The designation of geography. Science

Geography is an even less important science, as it was not in the quiet of churches and monasteries and not in the subterranean lands of ancient laboratories. Vona appeared long ago, in the thick of life. It was not the women who were set off, not by the monks, and not by the monks, but by those who set off on the road - sailors and merchants, diplomats and misconceptions, war and naturalness. The stench itself laid the stitches in the unknown, describing the creation of the earth.

At the crossroads of the walnut "geography" means "land description", and in the whole word, we refer to those who are in vivic geography. Vona wienikla znalogo consumer. The rulers wanted the nobility, as the rulers of the land and the first state, the merchants needed to develop new traders, and the sailors wanted to know the new sea ​​routes... It was the very first geographers that people started to finish off the uninvited and the most distant professions of science.

Rock and capital passed, and in geography, as well as in leather science, there was a special analysis. Having finished the accumulated material, the geographers took up their analysis and synthesis, went over to the development of the laws of nature development. The modern physical geographers are not only concerned with the descriptions of the nature, they are not only interested in the side of the manifestations, but they are delving into their essence, to ignore the connection and intelligence of the causes of natural processes, but in

In principle, I will explain the principles of physical geography. Tse science, yaka vivchaє geographic shell Land and structural parts. So, for example, when it comes to gadati, the continents are partly geographic envelopes, they have become astonishing, and the geography of the continents has grown.

The warehouse of physical geography has three basic sciences. Tse zemlevoy, scho vivchaє zagalny regularities of budov and development of geographic envelope, landscape knowledge, yake vivchaє teritorialny natural complexes, I paleogeography. At their own curriculum, they distribute their own hierarchical structure according to the types of components, processes and manifestations. So, some of the components of the geographic envelope include geomorphology, climatology, meteorology, hydrology, glaciology, soil geography, biogeography. And on the stick with the other sciences, such new direct physical geography, such as medical geography, engineering geography, have been adopted.

Physical geography is closely linked with the other geographic sciences - cartography, regional knowledge, historical geography, social and economic geography.

The modern physical geography is especially respectful to the approach to the structure and dynamics of industrial systems, to the processes of energy and mass exchange among the components of the physical shell of the Earth, to the circulation of words and flows, to forecasting the energy flow.

Methods, which in their pre-slings, vikoristovuyut physical geographers, riznomanitnі. Tse і traditional methods, such as expeditionary-descriptions, practical-geographical, cartographic and descriptions. Aleh let us give a helping hand to the methods based on the advanced sciences - mathematical, geophysical, geochemical.

People will powerfully rise in price. Thousands of rocky people change their lives in jokes, in jokes short life, Obscured from war and duck, for not bothering to dribble and duck. That and just like that, from the tsikavost, the stench moves on the surface of the earth. I can repeat the name of N. Przhevalsky's words (1839 - 1888): "And life is more beautiful than the one that can get more expensive"

In walnut "ge" - tse "earth", and "grapho" - "I write." Otzhe, "geography" means "land description". Everything is correct. Geography was revered for today, since one ludina is virish in roztlumachiti inakshe yak go from point A to point B. All for the vison of their buildings is required by the nobility, where it is possible and necessary, and where it is not. Reasonable aje uphill not go ... And as soon as you go around the mountain dumb no mobility, try to know in the girskiy lantsyug pass or pass.

Not less important information about dzherela їzhі, but smut, drive straight to the road. And about those who do not fit into the road of hijackas, or gadi yaki pozuchi and kusuchi. Oskilki lyudin іnodі buvaє gіrshe zvіra or otruchnoy skollopendry, then the road will not be taken over by the nobility as well, as the tribes live and what stinks are occupied.

Tim, who has gone on a journey along the sea and river waters, needs life information about the islands, the winds and the currents. І about expensive glimpses in the heavenly spheres. I know about ribs and gadіv, as they live near gibinі waters. And, of course, about the overseas peoples, and the bastard: check out all the good things with them, for example, trade.

Yak bachimo, even in ancient times all nutrition was formulated, on how until the present day the science of geography was developed. Claudius Ptolemy (87 - 165) signed the Greek teachings of the Church of Science.

Yaksho unikati zanadto scientific value That is the geography of the whole surface of the planet Earth and all the changes are seen on them. And the chances of changes are enchanted with change in the weather (atmosphere), in the waters (hydrosphere), in the solid shell of the Earth (lithosphere), as well as in the growth of creatures and roslin (biosphere) and people (noosphere), warehouse parts one great geosphere.

The global geosphere grows on larger local geosystems: natural zones, Landscapes, biogeocenoses.

Our planet is a foldable and flexible object. To that, geography has already been distributed for a long time geographic sciences... All geography sciences are developed (maybe they can be done smartly) on physical and geographic sciences, as natural processes occur, as well as in the geosphere and on social and economic geographic sciences.

In the midst of physics and geography, it is possible to see atmospheric physics, meteorology, climatology, land hydrology and oceanology, glaciology (vivchennya lodovikiv) and geomorphology (vivchennya geographic relєfu), Ground knowledge and biogeography (the science about those who, on earth, grow up to see different types of food and roslin). Paleogeography is a special interest in the middle of a wider publicity, as it is a change of the earth's relief, stretching out for more than three minutes in an hour. Paleogeography is related to paleontology, and ancient dinosaurs and monsters are in all tsikavi. All physical and geographical sciences should be respected by the exact sciences, so that the stench is vivchayut the manifestations, as it is possible to vimiryati.

Social and economic geography sciences vivchayut vzaєmodiyu human suspension z the planet, on yak mi alive. In the midst of the cycles of sciences, political geography has come to the fore in Pershuvaya Cherga. Social and economic geography science interconnection with history, politics, economics and statistics. Ale, mabut, it is impossible to name the exact sciences.

And the axis about one scientific distribution of geography I have not yet developed. I am cartography, so bi-moving, having filled it with licorice. That is why a geographic map is the main geographic document. Everything that is involved in geography science is bound to be bound up to the picture of the world, or to the picture of the region. aje smut nourishment What kind of geography from the moment of its people - food "de"? The main result of the robot Ptolemy was the karta, seen in the middle of the world, oikumeni (as well, you can read it in the statistics from 10.06.2013).

With a handful of rockets of becoming geography, like a science, a picture of the head dzherel knowledge, and often the head belongings of merchants, seafarers and warriors, of which - as they said, geography science has gone. Do you know that Christopher Columbus was a dowry, befriending the daughter of a Portuguese sailor from Madeira Island? Geographic pictures father-in-law! All in all, the stench itself pushed him onto the thought of reaching Asia, bending Earth kulu, Plyuchi na zakid. As a result of what, it’s clear, it’s the most geographic view.

The article was revised after N. Przhevalskiy's words about those who will get more expensive - great. I would like to finish it with the words of Blessed Augustine (354 - 430) about those who are good and corny: "The light is a book, if you don't get more expensive, read only one side of it."

Did you like geography in school? What if you were busy, you thought forgiven yours and vvazayuchi hvilini until the call for a break? Perhaps, you were stuck with the difficult discipline of your children? If you love geography, for a cob, you need to grow up, for whom is it necessary before what kind of nasty ness for all people and for skin people okremo. The axis itself is easy and quick.

Now geography is needed

Geography- even tsіkava і educational the science, Yaka store with no aspects. Zavdyaki їy shape announcement about the planet It's alive on yak. About її internal budov, Formulated and Russian. About those who appearances see in navkolishny light, why and how to see, as the stench interferes with oneself.

Шо vivchaє geography:

• Budova Earth, її shell, mice in sleepy system .
• degree edge, Yaka allows you to know whether the land is somewhere on the map of the world.
• Part of the light,land, place, girski masivi, seas and oceans.
• Creations and roslini I like to live on our planet.
• population, especially economical development.
• climat, natural mind , Interconnection of natural appearances.

Who needs geography

Geography- it is not just an out-of-the-box object, which is to know us from out-of-the-way expressions about the Earth and the baggage. won the same is necessary in bagatokh professions.

all professions, knitting from Silskoy Gospodarstvo : Gruntoznavts, gruntoznavets, kvitnikar, gardener, landscape designer. higher education institutions: Geologist, Hydrologist, Surveyor, Agronomist, Lisnik, Lotchik. mid happy professions geography will become korisnyu: for journalists, fakhivtsy at spheres international news, Archaeologists, faculty members of logistics, tour operators, transfers, excursion guides. At the same time, not the whole change of spheres of activity, in the knowledge of such science, such as geography, plays an important role.

lovers of high prices

Not only when choosing a profession, you think about vivchenni geography... You can be a programmer or an accountant, for example, if you have a great time love to price up.

You will need to vibrate the country, having long since vivvivshi її mіsce roztashuvannya, especially klіmatu, ecology, culture, economy. If you are a lover of hikes, trips in the mountains, then knowledge about earthly curvatures, roslinny and creature light, about natural phenomena will be vital. Geography - the price of light around us!

Geography - tse one z found sciences in the light. Even more primitive people grasped their art, sat on the walls of their caves with their first primitive pictures. lightly, bitter science geography to set in front of itself the call of the institute. Yaki same? Who won’t be vivchaє? How can you date a science?

Geography: main problems and difficulties

As far as physics is to read "yak", history will explain "if" and "chomu", then the geography is developed "de". Surely, the object is not even forgiven for sale.

Geography is a science that is even old. The term itself is long-standing Greek roots and can be translated as "land description". That foundation was laid in antiquity itself. Claudia Ptolemy is called the first appointed geographer, as in another century he saw a book with an undeniable title: "Geography". Pratsya has evolved into eight volumes.

Among those who were in charge, they made a solid contribution at the development of geography, science, and the vision of Gerhard Mercator, Oleksandr Humboldt, Karl Ritter, Walter Kristalller, Volodymyr Vernadsky,

More precisely, if only the geography has been assigned, it will be necessary to reach the foldable staff. Up to one decile tlumachen, the whole system of sciences, scho vivchayut різні aspects Functionality and geography of geography earthly surface... And the axis of professor V.P. Budanov, writing about those who want the zmist of geography to do it well enough, ale, ob'ekt the pose with all sorts of ideas at the top of all earthly kuli.

Geography as a science about the geographic envelope of the Earth

All the same, the head of the vivchennya vistupaє geographic shell of the Earth. Vіtchiznyana science gives the beginning of the value of the given term. - the price of the whole and without interruption is the shell of the planet Earth, which is composed of five structural parts:

• lithosphere;
• hydrosphere;
• atmosphere;
• biosphere;
• anthroposphere.

Moreover, all the stinks are found in a solid and permanent relationship, exchanged by speech, energy and information.

The geographic shell has its own parameters (the strain is approximately 25-27 kilometers), and also has its own laws. Among such consistency (uniformity of components and structures), rhythm (weather repeating nature of natural phenomena), latitudinal zonality, variability.

The structure of geography

The interconnection between natural and bold line went through the "til" of the single geographic science, having spread around the same discipline in an absolutely different area scientific advice... In such a rank, the deyaki of the physical geographic galusies are more closely related to the physics of chemistry, not just to the populations, but to the economy.

The geography of the Earth extends into two great disciplines.

1. Physical.
2. Social and economical.

Before the warehouse of the first group includes hydrography, climatology, geomorphology, glaciology, geography of soil and іnshі. It’s not important zdogadatsya, how stinks are engaged in vivchennyam of natural objects. The other group includes the population, urbanism (the science of the world), culture and knowledge.

Links with the other sciences

How closely is geography connected with other sciences? Yake mice won a loan in the systems of scientific disciplines?

Geography can find links with such sciences as mathematics, history, physics and chemistry, economics, biology and psychology. Whether it is a discipline or a discipline, it is also genetically linked to philosophy and logic.

Of course, it is clear that the actions of the sounds of the sound boulders were so strong that they gave rise to absolutely new disciplines. Before such, it is possible to bring the offensive:

• cartography (geography + geometriya);
• toponimika (geography + linguistics);
• historical geography (geography + history);
• ground knowledge (geography + chemistry).

Basic geographic problems at the current stage of development of science

Yak is not wonderful to sound, but one of the best geographic problemsє The value of geography as a science. Moreover, the methodologists and theorists of the field have holed up to the ideas of the tsiy zhdannya, but also the nourishment, and why is this science fond of?

In the XXI century, the role of the predictive function of geography has matured. Behind the additional great number of analytical and factual tributes, there will be a development of Geomodel (climatic, geopolitical, ecological, etc.).

Head of geography on happy step- do not only perceive the glitches of the ligaments natural pestsі suspіnіy processes, аnd thаt looming іх transfers. One of the most important branches of science is geo-urban studies. With the skin rock of growth, the number of the local population in the world is growing. Most popular places the planet is faced with new problems and victories, which are responsible for a secure and constructive solution.

Pidruchnik for 5th grade

With the preparation of a teacher of the victorian, the propositions and recommendations of the reader-geographers of experimental schools:

Edited by I.P. Galaya, Candidate of Geographical Sciences

Minsk, 2000.

Before scholars

Robot rules

At the lessons of geography, an hour of preparation for homework for you, crim newcomer, It is necessary to have an atlas of geography and a set of contour maps for the 5th grade, a compass, sewn at a clip, color olivtsi, a compass, a gumku.

Scratch at home over the paragraphs of the original booklet in the following sentiment:

Read the text.

Skip the skin part of the paragraph, and then the whole paragraph.

Reading the text, know on the map all geographic objects, guessed in new.

Give feedback on the nutrition and visibility of the source, in the form of a skin paragraph.

Write down in the vocabulary all the visions in the text of the paragraph of the word (for example, geography) and remember how the stench is written.

As soon as the term, as it is in the text, you are not mindful, to be brutalized to a short vocabulary geographers understand and terms (in the beginning of the book).

Introduction & 1. Шо vivchaє geography

zgaduєmo: How do you know about our planet from the course "Vsesvit" or "Natural Science"? Why is it warm in some territories of the earth, but cold in others? What are the boards for?

Key words:geography, nature mind, population, government, nature protection.1. Geography is a science.G e o g ra f i i- science, how to vivch the nature of the earth's surface, the population of the Earth and the state's activity. Qia science is one of those who found it.

Geography in the cross section of walnut movi means description of the land (in Greek "ge" - Earth, "grapho" - I write, describe).

* The name "geography" was first introduced by Eratosthenes to the ear of ours in the book "Geography". They looked at the shape and size of the Earth, ocean, land, climate, described around the country, history of geography .

Stretching for a trivial hour (right up to the end of the 18th century), the chief staff of geography learned about new lands, lands, peoples, and brought up great beaches on geographic maps. The names of the first and foremost - the witty and male people - are displayed in geographic names on the map.

The first geographers were the mandrivniki and the seafarers. The stench smelled new lands, lands, peoples, continents, islands, oceans, seas, streams, mountains, villages, rivers and lakes, laid pictures, imagined routes of roads and new lands, described natural minds, life and busyness of the population. Routes of higher roads and expeditions passed through the spectral heddlers and cold ice-floes, in the dry hanging girders, along the sharp rivulets and the boisterous waters of the ocean.

** People knew about the roads that were found not only by the descriptions, but by the papyrus, or the ulam of the clay tablets with the signs applied to them.

The geographers have created and continued to develop the natural beauty of nature. The managers of the past and those who are cautioned may also be able to adapt to a rich diet. For example: who is going to do the boards or dme viter? In some areas of the Earth, the need for shukati vugilla, naphtha or neshi korisnі kopalini? Ale, nature conceals many more mysteries, over the openings of which geographers spillover work.

Geography extends into two great parts: physical and economic. Physical geography of the nature of the surface of the earth; economical geography - the population, the government's activity, the laws of the population development and the government.

2. Significance of geography. Descriptive geography of Bula in the past. Infectiousness of the main geography - vivchati the versatility of nature, the population, its state-of-the-art performance and clarification of its development and distribution.

The current geography of the earth causes the processes and manifestations that occur on the surface of the earth, and the regularities of these changes. One of the most important geography managers is the forecast of the development of the animals. So, as the nature of the Earth has changed rapidly, it is necessary to transfer those changes to the new environment, as it may become a result of the state's dignity of the people.

Be-like mastering the territory and not going back to work without first vivchennya micevosty. So, when the hydroelectric power station is running on the river, it is necessary to make sure that you row, vivchit, from some times the banks of the rivulet are folded, as the movement of the wake-up rowing will be flooded with water.

For example, the project was built on the basis of the project on the basis of Obi, as a counterpoint to the Western-Siberian Rivnini, just as the great hydroelectric power station. Ale, since the project was universally looked at by geographers, it turned out that, as a result of the development of rowing of the hydroelectric power station, it became a majestic water supply, like flooding a part of the waterway. Near the water reservoir there are swamps, which will lead to the change of the mountain climate, to see the most unpleasant changes in nature. The project has not been accepted yet.

3. Geography and nature protection. Geography gives a view to food, as more beautifully victorious the riches of nature, but to be robust, but nature did not create, so that they didn’t know fools, as they didn’t hang out on the soil, didn’t pick up on the curiosities, as in the perpetuation of people

The sovereign documents of our land are constantly boggling about the need for rational vicariousness and protection of soils, nadr, food and water basins. It is necessary to realize the complex awareness of nature with the help of a reasonable gentleman.

The peculiarities of nature, the population and the statehood of the bagatokh parts of the earth's surface are lacking in vivification. Do not expect people to transfer, as nature will change as a result of it pouring into it. To that, geographers prodovzhuyut until the surface of the Earth. Smell take a part in new expeditions on land and in the oceans, lead trivial spasms at science stations.

1. What is called a geographer? 2. On which two parts does geography last? 3. What kind of physical geography? Economic geography? 4. Who has the significance of geography?