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Classical and satisfying theory of temperament. Physiological concepts of temperament Concept of temperament in psychology

temperament- tse individual specialties people who will start dynamically mental processes and behavior. With a dynamic mind, the pace, rhythm, triviality, intensity of mental processes, the growth of emotional processes, as well as the reasons for the special features of the behavior of people - the slackness, activity, speed, etc.

Temperament characterizes the dynamism of specialness, but does not characterize the change, glances, interest, not an indicator of value or low value of specialness, not because of the power of power (not because of the power of power, but because of temperament)

Theory of temperament.

temperament in Latin it means “sumish”, “vidpovidnist”. We have found out what to do with the “father” of medicine - Hippocrates. Win vvvazvshis, that the temperament of the people, they begin to, as for the chotir oh ridin to the organism of reloading. As well as shelter (in Latin "sanguis"), the temperament is sanguine: Volodya їm Lyudin energіyna, shy, zhitєradіsny, comrade, it is easy to endure life difficult and bad luck. As soon as dominu zhovch ("holi"), then the people will be choleric: vin zhovchny, drativliviy, zhudlivy, non-trimmings, even ruhlivy, with a shy serpentine mood. If you perevazha mucus ("phlegm"), then the temperament is phlegmatic. It’s a calm, powerful, ever-important person, it’s important to change from one type of activity to another, it’s disgusting to get used to new minds. If I am heady є chorna zhovch ("Melana Holi"), then a melancholy is walking around - a lumpy man is sickly, sarcastic and infuriating, shy to the point of confusion, fearfulness, isolation, vіn shvidko stomlyuєt, overwhelmingly sensitive to unpleasantness.

The theory of temperament can be named humoral (Vіd lat. "Humor" - rіdina), ie. The temperament lays down from the spіvvіdnoshennya biologicheskih rіdin in organizmі. Deyaky succinct and idiots show how to develop and balance hormones in the middle of the body and start to show temperament - for example, the excess of hormones in the thyroid gland will reason with the temperament of the idle people.

On the cob XX Art. vinikla constitutional theory temperament, proponated by E. Krechmer. The main idea was that people with the singing type of statues may have a singular psyche.

Vіn vіdіliv 4 constitutional types: leptosomatics, pіknіk, athletic, dysplastic.

LEPTOSOMATIC - characterized by a tenditic statue of tall stature, flat chest clutch. The shoulders of the university, the lower ones - the last and the worst.

ПІКНІК - lyudina with swirling adipose tissue, superficially smooth. It is characterized by a small or medium height, which is spread with a tulub with a great belly and a round head on a short shoulder.

ATELETIK - a man with rosy musculature, mіtsnoy statue, characteristic high or middle growth, broad shoulders, vuzki stegna.

Dysplastic - people with shapelessness, I wake up incorrectly. The individual type is characterized by small deformations of the statue (for example, overworldly growth, disproportionate statura).

With the named types of budovi tila, Krechmer assigns 3 vision types to temperament, which is called a schizotimic, iksotimic and cyclothymic. The schizotimik is asthenic statura, wines of isolation, schilial to the number of emotsii, obstinacy, underdevelopment to the change of settings and glances, from the practice of attaching to the point of view of the statues of an athletic performance. The chain of calm people with stripped gestures and mimicry, with a low-pitchedness of the misnomer, often misleading. The picnic statues are a cyclothymic, their emotions are vibrating between radio and sum, it is easy to contact with people and realistic at glances.

The theory of E. Krechmer was broadened even further in Europe, and in the connection (of) the United States (s) of America the concept of the temperament of W. Sheldon grew in popularity, formed in the 40s of our capital. At the heart of Sheldon's glances is also a pretense about those who are tough and temperament - the 2 parameters of people who are connected with themselves. The structure of the body is the basis for the temperament, for the function. U. Sheldon came up with a hypothesis about the basic types of statues, describing them in terms of embryology. I have seen 3 types:

ENDOMORPHNY (with endoderms it is more than internal organizations);

MESOMORPHNY (with mesoderm, pretend to be myazov cloth);

EKTOMORPHNY (skin and nerve tissue develop from ectoderm).

With a number of people with an endomorphic type, the statura is obviously weak because of too much fatty tissue; mesamorphic type of powerfully string and powerful, great physical strength and strength; and to the ectomorphic - tendinous organism, flat chest tissue, more delicate symptoms with weak muscles.

In psychological science, the greater number of constitutional concepts has become an object of guest criticism. The main shortcoming of such theories of the field lies in the fact that they underestimate the role of the middle class and social minds in the formulated mental powers of the individual.

Great respect for merit the concept, based on the features of the function nervous system, Yaka viconuє dominates and plays a role in organism. The theory of communication outlandish authorities nerve processes with types of temperament of Bula are proponated by I.P. Pavlovim і took away the further development and experimental support in the robots of the last one. Vidіlenі І.P. Pavlov's type of nervous system is not only in number, but in terms of the main characteristics, they correspond to 4 classic types of temperament:

strong, level, ruhlivy - sanguinik;

strong, level-headed, inert - phlegmatic;

a strong, neurological type of disorder - choleric;

weak type-melancholy.

Pavlov rosum is a type of nervous system, such as malformations, it is evidently weakly given to the vitamins and minerals. On the thought of I. P. Pavlova, the power of the nervous system and establish a physiological basis for temperament, as well as a mental manifestation of a type of nervous system. A type of nervous system that was installed in the preliminaries on the tvarin Pavlov, having propelled it wider on people.

Nutrition 44. Psychological characteristics of types of temperament. power and temperament.

In this hour, science has had its own sufficient number of facts to give a new psychological characteristic of all types of temperament according to the designation of the program strings. However, for the folding of the psychological characteristics of the traditional 4 types, they clearly see the offensive basic power to temperament:

sensitivity To start a team, as the greatest power of new injections, is necessary for the determination of some kind of psychic reaction of the people, as well as the speed of the evaluation of the reaction.

reactivity characterized by a degree of mimicry reactions to call or internal infusion of the same force (critically acclaimed, an educated word, a sharp tone - a sound).

activity inform about those who are intensively (energetically lyudin is poured into the last light and overwhelmed by the overwhelming goals (ease, straightforwardness, average respect).

The social reactivity and activity of a person, as a result of which, at a higher stage of adolescence, the activity of people: as a kind of internal environment, mood, type of subtype, or even

plasticityі rigidity It’s pretty easy and dull to stick with a guy until he’s injected (plasticity) into an inert and dull behavior.

Extraversion, introversion From the beginning, from what it is important to lie down the reactions and the activity of the people - from the outward hostilities, when they come to the Danish moment (extrovert), for example, the appearance of the thoughts, which have been tied up in the past and in the future.

I'll look around at all the reinsured authorities. Ya Shoot yes, the onset of psychological characteristics of the main classical types of temperament:

SANGVINIK. Lyudin has an advanced reactivity, but a little more activity and reactivity at a new age. Win zhvavo, zbujeno vidgukuєtsya on everything, shho screwed up yo respect, I live mіmіku and virazni ruhi. The insignificant drive is less likely, but the fact that there may be more excitement. For this person it is easy to guess the mood, put to the subject of people. At a new high time of sensitivity, that is not a fault of even faint sounds and light podrazniki.

Volodiyuchi promoted activity and being even less energetic and attending, he is actively taking up a new right and maybe not being tired. It’s good to be smart, disciplined, and you can show your sentiments and mimic reactions. youmu lured shvidki ruhi, The nausea of the rosum, the wine, the longevity. fast pace movi, shvidke included in new robot... Visoka plasticity appears in the minuscule of sentiments, attitudes, interests and praznen.

Sangvinik easily converges with new people, quickly calls to new surroundings. Without force, it isn’t just to switch from one robot to another, or to retrain. opanuyuchi with new stuff. As a rule of thumb, at a higher level, see the call of the enemy, which is on the sub-active image and presented about the past and maybut, extrovert.

A sanguine person is very easy to find out, easy to change. It’s easy for a sanguine to pretend and overwhelm new time calls, a stereotype is very lumpy, which also seems to be true for a sanguine person who’s smart, and appears to be smart to the point of instability.

CHOLERIC... Yak and sangvinik is a little sensitive, high reactivity and activity. But in choleric, the reactivity is clearly overriding the activity, that is the fault of non-crimping, non-crimping, impatient. Igniter. Vіn mensh is plastic і big іnertny. Chim sanguinik. Zvidsi is a great strength of praise and interest, great ease, it can be difficult to switch respect, sooner an extrovert.

PHLEGMATIC PERSON I have a high level of activity, which is significant over a little reactivity, a little sensitiveness and emotion. It’s important to rozmіshiti and to stir up - if it is about voiced to laugh, you can become indifferent. In case of great inappropriateness, to become calm.

Call at a new bіdna mіmіk, the hands of inviolable trust, so it goes, yak. Winnie is not accurate, it is important to switch to respect and to stick to the new situation, to wake up tips and calls. At the same time, energy and labor. Become patient, showy, self-controlled. As a rule, it is important to meet new people, weakly guessed at the call of the enemy, an introvert. inadequate phlegmatic є yo vigor, little ruffiness.

The inertia is recognized in the emergence of stereotypes, it is difficult to wake up. However, the quality, inertia, low and positive value, when the primed steel is special.

MELANHOLIK Lyudin has a high sensitivity and little reactivity. Sensitivity, with great energy, should lead to the point that an insignificant appearance can be vicious in a new mood, it is overwhelmingly urging, more sensitive. Mimika and his hands are not viral, his voice is quiet, his hands are not violated.

Call it uncommon in your own, fearful, the least difficult to sniff, give up. Melancholic energetic, not overly light, easy to stumble and little time. For those in power, it is easy to accept the lack of respect and trust in the pace of mental processes. Most melancholy - introverts. The melancholy litter is sarcastic, not silly, fearful. However, in a spokiyniy evolving situation, melancholy people can successfully cope with everyday tasks. We can vvazati already firmly establish, that the type of temperament in people is in vogue, and from the very powers of this kind of organization, it is not yet known until the end.

It has long been implied that people see one kind of one their own behavior. The food about those presentations of the ciches of information is well known in the history of philosophers and politicians. This is how the science of temperament became known. The creator of the vchenya about temperament is the old Greek likar Hippokrat. Vін vvvazv, scho in tіlі people є chotiri rіdini: shelter, lymph, zhovch and chorna zhovch. Optimal consumption of juices is due to health, because it is disproportionate to the growth of sickness in children. However, Hippocrates has not yet set up the jingles between the “juices” and the relationships in the organisms and the mental powers of the people. Vyhodyachi s vchennya about chotiroh "juices", often called humor (from the Latin humor - volog, sik), Klavdiy Galen (II century N. treatises "De temperamentis" (lat. temperamentum - spіvmіrnіst, the world is correct). With nine visions and detailed descriptions of the temperaments of the chotiri, it is impossible to lie down in the body of one of the "juices", and in our hour it is popular with wide popularity. Tse temperament: sanguinika (from the Latin Sanguis roof), phlegmatic (from the Greek Phlegma - phlegm), choleric (from the Greek Chole - zhovch) and melancholic (from the Greek Melas chole - chorna zhovch).

The concept of temperaments is fantastic, as in the same type of childish "juices" in the organism of the Bachil of physiological foundations of the singing forms of behavior, considered the psychophysiological study of the pre-developmental science in the science of medicine. They are vigorous, so that you can insure yourself to the temperament of power (reactivity, sensitivity, emotional timing) in the meaning of the world to lie in individual views in the function of the hormonal system. Vchennya Hippocrates - Galena, until now, the feast of the wickladens is not very much in the skin handler of psychology. Until the middle of the 18th century. Mayzhe all the preachers bached the anatomical and physiological bases of temperament in the future and functions of the circulatory system. So the manifestation of protection and in the era scientific psychology... Thus, the Nimetsian psychiatrist E. Krechmer seemingly admonished the temperament, having instilled in him that the basic power of temperament was established by him - sensitivity to tempers, moods, the pace of mental activity and psychomotor - reassurance chemical warehouse blood. At home, there is also a chemical theory to the temperament of the 30th rock of our capital, which W. McDaugall should be like, without a mediocre connection to the old humoral concept. Thus, Albrecht Haller, the founder of experimental physiology, which is important for the psychology of an understanding of wakefulness and sensitivity, is the main factor of temperament, the strength and wakefulness of blood through the blood vessels themselves. The idea of linking the peculiarities of temperament with the singular anatomical and physiological characteristics of the nervous system and won some experimental support as the leading rank in the typology of I.P. Pavlova; until it was unimaginably brought, how the actions of the power of the nervous system and set the physiological basis of the temperament. Concept of types of the nervous system according to I.P. Pavlov, that more Radiansky psychologists will take on the physiological basis of temperament, or to relate to the temperament, attributed to the significance of the singing power of the brain, which will lead to the combination of the type of temperament.

From incessant anthropologists, who turned out to be respected in the minds of Budovia, and psychiatrists, who fostered the minds in scholarship to mental illnesses at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. a concept was formulated, with a sense of the sound of links between the statue and the power of the temperament. In the 20s of our capital, K. Sego, having expanded the typology, was based on the fact that the organism of the people and their distribution lay in the middle and the genius of schisms. The skin system іs organіzm іdpovіdaє the callous middle course, which is poured into the tsyu systems. So, fortunately - dzherelo dyhal reactions; їzha, yak, eat the system into the grass, I’ll set up dzherelo grub reactions; motor reactions oppose the physical middle; social center victories of brain reactions. Vyhodyachi z tsogo, K. Sіgo vіdіlya - in the fallowness of one of the systems in the organism, the chotiri of the main types of statues: dyshal, herbal, muscular and cerebral. The revaluation of one system over the others will lead to a specific reaction of the individual to the singing changes of the midst of the colony, (for example, the skin types of statues suggest the singular peculiarities of temperament). Look at K. Sigo, how and what the concept of that hour, how the statura with psychic peculiarities of the body is ringing, little infusion on the formulation of the modern constitutional theories, how they have gained a wide expansion in the psychological temperament.

Discernible actions of shortcomings, characteristic of large constitutional concepts.

1. The main zakid at the address of all constitutional typologies is made to the point of underestimating the stench, and just ignoring the role of the middle class and social minds in the formulated mental powers of the individual. Tse knew most of the obvious viraz in the dualistic concept of K. Konrad, who is a happy version of the classical psychology theory of psychophysical parallelism. As far as the theory goes, psychic and physical processes run in parallel, if and only one way of one, there may be one root cause. With such a reasonable connection between the body and the psychic activity of the individual of the middle, the role of a factor is introduced, depriving the victorious being programmed in advance of becoming and psychic specialties. It’s easy to intelligence, such a look to lie in the basis of the so-called pedagogical fatalism, if the role of a teacher or a whistleblower is to be reduced to the end of such minds for a child, for which the psyche is programmed, would reject the power of development.

2. Such characteristics, such as schism to cosmopolitanism, or to internationalism, according to K. Konrad, or to U. Sheldon's opinion of such power temperament, as, for example, socialization of food consumerism, love for companionship recessionary powers of the same order as і statura. As it seems, such a power, is determined on the basis of the basic anatomical and physiological features of the individual, it is formed by the flowing vykhovannya and suspicious middle age; to twist tse, zokrem, in the fact that individuals with the same anatomical and physiological powers (monozygotic twins), wicked from the very people in different minds, There are one type of one given characteristics. I, navpaki, in individuals, which strongly develop in anatomical and physiological inclinations, in case of a general wickedness, it is possible to formulate the same or even more similar rice.

3. Unprimed є often learn in the constitutional typologies of firmness, people should not be healthy to carry in themselves the embryo of psychotic ailments, they may have a singular scholarship before them. Kretschmer's typology, as well as Konrad's part, is tse, persh for all the typologies of sick people, who are overwhelmed in abnormal minds, and the transfer of the laws established for the whole group to the population of healthy people is unacceptable.

4. Boulo carried out a number of empirical doslіdzhen for the revision of the truth of constitutional typologies. It’s not possible to bring the temperament up to the level of the statues and the powers that be. Bulo is also revealed, with a lot of facts, selected by a group of presenters, presented and given tendencies, so that the stench confirmed the truth of the theoretical assumptions of constitutional psychology.

The link between power and temperament can be explained to the body, the animal can be explained not to the budova, morphological structure of the body, but on the functional, factor basis. For a long time now, the prevalence of mental processes and behavior of people and the functioning of the nervous system, as well as the dominant and critical role in the body, is known to be in the so-called principle of nervousism. The very leaders of the development of nervous processes and their peculiarities have become more intelligent in the behavior of people. The concept of the link between the remote powers of the nerve processes and the types of temperament of the bull was developed by I.P. Pavlovim. ...

The characteristic of L. Thurston's visions of the factors, described by us, as in the concept of Gilford only one pole, in view of the advancing rank:

1. Active. Such an individual is quick to practice, to find there is no need to keep up; to collapse quickly, impatiently, to navigate as needed to save time; gradually in the day; smart until quickness. As a rule, it is a lot to talk, walk, write.

2. Energіynі. Physically badyorі indivіdi, going in for sports, loving the robot, especially in the morning and in the m'yazovyh zusil. Vol_yut any physical activity, to supervise great energy costs.

3. Impulsive. The mood is not turbulent and more important, it is quick to take the solution, it is even easier to go from one task to the next, and go down the drain.

4. Dominant. They are smart cheruvati people, brothers on themselves the visibility, innovation - I want to not be dominant in this group in action. Willingly to make public and organize all comrades come in.

5. Stable. Individuals, for those who are typically non-trivial, equal to the mood, at critical moments they take a calm, may be able to grow up, find it easy to use in uncomfortable minds, I need to work through the situation without any problems.

6. Social. To love being in the company, it is easy to have knowledge, to be kind, kind, smart to the point of being able to take it in spilkuvanny.

7. Reflective. Willing to think about the will theoretical practicality, often engaging in self-caution, be calm, willing to work on self, to love activity, but to be accurate, want to plan, not to realize.

The skin of the named factorial concepts of temperament (like і інші, not guessing the concepts here) sees the deyaky powerlessness - factors that allow more-mensh to describe temperament. Yak vvazhayut hookers of cich concepts, the nobility's temperament of an individual is to mean the importance of the power of the skin factor, which is part of the structure of temperament. / 4, s46-47 /

In the United States in the 40s rr. XX Art. great popularity nabula concept of temperament W. Sheldon. The basis of this concept is to lay a pretense about those who are tough and temperament - there are two interconnected parameters of people. On the author's thought, the structure of the body is the basis of the temperament, which is the function. Sheldon goes into the hypotheses about the basic types of statues, describing them in terms of embryology.

Їm buli vidіlenі three types: 1) endomorphic (with endoderma, the internal organisms are more important); 2) mesomorphic (with mesoderm pretend to be myazova tissue); 3) ectomorphic (skin and nerve tissue develop from ectoderm). For people with an endomorphic type, a powerfully weak statura with too much adipose tissue is obviously weak, for a mesomorphic type characteristic of a string and a small muscle, a great physical strength, and for an ectomorphic - a tendin statura, a flat chest wall and a weak tonicity. For Sheldon, the types of statues are attributed to singing types of temperaments, named among the fallowness of the functions of the singing organs of the body: viscerotonia (from Latin Glkhset - core), somatotonia (from the Greek. ... Sheldon is specifically called viscerotonic, somatotonic and cerebrotonic and vvazhaє, because of the singing type of the statue, Sheldon is called all the named groups of powers. However, in the opinion of people, they begin to be overwhelmed by the quiet authorities, (Table 1). / 2, s.557 /

VALUE: Temperament (from the Latin Temperamentum - properly connected parts) is an individual specialty of people, which starts the dynamics of their behavior and mental processes.

The temperament is seen, as a part of the nervous structure of people, laid down by the people. In the first place, temperament manifests itself in inflexibility, so that in the strength and stiffness of experience, like the winikє in people with . Viyav, "a practical way out" to temperament і impulsiveness. Temperament is transformed in the process of forming the character, and the power of temperament is transformed into rice.

theory of temperament

Humoral theory of temperament(Persha s vidomikh) proponuvav ancient Greek liquor, the founder of medicine Hippocrates. From the point of view, the temperament lies in the most important in the body of people of ridini (humor).

Tipi temperament for Hippocrates:

* If you change the shelter (sangvis), then the temperament will be sanguine- energetic, smart, life-like, comradely type, it is easy to endure life difficult and bad luck;

* Yaksho perevazhaє zhovch (holі), then Lyudin will choleric- zhovchny, drat_vlivy, zabudlivy, non-trimmings, even ruhlivy, with a bright snake mood;

* Yakshcho perevazha mucus (phlegm), then temperament phlegmatic- calm, povilny, temporal type, generally, forcibly changing from one type of activity to one, nasty addicted to new minds;

* Yaksho perevazhaє chorna zhovch (melena hole), then the temperament will be melancholy- cheaply, a lot of rubbish, an irritating and spirited type, schilial to the point of confusion, fearfulness, isolation, shyly stomily and overwhelmingly sensitive to the point of misery.

Constitutional theory temperament was on the ear of XX century. її Main idea I felt at the established link the temperament with the built-in constitution (statue) of the people. The constitutional theory spirals on to the point-of-view signs in the future of the human body. Most of the modifications of this theory should be similar to that of a certain psychiatrist and psychologist Ernst Kretschmer and an American doctor and psychologist William Sheldon.

Tepee temperament according to Kretschmer:

astenik- a lump of high growth, tendinous statues, with a flat chest cell. The shoulders of the university, the legs and arms of the thin and the dovs, the hands of the university, the shkira vyyala. Asthenics are sick to early age;
piknik- a middle-aged man of small growth, with rich adipose tissue, a great belly, a lumpy chest clump, a round head on a short shoulder. Especially wider with other rice;
athletic- One cholovik, for a middle age, proportional muscle statues, with wide shoulders, good muscles, high-pitched stigmas. The head is trimmed straight, the face of the brush is droopy;
dysplastic- a lyudin of the wrong statues, filthy formations.

The constitutional theory depicts really tangible connections between the zodiac signs of people and their mental peculiarities. At the same time, it is not allowed to evolve the basis, which is how the singing physical and mental power of the individual can be grouped in the same type of temperament.

Psychophysiological theory of Pavlov є the most widened Vona, I tie a type of temperament of a man with a type of his nervous system. І. P. Pavlov seeing chotiri types of nervous systems:

first type - strong, level, ruhlivy;
the other type is strong, neurological; itchy;
the third type is strong, level, inner;
the fourth type is weak.

Having seen a chotiri type of nervous system, І. P. Pavlov having set them with the classic types of temperament, showing the highest steps of the similarity between them. This gave the first time for a visitor: the very power of the nervous system and temperament has long been described.

Tipi temperament according to Pavlov:

sanguinik(Nervous system of the first type) - a lude, it is easy to get attached to the change of minds of life. Reactions shvidki, pondered. The settings are timeless, life-long. V superficially ruhlivy, comrade, often snickering. We have a wide range of knowledge. With great interest, to the right, productive, energy; in іnshomu vipad mlyaviy, tedious, non-tsіkaviy. It is characterized by a high definition to early difficulties.
choleric(Nervous system of a different type) - Lyudin, the nervous system of which is characterized by the ability to break down over galmuvanny. Become energized when there is no window dressing and self-control. Fiery, non-trimming, impatient. When you start to eat chimos, I will increase my strength and interest until later. The neurological importance of the nervous system is due to the cyclicality of the change in the strength of that activity and bad growth: having drowned in some kind of right, it’s inadvertently, with more evidence of goodness, but the power of you to get away, I’m not sure ... Z'є foul mood, Zapad of forces and blasphemy ("everything falls from the hands"). Cherguvannya of positive cycles in the mood and energy with negative cycles of decline, depression accumulates the nervousness of anxiety and self-esteem, and in this way I increase my mental capacity to the appearance of neurotic manifestations and confrontations with people. It is disgusting to adhere to the level of efficiency, which is at a slow pace, smooth rucks.
phlegmatic person(Nervous system of the third type) - a lyudin, who reacts more often to be-yak imitators, ale stiy, kindly to fix an opir to strong and trivial imitators. It is characterized by temporality, stable attitude and praiseworthiness. Calm, patient, vitriman. In mіmіtsі and іntonsіyah, non-viral and one-man. Zberiga spokiy to navit in case of serious disagreements, albeit innocently give free rein to the sentiments.
melancholy(Nervous system of the fourth type) - lyudin, it is rotten to repair the opir in a stream of strong stimuli. Often gloating and passive. Become a weak vitriolic, anxious. To get involved in a new environment, in the middle of new people.

Temperament, according to Pavlov's theory, is a sign of the type of food nervousness people. As a result of vikhovannya, self-motivation, and self-motivation, it is possible to manifest, change, become a "mask" of the true temperament. The axis of what is "pure", type of temperament, tends to grow, the protest of this tendency should be manifested in the behavior of people.

Numerous temperaments, ideal for all types of performance. People with a choleric temperament are more attuned to active risky performance ("war"), sanguine - for organizational performance ("politics"), melancholy - for creative intelligence - for "science" and creative planning creator "). For deyaky vidіvnі dіyalnosti, professіnі prokonіvnі powerliness people. For example, for the performance of the client-vintner, there is evidence of the obesity, inertness, weakness of the nervous system, even phlegmatic and melancholy, psychologically little suitable for such performance.

productivity of robots

people are closely tied to the peculiarities of their temperament. So, especially the rupture of a sanguine can bring a supplementary effect, as the robot can take up a frequent transition from one genus to the lowest, promptness in the accepted solution, that is, the same time, additional regulations Phlegmatic and melancholy, navpaki, in the minds of the suvorogo regulation and monotonous practice show great productivity and efficiency of the age, less choleric and sanguine.

Temperament is less important dynamical, but not changeable behavior characteristics. On the basis of one and the same temperament, it is both great and socially insignificant.

G. Eysenck showing that the fundamental parameters of the structure of temperament є the factor "neuroticism" and " Extroversion - Introversion ".

C. G. Jung also podіlyav people according to the nature of the specialty into extroverts (beast calls) and introverts (beasts in the middle of themselves). Extrovert comrades, active, optimistic, ruffled, they have a strong type of great nervous activity, behind the temperament of a sanguine stench or choleric. Introverts of non-merchandise, streams, vidokremleni from usih; in their vchinkas, they are mainly based on power, they are taken seriously until they are accepted, and they control their emotions. To the introverts there are phlegmatic and melancholy. The extroverts have the right to drink, which can often be manifested in the winners: they have more accusations to the left eye. The introverts are provincial є liva pivkulya.

It is common to see the most common type of emotional response: strong and unstable.

Neuroticism (neuroticism) - tse emotionally psychological instability, mental trauma. In individuals with the development of neuroticism through the diversification and the dilemma, it is possible to navigate through the different types of stress. Stinks are very worried about conflicts, they can't take it in their hands, they are often driven, tormented, frantic, anxious. Extraversion in the presence of neuroticism pumovlyu manifested in the temperament of a choleric person; Introversion is a melancholy temperament.

The prevalence of neuroticism is an emotional strength, the timing of the extraversion to manifest itself as a sanguine temperament; in recognition of introversion - yak phlegmatic.

It’s a simple, well-off family bet with the strong and the most sumptuous of the same temperaments. Friends often have people of the same temperament, except for choleric people (two choleric people often brawl through mutual non-frustration).

Temperament (from Latin - sumish, opinion) - the essence of the nature of the specialness of the people, which summarizes the dynamic characteristics of the intensity and fluidity of the response, the steps of the social specialness and the increase in in the midst of the midst.

Persha - humoral - theory of temperament proponuvav ancient Greek lykar Hippocrates.

From this point of view, the temperament is to be found among the most important things in the body of people of Ridini (humor):

If you have a shelter (sangvis), then the temperament will be sanguine - energetic, shy, life-like, comradely type, it is easy to bear life difficult and unlucky;
- if perevazhaє zhovch (holі), then the lyudin will be choleric - zhovchny, dratіvliviy, zzbudliviy, non-trimmings, even more ruhlivy, with a shy serpentine mood;
- if the mucus (phlegm) is perevazha, then the temperament is phlegmatic - a calm, povilny, temporary type, by and large, forcibly changing from one type of activity to one, filthy addicted to new minds;
- if perevazhaє chorna zhovch (melena hole), then the temperament will be melancholy - despicably a litter of tedious and spirited type, schillic to the confusion, fearfulness, isolation, shyly stomlyu and overwhelmingly sensitive to misery.

Constitutional theory of temperament appeared on the ear of XX century. This head idea matched the established link between the temperament and the innate constitution (statue) of the people. The constitutional theory spirals on to the point-of-view signs in the future of the human body. Most of the modifications of this theory are similar to those of the German psychiatrist and psychologist Ernst Kretschmer and the American doctor and psychologist William Sheldon.

E. Krechmer saw and described the chotiri constitutional tips:

Asthenik is a lump of high growth, tendinous statues, with a flat chest cell. The shoulders of the university, the legs and arms of the thin and the dovs, the hands of the university, the shkira vyyala. Asthenics are sick to early age;
- piknik - a middle-aged person of small age, with a rich adipose tissue, a great belly, a lumpy chest clump, a round head on a short shoulder. Especially wider with other rice;
- an athlete - a lump of high or average age, proportional muscle statues, with wide shoulders, good muscles, high stigmas. The head is trimmed straight, the face of the brush is droopy;
- dysplastic - lyudin of the wrong statues, filthy formations.

W. Sheldon identifying the three primary components of the statue: endomorphic, mesomorphic, ectomorphic. The basis of its classification of vitamins is the process of developing types of tissues to organisms, which develop from three germinal balls: endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm.

The first type is endomorphic (the inner embryonic ball does not develop too much, from which the inner organisms and adipose tissue are formed). great sizes internal organs, spherical shape of the body, fleshy tissue, brightly swirling fatty tissue.

For the other type - mesomorphic (the overturning of the middle embryonic ball, the skeleton is formed, the mucosa) is characterized by broad shoulders and chest cage, muscular arms and legs, a minimal number of fatty tissue, a tense head.

The third type is ectomorphic (the transitional development of the outer germinal ball, the nervous system and the brain are formed; the inner and middle embryonic balls developed in the minimum step, the thinnest of the vitality, fatty tissue, fatty tissue) thin, strong arms and legs, weak muscles and a well-developed nervous system.

You can see the statues from picnics (endomorphs) to athletes (mesomorphs) and from athletes to asthenics (ectomorphs) by seven transition gradations.

For Sheldon, representatives of these types of statues are characterized by specific types of temperament:

Endomorph has a round head, great life, roundish and soft form. Yogo postavka and ruddy weakness, reaction of confidence. Tolerantly, in the emotional plan, rivniy, grateful. Loving comfort, pragne to the side of the side of the sick. Chilny up to a susp_lny life, to be drawn to the company;
- the mesomorph has a massive head, broad shoulders and chest, mucous arms and legs. Pidtyagnutiy, energіyny, with a thumping voice. Rishuchiy, an hour to navigate aggressive. Shilny to Riziku;
- the ectomorph has a high forehead, vid of a wife, he lives a little, his muscles are undignified. Rukhi streams and scooters. In the case of potential streaming and screening. Seeing difficult contacts with other people.

As long as the traditional name of the temperaments is, it is not important to remember, in the case of melancholy, in the case of melancholy, it is important for the cry of asthenic statura, choleric is important in the transitional gradations from the athletic statue to the asthenic, in the phlegmatic - in the gravity overwhelmingly picnic statura.

Naybіlsh broadened nini є psychophysiological theory І. P. Pavlova, yaka tied a type of temperament of a man with a type of his nervous system.

Pavlov saw the chotiri types of the nervous system:

The first type is strong, level, ruhlivy;
- another type - strong, neurological; itchy;
- the third type - strong, level, inner;
- fourth type - weak.

Having seen chotiri types of the nervous system, Pavlov introduced them with the classic types of temperament, showing the high steps of the types of temperament among them. This gave the first time for a visitor: the very power of the nervous system and temperament has long been described.

Sangvinik (the first type of nerve system) is a human being, so it is easy to get attached to the change of minds of life. Reactions shvidki, pondered. The settings are timeless, life-long. Superscribed ruhlivy, comrade, often snickering. We have a wide range of knowledge. With great interest, to the right, productive, energy; in іnshomu vipad mlyaviy, tedious, non-tsіkaviy. It is characterized by a high definition to early difficulties.

Choleric (nervous system of a different type) is a lyudin, the nervous system of which is characterized by a loss of damage over galmuvanny. Become energized when there is no window dressing and self-control. Fiery, non-trimming, impatient. When you start to eat chimos, I will increase my strength and interest until later. The neurological importance of the nervous system is due to the cyclicality of the change in the strength of that activity and bad growth: having drowned in some kind of right, it’s inadvertently, with a lot of evidence of goodness, but the power of you to get away, I’m not sure ... There are growing camps, deviations of moods, loss of strength and malice ("everything falls from the hands"). Cherguvannya of positive cycles in the mood and energy with negative cycles of decline, depression accumulates the nervousness of anxiety and self-esteem, and in this way I increase my mental capacity to the appearance of neurotic manifestations and confrontations with people. It is disgusting to adhere to the level of efficiency, which is at a slow pace, smooth rucks.

A phlegmatic person (nervous system of the third type) is a lyudin, who reacts even more often to any kind of mockers, aloof, kindness to strong and trivial mockers. It is characterized by temporality, stable attitude and praiseworthiness. Calm, patient, vitriman. In mіmіtsі and іntonsіyah, non-viral and one-man. Zberiga spokiy to navit in case of serious disagreements, albeit inodі zdatnyy give free rein to the sentiments.

Melancholy (the fourth type of nerve system) is a ludin, it is rotten to repair an opir in a stream of strong stimuli. Often gloating and passive. Become a weak vitriolic, anxious. To get involved in a new environment, in the middle of new people.

Temperament is a manifestation of the type of high-level nervous activity of people. As a result of a vikhovannya, self-motivation, a self-motivated manifestation can result in a “masking” of true temperament. The axis of what is "pure", type of temperament, is very sensitive, the protest of this tendency is always manifested in the behavior of people.

Numerous temperaments, ideal for all types of performance. People with a choleric temperament are more attuned to active risky performance ("war"), sanguine - for organizing performance ("politics"), melancholy - for creative performance in science and literature creator "). For deyaky vyvdіyalnosti, professіy contraindicate the power of the people. For example, for the performance of the client-vinischuvach, there is evidence of a capacity, inertia, weakness of the nervous system, even phlegmatic and melancholy, psychologically little suitable for such performance.

The productivity of robotic people is closely tied to the peculiarities of his temperament. So, especially the rupture of a sanguine can bring a supplementary effect, as the robot can take up a frequent transition from one genus to the lowest, promptness in the accepted solution, that is, the same time, additional regulations Phlegmatic and melancholy, navpaki, in the minds of the suvorogo regulation and monotonous practice show great productivity and efficiency of the age, less choleric and sanguine.

Temperament is not only dynamic, but not changing characteristics of behavior. On the basis of one and the same temperament, it is both great and socially insignificant.

І. P. Pavlov saw and three "purely human type" great nervous qualities: rosy, artistic, middle:

Representatives of the rosy type (reassigning the activity of another signaling system to the brain of a drink) are even more developed, and have gone to a detailed analysis of their living manifestations, an abstract logical mission. Feel like їх appear to be reconciled, streamed і vividly be named, deprived of passing through the filter of the rose. People of the whole type are encouraged to pursue mathematics, philosophy, to be like science.
- People of the artistic type (re-engaging the activity of the first signaling system and the brain of the right drink) have a more imaginative image, there is a great deal of emotionality on the new display overlay, the brightness of the message, the mediocrity and the life of the child. Їх tsіkavit in Pershu cherga mystery, theater, poetry, music, writing and artistic creativity.
- Most people (up to 80%) are admitted to the "golden mean", the middle type. They have a slightly overwhelmingly rational beginning, how to lay down from their earliest childhood, from life's surroundings.

G. Eysenck showing that the fundamental parameters of the structure of temperament are officials "neuroticism" and "extroversion - introversion".

KG Jung podіlyaє people for a warehouse of specialness on extroverts (animal calls) and introverts (animals in the middle of themselves). Extravert comrades, active, optimistic, crumbling, they have a strong type of great nervous activity, behind the temperament of a sanguine stench or choleric. Introverts of non-merchandise, streams, vidokremleni from usih; in their vchinkas, they are mainly based on power, they are taken seriously until they are accepted, and they control their emotions. Phlegmatic and melancholy are to be found before the introverts. The extroverts have the right to drink, which can often be manifested in the conviction: they have more accusations to the left eye. The introverts are provincial є liva pivkulya.

Neuroticism (neuroticism) is a socially psychological instability, mental trauma. Individuals with the onset of neuroticism through a wide range of changes and demands to navigate through the different ways of experiencing emotional stress. Stinks are very worried about conflicts, they cannot take it in their hands, they are often driven, tormented, fraudulent, anxious.

Extraversion in the presence of neuroticism pumovlyu manifested in the temperament of a choleric person; Introversion is a melancholy temperament. The prevalence of neuroticism is the emotional style, the temporality in the context of the extraversion to manifest itself as a sanguine temperament; in recognition of introversion - yak phlegmatic.

ROLE

TEMPERAMENT

Psychic

ROSVITOK

Transfer from Polish

Candidate of Philosophical Sciences

V. N. Porus

The article of candidates has been entered

Psychological Sciences A. E. Olshannikova

І І. V. Ravich-Scherbo

Zagalna editorial office І. V. Ravich-Scherbo

Moscow

"Progress"

PERDMOVA

If I have been encouraged to write a book about the development of temperament, a goal for me who is not a singer, I haven’t yet been working on this topic. Perhaps, it’s worth explaining that, from all kinds of psychic manifestations, temperament, mabut, the least powerful to changes in the course of the ontogenetic development of an individual, but, obviously, does not mean that temperament is not called.

The proposition to write such a book sponted me less before thinking about the problems of temperament from the point of view of development, which became the main idea for the whole robot, but the specificity of temperament is rather important for the mental development of the individual. That, in the title of the book, is not about the development of temperament, but about its role in the process of ontogenesis.

There is a great part of the author's glances, presented in the book material, by the viclade, and the tributes, on such a stench, were taken away in the pre-slings, which were carried out by the spirits themselves. The number of pre-conferences was carried out in the Sector of Psychology and Individual Views of the Institute of Psychology of Warsaw University from the author of these series.

In such a rank, the book is assigned in the main wiklade of the author's concept, and will not become a given problem in the psychological literature. Bagato poroshenі in nіy food may have a controversial character, the fragments are not expected to be quickly prepared with ready-made recipes for їх release. Tse vimagan from the reading room of the singing training. At the bagatokh vipadkah, the author's eyes are set with more traditional manifestations. All the price of a book is not easy for reading and for reading as a reader of singing knowledge of psychology. I think that the psychological problematics is not relieved of interest for readers and vikhovatels, to whom, in my opinion, the book is addressed.

Bulo is blessed with mercy, which is presented in a tribute to the robotic concept of temperament є chimos is absolutely new. It is important to aspire to novelty and originality, to look at food, as for the next two thousand years to become philosophy and culture. Still, I think that it’s new in niy є, and for all the price to be brought up to the treatment of problems to temperament, for the reader you can judge, having become acquainted with the general literature.

The theory of types of the nervous system is closest to me. P. Pavlova, has not lost its relevance so far. Particular interest in development in robots of such prominent pre-existing types of nervous systems and temperament, such as B.M. Teplov, V.D. Nebilitsin and V.S. on the sea level and the decision of the broken ones in the bottom of the problems.

At the distribution "Basic concept of temperament" theories were discovered, as they played the most important role in the development of knowledge about temperament. Most of the time, for the very reason, the typology of the nervous system is broken down. P. Pavlov and his messengers.

In the offensive part, "Temperament and the factor of its formation," the author's concept is vigorous; Mabut, the role of the very powers of power is to fill up for the power of the people. It also shows the role of recession and middle ground for the formation of powers of temperament and respect for their specificity and for vikhovannya people.

Oscillations of power to temperament are not isolated, but clearly linked to the mental peculiarities of the people, a special chapter is assigned to the links of temperament with health and specialness. The deyakі proponovanі here is the decision to publish for the first time, because the stench є sooner of hypotheses, which lead to empirical changes.

So, as the power of temperament, in our opinion, is of great importance for the activity of people, especially of such aspects, such as the formulation of the so-called style of activity, behavior in important situations and the way to stimulate consumption and situations in advance in the section “the meaning of power to temperament for efficiency”, the head of the chapter before discussing the acceptance of the diagnosis of temperament, which can be used in pedagogical robotics. The chapter "Diagnosis of Powerfulness to Temperament in Domestic and high-school minds”, In order to analyze in detail the possibility of storing the method of conservative assessment and the scale of assessments for assigning important authorities from a pedagogical point of view, as well as specific propositions of how to diagnose in home minds. This chapter is included in the book about quiet peace, how intelligently cheruvati with children’s actions, directing them, looking at the particularity of their temperament, it is possible, only by volodiyuchi knowledge in the whole halluzi of child psychology.

At the conclusion of the chapter, "Injecting temperament into a breakdown in behavior in children and children", I want to show, well, I want temperament without a mediocre difference, but in some situations in the form of a form. It’s especially true, if in the process of wickedness - both in school, and in home minds - you don’t take to respect the specifics of the child’s temperament.

I’ll look at the fact that the reference book is addressed by the head rank to the readers and the vigilantes, in which there are often specific pleasures, as it is correct to establish pedagogical methods, to provide special temperament. At the bottom of the mum, the protest, the special chapter, the assignment of the subject, there are two reasons to be explained. First, there are few factual tributes left behind, so be sure to formulate whether the judgment is unambiguous in the whole galus. On the other hand, it seemed to me that it was more natural to talk about the nutritional behavior when looking at some of the problems associated with temperament, not apparently about those that allowed to eliminate unnecessary repetitions.

I would like to see the knowledge of the price of the book in the small step.

BASIC TEMPERATURE CONCEPTS