Doslidzhennya methods in scientific robots. Classification of methods of scientific dosage Development of methods of scientific dosage

A good butt is the writing of the coursework, as well as the introduction of the introduced methods of carrying out the prescripts, as they were victorious during the writing of the scientific practice.

At the end of the statistic, you will learn about the importance of the understanding of the methods of scientific advice in diploma robots, as it is recommended to use them in projects of singing topics, as well as about the peculiarities of the skin method.

Also methods in diploma robots

The method of completing the graduation project is to follow the principles of visualization according to the presentation before the processes of development.

As simple as saying it is, the methodology of preliminaries is not so much, as it is the way in which the prerequisites are related to the fundamental sciences, the main one from which is philosophy.

In nautsi vicorists, there are no ways. Ale us, specifically, will be deprived of those methods of vicarious work in diploma robots. And all of this is that it’s possible to lay it down without a second in order to keep it in the robot. Already a student will be able to start a diploma project method.

Unimportant to the majesty of the number of methods in science, the skin will be passed on to one meth: to know the truth, the correct intelligence and explanation of the situation, which I was thinking, and in the surroundings - to find the test.

Classification

The method of further development, how to become victorious in diploma robots, can be divided into:

• zagalny (theoretical, universal) methods of continuing education in diploma robots;
• private (empirichny or practical) methods of continuing education in diploma robots.

The student is guilty of reason, which method is guilty of choice and for whom. It is unacceptable to use the methods of education, such as being victorious when writing a diploma robot.

Let's get more detailed information on the skin group, and a primed vibrate is a useful method for resolving a specific problem.

theoretical methods

These methods are universal and serve for the systematization of facts in scientific robots.

When writing a diploma robot, it is basic to use such methods.

analysis

Naybilsh often vikorisovaniyu method, storing in diploma robots.

Methods for analysis in diploma robots after clicking on the subject, or describing the phenomenon in terms of signs and power, more specifically.

Yak butt can be brought to parts of the ages artistic styles, Automotive characteristics of new brands, styles of turning ideas of writing.

synthesis

On the contrary to the foregoing method, the synthesis of calls to the z'єdnati okremi elements (power, signs) in a single purpose for more detailed vivchennya.

The whole method of achieving the correct dressing with the method of analysis, so that it is the main element that is present, which is the result of the analysis.

model bath

With the method of modeling, the object of delay, which is operational in reality, is transferred to the piece-by-piece model. To strive for more successful modeling of situations and rejection of people, as it is important to reach in reality.

analogy

With the analogy, a joke is carried out on the basis of objects and appearances for singing signs.

deduction

The method of deduction allows the creation of patterns of appearances and objects that are grounded on the basis of a large number of other (private) signs.

індукція

On the progression to the front method the inductive method of sponurability behind-the-scenes paintings until private moments.

zagalnennya

The method of treatment is similar to deduction. Here it is also to be afraid of a foreign letter about objects or appearances on the basis of other signs.

Fakhivtsi development:

• Inductive publicity (empirical) - transition from more specific powers / characteristics of an object / manifestation to more external ones;
• analytical use - transition from one thought to the first in the course of the process, not stagnant empirical action.

Classification

The method of classifying the transfer of an object, or a manifestation of a group for singing signs.

Basically, the zeal of the method is the structure, the formation of information, more readable and intelligent for mastery.

Classification is possible on the basis of different signs. For example, by:

• physical authorities (vagoyu, razmіrom, obsyagom);
• material (plastic, wood, metal, porcelain);
• genres (sculpture, painting, literature);
• architectural styles.

Classification is possible from geopolitical factors, chronological and іnshim.

abstract

The basis of the method is the concretization of the kind of power taken by the phenomenon, or the object, which is necessary to be learned within the framework of the preliminaries.

The essence of abstraction of a polyag is in the fact that I mean the concrete power of a pre-sluggish object, for a manifestation, do not take care of all these characteristics.

The abstraction method is one of the most important and basic methods of continuing education in the diploma robotics of a humanistic skill. From the second point of view, there are some unimportant meanings in such sciences as pedagogy, psychology, philosophy. A good butt of abstraction - subliterary for the lack of styles, genres

formalization

The essence of the method of formalization of the field is in the transmission of the structure, or the essence of the manifestation, or the object in the symbolic model by way of passing mathematical schemes, formulas, symbols.

concretization

To concretize the idea in more detail the introduction of the object of the manifestation in real-life minds.

analogy

The essence of the method of analogy of polarity is that, knowing the power and characteristics of an object or a manifestation, it is possible to draw a line to the point that is similar to our object being perceived by an object or a manifestation. As a result, you can come before the singing events.

The whole method is not very reliable and does not expect good results. However, in general, it is effective to reach the top. Most often you can be victorious in quiet vapors, if objects are not possible, or it is not possible to vivify without prejudice (for example, when the planets of the earthly group have been detected, when the powers and minds are designated for the potential population of the inhabitants of the Earth).

In the development of sciences, they learn absolutely different methods of advancement. Ale in whatever facie and spheres of sciences in diploma robots, as a rule, vikoristovuvatisya minimum 2: synthesis and analytical method of preliminaries

Practical (private) methods

In diploma robots, using theoretical methods, practical methods are used, in the presence of an object or a phenomenon. Polyaga їх specialness in a special way of obtaining information, її sampling and processing, carrying out experiments.

Private methods of reading in the diploma robots vikoristovuyu without prior to the collection of specific tributes about the phenomenon of chi objects. These methods often help to describe and discover new phenomena and objects, to know the laws or to bring hypotheses.

And now let's get to know with the most popular practical methods when writing a project of a diploma robot.

caution

The basis of the method of being guarded in diploma robots is to actively collect data for the collection of data about power and information about the message.

porvnyannya

The method of conformity is one of the most popular. Yogo vikoristovuyt for the installation of two or a few objects to the letter for each acquaintance.

Vimiryuvannya

The method is accurate. This basis is based on the value of the numerical values ​​of the singular indicators.

experiment

The method of the experiment is to cloud itself as the creation of caution, or a manifestation in the singing minds.

An experiment can also serve as a guideline, by means of which there will be a reversal (simply or verbatim) of the obvious provisions. Holovne - what about the hour of the preliminaries of the bully two moments are present: proof and repeatability. On the right, the fact that the zeal of the experiment was not only in the real demonstration, but in the view of the power of power, but in the building up to the date.

Vidminny butt to the experiment - dosvid Galilei with a harmatny core and a lead sack according to the established shvidkosty

caution

The whole method is used to show the knowledge of science, the axis of which is the key when conducting any kind of education.

The essence of the method of cautioning the field is in the fact that it is necessary to support the object of being aware of whether it is important or not (reaction, power).

Vimiryuvannya

Vimiruvannya method is one of the most effective. You can read about the fixation of some bi-that ni bulo physical parameters of the object of preliminaries (obsyag, sprist, vaga, dovzhina and іn.).

The result of rejection in the course of the given method will be fixed in numerical value.

model bath

In a zalny sensі model - the structuring of changes is the image of chogos imіtatsіya of one abo decіlkoh ob'єktіv.

Models can be:

• subject (with the creation of a part of the object);
• symbolic (with vicorian formulas, armchair, diagrams, etc.);
• clear (when the operations are carried out in the virtual light or thoughts).

You can't do without a model when developing new technologies, designing cars, equipment, etc.

Conversation and Interview

The essence of both methods of polygons is in the joke of the people, so volodya be-some valuable information about the subject of the preliminaries.

Bagato may not bachiti growth between madness and interv'yu. It remains to be seen in a more structured and regulated order: in the course of the interview, the consultant advised on a clear delivery of food, as the bullets are late in preparation. Besides, the lady, who is asking for food, does not show her thought.

The demon has an unimpressed character. Here the offenders are offended by the participants, and they can play their thoughts, ask food, do not know and spontaneously

Fee and questionnaire

These methods can also create a rich personality. The essence of both fields is in the front-end preparation of food, on the way of processing the food. As a rule, this is how they give a variety of options to the list.

The main opinion of the survey is from the questionnaire of the field in the form of conducting. Opituvannya, as a rule, we can fall asleep and write. And the axis of the questionnaire can only be in writing form or on a computer nose. Every hour the questionnaire can be viewed in a graphical view.

Plus a lot of practical methods in the diploma are great auditoriums. And if there are a lot of people, then there is a chance to make more accurate data on more information.

to describe

Fakhіvtsі in іd mean the similarity to the method described with the method of caution. When carrying out the preliminaries by the method, I will describe not only the behavior and the phenomenon, but also the signs of the situation.

Інші private methods

Regardless of the direct specialization of the student's specialization, it is possible to choose the following private university-specific methods of advancement:

1. Economics ... Analysis: positive, normative, functional, static, dynamic. Economic and mathematical model. Method of financial performance. Scenario method for forecasting economic phenomena. The method of uniqueness, historical and logical. Pobudova economic hypotheses. Method "with the first minds".
2. Pedagogy / Psychology ... Vivchennya products in the creativity of scholars. Interview. Besida. Vivchennya group differentiation. Included with caution. Pedagogical control tests (testing). Questionnaire (experience). Ranzhuvannya. Scaling. Restoration.
3. Philology ... Analysis: compositional, discourse, motive, intertextual, distributive, contextual, semantic. Linguistic experiment. Biographic method. Content analysis. Lexicographic statistics. Differential analysis of opposites. Multiple method. Dichotomy. Transformational synthesis and analysis. "Specifically literary knowledge". The semiotic method.

іnsha methodology

Akademik A. Ya. Flir vidilyav deffo the system of methods, victorious during the writing of diploma works. On your mind, all methods are based on humanities and social sciences.

Humanitarian methodology

• historical- describing the history of culture according to the principle of vibrating the linear chronological after-days and events.
• hermeneutic- to understand the culture behind the help of the openness (deciphering) of the cob meanings of cultural manifestations, laid in them at the time of creation.
• phenomenological- the interpretation of the historical facts of culture from the point of view of the explicitness of the spasters and shukas in them, the actual posture is in the historical context.
• Historical and psychological- vivchaє the historical dynamics of culture from the point of view of emergence in the new stadial (civilization) types of socially amalgamated witness and the state of the psyche.
• Cultural symbolism and post-structuralism- an eclectic methodology, as well as interpreting material in a contextual framework, established by the authors of recent literature by the authors themselves, and interpreting it as inevitably irreconcilable in its symbolic and semantic expression.

Social Science Methodology

• Evolutionism - the pre-development of the history of culture from the positions of the introduction of progressive development of the progressive development of structures (introduction of evolutionary theory).
• Cyclic and high-quality models of cultural dynamics - a description of cultures, such as “self-sufficient organisms” (civilization) and processes in them, like closed cycles, and repeating high-quality rucks.
• Structural functionalism is the interpretation of cultural and historical processes as functional, general as well as socially responsible people.
• Structuralism - a description of cultural and historical objects from the point of view of the use of material and understanding aspects in them, analysis of the structure of culture as systems of signs.
• Prikordonny methodology, which introduces new problem areas of cultural and historical science, postmodernism.

Yak to write methods in diploma robots

Vidminno! Now we know this method. How to spare, we can help us, how we can be victorious in our robots.

Standard modern designs for the formulated methodology and methods of advancement:

• the basis of the robotics process was laid on the ... methodology,
• the robot is based on the principles of ... methodology,
• methodological basis / base was put forward by the position ... methodology,
• in the preliminaries / robots vicoristani advanced methods ..., methods of preliminaries - the price ... etc.

They were willing to work, as they took care of this problem. And in the history of the prelude, it is possible to guess the historical context, the news, so they got up to the date of the new author. Do not forget about the victories in chronological order!

Є і standard designs, which can be used in the description of methods used in advance:

• vivchennya ... go to ...,
• in ... stolitti ... boules reports vivcheni and descriptions ...,
• problems ... got busy ...,
• majestic additions at the root of the problem ... out ... / brought in the robot / advise / pratsya ...,
• the great significance of the robots ...,
• robots the rest of the rock let me talk about ...,
• admission of history ... show, show ...,
• at the dawn of the day with a pan_vnoy point є ...,
• such a pidhid characteristic for ...,
• an ear of vivchennyu tsyogo food bulo loaded with the first ..., in robots ...,
• remember a little in robots ... borrowing a position ...,
• in number in the center of the roster in the mainstream of problems can be named ...,
• ....... lectured in robots ...,
• sounds ... shown in ... etc.

When writing the arrangement of varto zrobiti, the emphasis is on describing the structure of the robot with the next standard constructions:

• all the stories indicated the structure of the robot, how to store it, I will enter, ... razdіlіv, visnovkіv, the list of vicarious dzherel, dodatki (stop to apply, as in robots є dodatok);
• the logic, design and development of the structure of the robot, how to store it ...;
• the introduced characterization of the robot is given, the relevance of those and social significance, methodological basis follow-up and methods of follow-up, as well as give a short look at the fragmentation of the problem;
• the head of the persha is dedicated ...,
• the other will see / talk about ..., the first will see the bullets ..., the other will have to fix it ..., then ...;
• A visnovka is a visnovka on a robot / in the linked guidance of the main visnovka, etc.

But I will describe the methods in diploma robots

Topic: Prevention of dysgraphia in children from the underprivileged movi

Meta Doslidzhennya: Evidence of changes in the diagnosis of dysgraphia in children of senior preschool age from ONR and children without any pathology.

According to the information supplied and formed by the hypothesis, the following values ​​are given:

1. Vivchennya theoretical and methodical aspect of the problem and follow up on the data of special literature.
2. Theoretically obruntuvannya and rozrobovanie methods of experimental doslіdzhennya.
3. Experimental improvement of the development of mental processes and functions letter writing, Viznennya typology of emerging shortfalls in preschool children from OHR.
4. Processing of the Rimanian experimental tributes
5. Development of a complex of methodical receptions of differential correction and speech therapy robots, directing to the development of changes in letter writing among children from the OHR.

According to the prescriptions and staff of the previous methods, the following methods were used:

1. Theoretical analysis of pedagogical, psychological and methodical literature by the same number.
2. Caution.
3. Besida, questionnaire.
4. Analysis of products in the performance of children.
5. Vivchennya of medical and pedagogical documentation.
6. An experimental method, which includes carrying out a constitutive experiment, an analysis and an analysis of the information given.

visnovok

There are far from all the methods that can be used in writing scientific robots. Ale of the most popular and important people tried to know you.

Vibrating methods, remember: the stench is guilty but scientifically primed and contemporary. Victory of old methods is unacceptable. In addition, the methods of guilty of being used by the specialists for the last time, so for the improvement of the skin care, the method is required.

It’s absolutely normal, you don’t know everything. And now, if it’s special? Knowing such speeches is the price of the robot fakhivtsiv. And your zavdannya - take away from life and youth everything that is possible!

2.1. Methods 5

2.2. The method of empirical and theoretical knowledge. 7

1. List of literature. 12

1. Understand the methodology and method.

Be-like the science of learning to use singing methods and ways, following the singing rules. Vchennya about the system of ciches of priyomy, methods and rules is called methodology. In the meantime, the understanding of the "methodology" in the literature to get used to in two meanings:

1) the supremacy of methods, how to become stagnant in some sphere of activity (science, politics, etc.);

2) vchennya about the scientific method of knowledge.

Methodology (see "method" and "logic") - a statement about the structure, logical organization, methodology and activity.

The method is the cost of accepting either practical or theoretical operations. The method can also characterize the form of theoretical and practical mastering of action, as well as to go out of the patterns of behavior of a pre-sentient object.

Methods of scientific knowledge include so called out-of-the-box methods, so called out-of-home methods, out-of-home scientific methods and methods of specific sciences. The method can be classified according to the knowledge of empirical knowledge (that is, the knowledge of what is discarded as a result of admission, knowledge of the theoretical, the essence of which is the knowledge of the day-to-day phenomena, of the inner connection The classification of methods of scientific knowledge is shown in Fig. 1.2.

Skin galuzov of its own specific sciences, special methods, ponder the day of the object of dosage. However, the most frequent methods, characteristic of any particular science, are fixed in other sciences. The goal is to ensure that the progress of the sciences follows the order of the laws of this science. For example, physical and chemical methods of preservation are fixed in biology at this stage, so that the information about biological pre-development includes in itself in that which in the eyes of the mind is in

There are two main methods in the history of knowledge: dialectical and metaphysical. Tse philosophical methods.

The dialectical method is a whole method of knowing the action in the її super-comprehension, integrity and development.

The metaphysical method is a method that is opposed to the dialectical one, such as by looking at the appearances in a pose with a mutual connection and development.

Since the middle of the 19th century, the metaphysical method is more and more developed from natural science by the dialectical method.

2. The method of scientific knowledge

2.1. Methods

Spіvvіdnoshennya of out-of-the-box audio methods can also be presented in the view of the diagram (Fig. 2).

short characteristic danih methods.

Analysis - obviously or realistically placing the object on the warehouse part.

Synthesis is the combination of knowledge as a result of the analysis of elements in a single whole.

Uzagalnennya - the process of a clear transition from single to zalny, from mensh zagalny, to more zagalny, for example: transition from judging "cei metal to conduct electricity" to judging "all threw to conduct electricity", as judges: "mechanical form is warmed up judgment "every form of energy is transformed into heat."

Abstraction (idealizatsiya) - explicitly introduced singing changes in the preliminaries of the object, which are visible to the goals of preliminaries. As a result of the idealization from the view, there may be victories of actions of power, signs of objects, which are not a suttuvim for this lifetime. The butt of this kind of idealization in mechanics is a material point, that is, a point, like a volodya masoyu, will be a little more modest. The same abstract (ideal) object is absolutely solid.

Індукція - process vivedennya burial place from a number of private, single facts, so that the knowledge from the private to the zalny one. In practice, it is most common to find out that there is a lack of knowledge, as a transfer of information about all the objects, a lot of things on the display are deprived of parts of the objects. Unparalleled induction, based on experimental pre-development studies and including theoretical grounding, called scientific induction. Visnovki such іnductions often have an іmovіrnіsny character. Certification, ale creative method. With the suvoro staging of the experiment, the logical endowment and the severity of the visnovk, it is a good idea to give a reliable visnovk. Behind the words of the famous French physicist Louis de Broglie, the science of science and the true dzherel of the effective scientific progress.

Deduction - the process of an analytic world from outside to private or mensh from outside. Vona is tightly tied to the public. As far as the state of the art is established by the scientific truth, then the subject of deduction will depend on the rejection of the truth. The deductive method is especially great in mathematics. Mathematicians operate with mathematical abstractions and will have their world in the background. Tsi zagalnya posodennya zastosovovyutsya until the release of private, specific buildings.

An analogy is a simple, plausible story about the selection of two objects, for the appearance in any meaning, on the basis of the identification in the first meaning. The analogy is forgive, letting the intelligence be folded. So, for an analogy with a piece selection of the most beautiful breeds of domestic food, Ch. Darwin saw the law of natural selection in food and roslinny light.

Model - the creation of the authorities of an object based on a specially harnessed analogue - a model. Models can be real (material), for example, models of literary models, models of budget models, photographs, prostheses, lialki, etc. і ideal (abstract), shaped like movi (yak natural human movi, So and special moves, for example, my mathematics. I have a mathematical model. Name the tse system of rivnyans, which describes the interconnection of the doslidzhuvan_y systems.

The historical method of transferring the history of the pre-sluggish object in all its richness, with the details of all the details and vividness. A logical method is, in essence, a logical creation of the history of a pre-sluggish object. With a wide history of tsia, it sounds like a vypadkovy, boring, tobto tse yak bi the same historical method, Ale of sounds from yogo historical form.

Classification - the distribution of quiet objects by classes (types, discharges) in the fallowness of these foreign signs, which are regular links between classes of galleries in specific systems. The development of skin science is linked to the roots of the classifications of pre-lingual objects, appearances.

2. 2 Method of empirical and theoretical knowledge.

The method of empirical and theoretical knowledge is shown schematically in Fig. 3.

Caution.

Keeping an eye out for the vision of objects and manifestations of the new world. Tse is a vicious method of empirical knowledge, which allows you to correct the original information about the process of practical action.

The science of caution is characterized by a number of features:

· Tsіlespryamovanіstyu (with caution to be guilty of being guilty for the revision of the set director of the message);

· Planning (caution is guilty carried out strictly according to the plan;

· Active (the old man is actively guilty of shukati, seeing the necessary moment in the spared occurrence).

Naukovі spared zavzhdzhuyutsya description of the object of knowledge. Remaining is necessary for the fixation of technical authorities, the side of the preliminarily object, as it becomes the subject of presentence. The descriptions of the results in order to establish the empirical basis of science, spiraling to the past, to create the empirical publicity, to determine the admittedly objectified by these parameters, to carry out the characteristics of the last ones by the authorities

Behind the way of carrying out the caution can be non-prioritized and prioritized.

With an unprecedented guarding of power, the sides of the object are visualized, taken off by the organs of the people. In the early days of the day, it is more than visually cautious that one is widely victorious in space preliminaries as an important method of scientific knowledge. Visual awareness on board a pilot orbital station is the easiest and most effective method to monitor the parameters of the atmosphere, land surface and ocean from space in the visible range. From the orbit of a piece companion of the Earth, the eye of the people can be heard from the depth of the cold weather, the tip of the cold, the wine of the water in the sea, etc.

However, most of the time, we will be ahead of time, so that it is carried out with the help of quiet technical tasks. While, for example, until the ear of the 17th century, astronomers fostered behind the heavenly bodies with an indefatigable eye, then the winhid Galilem, in 1608, from the optical telescope, sent astronomical warnings to a new, fast-looking crack.

Caution can be a very important heuristic role in scientific knowledge. In the process of caution, it is possible to see absolutely new phenomena, so that it allows the formation of that scientific hypothesis. This is a great viplivka, so cautioned є to complete it with an important method of empirical knowledge, so that you will not be able to get a lot of great information about new knowledge.

Logic methods and reception.

Method of empirical dosage

caution- tsіlespryamovane passively vivchennya objects, scho to spiral in the main on the basis of the organs of the senses. In the course of our caution, we will recognize not only the new sides of the object of knowledge, but, in the sense of a fine point, about the hundredth power and visibility.

Caution can be made without pre-existing and out-of-the-box small attachments and technical annexes. The development of science in the world is becoming more and more foldable and advanced. The main vimogues to scientific caution are: unambiguousness of the thought (that is, the same is spostering); The ability to control the way or repeated caution, or for additional methods (for example, experiment). An important point in the caution and interpretation of the results is the deciphering of the display of attachments and t. P.

experiment- more actively and directly involved in the interruption of the pre-sentient process, the change in the pre-sentiment of the object, or of the process of creation in specially developed and controlled minds, in order to start with the goals of the experiment. In the yogh move, the illusions are about to be isolated in the face of the beggars, to darken the daytime of the surroundings and to appear in a "pure viglyad".

The main features of the experiment:

a) more active (in case of caution) putting up to the object of the message, right up to the last change and re-incarnation;

b) the ability to control the behavior of the object and revise the results;

c) bagatorazovanity of a prelude to an object for the presenter's wealth;

d) the possibility of manifestation of such power of appearances, but not to be discouraged in the minds of nature.

Vidi (tipi) experiments velmi rіznomomanіtnі. So, for their functions, they see the slidnitsky (poshukovs), reconversions (control), which create experiments. Behind the nature of the organizations, the development of physical, chemical, biological, social and t.P. Widely expanded in the current science by decorating an experimental experiment - a system of rosum procedures, which are carried out over idealized objects.

porvnyannya- a cognitive operation, as well as the appearance of objects (or steps in the development of one and the same object), so that both are similarity and vision. Vono man senses only in a set of one-sided objects, scho to establish a class. Rowing objects in the class, look for signs that are quite important for the given look. With a whole lot of subjects, tied for one familiarity, they can be immutable in the smallest way.

Corresponding to the basis of such a logical method, as an analogy, and to the point of departure from the historical-historical method. Its essence is the emergence of the zagalny and the special in the various stages (periods, phases), the development of one and the same phenomenon, or the development of other types of manifestations.

to describe- a cognitive operation, which is stored in the fixed results in the knowledge (with the help of an experiment) for the help of the singing systems of meaning adopted in science.

Vimiryuvannya- sukupnist dіy, vikonuvanih for the help of singers with the sign of the numerical value of vimіryuvanoy magnitude in accepted units vimiru.

Slid of admiration, but the methods of empirical adolescence of nicholas are not realized “on the spot”, but, as a matter of fact, “theoretically,” are guided by singing conceptual ideas.

Theoretical knowledge method

formalization- the representation of zmist knowledge in a sign-symbolic viglyad (formalized by my). Remaining for the precise rotation of the thought with the method of switching over the possibility for ambiguous intelligence. When formalizing the world about objects, they are transferred to the area of ​​operation with signs (formulas), which are tied to the motive of piecemeal (language of mathematics, logic, chemistry).

Formalization is the basis for the processes of algorithmization of the programming of numerical attachments, and the computerization itself is not only scientific and technical, but the second forms of knowledge.

The main thing in the process of formalization is that it is possible to work over the formulas of piecemeal operations, to remove new formulas and relations from them. Tim by the very operations with thoughts about objects will be replaced by actions of signs and symbols. Formalization, in such a rank, is the exaggeration of the forms of development behind the wicked processes, the abstraction of these forms from the wickedness. I will clarify the change in the path of emergence of the form and can be achieved with a growing step of movement.

Ale, having shown the Austrian logic and mathematician of the XX century. Kurt Gödel, in the zmist theory there is a surplus of unimproved formalization. More and more formalization is not possible for the knowledge of nicholas, because the development (change) of the subject of knowledge and knowledge about it is not attainable. Tse means that formalization is internally bounded in its capabilities. It has been brought to the out-of-the-box method, so that it will be allowed to substitute for the numbered ("porahu'mo!" Gödel's theorems made it possible to complete the suvor of the principled unhappiness of the general formalization of the scientific world and scientific knowledge as a whole.

axiomatic method- a way to induce a scientific theory, in which the basis is laid on the basis of the actions of the ideological provisions - axioms (postulates), from which all the firm principles of the theory are led from them by a purely logical way, for an additional proof. For the derivation of theorems with axioms (and for some formulas with others), special rules are formulated. Otzhe, proved in the axiomatic method - the chain of action is the consistency of the formulas, dermal є or axiom, or to go from the previous formulas to be a rule of vivednya.

The axiomatic method is deprived of one of the methods to inspire and already form a kind of scientific knowledge. Vin maє obmezhene zasosuvannya, oskilki vimagau viskogo rivnya development of the axiomatized zmist theory.

Hypothetical-deductive method- the method of scientific knowledge, the day of the yak polyag in the system and deductively connected between themselves hypotheses, which in the endless rakhunk are firmly informed about empirical facts. Tim himself is the method of recording on vivedennі (deduction) visnovkіv from hypotheses and іnіsh ardor, the truth value of which is unprecedented. And tse means, shho visnovok, otrimaniyu on the basis of the given method, inevitably there will be a mother of imovirnіsny character.

The structure of the hypothetical-deductive method is as follows:

a) familiarization with the actual material, as well as a theoretical explanation and a test of such other existing theories and laws. Yaksho ni, then:

b) visuvannya preliminaries (hypotheses, pretensions) about the causes and regularities of these appearances for the additional reason of different logical reasons;

c) an assessment of the priming and seriousness of the surplus and the appearance of the best value;

d) vivedennya s hypotheses (call the deductive path) inherited from the clarified zmistu;

e) experimental conversion of data from the hypothesis of inheritance. Here the hypothesis will either negate the experimental confirmation, or simply proceed. However, the approval of these inheritances is not a guarantee of truth (or hibernation) as a whole. Brushing the results of the conversion of the hypothesis to go into theory.

A typical hypothetical-deductive method can be used mathematical hypothesis, In addition, in the capacity of hypotheses, they represent the actions of the rivnyannya, so that they can make modifications earlier in their houses and in the transformation of their stances. Zmiyuyuchi stay, store new rivnyannya, which turns hypothesis, how to be carried to new appearances. Hypothetical-deductive method (as and axiomatic) є not a style by the method of insight, but by a method of encouraging and priming scientific knowledge, some of the reasons for showing by itself can come before a new hypothesis.

Convergence from the abstract to the concrete- the method of theoretical admission and wikklade, how to evolve in the Russian science of thought in the form of wisdom abstraction ("ear" - one-sided, not entirely knowledgeable) through the last stages of loosing and expanding the understanding to the result - In its rethinking of ideas, the method includes a convergence from the sensitive-concrete to the abstract, to the vision in the misinterpretation of the sides of the subject and the "closure" of the general abstract values.

Rukh of knowledge from sensitive-concrete to abstract - from and from single to zalous, here they relate to such logical priyomy, such as analysis and induction. The convergence from the abstract to the misleading-concrete - the whole process of going from the outer abstractions to the one-sided, the concrete-zalous one, here we are concerned about the synthesis and deduction. Such a rundown is not a formal, technical procedure, but a dialectically super-comprehensible ruh, which is a super-precise development of the subject itself, and it goes from one line to the last one until the end of the line.

Logic methods and reception

analysis- realistically, it is obvious that the object is divided into warehouses and synthesis - it is combined in a single organic unit, and not in a mechanical unit. The result of the synthesis is absolutely new.

Zastosovyuchi ci priyomi dlіdzhennya, slіd mothers on uvazі, scho, in the first place, the analysis is not guilty of missing the quality of objects. The skin area of ​​knowledge has its own boundary between the members of the object, behind which it is transformed into the lightest light of powers and laws (atom, molecule, etc.). In a different way, in a kind of analysis, there are also classes (many) of objects on the basis of classifications - the same classification and periodization. Thirdly, analysis and synthesis are dialectically interconnected. Ale deyakі vidіyakі vіdіyalnosti yakogo є that are analytic (for example, analytical chemistry) or synthetic (for example, synergetics).

abstract- the process of explicitly changing a number of authorities and seeing a pre-sentient manifestation with one-hour visions of a forerunner of authorities (the first for all the extraordinary, foreign). As a result of the process, there is a variety of "abstract objects", which are similar to the understanding and categories ("bilizna", "development", "protyrichya", "misleading" and in.), So and the other systems. Naybilsh blame them є mathematics, logic, dialectics, philosophy.

Suttuvim, and others, are the smut of abstraction. The price of nutrition in a specific skin type is considered to be the first for everything in the presence of the nature of the pre-sentient object, as well as in the specific design of the pre-sentiment.

zagalnennya- the process of establishing outlandish authorities and a sign of an object, clearly tied with abstractions. At the same time, it can be seen as signs (abstract-zagalne) or suttuvi (concrete-zagalne, law).

Idealization- a rosum procedure, tied to the statements of abstract (idealized) entities, fundamentally unsuitable for action ("point", "ideal gas", "absolutely chorne tilo", etc.). Dani ob'єkti not є "clean performance", but to finish the fold and even ahead of the rotation of real processes. Stinks are acts of borderline marks of the last, to serve as an analysis and to induce theoretical statements about them.

Idealization of an object in a kintsev rakhunka in the form of a representation of real objects and processes. Having approved for the additional idealization about such a kind of theoretical constructs, it is possible to operate with them in the world as a real concept of real processes and to serve for more purposes.

Theoretical firmness, as a rule, without a mediocre attitude not to the real, but to the ideals of the authorities, the knowledge of the realities with the permission to establish the realities of the laws, are inaccessible in the case of reality

Induction - the collapse of thoughts from the single (admission, facts) to the out-of-the-box (out-of-the-box in visnovka); Tse protylezhny, in addition to add new ideas. Oscillations of suspicion are always indefinite and incomplete, then inductive ones are always problematic (imovirnіsny) character. Inductive public relations invite you to see how the truth is (empirical laws).

From the types of inductive public, I see popular, new, new, science and mathematics. The logic also looks at the inductive methods of establishing causal links - the canon of induction (the rules of inductive communication of Bacon-Mille). The following methods are referred to them: the same similarity, the same vision, the specificity and the intelligence, the additional changes and the surplus method. characteristic particularity the deduction of the polarity in the fact that from the true reasoning, you must go to the true, reliable time, and not to the imovirnis (problematic). Deductive reasoning allow, from the already obvious knowledge of the removal of new truth, and before that, for the help of pure peace, without foulness to admiration, intuition, healthy deafness, etc.

analogy(Approval, discretion) - the establishment of a discretion in the parties, authorities and in particular, and not the same objects. At the present time, there is a need to work out an alternate display - based on analogy. Yogo zagalna scheme: object B symbols a, b, c, d; ob'єkt C ma signs b, c, d; otzhe, ob'єkt C, can be, sign a. Tim, the analogy itself is not reliable, but rather knowledgeable. If you see an analogy of knowledge, renounced from the look of any object ("model"), it will be transferred to the one that is available for the last object.

model bath- the method of finalizing the singing objects by way of creating the characteristics on the object - the model, which is an analogue of the same fragment of the action (speech aboriginal) - the original of the model. Mіzh model and object, how to refer to the glimpse, we can see the similarity (similarity) - in physical characteristics, structure, function and in.

Form the model even more versatile and lie in the form of victorious models and the sphere of fixing the model. Behind the nature of the models, they see material (subject) and ideally model, turning at the type of signs. Material models є natural objects, which are in accordance with their functions according to the natural laws of physics, mechanics and the like. (models of lithuanians, ships, space apparatuses, etc.).

With an ideal (symbolic) model, one can see graphs, armchairs, formulas, systems of similes, propositions of natural and piece (symbols) moving and so on.

System pidhid- the supremacy of scientific methodological principles (vimog), which are based on the examination of the objects of yak systems.

Up to the number of qichs you can apply:

a) the appearance of the presence of the skin element from the first place and functions in the system due to the urahuvannya of the fact that the power of the whole is not related to the sum of the power of this element;

b) an analysis of the fact that some of the behavior of the system is summed up both by the peculiarities of the її surrounding elements, as well as by the powers of the її structure;

c) advancing the mechanism of interaction between the system and the middle;

d) vivchennya to the nature of the architecture, the power of the system;

e) securing an all-purpose, comprehensive description of the system;

f) the view of the system as dynamical, how to develop the integrity.

The specifics of the systemic approach should start with the idea that it is necessary to ensure that the development of the system is developed and that the mechanisms are not developed, on the basis of the development of new types of folding links.

We are important for the understanding of the systemic approach є the understanding of "self-organization". This understanding characterizes the process of progress, making it more sophisticated organization of folding, growing, dynamic, self-evolving, the connection between elements, which may not be a savage, but an imaginative character (of a human being, a popular person, an organism).

In modern science, self-organizing is a special subject of the advancement of synergetics, the scientific theory of self-organization, based on the shame of the laws of nature - natural, social, cognitive (cognitive).

Structural-functional (structural) method I will be on the basis of vision in integral systems, their structures - the combination of different types of connections and interconnections between elements and their roles (functions), but one is one.

The structure appears to be invariably (invariably) during singing redevelopment, and the function is to “signify” the skin elements of the whole system (the function of a non-biological organ, the function of the state, the function of theory).

The main vimogues (procedures) of the structural and functional method (which is often seen as a type of systemic approach):

a) vivchennya budovi, the structure of the system object;

b) the advancement of the elements and their functional characteristics;

c) analysis of changes in elements and functions;

d) viewing the development (history) of the system object as a whole;

e) the submission of the object as a harmoniously functional system, all the elements of which “work” to the picture of the harmony.

Problem-statistical methods They are based on vrahuvanni diy without any vandal factors, which are characterized by a stiff frequency. At the same time, it is allowed to open up the need (law) through the sukupnu dyu without any problems. The named methods spiral on the theory of impertinence, as they are often sprinkled with the science of misconceptions.

іmovіrnіst- kіlkіsna world (steps) of opportunity to appear deyakogo manifestation, podії for singing minds. The range of immobility is from zero (unfriendliness) to one (validity). The assigned methods are based on the development of dynamic and statistical laws for such a criterion (basis), such as the nature of the prophet. The laws of the dynamical type of transmission may have a clear and unambiguous character (for example, in the classic mechanics).

In statistical laws, the transfer is not reliable, but deprived of an impromptu character, such as a reflection on the basis of a lack of vague factors, through a folding intertwining of such and twisting need. Yak showed the history of scientific knowledge, "we have now been able to fix the meaning of all the problems that are connected with the need and quality".

Ymovinno-statistical methods are widely stagnant in case of vivification of masses, and not of the disease of a specific nature (quantum mechanics, statistical physics, synergetics, sociology, etc.). Today we talk more and more about the penetration into science of the imaginative style of the mission.

Important is the role of the out-of-the-box scientific approaches to the field in that, by virtue of its "industrial character", the stench precedes the mutual transition of philosophical and particular scientific knowledge (as well as advanced methods). The named methods are called gallonoscientific, but they are stagnant in all sciences, altogether in terms of urahuvannya particularities of the subject of skin science, but also scientific discipline and specifics of cognition of natural, social and spiritual manifestations.

So, in the social and human sciences, the results of a caution in a larger world to be found in the specialty of a sposter, of his life attitudes, of central concepts and of sub-active factors. In the cich sciences, it is simpler (more precise) to be cautious, if facts and stories are re-structured from the side; Take care of the fate (including caution), if the presenter is included, "get used" in the singing social environment, adapt to it and the analysis of the basis of the "middle". Psychology has long stagnated such forms of caution, such as self-caution (introspection) and empathy - penetration into the experiences of other people, sensibility of intelligence internal light- їхні, іхні, thoughts, bazhannya і t. D.

A kind of included caution є Ethnomethodology The essence of such a field is in the fact that I will describe the results and the caution of social phenomena and the way to improve the ideas and intelligence. This trend of the year is becoming increasingly common in ethnography, social anthropology, sociology and culturology.

More and more develop social experiments, I take into the life of new forms of social organization and optimization of management of the suspension. The object of a social experiment, in the role of a group of people, is a group of people;

In psychology, in order to discover how to form such a psychic activity, to put it into practice in an experimental way, to think about it, to think about it. At the same time, we can experimentally formulate folding mental processes and more to follow the structure. Having taken such a thought into pedagogical psychology, I will call it a formative experiment. Social experimentation can be seen from the glorious forerunner of moral and legal norms and principles. Here (as in medicine) it is even more important to say “not our stuff!”. The main specialty of social experiments is “to serve the zdatnosty to the people of penetration into the habits of the intimate human” (V.V. Ilyin).

In the social and human sciences, in the philosophical and gallon-scientific, specific methods, methods and operations, enlightened by the peculiarities of the subject of the sciences are fixed. Including:

1) idiographic method - describe individual features single historical facts and stories;

2) dialogue ("nutritional-specific method");

3) rational and rational (intellectual);

4) analysis of documents - yakisny and kilkisny (content analysis);

5) opituvannya - either “to incriminate before exposing” (interv'yu), or in absentia (questionnaire, postal, telephone, etc.). Razrіznyayut opyuvannya massovі and specialization, in whichever head the dzherelo information - competent expert-professionals;

6) design methods (characteristic for psychology) - a method of early development of special features of people based on the results of their productive activity;

7) testing (in psychology and pedagogy) - standardized work, the result of a test of what is allowed to be done, deyaki special characteristics(Knowledge, memory, memory, respect, etc.). Vidіlyayut two main groups of tests - testi іntelektu (celebrated kofіtsієnt IQ) and testi dosyagnen (professional, sports and in.). When testing robots, we are even more important є the ethical aspect, in the hands of an unscrupulous, or incompetent, father-in-law can create a serious school;

8) biographical and autobiographical methods;

9) the method of sociometry - the collection of mathematical data before the introduction of social events. Most often it gets stuck in the case of the introduction of "small groups" and the misconceptions in them;

10) іgrovі methods - to become stagnant when weaving management decisions - іmіtatsіynі (dіlovі) іgry and іgry of a specific type (especially when analyzing non-standard situations). Among the game methods, we see psychodrama and social drama, and the participants play differently and individually and in groups of situations.

In such a rank, in scientific knowledge the function is foldable, dynamic, subordinate system of flexible methods in the development of the field, spheres of life, directing and so on.

Topic 3. Methods of scientific advice.

Understand the method, methodology and methodology of scientific education. Classification of methods of pre-education. Headquarters, scientific and special methods doslіdzhennya. Theoretical and empirical methods of preliminaries.

Scientific dosage method - the process of learning about active action, which is a singingthe last of the events, receptions, operations.

Methodology - the cost of the methods and the acceptance of the results, the procedure for the determination and interpretation of the results. Vona lay down according to the nature of the object of vivchennya, methodology, methodology, disseminated methods, zahalnaya rivnya of qualification of the adolescent.

Whether it is science, it should be carried out in different ways and ways, and according to the rules.

methodology name vchennya about the methods (method) of knowledge, that is, about the system of principles, rules, methods and priyomiv, signs for the successful development of knowledge workers. Skin science has its own methodology.

See the same methodology:

1) out-of-the-box methodology, which is universally applicable to all sciences and in її changes to include philosophical and out-of-the-box scientific methods of knowledge;

2) private methodology of scientific advice for a group of disputed economic sciences, such as setting up foreign, foreign science and private methods of knowledge;

3) the methodology of scientific advances in specific science, in the range of which are included in the field, in the field of science, private and special methods of knowledge.

It is a matter of fact from the knowledge of the previously developed methods of developmentnatural science and methods of social and humanitarian education.

Methods for improving the classification of science behind the galuzy: mathematical, biological, medical, social - economic, legal, etc.

In the fallowід рівня пізнання seemethods of empirical and theoretical equivalents.

Before methodsempirical rivnya vіdnosyat with caution, description, porіvnyannya, rakhunok, vimіr, questionnaire opituvannya, spіvbesіda, testing, experiment, model.

Before methodstheoretical pivnya provide axiomatic, hypothetical (hypothetical - deductive), formalization, abstraction, logical methods (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, analogy).

Falsely from the spheres of development and the stages of the development of the methods:

1) foreign (philosophical), in all sciences and in all stages of knowledge;

2) zalnonaukovі, you can be stuck in the humanities, natural and technical sciences;

3) special - for specific science, galusa of scientific knowledge.

General and scientific methods

scientific advice

Among the out-of-the-box methods of scientific advancing are the most vivid, dialectical and metaphysical.

dialectics (Gretz. - "I lead a madness, peace").Understanding the "dialectics" of Winiklo in Ancient Greece and the collection meant the ability to lead a super-list in the view of food and vision.

dialectics – vchennya about the best foreign laws and development of bootstrap and knowledge, as well as the introduction to the whole method of creative recognition.

Dialectics is presented in one two sides - sub'active and objective.

sub'active dialectics - to open up at the property of the sub''kta as the image of links and the development of an uninterrupted independent from the people and the people of the active bootty -dialectics of active ... Sub'active dialectics - the theory of development of the target, knowledge, struggle of ideas in science, philosophy, how to grow up at the svidomosty of people.

active dialectics - the theory of development of an active boottah, which is just right among the people.

Dialectics allows the imaging of the superficially foldable, superintelligible processes of material and spiritual light.

At the end of the day, about the wiping out, it opened up the power and the development of any development.

Dialectics is not a simple statement of what one sees in action, but a number of scientific knowledge and re-creation of the world. (In general, the unity of the dialectics is manifested as a theory (dialectical materialism) and a method (materialistic dialectics).

dialectical The concept is to build a dashboard development in one and the same number of ways, looking at the development as one of the most common and bright changes, as one of the actions and strikes, as a number of developments.

The principles of dialectics:

1. The principle of a backward link.

2. The principle of development through rubbing.

Basic laws of dialectics:

1. The law of the transition of kіlkіsnyh changes in yakіsnі.

2. The law of unity and struggle against opposites.

3. The law of the list.

metaphysics - method of recognition, anti-aging method,

how to look at the appearances, call the pose of them together, rub it

development.

characteristic features - monotony, abstractness, absolutization of that moment in the whole warehouse. Ob'ykti look at the posture of the folding link with the processes, manifestations and bodies. It’s natural for a human misery, so people aren’t good to know, but they don’t split the whole in their warehouse. Metaphysics is characterized by the static nature of the message.

metaphysical concept development :

– Displaying development yak only change or change (tobto yak only cite change) or like only yak change without any kind of change, tobtofrom one to one .

– dzherelo development back uponly in the last infusion on rіch.

– branch look abo yakruh by stake , Abo tilki yakrukh by high or lowstraight etc.

Methods

All out-of-the-box scientific methods for analysis into three groups:logical, theoretical and empirical.

Logic methods - analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, analogy.

analysis - tse razdzhenuvannya, distribution of the object for delivery to the warehouses of the part. Vin lie in the basis of the analytical method of dosage. By means of analysis є classification and periodization. The method of analysis is victorious both in the real, and in the rationalization.

synthesis - tse z'єdnannya okremikh storin, part of the ob'єkta doslidzhennya in a single tsil. However, it’s not just їх їєднання, but the knowledge of the new - the interconnection of the parts of the whole. The result of the synthesis is absolutely new establishment, the power of which is not only the name of the power of the components, but also the result of the internal interconnection and interconnection.

індукція - tse rukh dumka (knowledge) of the facts, rimmed vipadkiv to the zealous position. Inductive reason to "direct" on a thought, on a storefront. With the inductive method of reading, for rejecting the knowledge about a certain class of objects, it is necessary to know about the objects, to know them. a hundred signs, Yaki to serve as the basis for knowledge about the zagalnye meaning, lured to a given class of objects.

deduction - the price of a solitary, private zealny location; Rukh dumki (piznannya) from zagalnyh tverdzhen to tverdzhen about okremi objects or appearances. Behind the help of deductive minds, "vivodyat" a singing thought from other thoughts.

analogy - there is a way to reject knowledge about objects and appearances at the sight of the fact that the stench may seem to be similar to those, mirkuvannya, in which there is a reason for the delightful objectivs in some signs of being afraid of them. The stage of reliability (reliability) is based on the analogy to accumulate some of the similar signs in porous manifestations. Naybilsh is often an analogy to stagnate in

theories of similarity.

Before methodstheoretical pivnya insureaxiomatic, hypothetical, formalization, abstraction, communication, convergence from abstract to concrete, historical, method of system analysis.

axiomatic method - how to do it, like

The reason is that the actions of firmness (axiomi, postulates) are accepted without proof and because of the logical rules, the knowledge is derived from them.

hypothetical method - a way of advancing from victories of scientific hypotheses, i.e.

A typical method єhypothetical-deductive the way to achieve, the day of the yak polyag in the stem system and deductively knitted with oneself hypotheses, s which vivoditsya firm about empirical facts.

The structure of the hypothetical-deductive method includes:

1) visuvannya pretense (pretense) about the causes and regularities of pre-lingering appearances and objects;

2.)

3) vivedennya z vіdіbrannogo priuschennya (posilki) slіststva (visnovka) vikorystannya deduction;

4) an experimental conversion of the inheritance of hypotheses.

A hypothetical method of victoriousness when constructing the norms of law. For example, when the tax rate is set in the range of 13 bills on the income of the physical aspects, the substitution of the progressive scale of the taxation has been transferred, so that the next step is to allow the budget to be transferred from the current budget. Due to the increase in the number of organisms, the hypothesis was confirmed.

formalization - the representation of a manifestation of an object in the form of any piece of art (for example, logic, mathematics, chemistry) and the development of a manifestation, or of an object, by way of operations with indicative signs. Victory of piece formalized language in the scientific preliminaries allows us to use such shortcomings of natural language, such as the lack of significance, inaccuracy, and lack of significance.

When formalizing, replace the world with the use of signs (formulas). With the help of the operations with the formulas of the piece movers, it is possible to trim new formulas, to bring the truth of any position.

Formalization is the basis for algorithmization and programming, without which the computerization of knowledge and the process of advancement cannot be done.

abstract - the visibility of the authorities and the witness of an admittedly subject and the vision of the presenter of the authorities and of the visibility. When abstracted from other lines of authority, call the connection of a pre-sentient object emerging from hundreds of authorities and connections.

See abstraction: otozhnennya, i.e., the vision of the foreign powers and the vision of the same objects, how to see, the establishment of the same in them, abstracting from the visions between them, the definition of the objects of power in particular classes, deeds, deeds, deities. how to look out like self-contained objects and to be heard.

The theory has a vision and a vision of abstraction: potential health, actual non-incidence.

zagalnennya - the establishment of foreign authorities and common objects and appearances, the appearance of a foreign witness, in which

representations of the objects, basic signs of objects, for the manifestations of the given class. At the same time, it is possible to turn around in the vision of a vision, but be it a sign of an object or a manifestation. The whole method of scientific advancement spirals into the philosophical category of the out-of-town, special and single.

historical method Polyaga at the revealed historical facts and on the basis of such an explicit visualization of the historical process, when the logic of its ruk is revealed. Winning the transmission of the winery and the development of information about the past in chronological aftermath.

By applying the victorious method є: vivchenie the development of co-operative cooperation in a trivial hour with the appearance of new tendencies; Review of the history of development of co-operative cooperation in the pre-revolutionary period and in the rock of NEPu (1921-1927).

Convergence from the abstract to the concrete as the method of scientific knowledge a glimpse in the fact that a glimpse of a chance to know the head of the sound of a pre-sentient object (manifestation), then I quilt, as you see in different minds, see new sounds and such a way in the image all day and night. The victorious method, for example, for the inculcation of economic manifestations, transferring characteristic rice and the authorities and laws of development.

systemic method polyaga in pre-existing systems (that is, singularity of material or ideal objects), links, її components and їх links іf the calling middle.

At the same time, it is necessary to ensure that the new authorities of the system, which are present at the warehouses, must be brought to the attention of the new authorities of the system.

When analyzing phenomena and processes in folding systems, a large number of factors (signs) are seen, which are important in the middle of the type of smut and the inclusion of others.

Prior to the methods of empirical rivnya, one should be introduced with caution, description, rakhunok, vimir, porvnyannya, experiment and model.

caution - a lot of ways to learn, to learn from the middle of the power of objects and appearances for the help of the organs of the senses.

Regardless of the position of the presenter on the date before the registration, the development is simpler and the warning is turned on. Perche polyagaє in spared from the side, if the presenter is a detached person by way of being seen before the object, as not a participant in sparing. The other is characterized by the fact that the prelude to the criterion or incognito to be included in the group and in the capacity of the participant.

If caution was carried out in a natural environment, then we call it we love, and if we say it dovkilla, The situation will be specially set up as a glimpse, then it will be taken into account by the laboratory. The results of caution can be fixed in protocols, schoolers, cards, on films and in other ways.

to describe - the fixation is a sign of a pre-sluggish object, which, for example, is set up, for example, by the way of being cautious about it. Boo descriptionє:

1) bezposredn_m, if the presenter bezposeredn'o sprymє and vkazu signs of the object;

2) in advance, if the presenter is unambiguous signs of the object, which were taken by the same persons (for example, the characteristics of a UFO).

rahunok - the value of the number of spies about the amount of information available and the parameters that characterize their power. The method is widely used in statistics for the value of the step and the type of the phenomenon, the process, the validity of the average values ​​and theoretical values.

Vimiryuvannya - the value of the numerical value of the deyakoi magnitude by way of the standard. The value of the whole procedure is in the fact that there are just a few words about the new action.

porvnyannya - the sign of the sign, which is lured by two or more decal objects, the establishment of a visibility between them, whether they have been transferred to them by the senses, as well as by the additional special outbuildings.

experiment - the whole piece of the creation of a phenomenon, the process in the given minds, in the course of which the hypothesis is changed.

To classify the experiments on the basis of the new projects:

- on the galuzy of scientific doslijen - physical, biological, chemical, social, etc.;

- for the nature of the interaction, you will be able to do it with the object -extravagant (Experimental in the process of interconnection without interconnection with the illicit object) іmodel rooms (The model is replaced by an object). Stay on the basis of evidence (reason, evidence) and material (real).

model bath - the method of scientific knowledge, the day of the yak pole in the substitution of a pre-sentient subject, or of the appearance of a special analogous model (object), in order to revenge the original figure. In such a rank, replace the original (tell us about the object) the experiment should be carried out on the model (the first object), and the results will be extended to the original.

Models are physical and mathematical. Physical and mathematical models are developed as far as possible. If the model and the original are of the same physical nature, then the physical model is stagnant.

Mathematical model - tse is a mathematical abstraction, which characterizes the physical, biological, economic processes. Mathematical models with a different physical nature are based on the identity of the mathematical describe the processes that are seen in them and in the originals.

Mathematical model - the method of advancing folding processes on the basis of a wide physical analogy, if the model and the original are described by the same priests. So, the founders of the mathematics of the electric and magnetic fields can be used for the additional magnets, and navpaki. A characteristic feature of this method is the possibility of storing it up to the edge of the folding system, as well as only getting it right, but it is important to be vivified on physical models.

Special and private methods of advancement

Private methods are all special methods, which work either only in the boundaries of the vicinity of the halls, or behind the boundaries of these halls, de vonikli. Thus, the methods of physics have led to the establishment of astrophysics, crystal physics, geophysics, chemical physics and physical chemistry, biophysics. The expansion of chemical methods led to the establishment of crystal chemistry, geochemistry, biochemistry and biochemistry. It is not often that a complex of interconnected private methods is stagnated before the introduction of one subject, for example, molecular biology one hour to use the methods of physics, mathematics, chemistry, cybernetics in conjunction with them.

Special methods of further development of vikoristovyu only in one galuze of scientific knowledge, or they are surrounded by decilkom vuzie areas of knowledge.

In the social and human sciences, in the number of special methods of vikoristovuyutsya:

analysis of documents - yakisny and kilkisny (content analysis);

living, interv'yu, testing;

biographical and autobiographical methods;

method of sociometry - storing mathematical skills before the introduction of social events. Most often it gets stuck in the case of the introduction of "small groups" and the misconceptions in them;

іgrovі methods - to become stagnant when viroblenny management solutions - іmіtatsіynі (dіlovі) іgry and іgry іgry type (especially when analyzing non-standard situations);

method of expert evaluations Polyaga at the Vivchenna Dumka of Fakhivts, who will be very knowledgeable and practical knowledge in the singing sphere.

Control nutrition and supervision

1. Give the meaning of terms "method" and "methodology".

2. Yaka methodology of scientific research.

3. Open the dialectical and metaphysical concept of development.

4. Pererahayte zalnonaukovі methods of scientific doslіdzhen.

5. Yakі methods of insurance to methods theoretical level?

6. What are the methods to secure up to the methods of empirical level?

7. What methods are called private?

8. What methods are called special?

Tlumachennya results. If you are not guilty, you are not guilty of being firm, to see the stench coming from the authoritative ones. To secure the independent reconciliation, a documentary step is carried out, to ensure the availability of all the previous donations, methods and results in advance. It does not allow only to reject prior approval of the development of experiments, but to critically assess the stages of adequacy (validity) of experiments and results in terms of performance before being reconsidered.

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subtitle

History

Okremі chastini scientific method zastosovuvali shte by philosophers of ancient Greece. They broke down the rules of logic and the principle of supervising. With a lot of visnovki, rejected as a result of the Mirkuvan, the overwhelming was given due to the spurred practice. We celebrate the butt of the mirkuvannya over the practice є firmness, but the pond-legged Akhilles nikoli didn’t need a turtle.

Sophistry became the pinnacle of the development of logic. However, the metaphor of sophistries is not a style of truth, but a change in judicial processes, deformalism overwhelmed in any kind of pidhid.

Empirical scientific method

experiment

The experiment lasts on the offensive stages:

• Zbir information;
• analysis;
• Viroblenya hypotheses, explain the phenomenon;
• The development of the theory, which will explain the phenomenon, on the ground, in a wider perspective.

Science Doslіdzhennya

Science doslіdzhennya - the process of evolving the results of cautions, experiments, conceptualization and revision of the theory, linking with the rejection of scientific knowledge.

See the doslidzhen:

• Fundamental to the development, distribution by the head of the rank, the new knowledge is not far from the perspectives of the establishment.
• Applied doslіdzhennya.

caution

Main article: Caution (science)

Caution - the process of rectifying the process of taking objects in action, the results of which are fixed in the inventory. To reject significant results, it is necessary to be careful.

• bezposredne sparing, how to get there without storing technical problems;
• obosredkovane spared - with vicarious technical annexes.

vimiryuvannya

Vimiryuvannya is the value of the many meanings of the authorities of the object with the vicars of the special technical annexes and the unit of vimiryuvannya.

Truth and anticipation

True, and in fact, there are two sisters of birth, the daughters of the same All-Father Father, none of them have been cooked by themselves, I can’t come from the deyakoi Marnoslavstvo and the testimony of my wisdom on them, I’ll rip apart. A judgments and garni people guilty of looking, which is not possible in a way to explain and see the imaginary fight between them.

At the same time, middle-class people, at the same time, make a great contribution. But you can also be the director of the project "Human Genome" Francis Colinz, who wrote the book "Proof of God. Arguments of the Cured ”, the devotion to the nutrition of the sense of the religion and science.

On the present day, about divine involvement, the theory is automatically brought up, but the theory has also become a pretense, beyond the boundaries of science, which is also a matter of principle, unverifiable and irrefutable (to override Popper's criterion). The scientific method is based on uvazi shukati, which causes manifestations only in the natural area, without reliance on the supernatural. Academician Vitaliy Lazarevich Ginzburg:

In all kinds of different kinds of physics and astronomers in their scientific robots, they don’t think about God ...

It is simple to convert to something on the basis of prior knowledge, for knowledge can change the interpretation of the results of caution. Lyudin, who’s a masterful repetition of such a manifestation, is often a schiliac sprymati fact and prove that it’s true, except that the stench cannot be directly overpowered. When analyzing, we can see that the subject of light is not covered with a large number of extravagant (for example, the Corpuscular-Khvilian theory is impressed by some temperature).

Not less anti-science can be but ideological anticipation. By the application of the insanity of a similar pre-emptiveness and a scientific method, the 1948 VASGNIL session of the nation, as a result of which genetics in the USSR was dominated by the fence until 1952, and biological science emerged in the stagnation of 20 May. One of the main theses of "classical" biology on the part of T. D. Lysenko against genetics is that the founders of the classical theory of decline Mysticism replaces correct materialistic:

They meant earlier, the introduction of materialistic and idealistic sights into biological science a little at a time ... For us it is absolutely clear that the basic provisions of mendelism-morganism The stench does not represent the essence of living nature and is an eye for metaphysics and ideology ... The true ideological basis of Morgan genetics is good (by chance for our morganists). In his book "What is life from the point of view of physics?" The main axis of them: "... a special individual soul is a universal, all-pervading, universal soul." Tse his own smut Shredinger vvazhaє "... the greatest for that, a biologist, who can magick with one blow to bring the vision of God and the immortality of the soul."

Criticism of the scientific method

If post-positivists want to be seen from the understanding of truth, they are not the least, those methodologists [ ] Science gravitates towards knowing the background criteria, which would allow them to get closer to a more adequate description of the light.

paradigm manifestation

falsification of falsification

Knowledge and implicit knowledge

Lack of claim to absolute truth

The theologian and in some aspects of the philosophy of science have the knowledge to look like they are not married, and not to claim absolute truth. The process is supported by the process of changing scientific theories, we will describe it. At the same hour, a rich philosophical system in the minds of a sense of understanding in the knowledge of absolute truths, of the understanding of the theory of truth and knowledge, and of the success of science in the clarified light of a glimpse of a greater sense of philosophy

Div. also

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