Doslidzhennya in Antique Hours of Geography. Power supply and power supply. You see the ancient civilizations

History of geography

How did the geographic idea evolve in an hour? Who became the creator of geographic ideas? How did you break the stage in the development of the theory of geography? Please contact scientific problems current geography, theoretical principles are even more important.

Science is the whole idea, and the history of science is the whole idea. Be-yak science yak form suspicious properties to go through the folding path of development from the descriptive stage (collection, accumulation and classification of data about the information about the information) to the stage of theoretical and methodological understanding. The development of science is also based on the power of practical activity of people, as it does not become obsolete in the era of life.

Obligatory attributes of any science are guilty of the object and the subject of preliminaries, as well as methodology and theory, fundamental categories and understanding, the principle of the diagram is explained. Traditionally, geography has become a part of science, so that we can see the surface of our planet. The wake-up call and the last few days of the surface are overdue at the earliest possible civilization and will end at our hour. With the head mark of geograficheskikh doslіdzheny vivchennya geographic reality and geographic picture of the world, with which the life of the people and the suspension is tied. Zvidsi and the very term geography was born as "land description". However, according to V. Bunge's thought, the history of development of geography, “ideology” is foldable and not even bezhmarna. They have few "critical ideas and weak facts".

The first sciences have accumulated data and, on their basis, they have created the theory of science, and then the “new” science (for example, new physics) I glanced at the old lady, but I didn’t see її. In geography, having overtaken the directional character of development with frequent changes in directness, goals, methodological and theoretical enterprises. The trivial description of the stage of accumulation of facts and dates, the folding of the subject of the subject of education, the infusion of political and social and cultural factors of the suspension did not take the formation of the innovation of geography and science, the formulation of the theory and methodology. In addition, the formation of geography as a science is tied to the difficult narrowing of interests and the synthesis of accumulated dues and persecution for new facts, Which facilitated the differentiation of scientific directions and accelerated the system of geographic sciences, which bathe the image of the "Babylonian Vezha". Do not expect the bazannya of the leaders of geography from the common sense of the truth, as the prestige of geography in the science partnership, and the pragmatism of the cinnamon suspension.

Difficult formation of geography as a science, on the thought of V.S. Preobrazhensky, boules pov'yazany:

- with the minor status of geography, the re-incarnation of school and university geography into science (the end of the 19th century), and sometimes in the 30-60s of the 20th century. to the mass sphere professional performance;

- with permanent extensions between the object and between the subject of the last;

- on the acceleration of the methodology of advanced training (the increase in the cost of the expedition, the stationaries, the remote sensing, the ships of science, and the tractor-sledge traction) );

- in the change of informational functions of geography: cartographic  regional descriptions and extensive creations  national and light geographical atlases  functional geographic maps  electronic system banks

The axis of which in geography often gets used to the understanding of "modern" and "new" geography, "crisis" and "revolution". As soon as the first fixes are deprived of the changes in the theory and the conceptual models, then the others are indicative of a ludicrous glimpse of tired theories, the subject of the subject, or the methods of their development.

Our supporters and partners were repeatedly magicalized viyaviti naybilsh zagalny rice the development of geography from the ancient hours (Eratosthenes and Strabo) to our days (A.A. Grigor'ev, A.G. Isachenko, I.M. Zabulin, Y.G. Saushkin, K. Gregori, N.K. , V.Z. Preobrazhensky, V.P. Maksakovsky and). A.A. Grigor'ev in the analysis of the development of physical and geographical ideas in Russia in the 19th and the ear of the 20th century. A.G. Isachenko is presented in the monograph “History of development of geographic ideas”. About geography in the past, present and maybutnyy written cikava robot SOUTH. Saushkina, as well as "Geography and Geographers" by K. Gregori. Book of XX century to publish monograph by V.S. Preobrazhensky, etc. Alexandrova and L.V. Maximova "Geography in the small world". "Historical geography of the world" view by V.P. Maksakovsky. persche navchalny messenger according to the "History of Geography" M.M. Golubchik, E.V. Evdokimov and G.N. Maximov.

Geographical Ideas of the Ancient World

The rudiments of geographic knowledge appeared in the primordial people, the very beginning of which lay in the building of the building in the vastness and in the view of the natural lane, dzherela water, a scene for love, stones for the land, etc. The first person was seen by the guest to be careful and help the minds of the work of the little creatures on skins, birch bark, trees - the prototypes of geographic maps.An approximate map is used to transfer the geographic information of the vinicle,mabut,back to the verdict of writing.Already at the earliest stages of his state-of-the-art activity, the first person is to enter into the fold of cooperation with the new natural middle ground... Doslіdzhennya archaeologists in the rest of the rock showed that even in the end of the Paleolithic (ancient Kam'yanovy vіku) Lyudin deserved the main part of the great savtsіv in the boundaries pomirny belt pіvnіchnoі pіvkulі, Having made our own wicked "first ecological crisis" in the history of our planet, and the temptations to go to farming and love to go to farming.

The first letters of the document have deprived us of the land-working peoples of the Ancient Descent: Egypt, Dvorichchia (Assyria and Babylon), Pivnichnoy India and China (IV-II millennium BC). Among the many peoples, the rudiments of scientific knowledge in the field of mathematics, astronomy, mechanics, as vikoristovyvalysya because of the solution of problems of a geographic nature. So, in Egypt, in the era of the Old Kingdom (up to 2500 BC), the land registry was carried out, the land cadastre was established (the leading rank for the purpose of determining the size of taxes). Regular astronomical precautions began to be carried out on the basis of the definition of the terms of the industrial agricultural robots. The Egyptians didn’t finish exactly because of the triviality of fate and introduced a sleepy calendar. To the ancient Egyptians and Babylonians, the bully saw the sleepy year. Egyptian and Babylonian women, as well as Chinese astronomers have established regularities of repeating sleepy darkness and transmissions have begun. Z Dvorichchya to see a rose for 12 signs in zodiac, rock - for 12 months, add - for 24 years, circumference - for 360 degrees; in the same place there was introduced the concept of "a thousand tendencies". From the Іndії shores the cob with the numerical numbering.

The manifestation of the people of the Old-time Gathering about nature, I want, in its basis, a real practical dosage, in the theoretical plan, they took a mythological character. Even in the 3rd millennium BC. The Sumerians created myths about the state of the world, the flood and paradise, which turned out to be extremely tenacious and resided in Bagatokh religions. Astronomical caution at that hour did not lead to correct glances at Budova Vsesvita. And the axis of the wind into the straight flowing of heavenly lights on the people called to the astrology (especially popular won in Babylon).

The announcement about the Earth was rutted on a bezposrednom sprynatі navkolishnogo light. So, to the ancient Egyptians, the Earth was represented at the viglyad of a flat, twisted rectangle, lined with mountains from the sides. According to the Vavilonian myth, the god Marduk opened the Earth in the middle of the primordial ocean. In analogy, there is a wish and a greater poetical form, like the Earth is painted in the sacred books of the Indian Brahmins - "Vedas": The earth is winnickle from the water, and there is a lotus, one from the peaks of what I will set.

Among the geographic ideas of the ancient world, happy geographer, Especially significant may look at the great antiquity. Antique (Greco-Roman) geography reached its own level in Ancient Greece and Rome in the period from the 12th century. BC at 146 r.

Ancient Greece is close to 500 BC. Bula for the first timeidea about the earth's growth( Parmenid). Aristotle(IV century BC) inoculating the first reliable proof of cinnamon to the idea of ​​the idea: the round shape of the earthly darkness with the darkening of the month and the sight of the dawn sky when oversaturated from winter to winter. Close 165 BC walnutsKrates s Mullenhaving prepared a perchu model earthly coo- globe.Aristarkh Samosky(III century BC) for the first time, approximately, having gone from the Earth to Sontsya. As soon as we read it, the Earth will collapse on the Sontsya and on its axis (the heliocentric model to the cosmos).

Presentation about geographic (climatic) zoning,It is based on the ideology of cultivation of the Earth, and it is also taken care of the ear in ancient geography (Evdoks z Knida,400-347 pp. BC).Posidonius (on the cordon II-I st. BC) Vidіliv 9 geographic zones(We see 13 belts in the Danish hour).

idea of ​​change earthly surface can also be referred to the oldest achievements of antique thought (Heraclit,530-470 pp. BC), and at that hour the struggle for her ended only after two and a half thousand years, in cob XIX v. not.

The ancient Greece gave birth to the main direct geography... Already before the VI Art. BC consume seafaring and trade (the Greeks fell asleep at that hour a number of colonies on the shores of the Seredzem and Black Seas). seashore... At the turn of the VI Art. BCHecateus from MiletaSklav description Oykumeni - all lands, seen in that hour to the ancient Greeks. Hecateus's "description of the land" became an earkrainnozavchogo directlyin geography. In the era of "classical Greece", the most important representative of the national culture of the buv istorikHerodotus z Galikarnas(485-423 pp. BC). Yogo krainoznavstvo is closely linked with history and little previdko-descriptive character. Herodotus having risen in price in Egypt, Babylon, Syria, Little Asia, the western Uzbek coast of the Black Sea; describing the place and land at the pratsi "History in nine books". Such a rise in prices was not brought to the development of new lands, but rather the accumulated accumulated more and more reliable facts and developmentdirect descriptionin nauci.

The science of classical Greece knew its completion in pratsyAristotle in Stagira(384-322 rr. BC), which fell asleep at 335 rb BC. philosophical school -Lyceum- in Athens. Practically everything, scho bulo vidomo pro geographic events at that hour, published in Aristotle's Meteorology. Qia pratsya is an earextravagant earth-exploration,such boules were seen by Aristotle from the undifferentiated geographic science.

Before the era of Hellenism (330-146 r.mathematical geography.One of the first representatives of the direct boulevardEratosthenes from Kyreni(276-194 pp. BC). It’s better to finish it exactly by measuring the circumference of the earth’s circle by way of measuring the arc of the meridian (the grace to the wimir was no more than 10%). Eratosthenes has a great job, which is called "Geographical Notes", for the first time the term "geography" was introduced. The book gives a description of Oykumeni, as well as looks at the nutrition of mathematical and physical geography (outside land exploration). With such a rank, Eratosthenes united all three directly under the name of one "geography", and on the other hand, the reference "father" of geography.

The bags of the antique geography of the boule were introduced in the era of the Roman Empire by two prominent clergy-Greeks -Strabo(Bl. 64 m BC) iClaudius Ptolemy(90-168 pp. N. e.). Pratsi pupils bring up two bright glances at the zmist, zavdannya and significant geography. Stribuni presenting the krainnozavchogo straight. Winning the history of geography only with the description of Oykumeni, prompting the figurines of the Earth and the world to mathematicians, and explaining the reasons spared on the Earth of appearances - to philosophers. Yogo famous "Geography" (in 17 books) - a description of the twir, the price of the history and physical geography of the ancient world, I will bring to us the action. K. Ptolemy was the last and most representative of the ancient mathematical geography. Mainly zavdannya geography vin bachiv at the map. The Ptolemies' collection "Certainty of Geography" is a series of thousands of points from the values ​​of the latitude and from the point of view, which presupposes the Cycladic ways to induce cartographic projections. Ptolemy at II Art. not. the bullet is folded up to the best of the map of the ancient world, the yak was seen more than once in the middle of the century.

Geography of the middle

Middle capital (V-XV centuries) In Europe, it is characterized by a backward fall in the development of science. The feudal isolation and religious view of the middle did not take the development of interest to the development of nature. The beginning of the antiquity was victorious with the Christian church yak "poganski". However, the vast geographic outlook of Europeans in the middle of the century is rapidly expanding, which has called to significant territorial views in small cocks earthly cool.

normani("Pivnichnyi people") with a group of people swam from Pivdennoy Scandinavia in Baltiysk and Chorne sea("Shlyakh z Varangians from the Greeks"), then in the Seredzemne sea. Iceland was colonized close to 867 rock stinks, at 982 m on the cholі z Leiva Erikson drove Shidne uzberezhzhya Pivnichnoy America, penetrating on pivday to 45-40 ° mon. Lat.

arabi,they penetrated into the west, in 711 r they penetrated into the Pireneysky pivostry, Indian Ocean, Right up to Madagascar (IX century), At the descent - to China, from the last day we went to Asia.

Tilki from the middle of the XIII century. spacious horizons of Europeans becoming wider and wider (morePlano Karpini,Guyoma Rubruka, Marco Polothat іnshih).

Marco Polo(1254-1324), Italian merchant and mandarin. U 1271-1295 rr. having traveled through Central Asia to China, having lived close to 17 years. They went overboard at the services of the Mongolian Khan, visiting the different parts of China and the regions adjacent to it. The first from Europeans describing China, the land of Western Asia and Central Asia in "Knizi Marco Polo". Characteristically, before the eighteenth century, the accomplices were put out of confidence, deprived in the other half of the 14th and 15th centuries. її became tsіnuvati, і right up to the XVI century. The won served as one of the main dzherel for folding the picture of Asia.

Up to a series of high roads, the next is the road of the Russian merchantAfanasia Nikitina.For trade purposes, the winners went in 1466 from the city of Tver along the Volza to Derbent, having flown the Caspian and through Persia to the Indies. On the ring road, after three rocks, the wine turned through Persia and the Chorne sea. Notes, crushed by the Opanas Nikitin for an hour on the way, called "Walking across the Three Seas". Smell of revenge about the population, government, religion, people and nature of India.

Great geographic views

The revival of geography began in the 15th century, since the ancient geographers began to translate the Italian humanities. Feudal modernity became more progressive - capitalistic. V Zakhidniy Europe tsya zmіna vіdbulasya earlier, in Russia - pіznіshe. Zminy drove the growth of vyrobnitstva, like vimagalo new dzherel sirovini and rink_v zbutu. Smells presented new minds of science, they gave an out-of-the-box experience of intellectual life human suspension... Geography there are also new rice. They made science more expensive with facts. They were followed by the public. Such a message, although it is not meant absolutely, is characteristic of both Western European and Russian science.

The era of the great views of the ancient seafarers.At the frontiers of the 15th and 16th centuries, in three decades, prominent geographic pods were seen: Floating of GenoaH. Columbusto the Bahamas, to Cuba, Haiti, to the head of the Orinoko river and to the Uzbek Central America(1492-1504 pp.); PortugueseVasco da Gamanear Pivdennoi Africa in Indostan - m Kallikut (1497-1498 rr.),F. Magellanі th companions (Juan Sebastian Elcano, Antonio Pigafetta і ін.) Of America across the Pacific Ocean and near Pivdennoy Africa (1519-1521) - the first circumnavigation of the world.

Three head ways of poshukіv - Columbus, Vasco da Gama and Magellan - Mali, in the Kintsevo bag, one meta: reach the sea way to the widest expanse of the world - Pivdennaya Asia from the Indian and Indonesian simple and great regions. Three new paths: right to the west, near the Middle Ages and near the Middle Ages - the seafarers defeated the state of the Ottoman Turks, blocking the land routes from Europe to the Middle Ages. Characteristically, the options for the meaningful sailing routes during the voyage of bagatorazovyvikorovy were carried out by Russian seafarers.

The era of the great Russian views.roskvit Russian geographic views seizureє in the XVI-XVII centuries. However, Russian and nagatos used to collect geographic views of themselves and through the past. Geographic Dans (z 852 r) to avenge the Persha Russian Litopis - "History of Temporal Litas"Nestor.The Russian cities-powers, developing, were buzzing with new natural resources of riches and markets for goods. Especially Bagatіv Novgorod. In the XII century. Novgorodians reached the White Sea. We rested sailing on the west to Scandinavia, on the winter - to Grumant (Spitsbergen), and especially on the winter skid - to Taz, the de Russian went to sleep in the trading place of Mangazeya (1601-1652 rr.). Crumbs had earlier fallen into ruk on the road by a land route, through Siberia (Єrmak, 1581-1584).

A swift movement into Siberia and the Pacific Ocean is a heroic deed of Russian explorers. Threesomes more than the past few years were known to drag the distance from the Ob to the Bering channel. The Yakutsk jail was in possession of 1632 rubles. U 1639 rIvan Moskvitinreach The Pacific at Okhotsk.Vasil Poyarkovin 1643-1646 rr. walked the Deer to Yan and Indigirka, the first from the Russian Cossacks-explorers to swim along the Amur estuary and the Sakhalin tributary of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. U 1647-48 rr.Orofiy Khabarovpass the Cupid to Sungary. I nareshty, in 1648 pSemyon nadiynoevfire from the sea Chukotskiy pіvostrіv, іdkrivає mis, how to wear nina yogo im'ya, and to bring, that Asia from pіvnіchno America was seen by the protokoy.

Proceedings and elements of publicity are creating great significance in Russian geography. At 1675 r, a Russian ambassador is heading to China, a Greek statementSpafari(1675-1678 r. Armchair, tobto karty, bully in Russia with documents of sovereign significance.

Russian early cartography of the house with your own creators.

Great armchair of the Russian state.Folded in one copy in 1552 r Dzherelami for new served as "Scripture book". Before us, the Great Armchair is not d_yshov, I want to be reopened in 1627. Tatishchev.

Book of the Great Chair- the text before the chair. One of the most recent lists of the book of visions by N. Novikov in 1773 r

Armchair of the Siberian landwarehouses in 1667 r Before us, the work is at the copy. Armchair supervodzhu "Manuscript against armchair".

Drawing book Sibirufolded in 1701 by order of Peter I in Tobolsk S.U. We remiz with synchs. tsefirst Russian geographic atlaswith 23 cards with armchairs in the vicinity of districts and settlements.

Such a rank, i inThe Russian method has become a cartographic one before everything else.

In the first half of the XVIII century. trivali great geographic inventory, Ale zbіlshennyam meaning geographic uzagalnen. To achieve overwhelming head geography podias, to understand the role of this period in the development of vichiznyanoy geography. Perche, great bagatoric vivchennya of the Russian Uzbek The icy ocean corrals of the Great Pivnichnoe expedition 1733-1743 rr. and expeditionsVitus BeringaіOleksiya Chirikova,at the first hour of the First and the Other Kamchatka Expeditionary Expedition Morskiy Shlyakh from Kamchatka to Pivnichniy America(1741r) і described a part of the winter-western Uzbek continent and deyakі from the Aleutian Islands. In a different way, in 1724 the rotsi Bula was snatched Russian Academy Sciences with the Geographic Department at the її Warehouse (from 1739). Qia ustanova ocholyuvali prodovjuvachi right of Peter I,first Russian vcheny-geographers V.N. Tatishchev(1686-1750) iM.V. Lomonosov(1711-1765). The stinks became the organizers of the detailed geographic regions of Russia and themselves, made a significant contribution to the development of theoretical geography, wicked a galaxy of miraculous geographers-presenters. U 1742 M.V. Lomonosov writtenperspiring vitchiznyane tvir with the theoretical geographeric wizard - "About the earthly shari".In 1755 r go to the house of Russiaclassic regional monographs:"Description of the land of Kamchatka"S.P. Krashennikovі "Orenburzka topography"P.I. Richkova.Pochavsya Lomonosov period at the Vichiznyan geography - an hour of thought and discussion.

The development of geographic science is more than two and a half capital, from on the cob xviii capital (in Western Europe - trochies earlier) to happiness. In the course of scientific geography, it is especially visible and repaired during the 18th-19th centuries - the hour of the greatest successes in the capitalist system of military production, which marked the industrial revolution in the lands of Europe and the Great Bourgeoisie.

On the development of geography in Russia in the 18th century, a handful of singing influx of ideas of Western European students, for example, B.Cooking. Alle the stench of the bullets are strongly and critically reformed, the style of the bullet has been introduced into science by Russian scientists (II Kirilov, VN Tatishchev, MV Lomonosov), so the Russian geographical school will always have a new character. І zoomed tse bulo in persha chergu practical staff

First in Russia, the Department of Geography of Bula Vidkrit at the Moscow University in 1884, a collection at the History and Philology Faculty; supervise her after making inquiries by D.N. Anuchin. In 1887, the transfer of the central department - geography, anthropology and ethnography - was introduced to the natural sciences to the physics and mathematics faculty;

Knowledge of scientific interests D.N. Anuchina Bula Vinyatkova: physical geography, anthropology, ethnography, archeology, history and methodology of science, hydrology (including limnology), cartography, geomorphology, regional science. Alle, the versatility of the bullet is matched by a set of current interests, by jumping from one subject to the next. The stench, like the great ones in the bagatokhs, theoretically became, like now, it seems, "one block".

D.N. Anuchin, having taken into account, that geography is to blame for the nature of the earth's surface. Winning geography for land exploration and land knowledge. Land exploration is a complex of physical and geographical components throughout the entire surface of the Earth, and regional denomination, if there is a wider complex, including people ("Without people, geography will be disreputable",- writing in 1912 to D.N. Anuchin), ala within the framework of okremikh districts ("krain"). So as the nature of the earthly surface is established in the process of historical development, historical method necessary in geographic prerequisites. I wonderfully well, geographers important not by itself, but necessary practice.

For the primordial community and slave-class powers, the geography was built up to the expansion of the spacious horizons, accumulating empirical material. Formulated svitovidchuttya people in the spaciousness of their place of living. At the heart of the bootleg geography lay the understanding of "misce" abo topos (from walnut - misce, dilyanka of the earth).

Geography, as well as all the sciences of the ancient world, developed with a branch of middle philosophy. Philosophers looked at the light as a natural unity, and the whole activity of people as one from the manifestation of speeches. Lyudin was enjoying nature, joining in it. At the same hour, in mythological form, a thought was circulating about the nature of the old days, and the end of human rice. The geographic ideas of the boule are tied together with a single geographer, which is not very widespread beyond the additional descriptive method. We will describe the regional straight line at the development of geography. The explanation is not very much relіgіiо-mythologіchnu, but instead of the natural-philosophical basis, it is clear that nature. Bazuvalosya vono on the geocentric rosemary svitobudovi. At the same hour, there will be a lot of visceral ideas (about the cultivation of the Earth and the spheres, the fallowness of people from nature), on a rich capital "having sanctified" the development of geography. Vinik is a unique method of empirical research and transmission of geoinformation - cartographic.

The greatest successes were reached by the ancient Greeks, who zoomed by the method of abstraction and operated with models, which made it possible for the scientific knowledge to be recognized in Ancient Greece. At the same hour in Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, China, Central and Holy America, with a high culture, it did not grow.

The main rise in prices was achieved through trade and conquest of new lands. Already up to 2000 r BC. minoitsi fell asleep on about. Crete found a sea power and sailed to the Canary Islands, Senegal and India. On the thought of Herodotus the fіnіkytsі for the orders of the pharaoh Neho (610-594 BC) they made a swim near Africa, like three rockets. The Carthaginian Gannon sailing the udovzh remote shores Africa. Indian seafarers to the cob II yew. BC swam to the shores of Arabia, the arm of Euphrates and the school of Afrits, coryzing with monstrous wines. The stench was poured on the west, the stench - on the skid. In the Indian epic poems "Ramayana" and "Mahabharata", a statement is given about the geographic knowledge of the peoples of the India. At the first of them, a description of all the kind of parts of the Earth is suggested. At "Mahabharata" the main mountains, seas, rivers are re-insured; to be prompted about the ancient Indian powers and tribes. China is still in the 1st yew. BC Special geographers created, in which places us information about those territory of the state (for example, the book "Yugun"). The geographic manifestations of the Chinese have expanded to include the "Shove Way".

Found a map, on L. Bagrov's thought, from 3800 BC. On the clay table, there is a picture of the private part of the Dvorichchia with a river (Euphrates) and two giant lancers. Still in III yew. BC The Sumerians opened a myth about the creation of light, the flood and paradise. Astrology is popular with Babylon Bula, explaining the influx of heavenly lights on the people.

The development of seafaring and trade called for the first geographic descriptions to appear. The famous logographer, Buv Hecateus z Milleta (546-480 BC), which is the museum of the Peripl and Periegezi and Sclavs of description of all the houses of the land.

The science of classical Greece knew its completion in the ancestors of Aristotle (384-322 BC). On yogo dumka navkolishn_y people light of the mahogany of the primordial elements: fire, fire, water and earth. Dzherel to ruku є efir, from which the sky is formed. Tse vzhe buv pidhid component geography. The resulting named elements form spheres: the call of the heavens, the sphere in the fire (upper atmosphere), lower (povitryana), the sphere of water and earth (in the center). Tim himself wins the idea of ​​the earth's curvature. His famous pratsi "Meteorology" has given a description of the main spheres, vikoristovuchi all accumulated knowledge. Yogo "Meteorology" -first dosvid Obshchezemlovedcheskoy describe.

In the era of the development of the Roman Empire (I-II centuries A.D.), geographic descriptions of the regional geographic plan were reviewed, often linked to history. Most robots belong to Strabo, the Greek from Amasia (64 BC - 23 AD). I wrote "Geography" in 17 books. Persons have a history of geography. Others have geographic findings. In my own judgments, I was guided by the ideas of the others. Especially on the robots of Eratosthenes. All of the books are dedicated to the regional descriptions of the Iberia, Britain, the Caucasus, Little Asia and others. However, the data about the nature of the regions are traditionally small and large. In such krainnozavchikh descriptions of Strabo bachiv applied geography and cinnamon for the ruling powers of the state, vіyski and traders. He is also the head ideologist of the descriptive-regional (chorographic) geography.

Klavdiy Ptolemy (born 90-160) was left from the greats of antiquity, which gave respect to the geographic problem. In their robots, "Great Pobudova" and "Certainty in Geography", they have read the facts about Oycumeni and theoretical ideas of their predecessors. The development of "geography" and "chorography" has followed. The first person is looking for a line of images from a house part of the Earth from us, which is on them. This sphere includes nutrition for figuring and development of the Earth, development of projections and assignment of geographic coordinates for the establishment of Oykumeni maps. Chorography is engaged in a description of the surroundings of small objects, "... cite in their descriptions such villages, such as, for example, harbors, settlements, districts, tributaries of head rivers, etc." (Ptolemy, 1953). Yogo "Certainty in geography" right up to the 17th century. vitrimalo more than 50 views.

With such a rank, the most important achievements of the era old times you can name:

The emergence of natural philosophy with the integral natural-scientific phenomena, which protested the historical and mythological explanations and were based on the glimpses of cosmocentrism and the unity of light;

The establishment of a single geography on the basis of the central aim of that hour, in which the rich sides of philosophy, history, mathematics, natural science, ethnography and others were united. Geographical ideas were formulated in the same meaningful glances and did not become directly independent. “I do, - wrote Strabo, - that the science of geography, as I am now going to study, so, as if I’m a science, enter into the field to take philosophy” (1964, p. 7).

The emergence of the descriptive-regional-scientific in a straightforward manner, as a result of the accumulated geographic facts about the rural regions of Oykumen and the establishment of a single geography. The first regional geographic descriptions were Peripl (description of the coast), perihezi (description of the land) and period (about the land). Hecateus was introduced to the public of the younger creatures. The list of bullets is clearly tied to the history, the main respect was given to the earth's surface rice (topography), the description of the people, the political fret, the place, etc .;

The emergence of a mathematical-geograficheskogo straightforward, yak on the thought of the leaders (Eratosthenes, Ptolemy) pretended to the role of "outlandish geography". The further development of the whole led directly to the discovery of geodesy and cartography;

The birth of a physical-geographic or general earthly study directly, tied with a quick explanation of the description natural diseases... Ideas were developed about the figure of the Earth, thermal zones, and related land and sea.