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Science is a form of philosophy. Science yak is the main form of human understanding. Method of scientific knowledge

ABSTRACT from philosophy

on the topic:

SCIENCE YAK IS SPECIALIZING THE FORM OF Cognition of Reality

Vikonav: l-t Timakov D.S.

Tver 2006 r

Entry

This robot is assigned to one of the numerical problems of philosophy, and to itself: the science of the form of cognition of reality. Here there will be a description of the development of the Різні rocky And so is the power and function of science, as it was when people started developing the suspension in the new stages.

The first part is assigned to the view of science, as a system, which has its own power and function. Distant will be discernible nutritional specificity and personality from both groups of people, as well as suspension in general.

In the third part, a description of the scientific truth of a suspicious manifestation will be given. At the fourth part, the basic universal principles and scientific methods of knowledge and description are introduced.

At the conclusion, in part, the dynamism of the development of light in the opposite character will be briefly seen: looking at the science as I do not know the part of the culture of the suspension, how to develop and looking at the problem of the side of the opponents of nutrition by the methods of nutritional methods.

1. The systemicity of the phenomenon of science

Science is a specific form of activity (both in theoretical and practical spheres), tied to the formulation of an objectively objective, systemic and communicated knowledge about spiritual and material reality.

Science is one of the primary sub-systems of culture. Until the ear of the XXI century. there will be more than 800 її viznachen, more kozhin great impartiality (mislector) gives a clear interpretation of the phenomenon of science.

As soon as you clarify the value of the enumeration of the value, then the next step is to see directly in the science of science, and to concretize it. And itself:

- the manifestation of not the appearance, but the day-to-day characteristics of reality;

- the formulation of a logically inconsistent system and knowledge about an objective picture of the world;

-Predicting the country of real objects and processes on the basis of evolving natural and social laws;

- opening and distribution of special features of educational activity (mathematical methods, previously owned, etc.);

- Spreading a special kind professional performance(Vcheni, engineering, etc.) In the sphere of the community's work;

-functioning of special systems and organization and establishing, how to take care of non-adversaries, withdrawals, distributions and supplies of knowledge (libraries, information centers and information).

The terms "science" and "scientist" ("teachings") were recognized in the first half of the XIX century. in the European University of Practice. They became active in the field of mathematics, physics, chemistry and natural sciences. For excellence in the field of social sciences, the term "social science" has become victorious.

In the process of genesis and development of scientific knowledge, respect to the yogh classification. Significantly, the actions of the process.

The first classifications of science were celebrated in the era of antiquity. Aristotle (384-422 BC. E.) Rozdiliv philosophy (as a single science) on "theoretical philosophy", "practical philosophy" and "creative philosophy". Moreover, "theoretical philosophy" evolves into physical, mathematical and theological philosophy; on poetics and rhetoric. Logic is interpreted as a propaedeutic (introduction) to all systems of sciences.

At Noviy Chas F. Bacon (1561-1626) broke the classification of sciences into modern materials. People's knowledge was divided into three areas (spheres), and itself: history (memory), poetry (fantasy) and philosophy (rose). With a wide view of the region, the knowledge was given away in detail.

Representatives of the French Education (Didro, 1713-1784; ta in.)

A. de Saint-Simont (1760-1825) proponent the classification of sciences for the analogy of the class structure of the suspension (slave and feudal suspension - theology, capitalism - positivism and in.).

O. Comte (1798-1857) breaking the doctrine of "three stages" development of science, and itself: theological, metaphysical and positive. With a whole skin of various sciences, the last time you go through, on your mind, see the stages. In particular stages of going through not only natural science (astronomy, physics, biology, etc.), but humanities - sociology.

The fundamental classification of science (philosophy) was proponated by Hegel (1770-1831). And itself: "real philosophy" is subdivided into "philosophy of nature" and "philosophy of spirit". "Philosophy of Nature" includes mechanics, physics, organic physics. "Philosophy of spirit" is based on "sub'active spirit" (anthropology, phenomenology, psychology), on "objective spirit" (law, morality, morality) and on "absolute spirit" (mystery, religion, philosophy).

Until the XX century, the system of sciences was on the offensive:

-natural science (natural sciences) - a system of scientific knowledge about nature;

-technical knowledge (technical sciences) - a system of scientific knowledge about technical systems; science, oriented towards the implementation of natural science knowledge;

-human knowledge (social and humanitarian sciences) - a system of scientific knowledge about people and support and social and cultural middle ground and living.

I have a lot of questions about the "horizontal" vimiri of the phenomenon of science. Within the framework of the "vertical" vision of science fundamental and applied.

Fundamental science is a system of knowledge about the greatest power of active reality, tied to the formulation of a scientific picture of light, as it is not, as a rule, practical. Applied sciences, navpaki, the system of knowledge is looked at as a system of knowledge, and a subject-practical orientation is developed.

Fundamental science is linked to the manifestations of the basic laws and principles of the development of nature. Traditions of preliminaries are carried out not by virtue of outward (social) needs, but internal (immanent) stimuli. To this, in its foundations of fundamental science, it does not conceal a clearly rotated practical directness. In a whole sense of them, they associate axiological (central) neutrality. Along with the insight in the fundamental sciences, the principle is infused into the formation of the natural-scientific picture of the world, the change of paradigms (basic characteristics) of the scientific vision. In the fundamental sciences itself, the basic models of knowledge emerge, an understanding, principle and laws emerge, which form the teaching of applied sciences.

Applied sciences, spiraling towards results fundamental doslіdzhen, Emphasize respect for the solution of specific technical and technological problems related to the interests of the society. The sciences are ambivalent, so that in the presence of the sphere of stagnation there can be vicarians for the good of the people, and so negatively flowing into the new and middle of life. In addition, it seems, applied science includes a valuable zmist.

On one side, a spectrum of ideas, theories and concepts, which goes from the area of fundamental sciences to the sphere of applied science, leads to the transformation of sciences into an applied type. Tsia obstavina vimagak in its own line of "fundamentalization" of applied sciences. On the other hand, applied science is actively pouring into science of a fundamental type, advancing the steps of “practicalization”.

First of all, get comfortable with the methods of instrumental knowledge of nature. And, in other words, when developing applied problems, new ideas and methods are often found. So, the development of the technology of accelerating elementary particles allowed obruntuvati and reconversion theoretical statements about the fundamental laws of micro-science. Moreover, they brought up new elementary particles before the discovery of the laws of their approval, but quite often the intelligence of the glorious processes in the world was brought to the fore.

The development of science is an active process, which is characterized by an internalization (in Latin Immanentis - power, entrapment). Formation of natural knowledge, technology and knowledge of people in all the great worlds evolved their own historical preponderance of common minds (social, economic, cultural, etc.).

In addition, it seems, to accommodate the process of interconnection and interconnection of sciences. Historically, there are a number of forms of interconnection and interconnection between different scientific disciplines. Apparently acts of equal integration of science.

Sumy integrativity. Interconnection of scientific disciplines genetically and historically interconnected between themselves (physical chemistry, biophysics, economic mathematics, etc.)

Interconnected integrability. Interconnection of scientific disciplines both in one cycle (natural-scientific) and interconnected (for example, bionics is based not only on biology and physics, but on technical sciences).

Tsilova integrativity. The development of scientific disciplines in the cycle and the profile is useful for the implementation of the social setting, as well as in the development of science (for example, cybernetics is not only about mathematics, but also about systems of science,

Integrity is problematic. Interconnection of different directions of scientific knowledge to be seen in the process of resolving a specific problem; step of integration and function of the level - from local to global (for example, solution of global environmental problems vimaga "backing" of all areas of natural science, technology and human knowledge).

The tendencies in science are correlated with the functions. The number of functions of science is important. You can see things from them, but itself: before the slidnitska, navchalna, commune, social and cultural and svitoglyadna.

Pre-service function. Science, vivchayuchi concrete reality, seeks new sides and qualities, all the more effective methods of learning and development. The meta of scientific dosage is an analysis of the regularities of active reality.

Basic function. Within the framework of the development of scientific knowledge - the transfer of scientific knowledge from one pre-old system to the last. The process of training scientific personnel (through the system of education, science schools, etc.) will ensure the successive development of science, as well as the formation of new scientific traditions.

Communicative function. Tse - the process of exchanging information between members scientific spirit, This includes publications, conferences, discussions and in. As a result, there is a change in the interconnection of the scientific production of sports, the development of information and efficiency of the scientific performance of the past.

Social and cultural functions. Science is one of the basic elements of culture, which forms the basis of civilization. Rivne and the nature of the development of science is a suttuvim factor, and the status of society in the dynamism of the historical process. The development of science is a criterion for the positive dynamism of civilization.

Svitoglyadna function. The development of science is in the form of presenting a scientific view, that is, the system of principles, reconsideration and manifestation, which will start the whole process to an objective reality. In the borderline uzagalniy form of the scientific svetoglyad, it is connected with the rationalization of people (sub'єkta) to nature (ob'єktu).

At the younger stages, social development was dominated by the same functions of science. For example, in the ancient period the emphasis was placed on the її svitoglyadnyh functions (spontaneously dialectical form sіtoglyadu); in the middle period - primary functions (in the whole period, science was mainly concentrated in universities); in the minds of the New Hour - the prelude function of science was developing (becoming a modern type of scientific knowledge). especially lanka of material production Abstract >> Computer Science

here whistupaє material light, is active reality, Z yakoi vzamodіє i yaku ... pictures, recipes and інші form The information that was never seen before ... didn’t disappear science yak especially dіyalnosti. piznannya navkolishny light ...

Philosophy and methodology science

Navchalny messenger >> Philosophy

Philosophy, methodology and logic science, As well as philosophical theory piznannya... doslіdzhennyam science yak special social phenomenon (alcoholism ... truth. Tsim forms rational svidomosty luring pathos of maximum respect to reality... Yaksho from the point ...

Social culture and institute nature science

Navchalny messenger >> Sociology

Chi can the science yak singular the form the main point ... of the criticism to the traditional forms piznannya... Rationality in the whole sense ... yak sub'єkta piznannya into the system science... It has become zerous, now in nauci I’m not right for the picture reality yak ...

philosopher yak about the type svitoglyadu.

Abstract >> Philosophy

scho philosophy yak singular the science, Scho claiming for a change of approval especially spheres reality, Ні ... 1. Development forms piznannya... 2. Sub'єkt і ob'єkt piznannya... 3. Truth yak meta piznannya. 4. the science yak special the form piznannya... Termyn "...

Science is a special kind of cognitive performance, a focus on the development of an active, systemically organized and grounded knowledge about light. Social Institute, which will ensure the function of scientific and educational activity.

Yak kind of knowledge, science is interrelated with other kinds: common, artistic, religious-mythological, philosophical. Winning for the needs of practice and in a special way її regulate. Science is based on the meta viyaviti sutnіsnі links (laws), apparently to some objects can be transformed into human endeavors. Oskіlki in dіyalnosti can be re-imagined whether they are objects, the remains of all the stench can become subjects of scientific advice. Science vivchaє їkh yak ob'єkti, how to function and develop according to their natural laws. There can be vivchati and people as a sub'єkta of díyalnosti, albeit in the capacity of a special object.

Subject and practical way of looking at light, characteristic of science, of the development of new methods of knowledge. Naukovi understand - rational, vidіlyaє zagalne and іstotne in svіtі ob'єktіv.

Imagining light in its activity, science has given only one out of the images of the development of human society. Vona does not pick up all the cultures, but deprives one of three spheres, which are in conjunction with other spheres - religion, morality, philosophy, etc. Signs of objectivity and objectivity of knowledge є the most important characteristic of science, altogether lacks for the value of ї ї specificity, some of the objectivity of objectivity and objectivity of knowledge can be given and everyday knowledge. On the other hand, science cannot be intertwined with the development of the deprivation of quiet ob'ects, of their powers and of those who, in principle, can be mastered in the practice of the historical era.

Gradually the application of science until the expansion of the field of preliminaries is presented by this systematic acquaintance, which determines the characteristics of science, as well as the development of everyday knowledge. First for everything - I will be responsible for the results. Budenne knowledge is a conglomerate of knowledge, views, depriving some of the fragments of what is tied between themselves. The truth of knowledge is transformed here without the mediocre in the best practice. It’s like a science to go beyond the tsi framework, it’s not possible to sneak into the ready-made form of a mass practical mastery of objects. It requires a special practice, for the help of which the truth of knowledge is a scientific experiment. A part of knowledge is transformed into experimentation, and it is called logical connections, so that the transfer of truth from one loss to the bottom is not guaranteed. As a result, the authorities find out the characteristics of the knowledge - their systemic organization, design and communication.

Science of transferring special methods and methods of activity, special mov and especially attached complexes.

Consider also the specific features of the sub'kta of scientific activity, for the formation of a specific specialty of the sub'kta of science, for the formation of a special purpose of the new sub'kta, as if it would be forgotten about the establishment of the power of science in case of problems and methods in case of problems Systematic employment in science allows for the development of a special sub'ct, a power system of values, the foundation of which serves as the basis for the values of attitudes to the joke of truth. The attitudes seem to be two primary signs of science: objectivity and objectivity and awareness for the development of all new objects, unconditionally to the ready possibilities of mass practical development.

Three stages of the formulation of science. 1. Moving from pre-science to science - the first was mathematics. 2. As a result of mathematics, the way of theoretical knowledge, mastering in Russian thought in the field of theoretical ideals, having established itself in natural science. Here we see the method of visualizing hypotheses with the help of a given grounded dosage. 3. Formation of technical sciences as a way of mediating the sphere of knowledge between natural science and virobnism, and then the formation of social and humanitarian sciences.

In the development of science (repaired from the 17th century), three main types of scientific rationalism can be seen: classic (17th - early 20th century), Nonclassic (1st half of the 20th century), Postneclastic (late 20th century). Classical science allowed it, that the sub'ct of distances from the object, like bi from the side, piznaє svit, and in the mind of an objectively truthful knowledge, I esteemed the elimination from the explanation and I will describe everything that is needed to be brought to the attention. Nonclassical rationalism is characterized by the idea of the reliability of the object and of the operation and of the operation; exploration of ciches with the help of and operation in the mind, rejecting the true knowledge about the object. The quantum-relativistic physics appeared at a glance to the realization of this approach. Post-nonclassical efficiency in economic performance. The knowledge about the object is not only due to the reasons, but due to the cost-effective structures of performance, allowing for the exploration of the internal scientific values.

Science yak social institute Above all, the form of suspicious svidomosty, tied with the virobnance of scientific-theoretical knowledge, is a singular system of interconnection between scientific organizations, members of the scientific spirituality, a system of norms and values. The establishment of an institute is the result of a recent development.

Understanding institutum - in lat. vstanovlenya, pristіy, call. The Institute for the transmission of action, interweaving into the function of a complex of norms, principles, rules, models of behavior, which regulate the activity of people. The Institute is a manifestation of overindividual rivnya, its norms and values are heavy over individs acting within its framework. The very understanding of the "social institute" has become a part of the life of the presenters of the prelude to the ancient sociologists. R. Merton is the founder of the Institute's approach to science.

The understanding of the "social institute" represents the steps of the consolidation of that particular kind of human activity. Institutionalization of the transfer of formalization of all types of communication and transfer of information from unorganized activities and informal communication according to the type of grounds and negotiations before the establishment of organized structures, which is responsible for the transfer of regulation, control

In antiquity, the science of knowledge was differentiated in the systems of natural philosophies, in Serednovichich - in the practice of alchemists, they were changed either from religious or from philosophical glances. An important change of mind for the development of science as a social institute є the manifestation of systematic coverage of the growing generation

The winners of science as a social institute will tie together with cardinal changes in a suspicious way, the zokrem, with the era of bourgeois revolutions, as it has given tough mailing to the development of promises, trade, news, services. The ways of organizing and cooperating among the people were changed by a stretch of the historical development of science. Science yak social institute vinikl v Zakhidniy Europe in the XVI-XVII centuries. in response to the need for service personnel to publicize capitalistically and claimed autonomy. The very idea of science as a social institute spoke about those who, in the system of suspicious growth, are guilty of specific functions, but they themselves are responsible for the theory of theoretical knowledge. Science as a social institute included not only the system of knowledge and science, but also the system of knowledge in science, science and organization.

Official science is in charge of adapting the basic ideological installation of the suspension, providing intellectual arguments and practical tools, which helps to preserve the privileges of the establishment of state priorities. In the whole of all modern science, it is punished to "nadikhatisya" ideology, to include it in itself. Yak, having respectfully respected T. Kuhn, “to start seeing the puzzles, and there is a great ideology behind all this”. It signifies that the steps of the ideological grip of an unreasonable rise in the middle of the three great classes of science. Most of the fallow lands from the ideological inundation appear in the community (humanities of science), the most fallow - natural. Technical science is rich in what is interconnected with applied purposes, demanding from the side of the field, a step in the field.

Oscillations of the achievement of social norms and standards are being repaired in the process of primordial socialization, then the science of nicholas cannot be influenced by the inflow of the suspension, if it wants to become almost anti-ideological. Prior to the characteristics of ideology, there is no doubt about the creation of reality, dogmatism, intolerance, non-falsification. Science is based on an antiquated principle: it’s pragmatic to an accurate and adequate representation of reality, it is often tolerant of competing theories, and it’s not too hard to get over it and it’s subtle to falsification.

The current science is in the presence of the lack of initial development factors, the middle not only to power up the economy, the consumption of economy and state priorities, and the most important intellectual, philosophical and philosophical issues. Do not go for a pose of respectfulness and activity of those who are obsessed with their professional wines and rationalizers. It is more important for a place to follow the mechanisms of social education scientific doslіdzhen.

Science is a factor of social regulation of suspension processes. Vona poured into the consumption of the suspension, becoming a necessary mind for rational management. Having shown the social and cultural regulation of science, work through the system formed in this suspension, the establishment and connection of members of the suspension to prelude to business and ethos of science.

Among the social functions of science I see: culturally svitoglyayut; the function of non-middle productive power; function of social power.

Stop transferring, the methods of science and tribute to vikoristov to be used for the development of large-scale plans for social and economic development. Science appears to itself at the function of social power when it is violated global problems fun natural resources, The obstruction of the atmosphere, the magnitude of the environmental problems).

Science as a social institute includes:

1) those who were awarded with knowledge, qualified and received;

2) podil and cooperation of scientific practice: clear and efficiently implement the system of scientific information;

3) establish scientific organization, science schoolsі spіllnost; Experimental and laboratory facilities

Science as a social institute has its own structure and structure, both cognitive and organizational and moral resources. On the tsіy posіvona includes the offensive components:

- the supremacy of knowledge and knowledge;

- the appearance of specific educational goals and buildings;

- vikonannya singing functions;

- the manifestation of specific features of the knowledge and installation;

- viroblenya of forms of control, examination and assessment of scientific achievements;

- іnuvannya singing sanctions.

The development of the institutional forms of scientific activity has transferred the changes to the process of institutionalization, the development of this change and the results.

The very history of science is closely tied to the history of the university education, which is not just the transfer of knowledge systems to the bezopasidny employees, but also the preparation of the building up to the intellectual practice and the professional science of people. The emergence of the university dates back to the XII century, Protest in the first universities of the panu religious paradigm of light perception.

In the middle of science there are scientific schools, how the scientific structure is organized and kerovana, is based on a pre-old program, a single style of targeting and ocholyvan, as a rule, the specialty of a prominent one. In science of science, there are "classic" science schools and modern ones. "Classical" science schools and winners on the basis of universities. Rozkvit їkh dіyalnosti falling on the other third of the XIX century. On the cob XX Art. in conjunction with the reimagining of scientific-pre-past laboratories and institutes in the form of organizing science practices, modern ("disciplinary") science schools have come to replace them.

On the basis of the "classical" science schools and disciplines, the functions of science and education have been weakened on the plans, so that they can be molded into the framework of the school itself and programs.

The next step in the development of institutional forms of science was the function of scientific teams on an interdisciplinary basis, so that new indications will appear on the sticks. other regions knowledge. Interdisciplinarity guides the mind towards the synthesis of knowledge, against the disciplinary mindset towards analytics. You can also take revenge on your own mechanism of "learning" disciplines for each other, and for complementing and refining the whole complex of human knowledge.

scientism- An idea of \ u200b \ u200bthe position, which is based on a statement about science, knowledge about finding cultural value and a primary factor in the organization of people in society. It’s the ideal of science to look at the more precisely mathematized natural science, given the flow of what is in the knowledge of the laws of nature and related scientific and technical progress and vinikє scientism. Scientism absolutizes the role of science in life, in an uncritical set up to the point of being extended to scientific concepts. So, on the way to the role of science in the life of the suspension in the whole, scientism is manifested in the absolutization of the role, in the uncritical set up to the possibility of broadening scientific concepts, in the underestimation of the need for a permanent ethical bureaucrats. Scenicism in philosophy is manifested in ignorance of the glorious character, in the unreasonable and specificity in the context of special scientific knowledge (Positiveism, neopositivism). In the social and humanistic knowledge of dressing due to underestimation of the specificity of the subject in relation to natural objects, due to the attempts of uncritical suspension, it is more often necessary to achieve the complete introduction of people into Velma is not safe (the first for everything for the most real scientific knowledge), inherited from the scientist cult of science, the ideology and dogmatization, the re-implementation of this in its own way, surrogate the relevance; robblevanyh her historically passing models of reality. Uniqueness of extreme socialism, critical and unprecedented analysis of the real possibilities of science in the context of culture as a whole, at the same time it is not without fail to fall into no less one-sided "science fighting". Science є the most valuable stimulant for dynamic development of all aspects of life human suspension And the power of the spirit of scientific rationality is the pure cultural value, as it is vibrated and hardened in the folding and dramatic process of creating and developing culture.

antiscientism- Ideyna position, like a pole in critical (right up to the point) assessment of science and role in the system of culture and scientific knowledge as a factor of bringing people to life. Rise of the formation of antiscionism of Velmi is strongly varied beyond the level of criticality at the point of view of science. Pomіrny Antistsієntisti vistupaє Perche for everything not stіlki proti samoї science skіlki proti Aggressive stsієntizmu, yaky pragne absolyutizuvati role of science i priniziti cultural znachimіst іnshih forms dіyalnostі i orієntatsії Lyudin in svіtі - Mistetstvo, moralnostі, relіgії, fіlosofії, budennoї svіdomostі, emotsіyno-osobistіsnogo representation until the day and so forth. Such a kind of Antiscience criticism of the conceptual absolutization of science is the first for all the positions of humanism, because of the need for the development of new forms of human admission to the prospect of people to the point of failure It is more radical options for anti-science to go over from criticism of scientistic absolutization of science to criticism of science like that. In extreme manifestations of the stench, evaluate the science of sexual and personal positions (for example, at N. A. Berdyayev or L. Shestov) as a strength, as a prototype for all the people to see, the first for all their will. Religious Antiscience of the openness of science, prompting the need for a religious motivation of scientific knowledge. Even though the early forms of antiscintism were recognized on the basis of their own, low science, forms of witness (such as religion, mystery, morality), then it is characteristic for the curiosity that tendencies of antiscintism emerged on the ground of critical self-knowledge of science. Such, for example, is the criticism of science as a "myth of happiness" by the representative of post-positivism P. Feyerabend. For those who are in the present, there is a tedious infusion of science into the process of scientific and technological civilization, but at the same time, it is justly itself and destructive inheritance, for which it is guilty to bear the opinion and science. Antistyentic criticism of this kind took on a more active and comprehensive assessment of science, and the role of the possibilities, which can be obtained, and I respect the ethical aspects of science. "Science fighting" and radical anti-science (for example, I. mind you scho to face the suchasny people of problems.

problem The insights of science in terms of the largest forms of cognitive activity are the basis of criteria for the interdiscipline of scientific knowledge and non-scientific motives. In other words, the price of seeing the criteria for science.

main features scientific knowledge є nasty:

1. Basically, the development of scientific knowledge - the emergence of ob'ktivny laws of action - natural, social, laws of the very knowledge and іn. Looks at the idea of the power of the subject, its turn at the eyes of the idealized objects, drowning in the daytime of the pre-juvenile manifestation;

2. Science zd_ysnyu vivchennya is not only about'єktyv, reimagined in current practice, but it is quiet, which can become the subject of practical mastering in the future. Science to be engaged, crim is in front of the maybutny;

3. Nauci power activity So, as the main meta of scientific knowledge is objective truth. All non-intricate subject sub'єktivist moments for the realization of the purity of its gaze are taken into account;

4. Sutta acquaintance with yogo systemicity... Knowledge is transformed into science, if the description and publicity of facts is brought to the point of being included in the theory;

5. Post_yna methodological reflection- assimilation of methods and acceptance, for the help of which the data of the object can be heard;

6. The scientific knowledge of the authorities suvora, the proof of the results, the reliability of the results;

7. Science knowledge є folding process of development and creation of new knowledge, Scho to establish a system of hypotheses, theories, laws, in mov.

8. Verification of knowledge for additional information (verification);

9. Stagnation of specific material (attach) and non-material (methods) of experimental methods;

10. Specific characteristics of the sub'єkta of scientific activity, in the first place preparation.

//////// Science is cognitive and cognitive intelligence. Whether it is activity - the goal is straightforward, procedural, structured activity. The structure of any activity is composed of three main elements: meta, subject, and activity. In the case of scientific effectiveness, the meta is the rejection of new scientific knowledge, the subject is clearly empirical and theoretical information, relevant to the news of the scientific problem, and the fact that it is obvious in the order of the announcement of the announcement of the methodology

There are three basic models of the image of the process of scientific knowledge: 1) empirism, 2) theorism; 3) problematism. In the history of empirism, scientific knowledge to read from the history of the empirical data about a specific subject of scientific advancement, based on the basis of the most empirical hypotheses - the magazine, based on the most recent facts The model of scientific knowledge as an inductive public opinion about the most beautiful hypothesis on the basis of the highest step of the empirical approach in the philosophy of science is called a non-industrial science Її prominent representatives of Boule F. Bacon, J. Geschel, V. Uewell, St. Jevons, G. Reichenbach, R. Carnap et al.

Directly opposed to the model of scientific knowledge є theoreticism, which is important to the point of origin of scientific intelligence, to the idea, to the people in the field of scientific purpose (determinism, indeterminacy, discreteness, impermanence, order) Within the framework of the theory of science, the activity is presented as an inherent constructive expansion of that wickedness, as an expressive polarity in the same kind of outlandish idea. A certain form of theoreticalism in the form of natural philosophy, as it impresses every science of applied philosophy, empirical concretization of ideas of philosophy (Hegel, Whitehead, Teilhard de Chaden, Marxistics of nature. Christmas natural philosophy є unpopular, protest versions of the theory of total competition (thematic analysis of J. Holton, radical conventionalism of P. Duhem, A. Poincaré, methodology of the scientific and pre-eminent program І. Likewise

The third version of the image of the structure of scientific activity is the concept of problematicism, I will most clearly formulate it by K. Popper. As a matter of fact, science is a specific way of communicating cognitive problems to become the key point of scientific activity. science problem- tse suttuviy empirical or theoretical nutrition, molded in the explicit language of science, based on what kind of vimage rejecting new things, as a rule, it is not obvious empirical or theoretical information.

The modern science is not made in purely intellectual way. Vona is the sutta aspect of innovation, directing to the stem of the new partners. As a part of innovative activity, science is a post-implementation of the offensive structure: fundamental pre-development - applied pre-development - brown models - pre-development - design boxes. Moreover, fundamental dosages take no more than 10% of the total amount of scientific dosages. Maximum corny innovation - axis of the head vimoga daily suspension up to scientific excellence.

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ABSTRACT from philosophy

on the topic:

SCIENCE YAK IS SPECIALIZING THE FORM OF Cognition of Reality

Vikonav: l-t Timakov D.S.

Tver 2006 r

Entry

This robot is assigned to one of the numerical problems of philosophy, and to itself: the science of the form of cognition of reality. Here there will be descriptions of the development of the development of the problem in the development of rock, as well as the power of that function of science, as people started to develop the suspension in different stages.

1. The systemicity of the phenomenon of science

As soon as you clarify the value of the enumeration of the value, then the next step is to see directly in the science of science, and to concretize it. And itself:

The manifestation is not of the call, but of the day-to-day characteristics of reality;

Formation of a logically inconsistent system and knowledge about an objective picture of the world;

Forecasting the country of real objects and processes on the basis of evolving natural and social laws;

Development and development of special tools for educational activities (mathematical methods, previously owned, etc.);

Expansion of a special kind of professional activity (vcheni, engineering, etc.) In the sphere of community development;

Functioning of special systems and organization and establishing, how to deal with rejects, retirees, distributions and information about reimbursement of knowledge (libraries, information centers, etc.).

In the process of genesis and development of scientific knowledge, respect to the yogh classification. Significantly, the actions of the process.

Representatives of the French Education (Didro, 1713-1784; ta in.)

Until the XX century, the system of sciences was on the offensive:

Natural sciences (natural sciences) - a system of scientific knowledge about nature;

Tekhnikoznanie (technical sciences) - a system of scientific knowledge about technical systems; science, oriented towards the implementation of natural science knowledge;

Human knowledge (social and humanitarian sciences) is a system of scientific knowledge about people and support and social and cultural center and living.

I have a lot of questions about the "horizontal" vimiri of the phenomenon of science. Within the framework of the "vertical" vision of science fundamental and applied.

Applied sciences, spiraling on the results of fundamental ideas, emphasize respect for the solution of specific technical and technological problems related to the interests of the society. The sciences are ambivalent, so that in the presence of the sphere of stagnation there can be vicarians for the good of the people, and so negatively flowing into the new and middle of life. In addition, it seems, applied science includes a valuable zmist.

First of all, get comfortable with the methods of instrumental knowledge of nature. And, in other words, when developing applied problems, new ideas and methods are often found. So, the development of the technology of accelerating elementary particles allowed the obruntuvati and reconsideration of the theoretical statements about the fundamental laws of microsight. Moreover, they brought up new elementary particles before the discovery of the laws of their approval, but quite often the intelligence of the glorious processes in the world was brought to the fore.

Sumy integrativity. Interconnection of scientific disciplines genetically and historically interconnected between themselves (physical chemistry, biophysics, economic mathematics, etc.)

Integrity is problematic. Interconnection of different directions of scientific knowledge to be seen in the process of resolving a specific problem; The step of integrativeness and function is from the local to the global (for example, the broadening of the global ecological problem in the development of all areas of natural science, technology and human knowledge).

Basic function. Within the framework of the development of scientific knowledge - transfer scientific developments from one pre-old system to the last. The process of training scientific personnel (through the system of education, science schools, etc.) will ensure the successive development of science, as well as the formation of new scientific traditions.

Communicative function. Price - the process of exchanging information between members of the scientific sports industry, including publishing, holding conferences, discussions and other. As a result, there is a change in the interconnection of the scientific production of sports, the development of information and efficiency of the scientific performance of the past.

At the younger stages, social development was dominated by the same functions of science. For example, in the ancient period the emphasis was placed on the її svitoglyadnyh functions (spontaneously dialectical form sіtoglyadu); in the middle period - primary functions (in the whole period, science was mainly concentrated in universities); in the minds of the New Hour - the pre-slidnitska function of science was developing (becoming a modern type of scientific knowledge).

Until the 19th century. The development of science was of a paramountly permanent nature, it didn’t add a lot to the social and cultural processes of reality. And until the middle of the 20th century, the functions of science will begin to operate in unity, establishing a systemic integrity, which will prevent the dynamism of the cognitive process.

2. Enatural-scientific and socio-cultural knowledge: specificity and personality

Historically, there were two points of view on the specifics of natural science (technology) and people knowledge (social and humanitarian knowledge). The first to go from them is that the specificity is twisted between the genesis and the knowledge of people, and the type of natural-scientific and humanistic knowledge. Another point of view, navpaki, spirals into manifestation, apparently to some of the natural-scientific and humanitarian knowledge of the day-to-day vision, which may be of a nature.

І. Kant (1724-1804) is worth it for turns in glances, how to walk from the sutta of the "history of nature" and "history of the suspension" ".

The neo-Kantian (Baden) school, spiraling around the Kantivske vchennya, actively developed the thesis about the prototype of natural-scientific and socio-cultural knowledge.

G. Rikkert (1863-1936) was a sublive of science, which is based on the vikorist one within the framework of the abstraction, generalizing (natural science) and individualizing (historical science) in the discipline. To that, on your own mind, in natural science, the real decision to understand the laws of all-meaning, and the historical (socio-cultural) disciplines, are importantly based on the indivisual basis of reality. Moreover, it is pragmatic to go to the generalizing (uzagalnyuche) intelligence of historical processes to wrap up in their spirits.

Historically, a number of peculiarities of natural science and socio-cultural knowledge are seen, summarized by the reality of their specific characteristics. Apparently the actions of them.

The basis of the knowledge of the laws of nature is the causal-inherited interconnection of natural speeches and manifestations. Given a wide range of natural laws, it is not possible to obscure the quality of the people. The laws of mechanics, for example, are of an objectival nature, explaining the specifics of interrelations of bodies in macros.

Navpaki, the laws of the function of social and cultural systems and the function of social activity, more to change as a result of social and cultural development. Otzhe socio-cultural laws are not a constant category.

Evidently, the laws of nature, which appear within the framework of natural knowledge, in the process of cognition, consume their constancy. The insight into micro-science was revealed by the interconnection of the laws of mechanics with the sphere of macro-science. At the same time, the social and cultural laws in the meaning of the world have a normative character, which may lead to great steps of sub-activity.

Otzhe, natural sciences are characterized by a great step of activity, more and more development is tied to the development of internal natural connections and vidnosini. Historical disciplines can also push back to the emergence of active tendencies in the development of social systems. Within the framework, however, the dominant of the central and normative manifestations is clearer.

The laws of natural science appear on the basis of a scientific experiment. Moreover, be it a theoretical proposition in a concrete science about the nature of transmission, experimental confirmation. Іnsha lie in the social sciences. Within the framework of the experiment (as an active injection into the knowledge of the object in the natural science and science), it is hardly possible.

Natural science laws should be recognized as a law, if in the process of the experiment it is necessary to preserve its repetition. The historical fact is a lonely phenomenon. Have a tsyomu sensei social cultural phenomenon uniquely in historical forms. already, educational process in natural science and human studies runtutsya on other methodological installations.

Specific features of the object of natural science and human knowledge are known on the effectiveness of forecasting the development of natural (natural) and socially natural (integral) systems. The truth of the natural-scientific theory is confirmed not only by experiment, but by the constructive forecast, so that a promising extrapolation of development of a specific natural system is possible. Yaksho in chemistry reactions take the fate of molecular water and muslin, then the prognosis is obvious, but itself: the process will end with the holy molecule. A similar forecasting efficiency is hardly possible in the sciences about social life. In fact, it seems that the forecast in social and humanitarian knowledge (on the basis of natural science and technology) is characterized by a high level of unimportance.

Historically, there was a system of sciences about people and suspensions that took shape in a natural way.

At the turn of the XX and XXI centuries. It is becoming more and more obvious that water in the natural and human sciences is more and more intelligent. Significantly, two furnishings, at least, will prove the point.

First, the scale of the problems ("wiklikiv"), which is adequate to the permissibility within the framework of the current civilization, the transfer of "connection" to the entire cycle of scientific knowledge. If in the process of becoming and development, the status of natural science was superbly high (and human science could not supervise with it), then until the middle of the XX century. the sciences of the social and humanitarian cycle before the singing world "pushed" the discipline of natural and scientific character (development of economics, psychology, anthropology, social philosophy). Adequate "response" to civilization wikis can be discarded in the process of interconnection and interconnection of different types of modern scientific knowledge.

І, in a different way, the methods of natural knowledge (і technology) and people-learning step by step approach. Even earlier, for example, a scientific experiment was connected with natural science, then with the development of, say, the global model of social science, one could perceive the possibility of "progravatie" and the development of society. As a result, there is an increase in the activity of social knowledge, as well as the effectiveness of its predictive motives. The phenomenon of "information revolution" unrepentantly follows the traditional dichotomy between natural science and human knowledge. At the same time, one is able to take advantage of this world of vision among them, making them more aware of the specificity of the message. Lyudin and nature, straightforwardly nazustrich one for one, take care, not less than, its own specifics.

3. Naukova istina yak social and cultural phenomenon

The understanding of truth is one of the primary in the theory of knowledge. Truth is an adequate representation of action, її understanding. One hundred percent of the possibilities of understanding of the active reality is to understand the diametrically opposed points of view.

Prihilniki of the same point of view, do not wonder at the folding and super-verboseness, action in general; navpaki, інші - to accept agnosticism, to see more (or rather often) the possibility of knowing the light. The elements of agnosticism, the foldability of the cognitive process, are found in contemporary social and cultural minds.

Fixes the specific forms of truth (artist, moral, political, etc.), which show specific types of knowledge (aesthetics, ethics, politics, etc.). The special statute of the science of truth.

One can see the advancing criteria of the science of truth, which one can find between oneself and one another. And itself:

Objectivity - independence of various factors;

Systemicity - the determination of the principles, theories, hypotheses, etc.;

Rational proof - reliance on logical experimental submissions;

Possibility of reversal - on an experimentally practical level.

The push of a scientific truth is an evolutionary process. Going to the level of the active science of truth, that is, Otrimannya knowledge, as it is not possible to lie in sub-active minds, to be bound from the “step” of the cognitive process.

How is it that the knowledge of the wrong is not true? What kind of rank is there in the true knowledge of Omani in the very manifestations of their own?

The idea of відповіді at the price of food is carried out from the moment of the genesis of scientific knowledge. As a criterion of true knowledge, we took different characteristics, and itself: self-evidence, observability, clarity and in. In the XIX-XX Art. I saw a few principles, a range of transferring messages to the level of knowledge. You can see things from them.

principle"Practice is the criterion of truth." The practice of thinking yak is straightforward to the subject-sensitiveness of the sub'єkta (people) from the re-creation of the ob'єkta (navkolishnyoi action). The practice of science is the transfer of experimental activity, tied to the implementation of the theory, which is confirmed by ourselves. However, this principle does not mean the absolute status of the practice in the cognitive process: only in the process of interconnection between practice and science (theory), the truth of scientific phenomena appears.

Verification principle. According to the glances of positivism, the truth of whether something solidified about objects and the processes of reality will arise, in the endless rakhunka, the path of the (truth) setting with sensitive tributes. Difficult (and often unwillingness) to "mumble" without a mediocre observance of scientific dosages (for example, micro-science) led neo-positivists (logical positivism) to the point about partial and previous indirect confirmation. Tim himself will establish interconnection between theoretical and experimental assumptions as criteria for the truth of knowledge.

The principle of falsification. Due to the principle of the status of science, there may be no such loss, as it may be in the principle of falsification, i.e., created in the process of setting with empirical tributes. In this context, the emphasis is on the critical approach to the results of theoretical advances.

The principle of rationalism. Tse - the ideal of philosophical classical statements about the reference of science. It is well known with many manifestations, reliable knowledge (it is associated with versatility, simplicity, predictability, etc.). It is critical to approach the classic statements about the science of knowledge, current post-positivists come up with a single theory of rationalism on the basis of “historical relativism”. Within the framework of the statement about rational knowledge, change historically, including characteristics (for example, intuition), which cannot be accepted by classical rationalism.

Differentiation of the truth is not so easy. It is not possible to put on an experiment, to carry out the previous revision of the general theoretical provisions, especially in the social and humanitarian sciences.

M. Polani (1891-1976) having formulated the theory, there are two types of knowledge. And the same: obvious knowledge, pivoting in categories, understandings, laws, theoretical impulses, etc.; The implicit knowledge, which is not very clever theoretical apparatus, is fixed in practical ways (navichki, maisternosti, etc.).

Science of truth is the balance between explicit and implicit knowledge, and if in natural science (and technology) there is a great step of explicit knowledge, then, navpaki, in human science there is a great step of implicit knowledge. The approach to the scientific truth is the transfer of the "shift" of all the more significant parts of knowledge from implicitness to an explicit form. Tse is a dynamic process, the development of science by historical and social-cultural minds.

4. Universal principles and scientific methods of knowledge

Universal principles - rationalization, vicorization in all spheres of cultural activity, in the system of natural, technical and human sciences. Significantly deprived of the actions of them.

The principle of activity. Pragnennya to look at the object (phenomenon, rіch abo processes), going from internal (іmanentnyh) manifestations.

The principle of development. The submission, as a matter of fact, before any change, both in a kind, and in a kind of foreign speech, in the case of a process of internal power.

The development is lured by both organic and non-organic objects, as well as social and cultural systems. You can see the development and development. And the same: downward and downward, progressive and regressive, from general to lower, from simple to folding, from necessary to vypadkovy, etc.

The principle of consistency. To transmit the analysis of speech, manifestation, or to the process in one place, in conjunction with the interconnection of all the elements; view of the elements of the system as a single unit.

systemicity- pragnennya to the all-inclusiveness of the cognitive process, as interpreted as an epistemological ideal. One of the peculiarities of the systematic and interconnection of vikoristovannyh in new formalized and informalized methods and methods for the development of the development of the ages, how to be learned by natural technical people and human beings.

The universal principle of scientific knowledge (the actions of them are seen from them) are concretized within the framework of scientific methods. A number of them are visible.

Induction and deduction. Rule on the social discretion (okremo) and the consistency (spirituality) of reality.

Inductio (from Latin Inductio - guidance) is a method of knowledge, recording on a site from a private to an out-of-town, if the evidence collapses from a private knowledge to an out-of-the-way, before the knowledge of laws. The science of induction will establish the causal links, based on the repeated and interconnection of the hundred powers of the part of the speeches and appearances of the singing group, and from them - until the appearance of the distant causal links. Inductive reasoning does not give reliable knowledge, but only to "lead" the thought to the emergence of such knowledge.

Deduction (in Latin Deductio - vivedennya) is a method of knowledge, prototyping induction, setting on a wall from a zagalny to a specific one. Deductive minds give true knowledge for minds, so that you can take revenge at all kinds of situations. In real knowledge deduction and induction of interconnection. The constructiveness of the deductive method is tied to the subject-practical and social and cultural activity of the people. At the same time, it seems that its efficiency has been summarized by the accumulated and theoretical interpretation of the exemplary empirical material.

Analysis and synthesis. Razumoviy і real process of dismemberment of the whole in the warehouses of the part with the further details of the intrinsic value.

Analysis (from Greek. Analysis - distribution) is a method of recognizing dressings with explicitly disjointed speech, appearing either to the process at the warehouses of the elements using the method of recognition. The analytical method allows the recognition of a part as an element of the whole.

Synthesis (in Greek. Synthesis - z'єднання) is a protolezhna rosum operation, tied to the common images of the elements of the object in a deyakiy whole. Analysis and synthesis are interconnected.

By the way, synthesis is a cognitive process, based on the results of an analytical method. Moreover, from the out-of-the-box reception of the knowledge of analysis and synthesis, it is transformed into special methods of education, which are used to guide specific sciences ( mathematical analysis, Synthetic chemistry and in.).

Classification and publicity. Logical ordering of scientific objects and processes of reality.

Classification (in Latin. Classis - type і facere - robiti) is a method for sublanguage speeches, or processes on a certain group, according to the singular signs. Seeing: natural classification, within the framework of which suttuvs appear, depending on the type of objects (for example, in biology); and piece classification (say, biblical alphabetical catalog). Classification for with hundreds of signs characterized as typology. Whether it is a classification є to complete the mind and bearable, thoroughly in the process of knowing real objects. Classification is a form of communication.

Uzagalnennya - the acceptance of the misery, within the framework of which the zagalny authorities appear, signs of the kind of speeches, the appearances and processes of action. Otrimane uzagalnenne knowledge means the loss of the image of reality, to tell about the farther penetration into the day-to-day of the object. So, if within the framework of the classification, there are types of signs of the object (for example, the understanding of "birch", "poplar", "maple", etc.), ), showing signs of a specific character.

Analogy and similarity. Revealing of subtle elements in different objects and systems.

Analogia (Greek. Analogia - type) is a method, based on the appearance of needs in certain types, sides and qualities of non-identical objects. To rely on a logical method of reasoning for analogy. At the early stages of the development of science, analogy replaced experiment and caution. Thus, ancient pre-science (natural philosophy) went along with the microcosm (lyudin) and macrocosm (nature). Gained on the basis of the analogy of the ground similarity human body and powers, organism with human mechanism.

Podoba is a variant of analogy; vikorystovuєtsya, however, for the adjustment of analogous objects, alley scales. For example, they see "little tricytes", that is, geometric figures, characterized by a different scale.

Abstract and Idealization. Theoretically, seeing and looking at an object or a process that cannot be understood for the most part.

Abstraction (in Latin Abstractio) is the process of explicitly seeing the sides, powers, appearances, or when speaking, appearing, or the process of one-hour viewing of the contextual characteristics that cannot be achieved in a given ...

Idealization (in Greek. Idea - image, uyavlennya) is a mental process, which conveys the vision of an abstract object, which is fundamentally non-existent in active reality. Tsi ob'єkti vistupayut in the form of scientific analysis, the basis of the theory. "Idealized" objects are characteristic for the entire system of scientific knowledge, and itself: in mathematics - "absolutely black tilo"; u fizitsi - "point"; in chemistry - "ideal conflict"; in sociology - "type of rationality"; in culturology - "cultural and historical type", etc.

Idealization є the shape of the twisting of abstraction. It is in the process of idealization that one sees the borderline between the real powers and the qualities of speech, for the manifestation of the instantaneous introduction into the minds of those who are made to understand the sign that they cannot be perceived in reality. For example, the understanding of the "material point" є with an ideal object, however, is not only theoretical in nature (in the process of the development of scientific theory), but rather practically immobilized (for example, for the purpose of the structure of specific materials. The understanding of the “backward type of rationalism” (M. Weber) allows, for example, the theoretical analysis of the backward civilization (“Protestant ethics”).

Model and explicit experiment. Vyavlennya spіvvіdnoshennya mіzh real object (process) і th analogue.

Modeling (in French Modell - zrazok) is a method, when you hear an object (original), it is replaced by a model specially created for the first time. The model will be stagnant todi, if the speech is introduced, it appears, or the process is uncomfortable, or it is not difficult for quiet reasons.

Seeing a few types of models, but itself: physical, mathematical, logical, computer. The ability of the model to move in the process of detailed computerization - from the local to the global model, that is, to induce the models of the planetary scale.

One of the views of the model is an experiment. The price of a method of scientific research, analogous to the structure of material experiment, for the rest of which, spiraling on theoretical knowledge and empirical data, constructing ideal models of a pre-juvenile subject of the day and developing the problem In explicit experiments, they operate with ideal objects and inject them with ideal minds. Obviously, they are designed on the basis of both experimental and theoretical methods of knowledge.

Mathematics. One s fundamental methods a scientific character, which gives an empirical knowledge a theoretical status.

Mathematics (in Greek. Mathema - knowledge) is the penetration of mathematical methods in the sphere of scientific knowledge, a system of sciences has been formed.

Mathematics manifests itself in a meaningful way in the sciences. We have a special relationship between physics and mathematics. As in the classical physics, the theory of common processes was being developed, for which a modern mathematical apparatus is being constructed, then the physics of a mathematical apparatus is In other words, happy theory vyavlya physical wolf in abstract mathematical impulses. Victory of mathematical methods allowed the establishment of theoretical biology; mathematization of chemistry and economics has increased the possibilities of organic synthesis; The study of mathematics in geography was included in the group of the provincial sciences about nature. Actively vikoristovute mathematization in the sciences of the social-economic and humanitarian profile (economic mathematics, mathematical sociology, etc.).

І universal principle, і gallonauchnі methods of knowledge є "additional" in relation to one to one. Itself in the process of interaction is formed adequately about the objective reality in the whole society.

5. Dynamics of socialism and anti-socialism

Science є warehouse part of culture. In the period of development of the civilization of the dominant of the culture of the modern age, in the development of the modern forms of suspension

In the New Hour, science is acting as an initial factor in the development of social and cultural processes of civilization. Science itself, and especially the formation of realizations, is increasingly beginning to define the specifics of mutual relations between people, suspensions and natural middle ground.

In the European culture, since the ancient period, the manifestation has been formulated, it is evident that it is a blessing to see what is known, that is, Science is interpreted as a phenomenon that volodya self-esteem. In the dynamism of history, the development of tsei led to scientism - svitoglyadu, which absolutizes the role of science and scientific knowledge in the social and cultural process. Moreover, science has provided a guide for the development of culture.

The current form of socialism is characteristic of the XX century, since the era of scientific and technological revolution was reached, the predominantly positive phenomenon was seen, and the dynamism of scientific-technical (and social-economic) progress could be prevented. Within the framework of the concept of dominance, it is obvious that there are a large number of problems that arise in the system of interconnected people with new knowledge, they can be considered for additional scientific and technical methods. Scientism converges with technocratism in its practicality against social and economic protection against society on the basis of scientific methods of management.

Scenicism and technocracy rejected development from the other half of the XX century. in the form of theories of postindustrialism, in the form of a revolutionary The dynamism of the up-and-coming “postindustrial suspension”, as the most important, the effectiveness of ideology to socialism.

Alternative style of vistupa "Antistsіntisti" - svitoglyad, within the framework of how to emphasize respect for the negative sides and heritage of the development of science. If on the cob stages of active dynamism, having overcome scientism (Antiscience is not clearly manifested), then the action of Antiscientism borrowed more and more importantly in the analysis of the status of science in suspension.

I, as a collection of ideas based on the negative heritage of the development of physics, then in the whole context of the history of the development of biology and genetic engineering; chemistry with a negative influx of the elderly into the biosphere. Psychology can be a vikoristan for man_puluvannya human specialty, And sociology - for pouring on suspicious testimonyі behavior of social groups і etc.

At the turn of the XX and XXI centuries. nutrition is formulated in the following order: science - good or evil? Ї development - is it blessing to block the life of the people, the society and the biosphere?

In the history of science, it is figuratively accepted to see two types of scientific knowledge. And the same: the science of the "Apollo" and "Faustian" type. At the first vipadku rely on respect for the science of the ancient period with respect, passiveness, locality, іrratsіonalnіstu; for another - bitter science z її activity, dynamism, globalism, rationalism. The very characteristics of the zyazuyutsya about the "crisis" of the scientific knowledge of the "dead end" of the straightness of its development.

Indeed, the science of the backward (Faustian) type has zoomed a high level of development of the modern civilization. And, not less than that, historically, the characteristics were added to the critics. Let's say, the point is rimmed. aside from, for example, rationalism, which is one of the initial characteristics of the backward type of science, and not a sufficient principle for the formation of an adequate scientific picture of light - a true manifestation of active reality. It is necessary, within the framework of the whole point of view, to "add" to rationalism by converting it to an intellectual character.

In the end of the XX century. it is not a “crisis” of natural science knowledge, but a change of paradigms (Greek paradeigma - zrazok), so that traditional theoretical, philosophical, socio-cultural changes, start the development of science.

In the end of the XX century. There is a tendency to "shake up" until the end of the day between natural-scientific (technical) and humanistic knowledge, sciences about nature, technology and people. The steps of the "humanization" of science are advancing in order to accommodate the interconnection with the social and cultural processes of reality. At the same time, the process of "culture" culture, understanding of the penetration of scientific ideas, the concept and manifestation of knowledge about a person and a suspension will be accepted.

visnovok

The modern science picture is full of everything in a big world of a systemic-integrative nature. Within this framework, changes are being made for the "transfer" of the main ones to understand and the manifestation of the sphere of natural sciences into the field of humanitarian knowledge. Natural science and socio-cultural processes are seen in the dynamism of the changes. Go about changing your mind and thinking about the formulation of the whole picture to the world, to the extent that there is no scientific knowledge.

List of Literature

1. History and philosophy of science. Ursul A.D., Vidavnistvo RAGS, Moscow, 2006

Science is a form of philosophy. Science yak is the main form of human understanding. Method of scientific knowledge

Philosophy and methodology science

Social culture and institute nature science

philosopher yak about the type svitoglyadu.

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