The psychology of svidomosty is classic. Psychology of testimony and method of presentence Classical psychology of testimony of basic characteristics

§ 9. Reasons for knowing the classic empirical psychology of svidomosty. Before the problem of a psychological crisis scientific psychology within the framework of the classical psychology of svidomosty, later to say, right up to the other half of the XIX century. growth of criticism of the basic postulates and principles. The price is explained by the first for all practical supplies to psychological science from the side of teachers, doctors, promisovtsy, teachers and others. However, the introspective psychology of witness was still far from life. At the same hour, the development of the main sciences (against nonclassical physics, biology and other disciplines) called for the need to revise the methodological postulates of classical science, as in this kind of psychology of the world of development of the empirical Reflexion by psychologists of the basic postulates of their science has brought them back to the ear of XX century. to the rest of the view and from the positions of the introspective psychology of information and the establishment of new concepts, in which the subject and methods began, as well as the establishment of psychological science. In the psychology of victories, the situation of a free "vibuhu", the result of which is the emergence of the most recent strains in psychology, the skin of which, in its own way, viral fundamental problems of psychological science and practical robots... At the same time, psychologists took an active part in the new psychologists directly, “for the sake of insight” - so, one of the most recent ones in contemporary psychology - psychoanalytic - was dismissed by the doctor 3. Freud. On the cob XX Art. Vinnik to samiy pluralism, which before the tsikh pyr viznachaє exposing the current psychology. Bagato vchenykh roztinili tse stan psikhologii yak crisis. The phrase of the Russian psychologist N.N. Lange about those who are a psychologist who knows how to sit on the ruins of Troy has become a gossip. Moreover, in his robots N.N. Lange lost the early period of the crisis of psychology and analysis of the concept, as well as in the 19th century - the ear of the 20th century. vіdminnostі mіzh okremimy psihologіchnyi 119 schools ". Such insights are in viyavlyav, for example, between structuralism and functionalism. And even more did not appear (for they did not make clear statements) the point of view on the psychology of the representatives of psychoanalysis, biochevism, gestalt psychology and those directly in the foreign psychology, the skin of some psychology, it was quite clear against the background. So, on the cob XX Art. business visuvayut new item psychology - behavior - like reality, like - on the view of sub-active reality - it is possible, on the mind, vivchati objectively. Psychoanalysis started to break up the empirical approach to the unknown, which was ignored in the psychology of witness. Gestalt psychology of protest against the elementaryism of the old psychology. The French sociological school is to bring concrete social intelligence to the knowledge, as it is also impossible to avoid introspective psychology. We went even further to the list of the old psychology of the problem psychological schools, L. S. Vigotskyi, A. N. Leontyevim, S. L. Rubinshtein and іnshim. His robot has "Historical sense of psychological crisis", written in the mid-20s. XX century, L.S. Vigotsky, having analyzed the day, caused the crisis of the whole crisis, arrived before the onset of the crisis. In the first place, cause crises (or, well, the same, you will ruin your strength) by pushing the development of applied (practical) psychology, as a matter of principle, new solutions of the problem of the nature of mental reality and principle new methodology. That is why LS Vigotskyy Bachiv's sense of crisis is not in the fight against the new directly against the old, classical psychology, but in the admiration for all the private confines of the fight against "two psychology", so that the materialistic and ideological tendencies Moreover, the materialism and the idealism of reason are not called here in the traditional philosophical sense the words. For L. S. Vigotskiy, there is a materialistic line in psychology є the understanding of all warehouse human psyche without a blame for strictly scientific positions, the basic principles of what the principle of determinism and objectivity is. Idealism, according to L.S. mental processes etc. In a different way, L.S. Vigotsky more than any other recent author has analyzed the essence of intelligence in classical introspective psychological 120 The actions of the general criticism can be seen, only I know the concept of L.S. 1. The basic principles of the lack of introspective psychology of svidomosty - the reflection of scientific knowledge and experience in it. Yakby is a phenomenon and day in psychology of being lost (by L.S. Vigotsky in the view of K. Marx's position on psychology), science is not needed. Certainty is not built up to the point of view of the inner light, which is critical for knowing if the subjective is deprived of the subjective, - the price is objective reality, but the reality is that it’s like this, I’m vivchin 2. The method of introspection is not a method of scientific recognition of evidence, because of the status of an active scientific method. This does not mean that we cannot vikoristovuvati in psychology the method of self-guarding, the insights of the understanding "introspection" and "self-guarding" are not the same. In the first place, we can reject more active views about ourselves, do not “get along” with our inner experiences, as recommended by psychologists -in-trospection, but spared for their behavior in life. Niyaka іntrospektsіya not give sub'єktu information about those, "Horobry Win" - only the real fate of the kindred (for example, in battle) will show the people who can be worthy of the good. In another way, we can vikoristovuvati the tribute to self-recitation of viprobuvanny about his experience (as vіn vіdchuvav, for example, when presented to thі thіn thі thіnshoi pictures), alike Syrian material, as well Thirdly, it is possible to vikoristovuvati for scientific purposes and describe by the writer (and the most living psychologists) dialectics of his soul, alas, it’s like Syrian material, but it’s obrobka. 3. In any case, take care of self-caution, we are not guilty of respect, so that we can without a priori recognize the testimony in this day. Be-like a science of knowledge є, according to L.S. Vigotskiy, prioritized information. Psychic activity is not given to us without a mediocre ob'ct of scientific vivchennya - it is necessary to reconstruct, vivchayuch about the manifestation (manifestation) in modern and behavioral reactions. In introspective psychology, de witness was important to the mind for non-mediocre perception of this subjective, in principle, the methods of mediated development of the psyche of quiet vintages, etc. ). These methods were used, for example, the call of caution, the analysis of products in the performance of individuals and in. One - 121, before being rendered away by a small way, all the same in the context of an introspective approach was taken into account. Thus, E.B. Titchener wrote: “A psychologist has a way of analogy, that everything that stagnates to the new can be stuck in principle, to the creature, to the suspicion and to the psychotic. Win to rob the ruch, which is a ruin of creatures, in the majestic greatness, the essence of a ruff, is it the smell of the spiritual processes of the creature, or give the nobility about them. To him it is necessary to magnetize, as soon as possible, to put a creature on the table, to know, if you have any kind of power, you will be in the back of the same house; and by virtue of being able to re-envision the witness of the creature behind the powers of his human wit ... Win spostering the destructive ruses and restructuring of the spiritual processes of the creature in the light of the power of self-protection. " Prescription of zoopsychologists, psychiatrists and sociologists at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. have shown that E. Titchener (і - wider - all introspective psychology) is advocated, the procedure is simply not merciful through all the evidence of the quality of the European educated people from the psyche of culture, sick people and representatives. L.S.Vigotskiy was standing at the same position. In addition, this criticism of introspective psychology is perhaps more beautiful than intelligence, since it can be learned in detail from the provisions of this cultural-historical in., ideas of which are still present and continue to develop in modern psychological science and practice. Control nutrition and supervision 1. What is the understanding of the "soul" in the ancient philosophy from the mythological public for such a name? 2. Who has any insight into the positions of Democritus and Plato in the minds of the soul and the laws of spiritual life? Guiding a little bit of food for young people. 3. Expand in detail the essence of Aristotle's designation of souls as entelechies. 4. Yaka Bula is it historical is the need for the introduction of the "witness" into psychology? 5. Name and describe the main principle of Descartes-Locke's approach to the establishment of evidence. 6. Reveal and introduce the main provisions of two programs to encourage psychology as an independent science (V. Wundt and F. Bren-tano). What spіlnі і wіth wіth іn thе smart іn thе quality і wіth thіѕ іn thеіr education іn thіѕ programs? 122 7. What is the method of introspection? Yaki yogo options? Who has this method? 8. Briefly review the history of education and development of associative education in psychology. 9. What are the reasons for knowing the classic empirical psychology of svidomosty? 10. What is the situation in psychology at the turn of the XIX and XX centuries. became nazivatsya psychological crisis? give yogo short description by L. S. Vigotsky. recommended literature Wundt W. Reliability and respect // Readings from the course "Introduced into psychology" / Edited-order. E.E. Sokolova. - M., 1999. - S. 95-105; for the vidannyam: Zagalna psychologiya: Texts: U 3 t. - T. 1. Introduction / Відп. ed. B. V. Pєtukhov. - M., 2001 .-- S. 52-67. Vigotskiy L.S. Causes of the crisis in psychological science // Reader in the course "Introduced in psychology" / Edited-order. E. E. Sokolova. - M., 1999.- S. 148-150. Gippenreiter Yu.B. Introduced psychology into the home: Course of lectures. - M., 1988.-Lecture 3. James W. Potik of svidomosty // Reader in the course "Introduction to psychology" / Edited-order. E.E. Sokolova. - M., 1999; for the vidannyam: Zagalna psychologiya: Texts: U 3 t. - T. 1. Introduction / Відп. ed. V.V. Pєtukhov. - M., 2001.- S. 83-101. E. E. Sokolova Thirteen dialogues about psychology. - M., 2003 .-- S. 46 - 239. Teple B.M. About introspection and self-guarding // Reader in the course "Introduction to psychology" / Edited-order. E.E. Sokolova, t-M., 1999. - S. 126-132; for the video: Teple B.M. About the objective method in psychology // B. M. Teplov Izbr. tr.: U 2 t. - M., 1985. - T. 2. - S. 291 - 302. Titchener E. B. Two Rivnya of Svidomosty // Zagalna Psychology: Texts: In 3 volumes - V. 1. Introduction / Відп. ed. V.V. Pєtukhov. - M., 2001. -S. 102-104. Chelpanov G.I. Subject, methods and development of psychology // Reader in the course "Introduction to psychology" / Edited-order. E. E. Sokolova. - M., 1999 .-- S. 119-125. Dodatkova Literature Lange N.N. Struggle to glance at the current psychology // Reader in the course "Introduced in psychology" / Edited-order. E.E. Sokolova. - M., 1999. - S. 133 - 147; for the video: Lange N.N. Psychic light. - M., 1996. - S. 69-100. Rubinstein S.L. Development of psychology in the New hour // Reader in the course "Introduced in psychology" / Edited-ordered. E.E. Sokolova. - M., 1999. - S. 87 - 94; for the video: Rubinstein S.L. Fundamentals of foreign psychology: U 2v. - M., 1989.-T. 1.- S. 62-73. CHAPTER 4 PROBLEMS UNDERSTANDING I DIRECTLY FOREIGN PSYCHOLOGY The problem of unaware processes in psychology The role of 3. Freud in the development of the problem of unawareness Preconsciousness and unawareness Methods of understanding the unaware in psychoanalysis Behavior as a subject of psychology in psychology and non-behavioral reactivity Problem empirical doslіdzhen in bicheviorism Development of ideas for an active approach in the neo-behaviourism of E. Tolmen The need to introduce an understanding "industrial changes" short history Formulation of the problem in tsіlіsnostі psihologії Viniknennya Berlіnskoї school geshtaltpsihologії method fenomenologіchnogo samosposterezhennya butt experiental doslіdzhen in geshtaltpsihologії "INSHI school tsіlіsnoї psihologії nomothetic idiographic i pіdhodi in suchasnіy psihologії Gumanіstichna psychology, osnovnі predstavniki that іdeї Viniknennya ekzistentsіalnoї psihologії Іnformatsіyny pіdhіd in suchasnіy kognіtivnoї psihologії § 1. Determination of psychoanalysis V in front of each other they talked about those who can practice at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. They wicked to life new directly in the psychological science, which is still the first time to expose the modern psychology. Buv psychoanalysis is one of them. Psychoanalysis, mabut, one of the most straightforward psychology behind the boundaries. The merit of this principle belongs to the Austrian lykar Sigmund Freud (Freud, 1856-1939), which is the highest level of practical development of neurotic ailments, who came not only to the establishment of new methods of their treatment, but to the original psychoanalytic theory. Spіlkuvannya with patients, who are suffering for the insane, when Z. Freud saw a strong connection with psychosomatic symptoms (for example, seizures, parallels, deafness, etc.) distribution. One of the most famous “Freud's vipads” is the name of Annie O. (for the sake of illness, the name of Bertha Papp-game), who will be guessed when talking about Freud’s paths to his powerful psychoanalytic concept. At that hour, 124 Z. Freud (an ear of the 80s of the XIX century) Vin assisted in his old wheel, Dr. Josip (Josef) Breuer, at whom, vlasne, and lіkuvalasya tsya dіvchin. Hopefully short analysis vipadku Annie O. In a family of twenty small rockies, a "bouquet" of different kinds of romances has emerged, the resemblance of which is not even clear at all. She has a spastic parallax of both right ideas from the sight of sensitiveness, for a certain hour the same parallich is found in and out of the child’s pictures; She also has spontaneous singing rosters, it’s wonderful to speak the old language, it’s wonderful to speak in the old language, and it’s good to talk to people in English, and it’s wonderful. Zazvychay, if the likar of the other half of the XIX century. Having stuck with such a "bouquet" of symptoms, letting go of what is superbly important and organic. True, a number of French psychiatrists (among them Jean Martin Charcot's famous books) were respected, for such a kind of symptoms can be manifestations of an isteric neurosis, which is often manifested as a "mask" of young organic disorders. Tsikavo, JM Charcot, who has a history of symptoms similar to his own kind, vikoristovuchi hypnosis and all ailments, when going out from a hypnotic camp, a hand or a leg will be paralyzed. Hvory prokidavsya - і in a new way, there were no new ideas. The ailment itself is not at all visceral, the signs of a new vineyard have a symptom. For the help of that, the hypnosis of J.M. І. Breuer stood up that the symptoms of ailment in his ailments appeared as a result of mental trauma and "surplus of spogadiv" about trauma, strange "memorials" of the background. The girl has such a mental trauma of the bully of her countryman, her beloved, mortally ill daddy, who spent her days and nights and how she didn’t show her experience. І. To Breuer, in the distance, stand up to the skin ligament from the symptoms of this particular scene in the recent past ailment. Tse became an offensive rank. If the ailment has passed in a larger contact station, it is in the camp of hypnotic sleep, and having jammed the words, which is tied in these words, as the ailment often immobilized in the camp of splitting and madder (dog, glass, witch. NS. ). At the head of the disease, I thought it was affective and even poetic to describe the situation in the recent past, as the father was tied with the sickness. The axis, for example, is one of the central episodes of that hour. Once the girl fell asleep, sitting on the stiletto blya daddy. Raptovo went in a strong fear and napruzi (I checked the doctor) and kicked, like, by the way, to uzgoliv, the daddy's face was driven by the great black serpent, obviously because of the taste of the sick. Shvidshe for everything, the goal was a hallucination, and not a real snake (I wish there were some snakes in this scene). Yak bi was not there, the girl in the camp was even stronger than the one who tried to see the snake, but the right hand was on the side of the old woman on the stile and lost sensitivity. In the zhakhom, the dvchina stabbed, so the fingers of her hand were first transformed into little snakes with dead heads (tse buli nigti). If the serpent raptom woke up, the girl wanted to give praise to the Lord and tried to guess the coming prayer, but it didn’t go to mind. Raptom won the childish verse with English language and was able to pray and think at the same time. Z tsikh pir yak "surplus" of spogadіv about experiencing at her winery parallich and the health of growing only with English my - my new love with God. Ale nytsіkavіshe fell in the offensive: if the ailment in hypnosis zgaduvala with clearly swung affective experiences, in which connection, the symptoms first appeared (parallels, thoughts and changes in English symptoms), then it was given. True, after an hour, the stench could have appeared, and to relieve them, a new session of hypnosis was required. A similar method of treatment is called cathartic (from walnuts. «/ catharsis» - cleansing; the ailment hotly called her lykuvannya "cleaning pipes"). Then Z. Freud pondered over nutrition: why is it possible to develop a cathartic method as an independent hypnosis? On the right, there was a boolean in the fact that, in a way, you do not want to enter into the hypnotic camp of your ailing one, but in a different way, if you enter the hypnosis with a "mystical zasob," the mechanism of what seems to be unclear. Turning from France, kudi went to Zh.M. Sharko in Paris Klinik (including the method of getting familiar with the technique of hypnosis), Z. Freud started thinking about the process of technology. Uncommonly, having formulated the main reason for thinking about the hypnosis as a method of penetrating into the wondrous for psychologists in the area of ​​mental processes, which were lost for the sake of a sick person, but they really did and started the behavior of a sick person. For 3. Freud, everything is clearer, but for the intelligence of the unaware (and in the endless rakhunka for the well-being), it is necessary to pick up all the evidence of the ailing, having sponded upon him that he was unaware. And it’s unfortunate todi, if the sub'єkt is in a hypnotic camp. Win is not a subjective of one's own activity, but an object in the flow of hypnotism - 126 pa - and that one cannot actively work with one's own unawareness, one cannot stand against one another, and actively. I 3. Freud has broken up his methods of penetration in the unaware of the client, who started to fix the ailments in practice. On the day, at the same time, psychoanalytic methods, such as being vicious in the case of alcohol and sick people, are transformed into a normal (and not changed, as in hypnosis) state of witness.

/ / 6. Classical psychology of witness (W. Wundtom, E. Titchener, W. James)

6. Classical psychology of witness (W. Wundtom, E. Titchener, W. James)

mikki: Knowledge, Psychology, Science, Doslіgennya, Life, Dіyalnіst, Carefulness, Lyudina

1. Meaning, subject, methods of psychology Psychology ("psychology" (Greek. "Psyche" - soul, "logos" - knowledge, word)) - tse:

• the science of mental life
• behavioral science
• science about knowledge
• science about the laws of the spawn and function of the psyche in life, the activity of living individuals

Psychology is the whole area of ​​scientific knowledge, so that the particularity and patterns of determination, the formulation and development (changes) of mental processes, the mental state and mental powers of people, so that the minds of such a particular form of life are formed. Appearances that can be experienced in psychology: 1. Phenomenology (non-mediated sub'-active knowledge of information): images of spontaneity, manifestation, help, experiencing, etc. 2. Behavior (position, tin, language, etc.) 3. Physiological reaction (visualization, background / bliss of the school, changes in the heart rhythm) 4. Products of performance (create a masterpiece, autobiography, test results) Subject of psychology:

• mental processes (seeing, receiving, showing, thinking, thinking, emotions, bazhannya, memory, respect - all the psyche, the testimony of the people)
• psychological rice of specialness (directness of specialness, temperament, character, interest, goodness of a given people)
• psychological features human performance (pratsya, vchennya, creativity, іgry, sports performance).

The main methods of psychology: Wary - a method of passive and non-mediated vivchennya action (vidkrite, prikhovane, included, third-party).

Besida is a method of verbal (movable) interaction of a sub'єkta and an ob'kta doslidzhennya with the method of rejection of information. Experiment - specially organized control over the inflow by means of reversal of causal-inherited hypotheses. Questionnaire, test, opytuvalnik, vivchennya products in the range, self-guarding, biographical, personal, complex method, Modeling, meta-observation ... For the criterion of non-mediated-mediatedness: straight (introspection), indirect (victorious in the present hour) On the aspect of dynamics: transverse-vision, long-lasting achievement. formalization of the procedure for further processing: algorithmic formal / informal For the method of processing of the received data: good analysis... 2. Life and Science Psychology Life (everyday knowledge) about the psyche is bathed in an environment of people and suspension in the whole spontaneously with a path accumulated with an edge of caution and use an inductive path. Materialize in the form of appeals, orders, kazoks, folk wisdom". Naukova Znannya vinikaє in rezultatі zastosuvannya NAUKOVO metodіv pіznannya, ohoplyuє i poyasnyuє yak yavnі poshirenі Fakti i yavischa so i praktichnі nesposterezhuvanі in povsyakdennі situatsії, ruhaєtsya on the high road usunennya vnutrіshnіh superechnostey, pragne Buti vіdbitim in sistemі chіtkih uniquely rozumіyutsya spіlnotoyu vchenih understand peredaєtsya through sotsіalno standard technologies.

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Collective creative activity І. P. Ivanova. Model is the whole method of education, which is the transfer of the stem ... from pedagogy, іnzemnoї movi, Philosophy, psychology, methods, linguistics? Zakriti nutrition ... proponuvati yoma: "Name the most authoritative people, to whom you can turn over ... the scale. EXPERIMENT “A piece change is called an experiment in science ...

Life and Science Psychology (Yu.B. Gippenreiter)
life
Knowledge of specificity, timed to specific situations, people, employees	1.Knowledge of circulation in public and scientific understanding
Knowing to be intuitive	2.Knowledge of rational and learned
The ability to transfer knowledge is interrupted (the problem of "father and child")	3.Knowledge is circulated in understandings and laws, transmitted in books, articles, through conferences
Basic methods: caution and peace	4.Basic methods: caution, experiment, questionnaire
Urivchasti facts and caution	5.General, versatile, unique factual material

3. Areas of psychological knowledge Two areas of psychological knowledge - science and life psychology (Div. Nutrition No. 2).

Since scientific psychology has been recently determined (in 1879, V. Wundt discovered a laboratory of experimental psychology in Leipzig), then life's psychological knowledge of life has been included in the development of the psychology of human practice.

4. Development of psychological ideas within the framework of antique philosophy (Plato, Aristotel, Demokrit, Hippocrates)

Fragments of psychological knowledge began to bear a scientific character. The first mystery of the whole term in the rational-philosophical context is to learn from Aristotle in the treatise "About the Soul", devin to relate to Thales Miletsky (640-546 rr. BC).

• cosmological category, one of the substance of light (in case of dualistic approach), for a particular form of sensation of a single substance in case of monistic approach
• especially immortal day, "animating" tilo
• the meaning of the inner world of the people

From the best crocs of the antique philosophical thought, the soul was interpreted as a ruin power. Pyfagor (570-500 rr. BC) - in the basis of yogi looks lie the manifestation of numerical harmony. The soul, zgіdno Pyfagorіtsyam, is immortal, undeveloped, bagatorazovuyutsya in living things, up to the value of numerical laws. In Pythagoreanism, the substantive vision of the soul and body is rooted (development into the dualism of Plato).

Anaxagoras embraced the dualistic illusion of the spiritual and the forested (462-432 rr. BC).

The concept of dualism can be opposed to the tradition of the Ionian natural philosophy, in both the soul and the psychic manifestations were seen in the same row with the manifestations of nature, genetically evolved from them. Demokrit (akme - c. 420 BC) - the author of the first psychological works. Having instilled in that everything is built up from atoms, having broken the principle of determinism ("All winners are from non-minuchs").

We'll help Epikur by expediting the manifestation of the mechanistic intelligence of mental manifestations, introducing the factor of vipadkovosti into the sphere of the mental. The order from the test to describe the walk and ontological status of the soul, the interest to the inner life of the sub'ect. There are classifications of mental processes, I describe the powers and possibilities of controlling mental phenomena. An important role was played by the discussion about the temperament of Hippocrates, the psychological look of Socrates and the sophistries. Hippocrates (460-370 rr. BC), having developed the statement of Heraclitus about the "native" nature of the minds of people (4 mental types).

The principle of therapeutic rash is up to the point. Sofisti (Protagoras and Gorgiy) vivchali movna behavior, forming a public community. Socrates (470-399) proponated the pedagogical method of maieutics (by the gentry in the midst of supplying the sponukati of the spyrozmovnik "spawning" true knowledge).

Yogo philosophical endeavors formed the basis of creativity of the yogi scholar Plato (428-348).

Plato, having ruled the universality of the method of Mayevtics, having hung up the theory of hypothesizing. Plato also proponuvav structural understanding of the psyche. In Rusi Neoplatonism, the opposition of souls and bodies had a more fatal character. In platonism, the spiritual life of the people from the very ear is doomed to a dynamic conflict. Aristotle (384-322) is the master of the functional approach to the psyche. The soul behind Arthotel is the "form of tila", that is, the function and the reason for this organization. The book "About the Soul": The Soul is Reasonable and Unreasonable (You Can't Claim Immortality).

Aristotle has seen the science of the understanding of the whole (Kintsevo) causality. On the basis of the mechanistic causality of Democritus, the principle of general causality is based on respect for development in the country until it has not been seen yet, as if I am aware of it, I’ll think about it. Galen (2 st.) Having established the role of the nervous system as a "guide" injected souls onto the body. Galen also admitted the two-sided nature of the somatic and psychic intermode: not only the soul through the nerves of the way, there was control over those manifestations, but the last changes pour into the interruption of the mental processes. The idea of ​​the soul of the Bula is rooted in the stands and the Epiphany. The early stands (Zeno, Cleanthes, Chrysippus) cracked the concept of a sensitive spirits ("get sprinkled").

Standards: logic, physics, ethics. The main value is ethical nutrition. Meta life: the achievement of impartiality and mental indifference. Epikur (342-270).

For Epikura, satisfaction (meta life) - at all days of the country. The strongest citizen is the fear of death. Grebel (204-270 rr. BC) backed up in the view of the soul from his own dzherel in the endless light, unbroken through the passage of true knowledge. The problem of reflexion, seeing the processes of directing the soul to itself.

An introduction to antiquity in the knowledge of souls
	Soul yak active ear
Heraclite	Similar to the individual soul and the holy Logos
Demokrit	Determinism: all types of wine are consumed; Monistic materialism: explanation of the mental and physical
Anaxagoras	The role of the forest organization in the manifestation of the mental
Hippocrates	Vchenya about temperament
Sofisti (Gorpo, Protagoras)	"Lyudina - the world of all speeches", is interested in the communal aspects of the behavior of people
	The dialogue character of the message and the method of dialogue in pedagogy; maieutics
	Problems of universal misleading forms; dialogue of knowledge; Conflict Yak Nevid'Umna Characteristics Of Psychic Life
Aristotle	Tsilova determination of the development of people; functional input to the soul; rіvneva soul structure
	Save podolannya with life crises
epіkureіtsі
	self-awareness phenomenon
	Revealing the role of the nervous system

5. Development of psychological ideas within the framework of the philosophy of the New Hour (rationalism, empirism, associationism).

Francis Bacon (1561-1626) is worth the rounds of the New Hour with his epistemological optimism and a call to the pre-release of the psyche. Bacon proponuted to look at the soul and only in one thing, to see the traditional subtlety of the soul on the rational divine soul and the non-rational sense of the soul. Designing an inductive method for a good understanding. Ale all Bacon is skeptical about the possibilities human piznannya... Bacon is healthy, it goes from the comparison of the soul and the psyche to the interpretation of the psyche as a svidomosty. Finishing the transition from Rene Descartes (1596-1650).

Descartes is a dualist, looking at material and ideally in the capacity of two different substances. The attribute of the ideal is misleading, the attribute of the material is length. Viewing evidence as a subject of psychological reflection. Declared їm the problem of being psychic and physical ("Psychophysical problem" Descartes) is seen in the new science. The dualism of Descartes was added to the psychology of B. Spinozi (1632-1677).

Having let it go, there is only one substance, and the length and length are attributes. Spinosis is a psychophysical problem in a sense of unity, as well as the theory of apologies. The solution of psychophysical problems in the sense of parallelism was propounded by G.V. Leibnits (1646-1716) (the hypothesis of "established harmony").

T. Hobbes (1588-1679) turned in his philosophy to materialistic interpretations of souls, letting the psychic life of wisdom and beastly psychic manifestations show ruin. Psychic for Hobbes is an epiphenomenon (a manifestation, adversary to those who are not, but not a little powerful functions).

Dilemma to rationalism-empirism. Rationality (Descartes, Spinoza, I. Kant, Leibniz) will play in the fact that abstract knowledge is hard to bring to the notice. The manifestation in the psyche of deyakykh kind of different forms of misinterpretation, or "ideas", was transferred. The empires (T. Hobbes, D. Locke) respected that all knowledge could be brought to notice. D. Locke (1632-1704) cikavivsya nutritional formulation of people’s svіdomіnya svіdom. For Locke, there can be no reasoning from seeing or from reflexion. Associationism (18th century). D. Gartli (1705-1757) - a representative of materialistic associationism - having developed a presentation about psyche about the product of the brain. Psychichne includes in itself: perception, ideas of vision, affective tone. E. Kondilyak, J. Lametri, K. Gelvetskiy, P. Golbakh, D. Didro - French material-educators - they looked at the psyche as the configuration of the visions, how to speed up on the organisms, in the way internal information. Idealistic associates D. Berkeley (1685-1753) and D. Hume (1711-1776) borrowed the opposite position for the day-to-day associations.

Dzherelo of mental life is not a brain, but witness.

Introduce at the end of the New Hour in the form of psychological knowledge
	Apology of the inductive method of knowledge, classification of the transition to the path of the implementation of the inductive method ("idols"), the evidence of the subject of psychology
	Psychophysical problem: solution in the spirit of interaction, the reflex principle of the function of the mind, the regulatory function of the psyche, misinformation is the center of mental life
	Psychophysical problem: decision in a couple of singleness, classification of cognitive processes, classification of affections on the basis of living up to three simpler ones - satisfied, unhappy, bored
	Psychophysical problem: solution in unity, introduction of the problem of unaccountable perception
	Psychic as an epiphenomenon
Ratio / pace	Deductive and inductive way of knowing
	The theory of the transformation of sensory information into the understanding, the introspective method, the development of the laws of association
	Mechanical associationism: associationism - sublikati nerve connections in the brain.

Elements of the property:

• vidchuttya
• manifestation
• seeing
• act of will

Processes of certification:

• percept
• Apperception (will and respect).

founder of structuralism

Edward Titchener (1867−1927)

William James (1842−1910)

Wilhelm Wundt (1832−1920)

W. James I see two types of phenomena in svidomosty:

1. stiyki
2. Minlivi, shvidko past

Moving from one moment to the next is even more important to catch self-guarding.

Potency of svidomosty - the collapse of svidomosty, without interruption in the change of yogo changes and stanіv

The process of certification is divided into two great classes:

1. mimovilny
2. dovіlnі

until Wundt.

Behind the help of a metronome, a direct sign of how to set a rhythm when playing on musical instruments, kindly demonstrates an offense of types of processes, as well as a number of the miraculous powers of svidomost. dosvid Wundt Having glanced at that, having presented a number of sounds to the viprobuvan, then overrunning it and giving another row of the same sounds. Standing the fence on the siren of sounds, and the viprobuvanny was brought to the view of the food of the same kind of music or sounds?

Wundt Having revealed an important fact, that human testimony is great, it’s like an indiscriminate wicked man, as it’s actively connected with all the more and more great ones. Wundt's scientist Titchener has broken the method of analytical introspection. Let us head in the yogo method by the method of uniqueness of the “grants to the stimulus”, so that the change in the mental processes of the process of taking into account the flow of the object itself. The result of this atomistic approach was the book "Narisi Psychology" with a list of 44,000 elementary views.

Building up to the enlargement of one unit appears in the simplest perceptual processes and in the mission.

The world of ob'єmu svidomosty is a row of eight sub-strokes (about 16 sounds).

Acceptance of apperceptions is the organization of one specific order, and the very intelligence of phrases, which is formed from a bagatech of words and from even a greater number of sounds.

The most simple elements of the property W. Wundt ogolosiv okremі enemies or vіdchuttya.

Skin perceived low power (attributes):

• Goodness (goodness, rumors, smells, etc.)
• Intensity, length (tobto triviality)
• Spacious length (є for healthy visions, ale for hearing)

The observational elements of the svidomosty are the perceptions of the authorities described by them.

Sub'active elements of the property:

• Satisfied - Unhappy
• Destroyed - Peaceful
• Napruga - Rozryadka

Tsi bet is an independent axis of the whole emotional sphere that is trivial to the expanse.

7. Behavior as a subject of psychology. Biocheviorism (J. Watson, B. F. Skinner) and neobehaviorism (E. Tolmen).

Behavior as a subject of psychology

Ear of XX century of commemoration of the emergence and development of biochemistry as a reaction to the nearby experimental"Physiological psychology". The subject of biology, or "behavioral psychology," is behavior. On the thought of bichevyors, knowing the power of action-oriented pranksters and looking back at the past days of "viprobuvannye", it is possible to perceive the processes of introducing new forms of behavior, not penetrating into its physiological mechanisms.

American Psychologist J. Watson at the Presentation of Doslidzhen I. P. Pavlova scored a visnovok, so the testimony is not of the least significance in Navchannes. Youmu is not a miserable thing in psychology. New behavioral forms to look like clearer reflexes. At the core of them lie a little bit of kind, or insane, reflexes.

Biocheviorism and neobehaviorism Biocheviorism is a direct part of psychology, as it was seen as a certainty, so it is incomprehensible in the quality of the subject of psychology. Vitoki to bicheviorism followed by shukati in the preliminaries of the psyche of creatures. Biochevorism as an independent science is spiraling on the robots of Edward Thorndike, which is primed on vivchennі behaviors of kishok, having formulated two "laws of science". The law has the right to say that the more often it repeats itself, the less the stench starts to grow. The law is effective in ordering to play the role of “city” and “punish” in prompting abnormally different forms of behavior. Vchennya І.P. Pavlova about mental reflex and the theory of the associative reflex by V.M. Ankylosing spondylitis was also a significant infusion on the formulation of "psychology without evidence". Father to Bikhevyorism - John Watson (Rik 1913, manifest "Psychology of the Ochima Bichevioristi").

The head of psychology, on your mind, in the development of the behavior of living beings, to adapt to the physical and social environment. Meta is at the core of behavior control. The main mechanism of behavior is the connection between the stimulus and the reaction (S -> R).

Experimental Dosage of Watson in the form of a sense of fear in neutral or to find acceptance of objects. Watson listened to the demonstration of a fluffy white rabbit child and a sharp sound. As a result, the child felt that she was crying not only at the rabbit itself, but at all the tied objects (I will call this phenomenon "generalization").

In such a rank, Watson began to show that the behavior was not rational (for example, alcoholism, etc.). May at its base there are “wrong” confusion in stimuli and reactions that have become entrenched in a child's life.

Watson's messenger E. Gasri vіvіvіvіvіrnіy principle in the description of spіvіvіnnaya stimuli and reactions. B. Skinner has poured out the classic (passive) reflex I.P. Pavlova and operant navchennya, in which sub'єct shows activity in the joke of developing his behavior. Підкріплення is a necessary heritage of the child, as the vicon is alive and well. Prior to the operant navchennyu Skinner to introduce all the forms of the psychic life of a man: sleep, respect, misery. Winning the understanding of "symbolic education" and describing the social system as a system of symbolic education.

At the earliest of the 1930s, they tried to expand the subject of behavioral psychology for rakhunok, in the pre-sentiment it was not possible to directly promote manifestations (non-behaviourism).

Edward Tolmen d_yyshov visnovka about the need for the introduction of the understanding of the "intermediate winters". That is, Behavior is the whole function of stimuli in the midst of the midst, the intermediate minors (mind, ochikuvan, knowledge - past knowledge, fixed in the system of formed reactions), decline and decline. Tolman has seen the understanding of the "cognitive picture" - the whole structure of the presented light. Evidence is brought by experiment: the boy, having screwed the labyrinth into the labyrinth, runs to the point, de-stitching the feed right from the point of initiation. Vona not focus on the last of the ruins, for once they led them to success, but on the vicarist's message about attaching to the labyrinth.

In the Danish hour of modification, biochevism is widely expanded in American psychology and presented, first for everything, theory social networking A. Banduri and D. Rotter.

8. Basic Ideas of Gestalt Psychology (M. Wertheimer, V. Kehler, K. Levin)

Gestalt psychology- Directly at the western psychology, which was celebrated in Nimechchin in the first third of the XX century. I hung up the program for the development of the psyche from the point of view of integral structures (gestalts), which are the first in terms of their components.

representatives of gestalt psychology: Wolfgang Keller, Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Kurt Levin.

With the help of the bullets of the onset of the Gestalt Psychology Ideas:

1. The subject of psychology is evidence, but it will be guilty based on the principle of conscientiousness.

2. The property is dynamic to the goal, to the field, the skin point of the relationship with the force of the people.

3. One of the analysis of the field (i.e., Svidomosty) is in the form of a gestalt - a cilisna-shaped structure.

4. The method of detecting gestalts is objectively and without forewarning and describing the characteristics of one's own child.

5. Sleepiness cannot be seen as seen, as it remains not really.

6. The health of the mind is a mental process that starts the development of the psyche, and has its own laws.

7. The misnomer cannot be seen as the formations by way of samples and grants of navykhok, but є the process of verifying the creation, communication through the structure of the field, so through the website in the present, in the situation “here and now”. Minuliy dosvid is not of little significance for the revision of the set director.

9. Unknown as a subject of psychology. Psychoanalysis (S. Freud, C. G. Jung, A. Adler).

Show in svidomostі: Psychopathology of a poached life, symbols of dreams and creativity, neurotic symptoms.

The theory of the unaware. (S. Freud)

Apparently, in the psyche of people, there are three spheres, or areas: witness, preconsciousness and unawareness.

The first is the power of the unaware manifestation - tse їkh dієvіst ... The other power of the Pole is that the smell of pass over in witness. Explain the process of two mechanisms, which Freud postulates, - mechanizm vitality and support.

psychoanalysis:

The main provisions for psychoanalysis are in the offensive:

• human behavior, admission and knowledge of a lot of internal and organizational pulls;
• tsi sip, not importantly;
• try to assimilate the cich pulls to produce psychological support in the form of zhisnyh mechanisms;
• krim structure of specialty, individual development of viznachaetsya podiyami early dynasty;
• Conflict in order to learn from reality and unacceptable (vitisnenim) material can lead to mental breakdowns, such as neurosis, neurotic character, fear, depression, etc .;
• The improvement in the inflow of unrecognized material can be achieved through its knowledge (for example, in case of a new professional development).

Psychoanalysis has a number of methods of detecting unrecognizable affective complexes. The head of them is the whole method vilnyh associations i method analysis of dreams... The offense of methods is transferred to an active psychoanalyst robot, like a polyag in a cloudy environment, it is uninterruptedly produced by a patient (the method of awesome associations) or dreams.

Freud proponated the three-component model of the psyche: "Wono" (by the same time 2 basic mental "energies": expansive (Eros) and ruinous (Thanatos); moral fence, norms of social gurtozhitku, relevance).

Adler took the Freudian model of psyche, altogether replacing the abstract Eros and Thanatos with more concrete. The life of the people is the struggle of 2 basic needs: from the owner and the re-food and from the servility and belonging to the social group. The central concept is "compensation". Pragnennya to overcompensation, to podolati a complex of disunity, to start the process of development of people. As for A.'s thought, normal people should be able to reach the balance and the spirituality of the people.

Jung expanded on Freud's model. Postulyu the manifestation of the collective unaware. The form of archetypes has all the awareness of the people. See you two crazy. straightforward features: intro- and extroversion. Psychological type bully vidіlenі Yu on the basis of an understanding of the psycho. Straightness of people and of care in a new psycho. functions (intro. rosumovy, extra-. intuitive).

10. Psychology of the other half of the 20th century: cognitive psychology (W. Neisser, J. Bruner) and humanistic psychology (A. Maslow, K. Rogers, V. Frankl)

cognitive psychology - a lot of direct in the preliminaries of educational processes. Viniklo in the 1960s. as an alternative to biochevism. cognitive psychology reabilituval of the understanding of the psyche as the subject of scientific reading, looking at the behavior as in advance of the cognitive (cognitive) officials.

Representatives of cognitive psychology: George Miller, Jerome Bruner, Ulrik Neisser.

The main provisions of cognitive psychology: the psyche of people is similar to the control of information processing. In such a rank, the psyche is principally modeled, on the basis of engineering attachments.

lucky cognitive psychology stock up on the basis of a wide range of products: receive, develop images, respect, memory, uyavu, mova, misinterpret and accept solutions, in general, natural intelligence and piecemeal intelligence.

humanistic psychology - directly in the Western psychology, as its main subject is the specialty as a unique integral system, as it is not possible for a long time to come, but "to see the power" of self-actualization, to the power of only people.

humanistic psychology in the capacity of its philosophical base to spiral on existentialism (directly in philosophy, I emphasize my respect for the uniqueness of buttya people).

Principles of humanistic psychology:

1. Feel good to the intrinsic character of the nature of the people.

2. The role of the witness.

3.Aprilno viznannya free will, spontaneity, responsiveness and creative power of people.

4. Pre-development of psychologically healthy specialties.

Prior to this, you can directly carry out the following: A. Maslow, K. Rogers, W. Frankl

11. Evolution of the psyche of creatures and people Psychics is a product of a tricky and folding process of development of organic nature. The simplest microorganisms are not psychic. They are characterized by a more elementary form of representation - subtlety.

The emergence of the mental form of the image as the power of a special mother is tied to the findings of the simplest nervous system. Such a nervous system first appears in intestinal-emptying creatures (hydra, jellyfish, actinia).

Tsya nervous system is itself around the nerves of cells with outgrowths, which are intertwined with themselves, and are called network-like or diffusional. With such nervous systems, undifferentiated reactions of all organisms to different kinds of animals are promoted. There is still a lot of something in the center.

The critical center is on the offensive stage of the system - the ganglionic (higher-than-chain) nervous system. In chrobak's nerves of the university (ganglia), there is a growth in the skin segment of the body. All universities are based on oneself, and organism for one purpose. At the same time, the head institute of vuzolovaniya is much more foldable, not all of them, and the reaction is more differentiated on the calling movers.

The nervous system, characteristic of coma, є increased development and acceleration of the ganglionic nervous system. Here you can clearly see the black, breast and head dilyanka. At the same time, the head institute of higher education, which regulates the flow of kintzivok, krill and other organs, is getting faster. In big comas (bjoli, goosebumps) є scent, savor, dotik and zorov vіdchuttya.

In spinal creatures there is a new type of nervous system - central, which is characterized by the vision of the spinal cord and the brain. The development of the central nervous system rotates in the actions of the corticalysis, i.e., the role of measles in the brain.

The development of the central nervous system in young animals is seen differently and unevenly. Vono is surrounded by the way of living, by the peculiarities of the midst of living.

For birds, the most significant value is maє zir, and the measles region took away the greatest development from them. The mavp and the people have a role to play in good health. The zorov area of ​​measles in them is markedly more beautiful, nіzh, for example, nyukhova. With the appearance of the central nervous system, a new form of mental image appears - the perceptual stage of development of the psyche. At the first stage for creatures є one hour transformation of decilkoh mockery and synthesis into the image of an object. Zavdyaki tsomuyutsya subject to visualization.

The development of the psyche is a natural change of psychic processes in the hour, in turn in the first, in the structural and structural transformations. The development of the psyche is characterized by a common shape-shifting change, straightforward (to build up to accumulation of changes, "awakening" new changes over the alternate ones) and by a regular character (for example, in the form of one type of individual).

The development of the psyche is realized in the form of phylogenesis and ontogenesis. A special subject of development is to form the formulation and breakdown of the cerebral organization of mental structures. The theory of development of the psyche is to develop in the absence of the interpretation of the structure of the psyche and minds, so that it begins to be reincarnated. It can be used for two out-of-the-box positions, typical for large concepts. In the first place, there are two groups of factors that summarize the development of the psyche: natural inclinations and development (most readily from V. Stern, K. Buhler and post-daddies).

In some cases, they see in a special group of factors in particular activity, in view of natural inclinations (G. Allport).

In the case of the famous people, since they are about people, win over the respect for the assignment of social norms and culture, fixed in sign-symbolic forms (D. Bruner, D. Mead, J. Piazhe, K. G. Yung, L. S. Vigot ).

It is evident that, for the flow of cich forms, it is necessary to re-energize the structures of the psyche. In a different way, to see the manifestation of actions of universal laws for the development of the psyche, to unite the ontogenesis and phylogenesis of the human psyche. Nayviraznіshe tsya ideya pіd direct infusion of the biogenetic law of E. Haeckel Holom in the yogo theory of recapitulation, it is a sign of the ontogenetic development of the child's psyche into the phylogenesis of humanity. In the 20s and 30s, in vіtchiznyany psychology, the problematics of the development of the psyche was broken up mainly within the framework of child psychology, and in general - on the material of zoopsychology, pathopsychology, historical psychology. The development of the psyche was seen during the whole process of the last inclusion of people in a number of social and subject activities. The interiorization of the structures of cich activities is the formulation of the basic structures of the psyche. L.S. Winning a critical assessment of the announcement about the correlation of development from the beginning and the development of the psyche from the beginning. The development of the psyche of people is in the same place with the development of its specialty, if the processes are not the same.

12. Understand svidomostі. Changes to the standards

evidence- a functional camp, when you reach the maximum synchronization of all components of the mental experience (for no reason).

Change (trans) I will become svidomosty:

• Sleep (nimble - next to the general and trivial 10-15 khilin and general - trivial 80-90 khvilin, insisting immediately on the sip) is a special state of consciousness of a human creature, which includes a number of stages, regularly repeating overnight.
• Hypnosis is a change in the camp of svidomosty, one hour at once in its own signs of sleepiness, sleep and sleep with dreams.
• Alcohol sp'yaninnya is a special state of the nervous system in relation to alcohol consumption, changes in the psychological, physiological and behavioral functions of people.
• Narcotic sp'yaninnya is a special state of the nervous system and in the way of taking drugs, changes in the psychological, physiological and behavioral functions of people.

At the cobbled stage, sp'aninnya inodi manifests itself for no reason, radiant, subjective mood (eiforia).

• Delirium is a misnomer, as it is characterized by a misconception that does not appear as a result of a malignancy, a world of ailments, in which ailments I come across, it is unreasonable to overtake and do not tolerate.
• Ecstasy is a special camp of svidomosty, in which the boundaries between the call and the internal are destroyed, and the center of the supervising at the expense of drowning.

13. Classification of mental processes. Regulatory: motivation, emotions, will. Piznavalny: vidchuttya, sprynattya, misleading, uyava, memory, respect. Motivation - all the psychological officials, who see, spontaneously, direct and pinpoint specific types of activity. Emotions are mental images in the form of an unprecedented anticipatory experience of every appearance and situation before consumption (Div. Pitannya 22).

The will is the power of the people, who are polarized in their building with their own psyche and children. Come to Podolanny pereshkod, scho to come on the way to the end of the day. Vidchuttya - the process of representing the surroundings of the authorities of the objects of the new world. sleepyattya - educational process, Yaka formє sub'єktivnu picture of light. This is a mental process, which can be seen in a visualized object or a manifestation as a whole, when it is infused without predominantly on the receptor surfaces of the organs in the senses. Misleading is the process of modeling systematic stosons of navkolishnogo light on the basis of insane situations. Uyava - the quality of the evidence of the image, the manifestation, ideas and management of them; the key role in the onset of mental processes: modeling, planning, creativity, gras, human memory. In a wide sense, be it a process that is opposed “in images” є vividly. Memory is one of the mental functions and types of rosum activity, it is designated to acquire, accumulate and develop information. Uvaga - the vibration of sprying on the same object.

14. Osobennosti, її designation of that structure (individual and special power).

specialty- a unique dynamic system of psychological and physical authorities people, in every connection, the essence of the individual is univer- sal, as a representative of the human race, which realizes his own individual life in the singing social and cultural space. Uniqueness of specialty is needed:

• The makings.
• Stylish behavioral forms (character, temperament).
• Social roles.
• Motives and values.
• All past lifeі dosvіd.

Individual power:

• Article-specific features.
• Constitutional specialties.
• Features of the intracranial asymmetry of the brain.
• Features of neurodynamics (temperament).
• Psychophysiological specialties (inclinations).

Special authorities:

• community
• leadership
• confusion
• conformity
• compromise

15.Individual change of mind and development of special features. Temperament Models (I.P. Palov, M. Eysenck)

Development of special features according to A.G. Asmolov.

Individual (biological species) Specialty (culture and social)

The theory of development of special features.

Two-factor theory:

• The theory of confrontation of two factors (biological and cultural).

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Erik Erikson (1902-1994)

Stages of psychosexual development of specialism according to Z. Freud:

• Oral stage (0-1.5 rock).
• Anal stage (1.5-3 rock).
• Falic stage (3-6 rocks).
• Latent period (6-12 years).
• Genital stage.

Stages of psychosocial development of specialty for E. Erikson:

stage	vik	psychosocial crisis
1. Oral stage	Narodzhennya -1 pik	Basal dovira - basal nedovira
2. Anal stage		Autonomy - litter and sumniv
3. Falic stage		Ingenuity - wines
4. Latent period		Pratsovitst - discernment
		His-identity is the role of change
6. Early maturity		Intimacy - Isolation
7. Average maturity	26-64 rock	Productivity - stay
8. Old age	65 rock-death	His-integration - see

• Theories of convergence of two factors (biological and cultural).

Humanistic concept (Karl Rogers (1902-1987)); Theory of Social Science (Albert Bandura (b. 1925))

Mіzhpіvkulnaya asymmetry of mental processes - tse functional specialization of cerebral injections. When some mental functions are in place, we have the right to drink.

Temperament - (from Latin Temperamentum - properly related parts) - a style of combining individual features of a particularity, linked to dynamic, not wicked aspects of performance.

Theory of temperament:

• Humoral theory of temperament(Hippocrates, Galen).
• Constitutional theory of temperament(E. Kretschmer, W. Sheldon).
• Theory of temperament, how to explain it from the point of view features of the functioning of the nervous system(I. P. Pavlov, V. M. Rusalov, V. D. Nebilitsin, B. M. Teplov, G. Eysenck).

Theory of temperament I. P. Pavlova

Temperament is characterized by the type of high nervous activity (VND).

Deposit in forcefully, timingі decay nerve processes.

Tipi VND:

1. Weak (melancholic)
2. strong:

• Neurovascularization (choleric)
• timing:

• Inert (phlegmatic)
• Rukhomy (sanguinik)

sanguinik:

• a man with a strong, temporarily important, crumbling nervous system; ma quick reaction;
• yogo vchinki obmіrkovanі;
• life, that is why it is difficult for people to live;
• it is almost easy to recognize and quickly change;
• tse tovariska lyudin, it is easy to converge with new people;
• even more productive day, ale less tody, if you have a lot of tsikavogo right, that is, permanently damaged. If you do this, please, we will become boring, blame.

The best way to go, like to see quick reactions, significant zusiles, distribution of respect.

phlegmatic person:

• a person with a strong, temporarily important, ale inert NS, who reacted as often as possible;
• inappropriate, emotsii appear trustingly (importantly rosurditi, razveseliti);
• maє visoku pracezdatnist;
• strategist, go to meti, rorakhoyuchi strong;
• mitsno zapam'yatovuє everything is done
• kindly repair the opir to the strong and trivial adherents, who are difficult, but not ready to react quickly in new unsuitable situations;
• not to love minty calls, robots, friends
• the setting is stable, equal;
• find

reachє nai great successes in quiet types of performance, as a measure of equal strength, comfort, strength, respect and great patience.

• fighting type, zadikuvati, easy and quick dramatic;
• react quickly, often thoughtlessly;
• viyavlya impatience, porosity, sharpness of ruffs, ignorance, unrestrainedness; increased zeal with uncomfortable minds can become the basis of ignorance, navi aggressiveness;
• the change of mood is characteristic;
• the cyclical nature of the change of activity and badorosti is characteristic of the new one: having drowned in something like a right, it’s inadvertently, for the most part, because it’s not good for you, I don’t need to wait until it’s hungry. ...

The greatest efficiency is achieved in action, as well as increased responsiveness and significant one-time tension of forces.

melancholy:

• a person with a weak NS, willing to be sensitive to weak ones, and a strong friend can also be vicious, “light”, “stopper”, ruffleness, for that in stressful situations (mismanagement, the result of drinking, not safe)
• sensitivity has been increased to a high degree and a decrease in performance (it is necessary to make more trivial cases);
• an insignificant appearance can be victorious to the image, slyosi;
• the mood is douzhe minlivy, a little more sinisterly melancholy to become pretentious, not to shine with his sentiment, not to talk about his experience;
• often hesitations, inclinations, non-singing, anxiety;
• it is almost easy to find out, it is disgusting to stream, call it clearly turns
• strong call to speed up the performance
• for the singing minds of life, it is easy to form a litter of complaisance, untidiness.

G. Eysenck's theory of temperament

16. The makings and goodness. See the goodness. Intellect An important change of mind for the development of specialness and health. hello- the whole psychological peculiarities of the individual, so that they can take revenge on their potential for a successful performance of singing types of activity. It is good to divide into two types: home health (intelligence, creativity) and special health (musical, artistic, mathematical).

The formulation of goodwill is based on deposit. Z adatki- the price of the growth of psychophysiological changes and development of health benefits. One and the same factory may be in the presence of social and individual minds, the development of a child is realizable in absolutely favorable conditions, and with uncomfortable minds, the inclinations of the mind may be overwhelmed by the development of the child.

On the thought of A. Adler, a high level of growth in the development of special features in general. I navpaki, traumatizing the experience of one's own disunity in such a way can become a stimulus for achieving success in the whole region. The process of podolannya "the complex of disagreement" is called overcompensation. Looking at the life of the people, it’s possible to bring people up to the point where people can reach great successes practically right away from the fact that the smell of volodymy is like an individual power. Explain the paradox of additional help understand " individual style dіyalnosti"According to E.A. Klimov. Vin vidіlyaє offensive signs of an individual style of performance:

1. Stiyka system of reception and methods of performance.
2. The ammunition of the cichs is individualized by the authorities.
3. The efficiency of the vibrating system and reception for attachment to the effective performance.

The individual style of performance is compensated for by the interdependence of the effectiveness of performance, which is imposed on the individual by the authorities.

Intellect- the cost of building up to the knowledge and the resolution of problems, which is the reason for the success of any kind of activity.

Three forms of intellectual behavior(R. Sternberg):

1. Verbal intelligence (stock of words, erudition, in the mind of reading).
2. Health problems.
3. Practical intelligence (in the mindset of the set goals).

see intellectu

social intelligence- the importance of correctly understanding and interpreting the behavior of these people.

Emotional Intelligence- a whole group of mental healthiness, which take a part in the learned and intelligent emotions and emotions of those who experience them. 17 Character. Accentuation of character.

character- indivdualno adnannya vyshy psychic peculiarities of a man, which is included in typical for a new way of behavior.

Degree of turn to character:

norm | accentuation | psychopathy

accentuation of character- 1) the most extreme variant of the norms, with a different kind of rice and the nature of the overwhelming strength, it is common to see the vibrational discernment of the psychogenic actions that are quite singular to the genus with good strength up to the last.

2) it should be in the boundaries of critical norms of particularity to character, when it is overwhelmed with strength.

The accentuation of the character is a yak extreme options norms... The stench, in its own devil, is consumed by obvious and accustomed accentuation.

3 Criterion of validity according to P.B. Gannushkina:

1. Totality in character
2. Stability of character in hours
3. Social design

(If people have 1 or 2 points, then we are talking about accentuations, and like 3, then about psychopathies)

K. Jung saw 2 main types of character: 1) extroverted, 2) introverted

E. Kretschmer describing 2 types: 1) cycloid, 2) schizoid

Classification of [constitutional] psychopathies- broken up in 1933 by P. B. Gannushkina classification of special distributions.

1 Asthenic psychopathy

2 psychosthenic psychopathy

3 Schizoid psychopathy

4 Paranoid psychopathy

5 Anxious psychopathy

6 Steric psychopathy

7 Affective psychopathy

8 Mischievous psychopathy

For the classification of A.E. Lichko, you can see the offensive type and accentuation of the character:

1. labile type
2. hypertype type
3. cycloid type
4. Astheno-neurotic type
5. sensitive type
6. Psychostatic type
7. schizophrenic
8. Epileptoid type
9. isteroid type
10. unstable type
11. conformal type
12. The list is not easy to complete. Stuck type.

Brief description of the psychotype

1. Head of rice labial type- extreme minlity of the mood, quickness and little change emocynogo camp... Bagata is a chutta sphere, a sensitiveness to the signs of respect. To get involved in spilkuvannya, to reach for their one-pages, to be satisfied with the roll of the one.
2. Permanent sign - garny mood. energy, hyperactive. Friendship of the surface, the soul of the company. Forget-me-not. Conformist. Romantic. Straightforward. Fair. It is easy to get along with the others.
3. Lyudin with cycloid accentuation experiences cyclic changes in mood, if the attitudes change. When the mood drops, such people show an increased sensitivity to the end, and endure public belittling badly. However, the stench of innovative, living and comrades.
4. Astheno-neurotic type (teasing, getting stumbled, not getting involved in the team, fear)
5. Overwhelming sensitiveness, disagreement, high morality, low self-esteem, fearfulness and dirtiness. With the blows of the stench, it is easy to melt into the edges of the guard, suspicious and closed.
6. Psychostatic type viznacha schism to introspection and reflection. Psychasthenics often prick when they accept the decision and do not tolerate high vimogs and vantage of vidpovidality for myself and others.
7. Non-plastic. Tse is a lyudin-formula. Myslennya original, ale unposted. Creativity has an important process, not a result. In nauci - a generator of ideas. schizoids- rose of the earth. Intellectual aggression. It is rotten to see him.
8. Mova is virazna. Missing is standard. Streaming, ale vibukhovikh. Love order. Ultimativen. The legalist. Moralizer.
9. Pragnennya vidіlitisya, brutalize on yourself the respect of the comforting people, find yourself in the center of uvaga.

Artistry, in reality, lightness of implantation in a role, and if I come up with the truth.

The visibility of the activity, but the relationship to others and to itself. Characterized by the ease of self-righteousness, natural self-deception.

1. unstable type accentuation of the nature of the meaning of the line, not wanting to carry on work, or the primary activity of the people. Dani people tossing the cravings to rozvag, due to the hour, inconveniences. Їх ideal - lose yourself without control from the side and by yourself. Smell of comrades, vidkriti, service. To speak even more abundantly
2. conformal type to be characterized by conformity otochennyu, so people do not think "think, like everything." The stench cannot be endured by abrupt changes, breaking of the living stereotype, and the amalgamation of the singular otochennya.
3. The basis of the stuck, paranoid type of accentuation of the specialness є the pathological strength of the affection. Feeling that strong reactions are strong, invite to go to the decline for that, as reactions "give freedom". A stuck specialty has a picture of the insha: the problem is to creep more and more, and it is more difficult to turn a thought before the trap, as it inaccurately comes to life and superfluous stress of the emoticon

A. E. Lichko vidіlya two steps of accentuation:

Explicit accentuation is an extreme variant of norms. Accentuated rice to the character to finish the turns with a stretch of life. Compensation for not being able to get back in case of mental trauma.

Accentuation is prikhovannaya - an extravagant version of norms. The accentuation of rice and character appear mainly in case of mental trauma, or not to produce chronic maladjustment

Classification of Leonhard

To temperament, like a natural affirmation, Leonard bully vіdnesenі tipi:

hypertension - good fortune, pursuit of worries, optimism, enthusiasm for luck

dіstіmіcheskіy - zagalmovanіst, fostering of ethical parties, experiencing and fighting, feeling of misfortune

affectively labile - substituting compensation for rice, availability on food items

affective-exaltation - nagu, pіdnesenі pіchuttya, bringing emotsіy into a cult

anxiety - fearfulness, fearfulness, protection

emotive - hearty, fearful, spirited

To the nature, like a socially zoomed education, vin vidnis tipi:

demonstrative - self-singing, marnoslavystvo, boastfulness, nonsense, flattering, enthusiasm on vlasna I yak on etalon

pedantic - irresponsibility, conscientiousness, hypochondria, fear of inappropriateness to ideals

stuck - adolescence, imaginativeness, marnoslavstvo, transition from one to another before distribution

awkward - fervor, vaguity, pedantry, instinctual enthusiasm

To a special level of buli vidneseni tipi:

extroverts

introverted

18. Methods of vivchennya of specialties. Main theses Characteristics of a person's personality (publicized): status, position, role, function, purpose, value, motivational sphere, character, health. Methods for diagnostics of specialness: straight(Test opituvaly (MMPI, 16PF)), design(Test of chornilny beaches by G. Rorschach, TAT, color test M. Luscher).

Straight Methods: The method of incapacity is a specific role of incapacity, like the method of detecting a specialness, vividly, in addition to the fact that verbal calls about power and manifestations of its own specialty are heard in these tests. To that, in the hassle, the sub'active side of the specialness appears in the greatest turn - the self-awareness and self-assessment of the authorities of the specialness, the experience and the emotion of being put, turning in them, etc. Great meaning is the correct setting of food. It is necessary to be mindful with the whole method - the manifestation of the prior contact between the vyprobuvanny and the experimenter. The method of characterological rage є a special form of natural experiment. A special place in the system of methods of advancement, also by the method of caution and piece-by-piece experiment, the loan "natural experiment" A.F. Lazursky. The characteristic peculiarity of natural experiment is those who are close to natural minds; viroblyaєtsya in a special for a viprobuvanny environment. By using the method of natural experimentation, it is possible to promote viprobuvanny with singing minds in a straightforward way, organizing the situation, and organizing it with a plan. Keeping an eye on the behavior and reactions of the tested permissiveness to disclaim the declaration about the particularity of the specialness in the whole and around the power. Biographic method - permissive vivchit etapi living way The particularities of the formulation of the specialties can be supplemented with the interpretation of the data taken by experimental methods. Opituvalniki as one of the methods for the development of specialties are used to diagnose the degree of variability in individual special characterizations, for example, figs. You can see 2 types of opytuvalniks: odnіrnі- only one characteristic is diagnosed Bagatovimirni- give information about a number of different authorities and specialties. The food is just closed. Inadequate to the method of storing opytuvalniks - a characteristic of the specialness of priming on the basis of self-assessment. Projective methods A group of methods, which are used for diagnostics of specialness, in which we can respond to an unimportant (meaningful) situation; for example, interpret the plot of the picture (Thematic Apperceptive Test), order the color according to the sub-active (M. Luscher's color test), give the non-meaningful outlines (by the Rorshakh's beaches) ... Wrong, possible wide range of solutions, at the same time it is transmitted, but the nature of the messages in the test is due to the peculiarities of the specialties, which are designed on the basis of the messages. For the viprobovan meta projective methods, it is disguised, but it reduces the possibility of carrying out hostility on the experimenter.

19. Need-motivational sphere. Classification of consumer

Understand the motivation. Classification of consumer

motivation (In French. "motif"-" reason ")- the price of psychological factors, such as spontaneous, directing, admitting and attributing specific types of intelligence and behavior.

demand- tse stan of ob'ktivnoy consumer human body in what position to lie in his position and to become necessary for his normal functioning

1. For the criterion, we will add or tease є, talk about positiveі negative motives.

Butt to the motive of the positive type: the motive of reaching.

The butt of a negative motive: the motive for the unification of bad luck.

1. For the criterion of the hour of actualization, you will see post_yn_, st_yk_, cyclical and situational.
2. For the intensiveness of experiencing the need-stan: strong and weak
3. For the dominance of the organization for the result or for the process of making a decision: processual and effective

G. Murray podіlyає consumption for viscerogenic (demand for sour, water) and psychogenic (demand for reason, povazi).

• Personal needs and motives

• objectification- the whole process of knowing a specific object, which can satisfy the need.

In the act of objectification, there is a motive

• motive- tse a consumer item.

Biological bases of motivation. instinct

• instinct- the whole program of behavior is ready, adjusted to the satisfaction of biological needs.

With instinctive objectification, the consumer often has the character of imprinting

Imprinting (D. Spolding)

• imprinting- tse mittєve and irreversible knowledge by the need for one's own subject.

organic consumer

• in kharchuvanny;
• at vіdpochinku;
• in optimal temperature conditions;
• in multiplication

supraorganic consumer

• in statuses and achievements;
• in spіlkuvanni and accessory (afіlіаtsії);
• in turbot about offspring;
• in the know.

20. Basic and consumer goods. Period of consumption according to A. Maslow. Destruction of the motive on the meta like the mechanism of the formation of human motivation (A. N. Leontyev).

Field theory (K. Levin) and cognitive dissonance (L. Festinger).

Model A. Maslow is transferring, who will develop the motivational sphere of the people of the field in the last awakening and satisfied with all the most important needs right up to the last - consume it in self-actualization.

Consume, how to lie in the basis of the paramount, be satisfied with the higher, lower and lower, as the growth of the summit.

The motives, which are the result of a specific need, become more and more versatile in the world of suction to the top.

Destruction of the motive on the meta - the mechanism of the formation of new motives, author A.N. Leontyev. Those projects that used to serve to achieve goals, forgive a singing motive, develop an independent meaning and are split off from the primary motivation. With a lot of additional goals, on the basis of the tribute of the boule, they create the status of an independent motive.

K. Levin is responsible for the fact that the basis of human activity є consumption (quasi-need), the stench is to direct the activity of people. Requirements for special features of the system of springs, yak pragne before the distribution, in yak and polyaga, according to Levin, is satisfied with the consumer. Razryadka consumer needs to stay in the singing situation, called Levin's psychological field. For Levina, one speech may have a positive valence, and if not by such a sponucal force, it may mean a negative valence. In such a rank, the objects of the field are positively and negatively charged valence in relation to the relationship to consumer. The surplus of positive valences of the "sign field" can be brought up to the "phenomenon of oversizing" described by Levin. In a situation, if it’s not hard to pin down the dyu, yak vyklicala peresichennya, it is easy to win a negative emotion, aggression.

Theory of cognitive dissonance L. Festinger stverdzhu emotional experience winners have people only, if they become convinced, but cognitive manifestation is included in life, that is, if the real results of intelligence are seen. Negative emotions are recognized and accepted in quiet cases, if there are some smart and efficient results of performance, distribution, inconsistency or dissonance. Sub'actively, the state of cognitive dissonance is extremely experienced by people as discomfort, and as a result of being too happy.

I will turn to cognitive dissonance:

• changes in cognitive education and planning
• try a new result

21. Law to the optimum of motivation p. Yrx-J. Dodson

For any kind of performance, there is an optimal (as a rule, average) level of motivation, at which the efficiency of the process of performance is maximum. What is more complex, the lower level of motivation is optimal. R. Yerkes and J. Dodson conducted a series of experiments, which yielded the results of the past, since before the last bullets shchury, curly cats, kitties and people. Viprobovuvani vikonuvali zavdannya for the development of two brightness. Variable level of foldability of development and steps of motivation. The stage of motivation for visualization began through the force of punishment by a blow of an electric strum in the event of a wrong message. At the present time, the given data have been formulated, the law “to the optimum of motivation”, which will tie the force to the motive to reach the result, the flexibility of the set up and the efficiency of the performance. The law to the optimum is formulated as follows: for the achievement of the maximum efficiency of the economy for the increase of the level of the foldability, the intensity of the laboriousness, or the punishment, is to be changed. In other words, it’s like the power is evidently simple, it’s more beautiful for all you will be able to see if you have a high level of motivation, and it’s like a foldable one - when you’re reconciled.

Similar tributes to the boule were removed and in more recent preliminaries, carried out in public. For example, in the experiment of J. Patrik, the viprobuvanny was placed in the cabin from the door of the door, for which there was only one exit. The logical decision did not disappear, so as the place of the smart door was constantly changing, however, the viprobuvanny of the idea was to increase the rational strategy and development. Patrik stood up, and when the motivation was strong enough, they made sure to leave the cabin innocently (on his head, they repaired the tsvyakhi from above, or they passed a weak, altogether unacceptable discharge of an electric string through the pivot), they became less stereotypical and less effective.

Obviously, in the described type of experiment, they burned with the call motivation of viprobovuvanih (strikes with a strum were not carried to the point of the right, for example, the meaning of the blaze of the beach or the joke of the required door).

The clash of the internal motivation of the sub'єkta is madly, to a significant acceleration of the picture. 22. Emotions, they see that functions.

Emotions are mental images in the form of an unprecedented anticipatory experience of every appearance and situation before consumption. Emotions are even more closely tied to motives and needs.

Main types of mobile stations

1. Feel good, Vlasne emotsii, Afekti, Addictions, Attitudes

Affect - even short for triviality, ale neymovirno nasichene for its nature, the emotional camp.

Passion is a tse emotional camp, scho I am an object of addiction, ale

far from being hungry for assimilations.

functions of emots

1. - Mobilizing function (spontaneous up to the day) (for example, adrenaline in the roof of fear; the phenomenon of "sounding of svidomosty" zmushu organism of zooseredity of all zusilla on the underside of a negative situation).
2. - Estimated function (yes, the possibility of mittєvo estimation of a sense of an isolated friend, or a situation for people).
3. - Function of compensation for information deficiency ("reserve resource" for the revision of the plant, if the information is not available for rational acceptance of the solution).
4. Function of spontaneous performance and performance of performance (emoticons display the background motives of performance, every hour the performance of the dynamics of performance signals about success).
5. -Regulatory function of emoticons (Imaginative and evaluating performance, emoticons and appreciably directing the behavior of the sub's in the direction of singing, showing the manifestation of singing reactions).
6. The function of trace formation (transfer of pod_y, as it appears in the future (heuristic / anticipatory function).
7. The function of the commune (expressive (flexible) component of emotional robbing їх “foresee” for social rationing.
8. Function of disorganization (intensive development of destruction and effective protection of activity).
9. Functions of autonomous values ​​of emots. 23. Behavioral and physiological manifestations of emotions. Designation of emots.

Behavior show emotsiy(Paul Ekman)

1. adaptations of tin- the process of making it possible to reduce the intensity of the spirits (getting started on the scene with joy).
2. regulator- a ruck, scho to set the rhythm of the interruption of the emotional process (fingering with the fingers when becoming unimportant).
3. іlustrators- the change in intensity of emotions (amplitude and strength of gestures).
4. demonstrate- the price tag of specific social stanovies, the beckoning of the miniscule ones (frowning in the middle).
5. emblemy- the tse ruhu, as it was adopted by the vicoristovuvati for the rotation of emotions in the dania of culture. Do qih in different ways it is possible to add іntonational characteristics to the voice (summary voice, gnivny viguk)

Physiological manifestation of emotsiy(W. James, G. Lange)

A complex of mimic adherent reactions to the body, kerovani by the autonomic nervous system, which are indicative of an extreme response to a stimulus, such as a wake-up call (for example, sweating, accelerating pulse, grip, redness, crying).

the theory of the memory ringing bell P. Ekman, R. Levinson and V. Frizen.

Rely on the change of face muses. From a quick glance, an automatic change in the configuration of face muses, to develop as a reaction to the injection of a stimulus, to produce an understanding of the current state of affairs, as a result of this

Designation of emots.

Be-yak shyra emotion of three parts of the second!

• Podiv - the eyebrows are raised, the eyes are wide open, the mouth is open.
• Happiness - there are small little snouts in the coils of the eyes, the cheeks are raised, the backsides are near the eyes.
• Gniv - drooping eyebrows. and at once, blisk in the eyes, mouth closed, ruin the sound.
• Fear - the eyebrows are raised and tight, the upper turns are raised, and the lower stresses, the lips are hard.
• Vidraza - no wrinkles, the upper lip is lifted.
• Contempt is a company only from the 1st side.

Nonsense detector (polygraph)

Background (reconstruction of physical indicators at the spoky station)

Reactions (indicators when giving messages)

see the stress

25. Viznachennya sprynattya. Main characteristics of a child. Іlusії reception.

sleepy - the process of visualization of integral objects and the basis of current physical energies on the basis of sensitivity. Psychic process of polarity in the image of an object, or an appearance as a whole, when it is infiltrated on the receptor surfaces of the organs in the eyes.

Look at the bottom of your steps:

1. Take care of new items (there are people who are active).

2. Take the space (give us a picture of the trivial space, showing the visibility and the setting).

3

4. Sprynattya ruch (give us a tribute about the ruch of objects for us and for one to one).

5. Taking people by people (a special type of sleeping, which is used for the forefront delivery).

Main characteristics of a child:

1. Subject matter - act of activation, i.e. Dot and ruh play a great role. Ob'kt we take off as a kind of attraction in the space and hour around the physical depth. There is a great deal of power to manifest itself in the mutual isolation of the figurine and the background.
2. Purity - to see the surroundings of the power of objects, to take away from the central image, but to build on the basis of public knowledge about the surroundings of power, the bitterness, possessed by the view of the surroundings of the vision. Internal organic interconnection of parts and the whole in the image. Slid to discern two aspects of the concept of power:

• ob'єdnannya new elements as a whole;
• Independence of the highlighted whole of the quality of warehousing elements.

• Structurality (publicity) is not a sum of visibility. The world is practically abstracted from the chicks in the zagalnennuyu structure, as it is shaped in a stretch for an hour (hearing the music, mi chuєmo note one by one).

• Constancy - when a sub'єkta is springy, it will fluctuate without interruption. The managers of the power of constancy, which are built up in the building of the perceptual system and compensate for the changes, the worlds of the new objects, which are apparently permanent in shape, size, color. Bagatorazovy take some and the same ob'єktiv for the intelligent minds, the constancy of the image. Preventing the stability of the visual light, visualizing the unity of the objects of the day.

• Compassion - there is a desire to receive a wine as a result of an unprecedented infusion of a teaser on the receptor, perceptual image, which does not have the same meaning. The reception is tightly tied to the misnomer, the sense of the subject matter, but allowing the thought to name it, that is, to bring it to the singing group of objects, class, publicity of it. It is adapted to the connection with the message of the message, with the intelligence of the day of the subject. It is tied with the robot of the secondary cortical fields of the analyzer.

• Vibrance - is more important than the vision of some objects in the case of others.

Іlusії reception:

іluzії - tse pompilkov, if you do not see any kind of action, like you do not mind when you see hostility, but you don’t see action, but you do not see any kind of actions about you. term " spontaneously»Meaning that is visible (Abo chutne, vidchutne) we are not aware of the active situation; This can be done, for example, behind the help of a vim_ryuvannya.

Іlusії to see:

Physical, physiological, affective, optical illusions, sound illusions, verbal, organic, illusions of awareness, pareilological.

26. Enjoy space for an hour

1) take in the open air - the building of people with space and space characteristics of the new light: the size and shape of objects, as well as roztashuvannya.

V Take the space out of the way:

1) taking the lingering power of objects - їх form, size, obsyagu

2) taking out the objects between the objects - the position of the middle of the objects and the distance from the sposter (glybinne zir).

Sleepy gibini.

The spirits of Gibini are tied to an assessment of the proximity of objects. Look for help for both binocular and monocular vision.

Signs of gibini:

1. Rekritiya.

2. Elevation (pidyom).

3. Vidnosno substitution of ob'єktіv rusi sposterіgach (ruhovy parallax).

4. One hour view of the image for the right and left eye (disparity).

2) take an hour - the imagery of such characteristics of manifestations of action, such as triviality, speed of resistance and after-life.

Timing chases are spinning for help:

- a chronometer - at the hour, to see the help of the equal ruch of that abo іnshiy object, for example, the arrow of the year;

- Chronology - the view of the hour, depending on the nature of the world for all people: the pores of fate, a number of lived lives, etc .;

Guess the first metronome with the first butt. Hearing metronome and physical Wundt natural power of svidomosty - yo rhythm, chuє rhythm. Rhythm in the broad sense means the organization of the enemy. For on the іnshy soundness of the chicks is hostile. Slid for Wundt robimo is one hundred and fifty visnovok. As a matter of fact, witness can be attributed to additional introspection, meaning є a model of witness. The evidence can be defined as a structure, so that the field can be seen. Є periphery і focus. The next model nagadu sitkіvku oka, on which there is also a central point and periphery. Sitkivka is a physiological organ. In this option, psychology is called physiological. ale Wundt NOT a physiologist.

Lecture 4 (10.10.97) (top)

Progressively see the transition from philosophy to psychology. Philosophy is not a science, it is not a science, it is not the very mind of the knowledge and judgment of any sciences. The very philosophy of Vinikl in the VI Art. BC, since the first philosophical schools began to appear. And what about philosophy? Buv mif, mythology. Myth, and in all its unquestionable dignity, all the buzz and no problems. Ale zrozumіlo special rank. For example, I gave a bliskavka - it means Zeus has been unleashed. Abo, for example, if he poked his foot along the road - it means that the deity has punished. Be a philosopher to go from the myth, to what a bouv sense. Ale sense is mythological, for us neurological, overwhelmingly non-scientific. I todi the philosopher riziknuv zapitati "And why in the world?" It’s wiser, say, who in the world is good, honor, conscience, etc. Whatever in the light of evil, no one needs to explain it, that is why they have their skin cories and people who stick together one by one. And for that, I’ll explain why є good, the philosopher is renewed sense, altogether a clever sense - "Logos", Reasonable word. Ale everything has been a long time ago, but what about the current mythology? Kozhen psychologist real life You can be a philosopher. For example, the philosopher wrote "MMM-no problems". The philosopher has power, who has no problems, me? Ні, there are no problems for that intercessor, who has turned into spirits. I can, close to tsyo write vishikuvalasya cherga. People have a lot of money for vouchers, but they have no idea about pennies. To this the philosopher will be able to go so that tomorrow there will not be more than a penny, but it will probably be awakened, and they will have it in their hands at once. The philosopher marveled at the cherga, there is written "Tomorrow" in the newspaper. In cikh people, they are not philosophers, but people from the past, dumb and not only a penny for an hour. They do not have much tomorrow, I want the stench of a thief's life.

We are talking about philosophical professionals. Taking a stink of science? Ні. The stench of opening the mind for the emergence of sciences, the stench of quenching the Zusillian thought. Svit nezumіliy, ale the stink of yoh intelligence. Well, thankfully, science appears, for example psychology. Who is guilty and can the presenter be guilty? Wine is not only risiku ruin the food "what?" I started to do it until I was too happy to eat. U nyogo "Logos" not just a sense, but an understanding, which can be mirkuvati, the results can be reconverted on the basis of evidence. We are on top of a supervisor, a philosopher, we will put food and drink on the spot. Our understanding misunderstanding? The first one? The philosopher is the head of man: Plato, Aristotle, Descartes.

Other food. Classical psychology of witness: facts and understanding. The structure of witness and power. Promotional statement about svidomost. Gestalt psychology ... Possibilities that are interconnected by the method of introspection.

Yakscho misch vivchaєmo naukovo - we have a model, by and large. And this means that Wundt has a guilty model of svidomostі, it is accurate, even faster metaphor. Wundt say that witness can be seen in the field. If we are wondering, we will focus on the point, and in the center. I є periphery. Another previous meal. Tse another third of the 19th century. Wundt I will be psychology behind the knowledge of natural sciences, I will see parts in my subject. I have a property є active and sub-active elements. Are the elements included in the structure? For what kind of svidomosty obsyag?

obsyag svidomostі- the whole number of knitted elements (simple enemies according to Wundt), Yake viprobovaniy Narazi sprymaє yak єdine tsile.

The evidence is rhythmically and structurally. easiest admission, Corroded by the method of recognition or identification. A singing set of metronome beats will be presented to the drummer. Repairing from 8 pairs - 16 strikes. Viprobation їх doesn’t matter. Winning overheard. In a short hour, approximately the same set will be presented, maybe three more and three less or exactly the same. I ask you to tell me, has it become more, less, or is it the same? And it is permissible that it is correct. This means that the whole set of wines can be revenged in the structure of the property. Wundt to carry out experiments on ordinary people and to come before the weekend, so that you can get a great rosary for a few hours, from 16 to 40 elements, simple feuds. Mabut, the one that tied the elements between themselves in the skin in their own way. One has just a couple of blows, the other has a four, and the third has a powerful group of hits, which are singular. Todi Wundt ask the viprobuvan to clarify the item, try to see the item itself. As soon as you try your inner zusilla in the center, focus on the evidence, then Wundt Vvazhaє scho near the center є is a special area, de elements nabuvayut special power. Qia is the central part of being called a field of uvagi.

And what about the power of the elements in the field of respect? Clarity and variability of information. clarity craving for a small, simpler introspection. Persh for everything, tse chutta clarity. As soon as it became clear, there was a sense of intelligence - a sense of clarity. But here іnsha clarity - vіdchuttіv. І Todі for an explanation of the matter before the іnshoї model. Qia model of nagaduh droplets-cylinders. And if you can marvel at her sideways - there is a gathering with a walk. The first model was proponated by Wundt's school - Edward Titchener. To be called a qya model is a hwilya uvagi. And what is the clarity? The name of the boundary in the first model - the chain of production in the model Titchener... And the inside is a vertical line. Uvaga is the main power of witness. Sensory clarity. As soon as in the field of respect there are elements of sound, then on the periphery of the stench is inviolable. I need to say that clarity can be replaced, for example, with intensity by a step of respect.

And why take variability? Those who see elements in the very field of respect, the cost of elements from some of the others. Distance, quality of development, development of elements. The visualization of the metronome beats, of the letters in words or in phrases. Tsim repeat the method of recognition.

Obsyag uvagi - from 3-4 to a maximum of 6 Wundt.

obsyag uvagi- the whole number of elements, such as tests at a given moment (in a given hour), are clear and clear.

And why can you expand the obsyag uvagi? Wundt b, having said in the words of George Miller, which number is boolean (7 +/- 2). A number of times, say 6, is not possible. And the axis on the skin muscle, in principle, can be adopted as a unit. First of all, you need to say that you set up some of the odds in classical psychology, it means that you can use the elements between yourself. And the sound of the association. For example, it is possible to call each other objects, which are spontaneous at once in the open space - the whole space association. Elementi, one by one, lastly in the hour - the team's association. The elements are tied for the zmist, like the letters in the word - the meaning of the association. Buvaut associations for a selection of objects, or navpaki, in contrasting visibility. Є a lot of possibilities to pov'yazuvat elements between yourself.

Inodі it seems, scho vchennya Wundtі Titchener- tse associationism. I can say it in a different way. Vinik zadovgo do associationism Wundt... Bulo chimalo associates. I am talking about Wundt That is what I want to name the understanding, yak vіn vvzhav the main one. Wundt in other words, the evidence is very specific, the structure is not static, the strength is strong, the structure can change. For example, for the model є force, as pull the call to the center. If it’s the focus of the property, then we are centralized, and they have two names, which would suggest a model.

The name of the border is obsyagu svidomosty. First, it must be located behind the central border. Ale mi vseredinі obsyagu and those, scho there, not sprymaymo. On the periphery of the show Wundt perceptual forces. I’m sure I’m screwed up, I’m not going to cross the cordon. Do you want to go to the internal cordon? There may be strength. Tse is basically an understanding Wundt- apperception, apperceptive strength. The stench yak bi cheruyut with our respect, the stench itself і allows you to expand, and more precisely, zmіnyuvati obsyag uvagi. The apperception has a value.

Apperception- the whole process, as a result of any element of the property, become clear and varied. Tobto tse I respect not how clear and clear svіdomosti, but I respect how process.

To a friend. Apperception- the whole process of redevelopment (for example, enlargement) is a unit of svidomostі. The first one is a small, simplest butt, only for smartness, and also for apperception.

The essence of the information. In nimetsky mov є words, which are composed of a great number of letters, more than 6 or navit 10-12. The same word is taken and asked to see some of the elements, to achieve the clarity and variation of the skin literi. Such a rank is presented as a dermal letter by way. І if obsyag uvagi to be re-numbered; I, as a rule, at the whole moment of testing with a rapt, I understand that it’s not a set of letters, but a word, the letters are tied between myself for a zmist і, as only win the mind, all the elements have not been announced yet), go to the top in the model Titchener(Abo to the center, in the model Wundt)... The power of respect is to enlarge the element of svidomosty.

The first understanding of apperception can be improved. Apprehension according to the result, according to the fact that vip tests in a given vypad can be promoted in its own way - clarity and variation (in the center, from the active side). And the axis z of the sub-active side (almost, albeit not in the sense of sensibility, but in the sense of emotionality) was spinning in a simple way, in fact, it was not satisfied with the occasion, altogether, but it seemed to be a bit more robust, it seemed to be

The psychology of svidomosti did not show a worthwhile approach. It was a conglomerate of several paradigms of preliminaries, united by a foreign subject and a glance at psychology, like the science of “middle-of-the-road knowledge” (W. Wundt).

Functional psychology of testimony

functional psychology(English Functional psychology) - directly in the psychology of the United States of the 19th century. XX century, Yake rang out the subject of psychological advancement of the function of mental processes, witness in behavior, in attitudes (adaptation) to the middle, to practical situations.

James vicoristav the metaphor of "potik of svidomosty" yak fiksuval dynamism of psychic manifestations. Apparently, the analytic introspection has absorbed the heuristic value: it’s as though it’s because of the witness, but there’s little in the act of analytic ’introspection, which is guilty of consuming the mind’s power, the death-making meta psychology James has become involved in the priestly function. James' testimony is the vital important function of people who live in a folding middle. James viv "special" vimir of svidomosty, vvazhayuchi, yak svіdomy dosvіd, yak "my", like "nalzhny me".

The psychology of svidomosti laid the foundations of scientific psychology as an independent discipline. Inappropriately sounding classes of psychic phenomena, intertwining them with evidence of admittance, the psychology of evidence of protest formulated a lot of laws of the function of the psyche, which are not spontaneous and understandable.

To James, the testimony was an adversarial act, set up by nature for living in the minds of the mind. The evidence, according to W. James, is not a flat picture, but a kind of infinite, uninterrupted flow of functional acts, which can only occur due to the laws of short-hour memory.

Potik is a characteristic of interconnection. The power of the flow is also important - the vibration of the objects, for which the direct, selectivity. Selective power of testimony, according to James, is one and the same. Tobto respect tse unbearable, minlivy, really individual and vibrant streak. Physiological minds, respect є:

1. Destruction of the cortical (ideational) center by the way of the zesty sensitive subtlety of the form, so called precept (anticipation of the ob'kta uvagi), scho and respect. Preperception (stem to the image) є half of the perception (reception) of the shukany object. Tobto, apparently simpler, we are deprived of the objects that we perceive.

2. The body is guilty of being addicted to the most vivid adversity (for additional adherence to an apparatuses). In the case of the hasty ruffs, they are organically aware of the springs of uvaga, as they look at us as if they feel the power of the activity. In addition, be it an object, building up to ruin our sensitiveness of the wickedness of attaching organs to the senses, and also, feeling the activity, and the growing clarity of the object in witness.

Mechanisms of respect, according to James, lie at the level of respectability. I will not respect the transfer of the adjustment of the organs to the senses, sensitization, change of the systems and blood circulation, etc., so that those who are more prone to the importance of achieving greater variability. I have a great respect for the ideation center, which is a form of readiness in terms of delivery to the middle, a precept, an understanding of the knowledge and vibration of a weak signal in the minds of a task.

Structural psychology of svidomosty

structural psychology(Eng. Structural psychology) term, introductions E. Titchener for the meaning of his psychology, protistavlya їm functional psychology.

representatives: Wilhelm Wundt, Edward Bradford Titchener

By the method of structural psychology, serve as an analytical - describe the experience in categories of elements of evidence.

The main staff of psychology(According to W. Wundt) є the distribution of non-frontal information on the elements, seeing the sounds of the elements one by one, and the meaning of the laws of these sounds. The elements of svidomosty are the process of seeing, showing and thinking.

The description of all types of senses, in their own way, fit into a trivial space, like folding from the coordinate axes:

• contentedness - dissatisfied;
• naprugi - distributions;
• zbujennya - calmness.

The main processes of the psyche, the result of the creative synthesis of such and appearance, є processes:

• the process of a non-perceptible visualization of the active action by the organs of the senses (perception)
• an active process, with the help of some evidence of realizing its potential to self-organizing on apparently the basis, it’s not just the mind of its elements, just to bring about the understanding and ordering of mental capabilities.

One hour, the theory of acts of witness Franz Brentano (1838-1917) developed from Wundt's structural psychology. The main subject in the new book is not the structure of the property, but the activity of the property. Brentano is also thinking of knowing the odds of the psyche, albeit in the elementary psychic acts. Brentano published his fundamental pratsyu "Psychology from an empirical point of view" in 1874.

With the help of Wundt and Brentano, within the framework of the psychology of witness, the Würzburg school is directly original, the representatives of which focused on the problems.

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Psychology yak science

• Psychology (in Greek. Psyche - soul + logos - vchennya, science) is the science about the laws of development and function of the psyche as a special form of life.
• Psychic (from the Greek. Psychikos - mental) is a form of active representation by a sub-functional of an active reality, which is determined in the process of interaction of highly organized living beings and from the callous behavior of the healthy

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• Ob'kt psychology - highly organized living things, the nose of the psyche
• Psychology subject - psycho

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A historical look at the subject of psychology

• VI century BC - V century n.e.: the subject of psychology is the soul.
• Plato: Idea (eidos), be it any kind of speech or something - the most important, the most beautiful and the most important. In humans, the role of the vikon's idea is immortal.

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• Aristotle: the soul is not an autonomy of the day, but a form, a way of organizing a living body.
• The soul is filled with good health as it descends to the development: roslinnoy, sensitive and rosy (by the power of only people).
• The mind is in the most vivid, day-to-day swinging. ієраrhіya рівнів educational performance culminating in a "supreme rose", which is a change from one to the next.
• "Yakbi eyes buv is alive istota, yogo soul bulo b zir" (Aristotle)

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middle:

• Scholasticism (Greek Σχολαστικός - teachings of the school) is a systematic middle philosophy, which is a synthesis of Christian (Catholic) theologian and logic of Aristotle.

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Epokha Vidrodzhennya:

• The famous scholastics R. Goklenius and O. Kassman first introduced the term "psychology" (1590).

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Epoch of Education. René Descartes (1596-1650):

• having raised the question about witness in the context of psychophysical problems,
• viv criterion for mental vision,
• Into the understanding of the reflex, by grabbing the ear of nature by itself, the introduction of the behavior of the creatures and the people.

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Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679):

• In the light of the dumb, beyond the material;
• Аsocіatsії - tse tying the traces of the seen;
• Asociatsii is a universal law of psychology.

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John Locke (1632 - 1704):

• “There’s no one in mind, who wouldn’t be in mind”;
• Osvita simple ideas zі folded by the way of іnіal operations (ієднання, вістлення, etc.);
• Association - "it is not, that is, it is not related to the natural health, because ideas, if ideas, by themselves, are not homeland, in the minds of people who do not think so importantly."

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viznennya testimony

• Svіdomіst is a form of visualization of active action in the psyche of people.
• Svіdomіst - the building of the creation of action, as well as the specific mechanisms and forms of such an innovation in the old days.

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Classical psychology of testimony

• Structural psychology of witness (V. Wundt, E. Titchener)
• Functional psychology of witness (W. James)

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Structural psychology of svidomosty

V. Wundt, having defined the main psychology:

1. analysis of the process of svidomostі by the method of self-guarding;
2. detection of elements of evidence;
3. the establishment of regularities in spoluca.

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• The structure and power of information according to V. Wundt:
• Structure: Field of svidomostі and focus of svіdomosti (field of respect)

power:

• rhythm (connection, ugrupovannya hostility) - property є structure
• heterogeneity - center and periphery
• maє obsyag - a number of simple enemies, like viprovovaniyu now sprymaє yak єdine tsile (7 + \ - 2)

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• Yak pratsyu svidomist?
• Mechanism of interaction of elements of evidence (simple views) - association
• The process of entering the focus of the new image is called apperception

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• E. Titchener - the master of structuralism
• Vivchav elements of svidomosty
• Having proponated the metaphor of "Chvili svidomosty", they learned those who lie on the crest of chvili (in the field of respect).

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• E. Titchener introduced the metaphor of hvili to explain the phenomenon of uvaga. Tim himself was responsible for the distortion of the character of uvagi, so that at the moment of the skin only one could reach the "comb of the uvili uvagi" (apperceptions).
• Vin describing the phenomenon of "akomodatsii" uvaga - a rewarding apperception of that wolf, as it is more beautiful to use it in advance.

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Functional psychology of testimony

• W. James - the master of the functional approach
• Svidomost - tse potik, rika, in yaky thoughts, vidchuttya, spogadi, raptovy associations constantly interrupt one one and chimerically, "illogically" intertwine

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4 powers of witness:

1. skin "svidomosty" pragne but a part of the special svidomosty;
2. in the middle of a special svidomosty yogo stun minlivi;
3. any special testimony is an uninterrupted last of impressions;
4. one ob'єkti won’t be eagerly, іnshі vіdkіdaє and zagalі all hour to rob between them vibіr.

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• It is unclear or unaware of the fact that there are mental processes, such as sub-active control.

development:

• unaware of the mechanisms of such events;
• unaware inducers of svidomich diy;
• "Overhead" processes.

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Happy announcement about the testimony. Law your robots

• Hume's Law: the reasons for guilt are based on the evidence of people and for non-inconsistent reasons.
• Freud-Festinger's law: the mechanism of information, having stumbled upon super-articulate information, started its robot in order to be able to create information or see it from the surface of information.
• The law of drawing a template: a change to the context of a victorious shock and shock in behavior until quietly, as a result of the robot's belt of witness, it will not be possible to reconsider the context of the situation, do not know the point of view of the new situation.

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Law your robots

• Uznadze's law: violation of the situational laws of behavior before the destruction of specific behavioral schemes, to acceleration in the acceptance of the simplest solutions, to the destruction of behavior.
• James's Law: everything knows nothing about the evidence, that is. As it seems, it is possible to understand the information so that it changes either in an active manner or in a sub-active manner.
• The law of classification: whether a specific stimulus (ob'єkt) is expected to appear in the surface change of svidomosty as a member of a class of stimuli (ob'єktiv), when a class cannot add up to just one member.

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functions of information

• vidbivna,
• rojuє (creative),
• regulatory assessment,
• reflexive function - the main function that characterizes the day of witness. Yak ob'єkt reflexion can vistupati:
• visualization of the light,
• misleading about new,
• ways to regulate your own behavior,
• the processes of reflection themselves,
• its own specialty.

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power of witness

• reactivity;
• sensitivity;
• dialogism;
• polyphony;
• spontaneity of development;
• reflectivity.

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