adding to the ground and height. Milyoni rocky water ruined girski rocks, transforming them into a ruhlyak, and with the appearance of goodness and creatures spraying the process of grounding.

Biosphere. Before the warehouse of the biosphere enter the surface of the land, the lower balls of the atmosphere and the entire hydrosphere, in some wider living organisms. It is well known to the scientists of V.I. Vernadsky, under the biosphere of the mind of the Earth, a warehouse, a structure and energy of how to summarize the activity of living organisms. V. I. Vernadsky ordered, that "on the earth's surface there is no chemical strength, more permanently active, that is more possible, not living organisms, taken as a whole." Life in the biosphere evolves in the vigorous developmental organisms that inhabit the soil, the lower atmosphere and the hydrosphere. The plants for the photosynthesis of green roslin in the biosphere accumulate sleepy energy in the form organic spoluk... All living organisms do not have a migration of chemical elements in the soil, in the atmosphere and in the hydrosphere. From the day of living organisms in the soils, gas exchange, oxidation and other reactions occur. The gas exchange function of organisms is linked to the atmosphere in general. In the process of photosynthesis in the atmosphere, the establishment and accumulation of vіlny sisnu is seen.

In the process of flowing the efficiency of the organisms, the development of the soil-making processes and development of the soil-making processes will begin. Soil bacteria take part in the processes of desulfurization and denitrification of water, dry spores, N (II) oxide, methane and water. Pobudova roslinnyh fabrics to see growers to vibrate the vibrating elements of biogenous elements with roslins. The growth of the growing layers of elements accumulates in the upper horizons of the soil.

The biosphere has two counterparts for its direct circulation of speech and energy.

A great, albeit geological, circuit will be brought up to sleepy energy. At the cycle of water and get lost chemistry elements the land, which comes to rivers, seas and oceans, develops a lot of siege rocks at once. The cost of a non-reversible waste from the soil of the most important elements of the growth of the growth (nitrogen, phosphorus, calories, calcium, magnesium, sirki), as well as microelements.

Maliy, albeit biological, the cycle is brought into the soil - dewline - soil system, during the whole geological cycle, the elements of the growth of the dews and the humus are absorbed. With biological circulation, cycles occur, tied with sour, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and water, which continuously circulate in the dews and in the midst of the midst... Some of them are involved in biological circulation and before the geochemical processes pass into siege rocks or be transferred to the ocean. The head of the field of agriculture in the field of such agrotechnical systems, in some biogenic elements, did not fit into the geological circuit, but were closed in the biological circuit, adapting to the soil efficiency.

The biosphere is built up from biocenoses, which is a one-size-fits-all territory with the same type of growing food production at the same time inhabited by food, including microorganisms. Biogeocenosis is characterized by dominant soils, water regime, microclimate and relief. Natural biogeocenosis is admirably stable, self-regulating building is characteristic for the new one. You see, you can enter the biogeocenosis, become one to one and the colony midst. A priceless folding mechanism, built by the gentry of self-regulation, to stand against the serpents in the middle. If snakes in biogeocenoses outweigh their self-regulating building, then irreversible degradation of the whole ecological system can come.

Silskogospodarsky lands є piece-organized biogeocenoses (agrobiocenosis). more effective i rational vikorystannya agrobiocenoses, their strength and productivity to lie in the correct organization of the territory, farming systems and other social and economic approaches. To secure the optimal inflow on the ground and dewline it is necessary to know all the interconnections in biogeocenoses and not to porous the ecologic rivnovag, which was deposited in the new one.

All life on the Earth, the life of all living organisms from simple one-line bacteria to folding biological species, the life of grows, food and people are found in 3 important warehouses: on the geographic surface of the Earth; at the aquatic center of the hydrosphere of the planet; and with a white-blaky dome - the atmosphere of the Earth.

The main part of the surface of the earth is occupied by the ocean, de on the mainland and the waterless part of the fall is less than 1/3 of the entire surface of the Earth. The surface of the Earth is composed of earthly measles, of the underwater part of the mainland, of the water part, as well as the atmosphere, which opens up a black dome, which envelopes the earth's soil.

Tsikavo, the atmosphere of the Earth is important warehouse part walking and growing life on the planet, as well as the zhisnaya envelope of the planet. In the atmosphere, the formation of the weather on the Earth is observed, it regulates the process of the circulation of water in nature, the atmosphere of the seizure of the Earth from space changes and changes in the temperature of the Earth's surface, forming a "greenhouse effect".