adsby.ru → create

J. Rotter's theory of social science. Social Science Theory (Julian Rotter)

The theory of Julian Rotter (1916-1995) is based on the assumption that the cognitive factors take the form of the reaction of people to the injection dovkilla... Rotter is a concept of classical biochemistry, but it’s easy to shape the middle of the middle class, and it’s important that the main official, because of the nature of the great people, who’s very good at home.

Rotter's main introduction to psychology has become formulas that can predict human behavior. Rotter started, we key to predicting the behavior of our knowledge, passed the history of that cleansing, and having infused the fact that human behavior can be most beautifully tolerated, looking at people who are significant for her.

The basic formula, broken down by Rotter, allows predicting a straightforward behavior in a specific situation, the vicious understanding of "potential behavior", "ochikuvannya", "perception", "value of perception":

behavioral potential = improvement + value of education.

"Potential behavior" - the possibility of behavior in situations with children. The skin of a human being has a potent potential of behavioral reactions, which were formulated by the stretching of life. "Ochikuvannya" in the theory of social science, it is the sub'active character of that which, in certain situations in the behavior of people, is encouraged to grow up. "The value of education" Rotter will explain it this way: good people value and see the difference to young children: what is more priceless, to go from the side of the others, who is - material values or more sensitive to the point of being. Yak and і іchіkuvannya, the value of education is based on the knowledge of the specialty and can change in an hour, in the absence of the situation. At the same time, the value of education is not stale as a result. Vona is tied with motivation, and ochikuvannya - with educational processes.

The key to understanding the theory of social science: - "locus of control". Understanding is based on two main principles: 1. People develop on the basis of how and devilishly localize control over meaningful things for themselves. We saw two polar types of such localization - ex-ternal and internal. 2. Locus of control, characteristic of the singing specialty, Super situational and universal. One and the same type of control characterizes the behavior of a given particularity, both before the hour of failure, and at times before.

For vimіryuvannya to the locus of control, abo, as it is one of them, to name the level of sub'active control, the "Scale of internality - externality" of Rotter is chosen. The locus of control over the identity, seeing the specialness of oneself by an active sub''ct of power and one's life, or by passive observance of the actions of the people and the surroundings.

The specialty with the external locus of control of the importance, that both success and failure are regulated calling factors such as a share, success, happy vipadok, injected people and not transferred to otocheniya. The specialty of the internality of the locus of control is to be found in those successes and failures that begin by powerful actions and health. The internals didn’t just fix the basic flow, but also, if it was a lot of time, they didn’t control the behavior of the others. Internals are more experienced in their building than problems, not external, and to that independent thoughts of others.

External power conformal and fallow behavior. The stench can’t be smelled without splashing, it’s more beautiful to clean up under control. The internals, on the basis of external ones, do not need to be controlled by them and fix the operations, if they are manipulated and reluctant to free their will. The internals are more efficient and effective independently.

Psychological and psychosomatic problems are often found in external ones. It’s the power of anxiety and depressiveness, the stench is great to frustration and stress, to the development of neuroses. The internals show an active attitude towards their mental and physical health. The connection of internality with a positive self-assessment, with a greater narrow-mindedness of images of the real and ideal "I" has been established.

Externals and internals are also developed according to the method of interpreting social situations, spraying, discarding information and the mechanism of causal explanation. Internationals show great visibility, awareness of problems and situations, not externalities, do not explain behavior by emotional and situational factors (as seen from externalities).

In general, the theory of social science by J. Rotter attaches importance to motivational and cognitive officials for explaining the behavior of a particularity in the context of social situations and to be able to evolve, as a specialty to be experienced.

The theory of social science - cognitive theory special features of the other half of the XX century, broken up by the American personologist Rotter. Based on the theory of social science, social behavior special features can be readily and described for help to understand "behavioral potential", "ochіkuvannya", "pіdcrіplennya", "value of education", "psychological situation", "locus of control". Understand the behavior of behavior, develop in situations with children; rely on respect, as the skin of a person has a powerful potential and a set of behavioral reactions, which were formulated by the stretching of life. "Ochіkuvannya" in the Theory of Social Science is referred to as the subjective, imіvіrnosti of that, which is more likely to be supported in behavior in similar situations. Stabіlne ochіkuvannya, generalіzovane on osnovі passed dosvіdu, poyasnyuє stіykіst i tsіlіsnіst osobistostі have Teorії sotsіalnogo navchannya rozrіznyayutsya ochіkuvannya, spetsifіchnі for odnієї situatsії (spetsifіchnі ochіkuvannya), i ochіkuvannya naybіlsh zagalnі abo zastosovuyutsya to row situatsіy (generalіzovanі ochіkuvannya), scho vіdobrazhayut dosvіd rіznih situatsіy. "Psychological situation" is such as її ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї і і і і і і і і і і і psychological situation.

Rotter designates the "value of admission" as a step, as it is a specialty in case of equal immobility of admission to the advantage of being more beautiful than one admission to the child. Into the behavior of people, the value of the cleansed child is added. Growing people appreciate and see the courage as an agile child: there is more praise for the side of the others, there is more material value, but more sensitive to the point of death. It is obvious that there is a certain amount of individuality, because of a special transfer of one message to an individual. As a matter of fact, the value of education is based on the knowledge of the specialties and may change from one hour to the next and from the situation to the situation. At the same time, the value of education is not stale. Vona is tied with motivation, and ochіkuvannya - with educational processes. The transmission of personal behavior in a singing situation is based on two main changes - education and values of education. The Theory of Social Science proposes a formula for predicting the behavior of a person, based on the basic concepts of the theory: behavioral potential = education + value of education.

Behavioral potential includes five potential "technology of knowledge": 1) behavioral reactions, directing to achieve success and serve as a sign of social awareness; 2) behavioral reactions of attrition, adaptations, such as vikoristovyatsya as a technique of use with vimogami in. People, partnerships, norms, etc.; 3.) 4) technology of unification - behavioral reactions, directing to "going out from the field," 5) Aggressive behavioral reactions - a number of possible and physical aggression, and symbolic forms of aggression to the type of irony, glaring, intrigue and intrigue.

Rothger wondered if people were going to try to maximize the amount of money they wanted and to avoid. Meta viznacha directly the behavior of people in jokes to satisfy the basic needs, such as to summarize the set different types Behaviors, scho include, in their own currents, add a little more food.

The Theory of Social Science sees a number of types of needs, which can be used to predict behavior: 1) "status of knowledge", which means the need to perceive oneself as a competent and recognized authority in a wide range of activities; 2) "decay-depletion", which means the need for specialness in the case of inappropriateness and clarification of additional help from those who have reached significant goals; 3) "dominuvannya", including the need to pour in on life. People who control and dominate them; 4) "independence" independent solutionі reach out without the help of others; 5) "love and cunningness", which includes the need for accepting and loving those; 6) "physical comfort", which includes the need for physical safety, Health and pain and citizenship. All in. Consume to bathe in the connection with the named and for the satisfaction of the basic needs of specialness in physical health, safety and satisfaction.

Rotter letting go, the skin category needs to be composed of three main components: consumer potential, value and freedom of action. The odd stink is the basis of the formula for the prediction: consumer potential = freedom of activity + consumer value.

Potential of consumption is a function of freedom of intelligence and value of consumption, so that it allows predicting the real behavior of Lyudin's specialness, to the point of noticing that it will come to light, and awakening high value.

The basic understanding of generalized ochikuvannya in the Theory of social science is an internal-external "locus of control", which is based on two main principles: 1. People develop by the fact that they deceive themselves to locate control over things that are meaningful for themselves. There are two polar types of such localization - external and internal. 2. Locus of control, characteristic of visna. specialties, supervisory and universal. One and the same type of control characterizes the behavior of a given specialty, both at the time of failure other regions social life and social behavior.

For vimіryuvannya to the locus of control, abo, as it is, in one way to name, the level of sub-active control, the "Scale of internality-externality" of Rotter is selected. The locus of control of transmission is a description of what the world sees as an active subordinate of power and life, and in which it is a passive mind. People and surroundings. Externality - “internality” by a construct, which is a step of looking at a continuum, which is “externality” at one point, and “internality” at one point; perekonannya zh people roztashovani at all points between them, here in the middle.

The specialness is good to reach the greater in life, if you won’t be able to, so the share is in the hands of the powerful. Externals are more likely to be more socially infused, less internals. The internals didn’t just fix the support to the third-party inflow, but also, if it was a lot of time, they would get control over their behavior. Internally, in a larger world, they sing about their own building problems, but not external ones, and to that є by the independent thoughts of the people.

The specialty of the external locus of control over the importance, and success and failure are regulated by important factors, such as share, luck, happy drink, injected people and unprecedented strength. The specialty of the interval locus of control is to be found in those successes and failures that begin by powerful actions and health.

External attachment to conformity and fallow behavior. The internals were sent to the door from external countries, they were not subdued until they were ordered and strangled, and they had to fix the operations, if they were manipulated and magnetized to create the steps of freedom. Externals cannot be realized without splitting, it is easier to work with visual control. The internals function more beautifully on their own and in the presence of the necessary steps of freedom.

Psychological and psychosomatic problems are often found in external ones, but not in the Internet. I am the power of anxiety and depressiveness, the stench is great before frustration and stress, the development of neuroses. A link has been established of high internationality with a positive self-assessment, with a greater narrowness of images of the real and ideal "I". The internals are more active, not at the externals, in terms of the relationship to their mental and physical health.

Externals and internals are also developed for the methods of interpreting social situations, for spawning, for the methods of obtaining information and for the mechanisms of causal explanation. The internals will be more aware of the problems and situations, the greater the visibility, less externalities, on the basis of the externalities, the unique situations and the barring of behaviors.

In general, the Theory of Social Science recognizes the importance of motivational and cognitive officials for explaining the behavior of specialness in the context of social situations and trying to try to explain how to be led by a way in People and elements of the hotel. Empirical Visnovki and Methodical. Instruments, breakdowns in the Theory of Social Science, actively and easily participate in the experiment. recent specialties.

The basis of the theoretical concept of A. Banduri is the model or knowledge through caution. Self-regulation, for those like people regulate their behavior, also with the important rice of the social-cognitive theory of A. Banduri.

Social-cognitive theory of specialness A. Banduri (n. 1925) The social-cognitive theory of Banduri has given a great number of postings to the message, which is to change the basic concept and principle. We have significantly expanded our knowledge about those how to model the behavior of fathers injected into the social development of children, how to build up new and smart tips, how you can victorious self-reinforcement in the therapy of psychological problems.

A. Bandura vvazhaє, which psychological function is more beautiful than intelligence in terms of uninterrupted interaction between behavioral, cognitive and middle factors. It means, it’s behavior, special aspects and social aspects, and it’s also a lot of deterioration. Rozroblena A. Banduroyu model-a tradition of mutually determinism showing how I want to pour in otochennya behavior, it is also partly a product of the power of people, so that people can put pressure on their hairy behavior (Table 18).

Table 18

Model of mutual determinism

A. Bandura vvazhaє, through the sub-line of directing of interaction between fashion and the perception of behavior and conditions, people є і і і product, і virobnik their otochennya.

A. Bandura loosen the main emphasis on the role of behavior through caution in the direction of the habits of behavior. Navchannya through sparingly regulates the choirma by interconnected factors - the processes of respect, preservation, rukhovoy creation and motivation (Table 19).

Components navchannya through caution

processes uvagi

processes

saving

Motor-reproductive processes

motivational processes

Lyudin to follow the behavioral model and precisely create the behavior

Lyudina pam'yataє (dovgotrivale conservation) behavior of the model, how to do it earlier

Lyudin translate encoded in symbols help about the behavior of the model in new form vidpovidi

It’s more positively susceptible (call, indirectly or self-reinforcing) by the potential but presence of a person to rob the modeled behavior

The main provisions of the social-cognitive theory of A. Banduri:

At the center of social-cognitive theory, there is a premise about those new behavioral forms that can be attributed to the daily life of the child.

іnshy characteristic rice social-cognitive theory є the problem of self-regulation.

The concept of the most effective is applied to the understanding of the people’s building and the behavior of the specific design or the situation. The most effective way to bathe from chotiroh basic dzherel: vibrating behavior, indirect information, verbal reconciliation and emotional communication.

The History of Successful Psychology by Schulz Duan

Julian Rotter (1916-)

Julian Rotter (1916-)

Julian Rotter was born in Brooklyn, New York, as well as in school after reading books by Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler on psychoanalysis. Todi zh vin, having said so, I would like to be a psychologist. Ale at the time, in the period of the Great Depression, for a psychologist it wasn’t robotic, and he was responsible for the psychology of studying chemistry at the Brooklyn College. At the end of the hour, I got to know Adler (Div. Rozdil 14) and at the end of the day, switching to psychology - to nudge unimpressed on those who clearly understand the impracticality of their choice. Having pushed to the academic position, the widespread anti-Semitic zaboboni did not allow him to reach his goal. “First in the Brooklyn College, and for the last time in graduate school, they didn’t read the criterion, but for the Jews it’s not easy to reject the robot in science, they don’t care about all the diplomas. The first thing to do is to get over it ”(Rotter. 1982. P. 346).

For that, as Rotter took the steps of a Doctor of Philosophy at the University of India in 1941, he knew the robot only in the State Psychiatric Medicine in the State of Connecticut. It took another hour to win another education as a psychologist in the US Army, until 1963 at the University of Ohio, and then moved to the University of Connecticut. In 1988, Rotter turned into the city "For outstanding scientific achievements" from the American Psychological Association.

cognitive processes

Rotter became the first to use the term “the theory of social science” (Rotter. 1947). Winning the cognitive impulse in bichevyorism, in which it is so, as in the step of Banduri, there is little in the way of understanding the inner sub'active experiences. In such a rank, yogo biochevorism (like the biochevorism of Banduri) is less radical than Skinner's biochevorism. Rotter criticized Skinner for those, who vivchaє individual sub'єkti in isolation, and overpowering on the fact that people are likely to start types of behavior on the basis of social welfare. Pidhid Rotter is grounded on hard, strictly controlled laboratory preliminaries, which is so characteristic of all behavioristic movement - why presenters are fed only by “fledgling” people in the minds of social intercourse.

The Rotter system of viewing cognitive processes is wider than the Banduri system. Rotter vvazhaє, that all my thoughts are worthy, that I’ll see them, and they’re injecting them into the experience that we’re pouring into our life. First and foremost followers, so that they will not allow them to be infused into human behavior, but the daytime of those steps injected are cognitive factors (Rotter. 1982).

During the analysis human behavior Rotter for the coming moment:

1. Mi maєmo in its own ordered sub'єktivnymi stewed as a result of our behavior in terms of quantity and quality of education, as it is possible for a variety of behavioral inheritance.

2. We approximately estimate the character of the one that leads the singing genus to the point of dismissing the singing pedagogy, and on the basis of these assessments, the correct behavior.

3. We are assigned to the development of the important steps of importance and the assessment of the importance<стоимость>in different situations.

4. Oskilky mi funktsіonuєmo in іnіzhnyh psychologіchnyh sredovishche, as є unique to us as for indivіdіv, it is obvious, that one and thіѕ іnkryplennya can put pressure on іnіgr people іn thеіr infusion.

In such a rank, for the sake of Rotter, our sub-active experience and deception, as well as internal cognitive camps, and in the beginning, which infused us with the inviting officials.

locus of control

Rotter's theory of social science can also be found in our statements about dzherela education. Prior to Rotter's work, they showed how people can go around, how to get stuck in their behavior; about such people, it seems that they have є internal locus of control... Інші vіrіat, so that the visas start to start only by zvnіshnі bureaucrats; tsi people may call locus control(Rotter. 1966). behavior.

Tsi two dzherela control to produce before the infusion on behavior. For people from the most important locus of control of their power and building, they do not seem to be of particular importance from the point of view of rejecting the admission, and that the stench of the report itself is the smallest of the zusilla, because the situation does not seem to occur. People with an internal locus of control are responsible for their life and for the whole life.

It was shown before Rotter that people with an internal locus of control appear to be more healthy physically and mentally, less people from outside. In people with an internal locus of control, there is a greater low arterial vise in the backward-facing vise, the more heart-shaped - sickness and depression, the lower level of anxiety and depression. Smell the stench good estimates When they are new, they have a wide variety of possibilities in their lives. Stink of good social habits, creep in popularity and may bolsh visokiy rіven self-assessments, not people because of the local control locus. students of vishikh chief pledges For example, people appear from the organization to the internal locus of control, not to the call.

In addition, Rotter's robots allow for the locus of control of the specialness to be laid in the child on the basis of the fact that the father or the wanderer is murdered with the child. It appeared that the fathers of people with an internal locus of control can often be called priests to their children, generous in praise for reaching (well, forgetting positively), lasting the authorities in their disciplines until they are not disciplined.

Comments

Rotter's theory of social science has received up to its love experimental and also take a look at Rotter's value at the meaning of cognitive wines in the way that is injected into behavior. Prior to Rotter, they are vvazhayutsya on the surface of the suvorim and clearly controlled, as well as to preserve them as an adjunct for the experimental proof. bezlich scientific doslіdzhen- including linking with internal or external locus of control, serve as an indicator of the cognitive approach to biochevism. Rotter sturdzhu, so the concept of locus of control has become "one of the most widely heard concepts in psychology and in the first social sciences" (Rotter. 1990. P. 489).

Book of Testimony and Voices and Roses by Janes Julian

Julian Janes CONVENIENCE TO THE VOICE OF ROSE Few of the meals have gone through this kind of intellectual journey in history, like feeding on the mind and the first time in nature. Until 1859, rock, if Darwin and Wallace (Darwin, Wallace) were independently proponated as the basis of the Evolution

З books Sutnіsna transformation. Nabuttya uncertified dzherel the author Andreas Connira

Lantsyuzhok to the result Julian Chastina, with Yakoy Maє buti Pratsyuvati: Rozdratovan_st. Intentions Result 1: Increase self-development. Expectations Result 2: More health and energy. Intentions Result 3: Golden blush. Sutnisne Stan:

3 books Introduction to psychoanalysis author Freud Sigmund

A part of the Persha POMILKOV DIЇ (1916-) PEDEMOVA The proponation of the reader "Entry to Psychoanalysis" by the modern world does not pretend to be supernatural in the same hallucinations of science (Hitschmann. Freuds Neurosenlehre, 1913. 2 Aufl. ; Leo Kaplan. Grundzьge

3 books of the Theory of Specialism author Kjell Larry

Piece of a Friend DREAMS (1916)

3 books The History of Successful Psychology author Schultz Duan

Part III ZAGALNA THEORIYA NEVROZIV (1917- p)

3 books Psychology in persons the author Stepanov Sergiy Sergiyovich

Chapter 8. Socio - cognitive directness in the theory of specialness: Albert Bandura and Julian Rotter It was important to overpower that, which the main principle of the theory of modernity was given to the psychology and theory of specialty. Concept of classical and operant science,

3 books of the Theory of specialness and special growth the author Frager Robert

Julian Rotter: the theory of social science At that hour, the late 1940s - the ear of the 1950s, if Julian Rotter started to develop his theory, the most significant straightforward are psychoanalytic and phenomenological special theory. On Rotter's thought

3 books of the Capital of Psychology: Name and Share the author Stepanov Sergiy Sergiyovich

Three books The book is great for psychoanalysis. Entry to psychoanalysis. Lectures. Three drawings of the theory of sexuality. I and Wono (zbirnik) author Freud Sigmund

G. Yu. Eysenck (1916-1997) Hans Jurgen Eysenck - one of the greatest psychologists of the XX century. Born in Berlin, in the family, the interest of such a bullet is as far as possible from science: yogo mother was a movie actress, a star of a certain movie, who played in 40 films, Batko is a popular entertainer.

3 books of the author

Chapter 24. Julian Rotter and Theory of Social Cognitive Science D. Chernishev Julian Rotter’s theory is based on the assumption that cognitive factors form the reaction of people to the current midst. Rotter in concept

3 books of the author

Part of a friend's Dream (1916)

3 books of the author

Part three Zagalna theory (1917)

Julian Rotter (n. 19161

"Dovira in human vidnosiny- the trick of talking about people, besides, as much as possible, you can obey the words, the words, the words, or the letters, say the people, or the groups of people. "

J. Rotter

The main provisions of the theory of specialness of J. Rotter are shown in Fig. eleven.

Small. NS

Keys of the witness

Signing up... Podії, mind abo dії, as to be appreciated by social and cultural otochennya people.

internal support... Introduce vlasnogo sprynyattya people in a positive or negative assessment of podіy.

Generalized (uzagalnene) ochіkuvannya. Ochіkuvannya, how to go beyond the framework of a specific situation, how to allow the vicarists to pass the admission for transferring the power of forgiving forgiving education. Before generalized ochikuvannya locus of controlі missoobistisne doviru.

Dovira in human vidnosiny. Uzagalneni (generalization) ochіkuvannya people, besides, as much as possible, you can obey the words, obytsyanka, or letters, declared by the people or groups of people.

Locus of control. Term, victorious by J. Rotter to describe the generalized (generalized) cleaning of the people, in addition, in a certain stage of development, to lie in the form of his own masculine behavior ( locus control internality), And in yak_y - controlled by the forces of the call (External locus of control).

The prediction formula is outlined. Viznachennya ymovіrnostі satisfying specific consumer. Potential of consumption є function of freedom of activity and value of consumption. Allowing to predict behavior in the haunted life.

Ochіkuvane inheritance. It is based on the prior knowledge of the fact that the behavior is produced to a specific inheritance.

ochіkuvannya... Thought of the people about those who disallow the wine of the child; Imovirnist, from the point of view of people, moreover, it is more important to be born in the result of concrete actions from one side in a particular situation.

The basic formula is the prophet. Behavioral potential є function of evaluation and value of education. Yes, it is possible to predict the targeted behavior of people in a particular situation.

Freedom of business... Ochіkuvannya, which is a good behavior for the production of children, we will tie in one of six categories of consumption.

Підкріплення. Be-yaka dia, mind, or podiya, which is poured into the ros of specialness to the point. develop callі internal

підкріплення. You can be seen in the view of the lancers in the bed, where you can see the group of children.

Potential behavior. Immovability of the behavior in the singing situation in connection with the conditions.

Consumer potential Imovirnist that, so tsya lead to the satisfaction of the singing category of consumer.

Requirement. In the theory of J. Rotter - mayzhe is synonymous with meti. The author of the list of categories of needs: knowledge / status, dominance, independence, seizure / abandonment, love / courtesy, physical comfort. The consumer complex has three components: consumer potential, freedom of activity, value of consumer.

Psychological situation. Sub'єktivné sprynattya factors otochenya okremoyu people.

Freedom of creativity. There is a change in the value of the transfer ratio in the global formula, the average value for the achievement of positive satisfaction as a result of the implementation of the actions, which are directly related to the reduction of consumption. Great freedom of activity depicting the deception of the people of the fact that that chi іnsha will lead to success, at that hour yak little freedom of activity depicting the well-being of the people who will be unsuccessful in their behavior.

The value of education. The step, with which, in the case of an equal number of problems, the rejection of the will is given to one person.

The value of education. Perevaga, scho nadaєtsya singing people; then, in the world of a human being, the will alone is given to the person, as well as the ability to color the skin.

Consumer value. Step perevaga by a single people group; recognizable bazan_st of young children, knitted in different categories of consumption.

1. Sallivan G., Rotter J., Mishel W. The theory of inter-social and cognitive theory of specialness / G. Sallivan, J. Rottsr, U. Mishel. - SPb.: Prime-Euroznak, 2007 .-- 128 p.
2. FirstL., John O. Psychology of the specialness: theory and preliminaries / L. Pervin, O. John; ed ed. V.S. Magun. - M .: Aspect-Press, 2001.-607 p.
3. Frager R. Feydiman J. Specialty: theory, experiment, right / R. Frager, J. Feydimen. - SPb.: Prime-EVRO-ZNAK, 2002 .-- 864 p.
4. Hjell L., Zigler D. Specialist theory / L. Hjell, D. Zigler. - SPb.: Peter, 2006.-607 p.

Julian Rotter's theory is based on the fact that the cognitive factor takes the form of the reaction of people to the melting pot of the midst. Rotter is a concept of classic bicheviorism, it’s easy to be shaped like a behemoth.

Rotter's lead inspiration into the current psychology, madly, was the breakdown of formulas that could predict human behavior. Rotter stverdzhuvav, now we key to the transfer of behavior є our knowledge, passed the history and cleansing, and relying on the fact that the human behavior can be most beautifully transferred, looking at the people who are significant for the middle of the city.

D. Rotter's theory is based on a number of important features:

Theory yak construct. The development of the system and to understand if it would be predictable.

I will describe Mova. The formula is to understand how the bullets are in the absence of meaning and ambiguity.

Victory of operative values, which establish real operative operations for the skin observer.

It is a great part of human behavior to swell or vivchitsya. Tse vіdbuvaєtsya meaningful for the people of the middle, scho brawling social relations with the people. The main specialty The theory of polarity is that there are two types of sinners in the background: motivation (education) and cognitive (ochіkuvannya). It also gives rise to the empirical law of the effect. Pidkrіplennya vvazhaєam everything, wiklikє ruh before anyway. The theory of nadaє persochergogo value of the vison, and not of the habit of behavior. Zgidno T. s. D., social behavior especially. it is possible to read and describe for help to understand "behavioral potential", "ochikuvannya", "perception", "value of perception", "psychological situation", "locus of control".

Chotiri understands or minions for the transmission of behavior of the individual:

behavioral potential

The change characterizes the potential of any kind of perceived behavior, which is determined in a specific situation in conjunction with the transfer of the singing submission or a set of submissions. In this particular type of behavior, behavior begins to widen and include activities, cognitive activity, verbalization, emotional reactions, etc.

Ochіkuvannya Tse іnіdivіduum іvіrnosti of that, which is more likely to appear as a result of a specific behavior, so that it is realized in a particular situation. Determination of sub-active and not necessarily related to actuarial yields, but to be secured in an efficient way on the basis of the front-end driver. The perception of the individual plays a great role here.

The value of Vona's suspicion begins as the steps of the crossing, so that it can be seen as an individual skin condition when it is hypothetically viable when it appears.

The psychological situation itself is an important predictive factor

For an accurate transfer of behavior in any situation, it is necessary to understand the psychological significance of the given situation in the plan, both for the price of the child, and for the

Components: consumer potential, value and freedom of activity.

The odd stink is the basis of the formula for the prediction:

The potential of consumption is a function of freedom of activity and value of consumption, which allows us to predict real behavior in a special way. Lyudina is strong to the point of being pragmatic, reaching as if she is going to be given, and when she is going to be grateful, she will be of high value.

The basic understanding of generalized ochіkuvannya in T. s. n. - internal-external "locus of control", which is based on two mains. provisions:

1. People grow up by the way they localize control over their meaningful podіy. There are two polar types of such localization - external and internal.

2. Locus of control, characteristic of visna. personal., over situational and universal. One and the same type of control characterizes the behavior of a given person. as in the case of failures, so in times of success, and in the same world there is a difference. areas of social life and social behavior.

In order to determine the locus of control, the "Scale of internality-externality" of Rotter is selected.

The locus of transmission control describes what is special in the world. see yourself as an active sub'ktom of power. dіyalnosti і of his life, and in yakіy - passive ob'ktom dіy ін. people and surroundings ...

The internals do not just repair the support to the third-party inflow, they control the behavior of the others, play in their own health problems, the independent thoughts of the others. Change successes and failures by starting with powerful actions and health. The internals function more beautifully on their own and in the presence of the necessary steps of freedom. I am positive with self-assessment, with a greater narrowness of images of the real and ideal "I". - Keep track of their mental and physical. health

The specialty of the external locus of control is important: the success and failure of the call is regulated. factors (share, luck, happy vipadok); social impact - Attached conformity and stale behavior. - You can't be sleepy without self-control, it's easier to do it by visual control - I power anxiety and depressiveness, stinks are more fraught with frustration

In general, in T. s. n. to recognize the meaning of motivational and cognitive officials for explaining behavior in a special way. in the context of social situations and try to explain in a try, how to start being connected by a way of interaction with in. people and elements of accommodation. Empirical Visnovki and Methodical. іnstrumentarіy, breaking up in T. s. Sci., actively і nice to be victorious in the experiment. recent specialties.

Yogo theory of social navchannya - try to clarify how you will be connected by way of communication with other people and elements of development.

The center of respect for the theory of social science of Rotter has a prognosis of behavior

people in folding situations. Rotter vvazhaє, it is necessary to analyze it

vzaєmod_ya chotiroh zminnykh. These changes include the potential for behavior, elucidation, value of education and psychological situation.

Potential behavior.

According to the term, one should be aware of the behavior of this behavior, "be aware of such a situation, for situations in connection with one suspicion or incidents." Uyavimo, for example, well htos having portrayed you in the evening. Yak vіdreagute? From the point of view of Rotter, a number of common reactions. You can say how to cross the line, and squeeze the vibration. You can not be brutalized on the image і translate the rozmovu on іnshu topic. You can vdariti the crook in accusation, or just drink. Skin s cich reactivities maє svіy behavioral potential. If you do not say you do not respect the beast of someone who is lying, it means that the potential of the whole reaction is stronger, less if you have any kind of young reaction. Obviously, the potential for skin reaction can be strong in one situation and weak in the last one. Penetrating screams and screams can have a high potential in a boxing match, or even weak one - at a funeral (accepted in American culture).

Ochіkuvannya.

For Rotter, to be recognized as sub-active

the mother will be born as a result of specific behavior. For example, persh nіzh virіshite, go to the evening chi nі, vi, by all appearances, try virahuvati ymovіrnіst that, well spend an hour. From the point of view of Rotter, the magnitude of the force can vary from 0 to 100 (from 0% to 100%) and is generally based on the prior knowledge of such or similar situations. Rotter's concept is clear to speak about those who in the past people, for their behavior in the given situation, rejected adolescence, the stench most often repeat the behavior. in a situation where we stumbled on for the first time to be grounded on our admission in a similar situation. A recent college graduate, who took out praise for those who worked on the semester control over the semester control, didn’t know, check, if you would laugh, as if you’re going to finish some additional questions for your boss. The whole butt is shown, as it can be brought to the permanent forms of behavior, right from the hour to the situation. In fact, Rotter is talking about those who are more stable, generalized on the basis of the past, who will explain the stability and some special features. However, it should be respected that you do not know about reality.

Rotter developed by these ochikuvannymi, which are specific for one situation, and those, which are the most home-grown, or stagnate to a number of situations. The first, called specific ochikuvannya, imagine to see the same specific situation and not to predict behavior. The rest, who were called generalized ochikuvannya, imagine the current situation and even go for the specialty in Rotter's mind. In general, there is no generalization of ochikuvannya, called the internal-external locus of control.

The value of education.

Rotter designates the value of the child's feet

It’s a matter of rejection of the will to the same person. A victorious concept, win stverdzhuh, how people develop for their assessment of the importance of this and the best results and results. Whenever possible, the choice for children to marvel at basketball on TV is more important, now they can go to the bridge with friends.

Yak і ochіkuvannya, the value of the young children is based on our front

dosvіdі. Moreover, the value of singing performance can be changed from

situation before the situation і in an hour. For example, social contact, however, will be more value, as it is selfless, and less, as it is not selfless. Protect, Rotter sturge individual views in our transfer of one child. Deyakі people are eager to take paper tickets in films, and not for an opera performance. As a matter of fact, behavioral forms can also be simulated in remarkably straightforward emotional and cognitive reactions to those that become the main focus of attention in life.

Slide admittance, but in Rotter's theory the value of admittance does not lie in

ochіkuvannya. In addition, it seems: that, as people know about the values of the surrounding environment, they do not see the steps of the education of the child in this world. The student, for example, knows that the success is very good, and all the same, the correction of high ratings can be low due to the visibility of a new innovation, or goodness. For Rotter, the value of education is based on motivation, and clarification - on educational processes.

Psychological situation.

Rotter stverdzhu, who are social situations like that, which are spostering. Rotter is very important for the role of the situational context and infusion on the behavior of people. I will be the theory about those who have the key substitutes in the social situation of the wikipedia among people, the results of behavior - education. So, a student can ochikuvati, it’s disgusting to play at the seminar social psychology, І in the result of victories to put їy low score, and colleagues will scoff at it. Also, we can predict that there are no chances to start thinking about those who are right for those who will get an unacceptable result.

The theme of the interaction of people with significant for new otochenii is laid down in

Rotter Bachenna specialties. Like interactivity, vin stverdzhu, in the psychological situation it is necessary to look at the order of the study and the price of perception, predicting the possibility of an alternative behavior. I will come to the thought of Banduri, so that the special officials and those who work together to better prophesy the behavior of the people from each other.

The basic formula for predicting behavior.

In order to transfer the potential of a given behavior in a specific situation, Rotter will propose the following formula:

Potential behavior = education + value of education.

then respect that Rotter's basic formula is more hypothetical, not pragmatic, for predicting behavior. In fact, they didn’t transfer, but they didn’t think so, they didn’t look at it (potential behavior, clarification, detection, psychological situation), they were stagnant only for the prediction of behavior in mental control, investment control.

Forecast formula

Rotter vvazhaє, which the basic formula is interconnected with the prognosis of a specific

Behavior in controlled situations, dedication and clarification is evidently simple. Prediction of behavior in common situations, from the point of view, in the form of more common formulas. Tom Rotter will propose a forecasting model.

Potential of consumer = freedom of activity + value of consumer.

Tse rivnyannya show, scho two additional factors to start potential

vibudovuvannya behavior, direct to the satisfaction of singing needs. The first factor is the freedom of the people’s activity, or even more intimate, that will lead to the satisfaction of consumers. Another factor is value, as a person needs to be consumed, tied to ochikuvannya or to reaching goals. Simpler it seems, Rotter's zagalny formula to the forecast means that the person is strong to the point, until the end of what will be given, and the point of view will be on the mother's high value. On the thought of Rotter, behind the mind, that we know the facts, a possible accurate forecast, besides, how will the ludin behave.

The general formula for the forecast is also generated by the generalized cleaning, which will result in the mother's behavior as a result of singing behavior in other situations. Rotter, having identified two such generalized measures: locus of control and interconnection of control. The locus of control, discussion of the distance, is the basis of the internal-external Rotter scale, one of the most widely used parameters in self-communication in pre-existing specialties.

Locus of control is a special feature. Being the central construct of the theory of social science, the locus of control is itself a focus on the fact that by what world people control education in their life. People with an external locus of control take into account that their successes and failures are regulated by important factors, such as share, luck, happy drink, people pouring in, etc. "Externals" to rotate into those who stink the handcuffs of the share. Nawpaki, people with an internal locus of control are inclined to believe in those successes and failures that begin with powerful actions and health (internal, or special factors).

Rotter clearly shows that external and internal are not "tips" middle. It seems as though people are deeper than external ones, as if they are deeper than international, and more are known to be between two extremums.

Vimіryuvannya locus control. I would like to see a few ways to improve the control, most often it is “Scale II-E” established by Rotter. Preslidniki, wikoristovuyt scale I-E, The name is the start of the tests, the results are bullets beyond the extreme intervals of the rose (for example, at the 75th or lower 25th percentiles). The tests were classified either as external, or as internally, and those, whose results were borrowed in the interim, were included for a while. Then the adherents prodovuzhuvali shukati in minds between two extreme groups by way of seeing the indicators of self-talk and / or behavioral reactions.

THEORY OF SOCIAL INITIATION (J. Rotter)

T. p. n. - special cognitive theory. the other half of the XX century, the Amer. personologist Rotter. Zgidno T. s. D., social behavior especially. it is possible to follow and describe for help to understand "behavioral potential", "ochikuvannya", "perception", "value of perception", "psychological situation", "locus of control". Understand the behavior of behavior, develop in situations with children; rely on uvaz, scho the skin of a person is tough. potential and a set of diy and behavioral. reactions, which were formulated by the stretching of the life. "Ochikuvannya" in T. s. n. admitted to the sub''ct, іmovіrnostі of that, shо toughness. children will be encouraged to behave in such situations. Stable ochіkuvannya, generalized on the basis of past information, explaining the style and efficiency especially. T. s. n. Determination of specificity for one situation (specific deception), or deception of the most distant places, or stagnation to a number of situations (generalization of deception), are being developed. situation. "Psychological situation" is such that it is especially important. Especially important is the role of the situational context and its infusion on the behavior of the particular situation and on the psychological situation.

Rotter designates the "value of education" as a step, with special steps. in the case of an equal amount of money, it is necessary to admit that it is more important for one to admit it to someone else. On the behavior of the chol. pouring in the value of the cleaned up food. Growing people appreciate and see the courage as an agile child: there is more praise for the side of the others, there is more material value, but more sensitive to the point of death. To be aware of the common sense of the individual, the view of the individual. overwhelming one admission to the person. Yak and і іkіkuvannya, the value of the pedagogy is based on the admission in a special way. and may change at least an hour and from the situation to the situation. At the same time, the value of education is not stale. Vona is tied with motivation, and ochіkuvannya - with educational processes. The transmission of behavioral behavior is special. in the singing situation it is based on two bases. winter - ochіkuvannі and values of education. T. s. n. a formula for predicting the behavior of a person will be promoted, based on the basis. understanding of the theory:

behavioral potential = improvement + value of education.

Behavior Potential includes five potential "technics of knowledge": 1) behavioral. reactions, directing to the achievement of success and to serve as a part of social awareness; 2) behavioral reactions of attrition, adaptations, to-yak vykoristoyutsya as a technique of use with vimogami in. people, partnerships, norms, etc.; 3) registration of behavior. reactions, how to be victorious in situations, vimogi who took to reinvent the possibilities of chol. at a given moment (for example, such reactions, such as zaprechennya, strangling bazhan, znetsinennya, shading, etc.); 4) technology unique - behavioral. reactions, straightforward to "go out from the field," 5) aggressive behavior. reactions - a whole lot of things and physical. aggression, and symbolic. form aggression to the type of irony, glaze, intrigue and in.

Rotter wondered if people were going to try to maximize the amount of money they wanted and to avoid. Meta viznacha directly behavior chol. in jokes, satisfied DOS. needs, to summarize the set of different types of behavior, which include, in their own heart, decomp. collect food.

T. s. n. There are a number of types of needs that can be used to predict behavior: 1) “status of knowledge”, which means the need to see oneself as a competent and knowledgeable authority in a wide range of activities; 2) "zakist-fallowness", as I will need it especially. in cases of inappropriateness and clarification of additional help from those who are in the most significant purposes; 3) "dominuvannya", including the need to pour in on life. People who control and dominate them; 4) "independence", as it is necessary to accept the need to take independent decisions and reach the goal without the help of others; 5) “love and cunningness”, which includes the need for accepting and loving people; 6) "physical comfort", which includes the need for physical. innocent, healthy and in pain and citizens. All in. Consume to bathe in a ring with the named and as before. special needs. in physical. health, safety and satisfaction.

consumer potential = freedom of activity + value of consumer.

The potential of consumption is a function of freedom of activity and value of consumption, which allows us to predict real behavior in a special way. Lyudina is smart to the point, reaching the point where she will be given, and the cleansing will be the mother's high value.

The basic understanding of generalized ochіkuvannya in T. s. n. - internal-external "locus of control", which is based on two mains. provisions: 1. People develop on the basis of how and de stink localize control over meaningful for themselves podіy. There are two polar types of such localization - external and internal. 2. Locus of control, characteristic of visna. personal, supervisory and universal. One and the same type of control characterizes the behavior of a given person. as in the case of failures, so in times of success, and in the same world there is a difference. areas of social life and social behavior.

For vimіryuvannya to the locus of control, abo, how it is called, the level of sub-active control, the "Scale of internality-externality" of Rotter is selected. The locus of transmission control describes what is special in the world. see yourself as an active sub'ktom of power. dіyalnosti і of his life, and in yakіy - passive ob'ktom dіy ін. people and surroundings. Externality - internality yavl. a construct that looks like a continuum, like “externality” on one end, and “internality” on the other; perekonannya zh people roztashovani at all points between them, here in the middle.

Oh, you are welcome to covet more in your life, if you won’t be able to find a share of power. hands. Externals are more likely to be more socially infused, less internals. The internals didn’t just fix the support to the third-party inflow, but also, if it was a lot of time, they would get control over their behavior. Internally, in a larger world, they sing about their own building problems, but not external ones, and to that є by the independent thoughts of the people.

O. with the external locus of control of the importance, the call is regulated by the success and failure. factors such as share, luck, happy drink, injected people and not transferring power. O. from the internality of the locus of control, one must believe in those successes and failures that begin by powerful actions and health.

External attachment to conformity and fallow behavior. The internals were sent to the door from external countries, they were not subdued until they were ordered and strangled, and they had to fix the operations, if they were manipulated and magnetized to create the steps of freedom. Ek-sternali can’t be realized without splitting, it’s easier to start with visual control. The internals function more beautifully on their own and in the presence of the necessary steps of freedom.

Psychol is often found at the external level. and psychosomatic. problems, not at the Internet. I am the power of anxiety and depressiveness, the stench is great before frustration and stress, the development of neuroses. A link has been established of high inter-nality with a positive self-assessment, with a greater narrow-mindedness of images of the real and ideal "I". The internals are more active, not at the external, the position of the relationship is up to the point. and physical I'm healthy.

In general, in T. s. n. to recognize the meaning of motivational and cognitive officials for explaining behavior in a special way. in the context of social situations and try to explain in a try, how to start being connected by a way of interaction with in. people and elements of accommodation. Empirical Visnovki and Methodical. іnstrumentarіy, breaking up in T. s. D., it is actively and fruitful to be victorious in the experiment, before the specialties.