Special services of the Empire. Ear of corn on shpigun_v. Special office of the Russian Empire
The special chancellery became the first central body of the Vіyskiy ministry of the Russian Empire, which was engaged in organizing the development of the foreign forces of the foreign powers.
Sposterіgachі, prosokі, quartermaster
The development of the head of the ball by the secret craft and from the found hours - right, especially sovereign importance. You can stverdzhuvati, so the development on the basis of your own head is right by vіyskovym. The great commanders of old, Oleksandr the Great, Yuliy Caesar, and those who lived on the battlefield, were not only able to win the military leader's talent, but, in the first place, well-organized development.
In the Russian state, the development of the same type was in the old days. At the razvіdіtsі served the most intelligent, spritnі, smіlivі, as a rule, young priests of the Russian princes, comrades-in-arms, whom the princes entrusted their tamnitsi and entrusted with information about the establishment of information about the opposition. Often the vikonannya tsikh zavdan bulo is tied with a garment for life.
Folding vidnosini of Kyivan Rus from Vizant and Scandinavian, ancient and contemporaneous sousids, and internecine warriors of the Rus' princes were picking up their views about the conservative lands, and the richness of the land. These houses allowed the princes to make successful trips, to visit uninvited guests to the cordons of their lands and to organize their own squads to meet the enemy's overwhelming forces.
Until the ear of the 19th century, if the battles were fought on a bordering space and sometimes by small armies, the princes and warlords especially spared the enemy, judged their power and predicted their future. The princes were assisted by їkh people, who also wielded the enemy; The literature was dying, but during the period of feudal fragmentation and functions, the warriors were victorious. In those distant hours, since the word "dealer" has not yet been used in the Russian movement, they were called spyguns, proxies, watchmen, scouts, confidants, quartermaster and visitor agents.
One from the butt of efficiently organized development, it’s insanely, the prince Igor went on the cob of the 10th century. against Vizantia. At the same time, Princess Olga was victorious. In the old Russian literature "The Tale of the Pomst", as it has gone down to our days, to talk about those who organized a collection of news about the Drevlyans, as they drove the cholovik. At the literary dzherel, Olga stands before us as a master of the day, diplomat and organizer of the development.
The Grand Duke Svyatoslav Ihorovich may have vikoristovuvvvvvіvvuvvvіdovuvuvuvvіdovuvuvuyour goals. Zbirayuchis at the despises, the prince passed over the adversary with a wick "I go to Vi!" ("I want it on you"). Deafening about his namir, Svyatoslav zmushuvav on the opposite side of the nagalny vіyskovі prigotuvannya. At the same hour, they sent the spyguns onto the enemy's territory, as they did, if they were the enemy, they started the weak sides in their defense, assessed the stocks of their foodstuffs. Tsі vіdomosі allowed Prince Svyatoslav to initiate tactics of battle actions, unsupported for the enemy, and to achieve success.
The princes themselves were at trial. Oleksandr Nevsky and Dmytro Donsky took a special interest in collecting information about the enemy.
Significant successes in organizing the development were sought by Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible and Petro I. For the request of Ivan the Terrible, for example, in 1549 r. The sportsmen of the whole order were “instructed” to the members of the embassy missions, as if they were guilty of foulness, they were engaged in the collection of geographic, economic and social properties. At 1571 r, according to the decree of Ivan the Terrible, there was a book of preparations and hardenings "Boyarsky virok about the village and guard service". In a number of documents, the establishment of a collection of information about the neighboring powers and armies has been announced for the first time.
In the middle of the XVI century. The new organization of the Russian state has learned new changes. The stinks crave for the introduction of correctives into the organization of the collection of information about the state. The selection of distributors and newsletters began at the same time. The need for organizing the future development of the bullet is reflected in the Statutes of the Warriors, the Harmonians and the others, right to the point of view of the science, as seen in 1621 r
Wins in the Russian army in the 70s of the 17th century. regiment of the introduction of the plan of the "regimental watchman", which is responsible for organizing the management of the war and development. About the regulations of the regimental watchmen, it is guessed in the Russian military statute "Vchennya and the cunning of the military budov and the old people", seen in 1647
In connection with the roots of the mass armies, the increase in the scale of combat actions, as well as as a result of the change in the nature of the war, the establishment of development and development has significantly expanded. The princes and emperors could no longer allow their viruses in foreign lands, or on the front line for the collection of their houses. Announcements on development information have also been significantly improved. For a quick and correct decision, both the leaders of the state and the commanders, they needed the exact, quick and accurate information about the enemy, briefly victories in the written documents. All the many changes in the Vyyskovy right were asking for a detailed organization of the developmental right. In the middle of the XVII century. In the Russian Empire, behind the butt of the armies of Western European powers, the deputy regimental watchmen of the Bula established a quartermaster service. Forward, the binding of the quartermasters of the boulevard in the Statute of 1689 was made by the author of a boulevard of acceptance for the Russian service by the German general A. Veide.
Quartermaster posadovy - from the company fur'ur (from nim. fuhren- lead) to the quartermaster general under the head commander - the bullets were fixed in the military statute of 1716, approved by Emperor Peter I. Sounds about Vyyskovs' activities, etc.
U 1717-1721 rr. Peter the Great replaced the Orders after falling asleep to his colleagues, including those from overseas, to Vijskov and the Admiralty. Organizing the collection of information about the siddnі states of the Bula zooserezhena in the collegiate of overseas references. The athletes of the community, the middle boulevards and the officers of the Russian army, took up the collection of information about the sovereign states, and lay down to the empire of the earth and the earth army of the officers of the quartermaster. However, the central body, which organizes the development, has not yet been informed and evaluated about the enemy’s imprisonment.
On the cob of the nineteenth century. it became obvious that Russia would be embarrassed to fight against Napoleon's France, that it practically gained control over all Western Europe and obstructed the interests of the Russian Empire. In addition, Emperor Oleksandr I ordered the organization of the government administration and centralization of the Zusilla from the selection of pro-voroge properties. At the village of 1810, the great leader of the war, General P.M. Volkonsky, who turned from France, de vin entered the warehouse of the Russian embassy, and as a matter of fact, entered the control system of the French army, at that hour I was shorting in Europe.
Oleksandr I
First time agents
The minister of honor Mikhailo Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolli in 1810 added to the Russian emperor of the world about the need to increase the need to collect information about the French army. For the whole purpose at the warehouse of the Vyysk Ministry of the Ministry of Education, it was opened, as a bi-organizer for the robot, for the work of the Russian officials, which entered the warehouse of the embassies, on the basis of the establishment of the army of the French. Propositions of Barclay de Tolly boules grabbed. The Secret Expedition was opened at the Vyskovy Ministry of the Bula. The sportsmen of the expedition were engaged in the development of orders and the passage of the vіyskiy minіstr to the command of the Russian armies and the heads of diplomatic missions.
M. B. Barclay de Tolli
At the foreign representative office of the Russian Empire Bully, the official office of the Russian Army is directing the agency. Zokrem, to Dresden with directions of Major V.A. Prendel, to Munich - Lieutenant P.Kh. Grabbe, to Madrid - Lieutenant P.I. Brozin. Colonel A.I. Chernishov. At Vidnі and Berlіnі - Colonels F.V. Tail von Saraskerken and R.E. Rennie. The officers of the station were presumptuous commanders, they knew the right and the earth, they were daring and sparing agents.
At the diplomatic missions, the stinks were officially served as adjutants of the officials, such as the Mali generals' ranks. Kharkiv Dragoon Regiment, Major V.A. Prendel, for example, having given the ad'utant to the envoy to Saxony, Lieutenant General V.V. Khanikov. Ad'yutanti-agents dyali under the envoy to Spain, Major General N.G. Repnin and the envoy to Prussia, Lieutenant General Kh.A. Angry.
Pranguchi activists zbir vіyskovyh vіdomosty, the head rank, about the Napoleonic army, Barclay de Tolli especially sent the leaves to the Russian ambassadors, who were working in the lands of Western Europe. Zokrem, 26 serpnya (7 spring) 1810 fate in the message to the envoy of Russia in Prussia Count H.A. Zliva Barclay de Tolli, directing the flare-up of the development of buildings, which will add more. Going out from the fortune, like Prussia and other states, including France, “in each of them, in their own minds, put all kinds of our respect” і freshened up іkh і roztashuvannі in apartments, about the fortress, the health and dignity of the honorable generals and the attitude of vіysk. "
The minister of honor also asked the senders and agents "to buy pictures in the country and create in the regions of Russia" and saying: "Something will be needed at the price, I will be summing up quickly."
Barclay de Tolli is a book of references in the renounced and other types of development in nature. So, asking for a message, “I don't care for the mother’s enough, a message about the quantity, goodness, character and spirit of the people, about the geography of the development and the creatures of the earth, about the inner dzherel of the whole empire, or about the problems until the continuation of the life.” Reconfiguring messengers in need of additional accommodation, M.B. Barclay de Tolli wrote: "For your reference to the secret, create and plan."
More sent in 1810, the boules were sent to Austria to Count P.A. Shuvalov, before Saxony - to Lieutenant General V.V. Khanikov, to Bavaria - to Prince I.I. Baryatinske, before Switzerland - to Colonel von Sukhtelin and before France - to Prince A.B. Kurakin.
However, Zusilla Barclay de Tolly boules are not even more effective. The heads of the diplomatic missions and the vіyskovі agents "lacked respect for everything before the vіyski prigotuvan in Europe". Інші vіdomostі, "as they reached the chancellor Rumyantsev by diplomatic way, they didn’t always see the vice minister."
The sportsmen of the Secret Expedition were engaged in organizing the list of the Minister of Foreign Affairs with the Allies' agents and the Russian ambassadors. During the period of the buildup of vital contamination from the side of France, the visitor minister was in need of a young person, the sportsmen of whom could organize the robot for the visitor, and they looked for them in their homes.
special office
In the middle of 1812, with the bezposredniy participation of General P.M. Volkonskogo in St. Petersburg, the preparation of an important statutory document has been completed, having named it "Installation for the Great Action Army". As a matter of fact, until "Asleep ..." was approved by the Office of the Chief of the Headquarters, to which the quartermaster's unit had gone. The first information to the athletes of the quartermaster's part was set in the context of "collecting all the information about the land, de-viduvaetsya".
According to the law of the Russian Empire about falling asleep in the Military Ministry from the 27th of June (8th year) 1812, the branch was transferred to the Special Chancellery, the director of which bureau was appointed as a personnel officer of the Russian Army of the Fleet-Adviser. On the cob of his Viy'skova kar'eri, he became an orderly A.V. Suvorov.
Chancery small staff of spyvrobitnikiv (director, three forwarders and transfers), as they sent the secret of the staff. The results of the rank-and-file of the Special Chancellery were not included until the choric level of the Vіyskiy Ministry, but the number of obligations in the Spіvrobіtnikіv was introduced by "especially established rules." Prior to the list of "special inquiries", the organizing of the collection of information about the army of the foreign powers, the analysis of the available information, the assessment and the distribution of recommendations for the military ministry were set. Again, it is possible to save, but the very Special Chancellery has become the first central body of the Vіyskiy Ministry of the Russian Empire, which is engaged in organizing the development of the liberal forces of the foreign powers.
A.V. Voykov
The houses of Colonel A.I. Chernishov presented vinyatkovy interest
In St. Petersburg, in 1812, they already learned that there is a great deal of Napoleon's French approach to the cordons of the Russian Empire. Before such an inconspicuous visnivka, the Russian Ministry of the Russian Federation came in the course of the Russian-Turkish life, and in 1806 it went back to nearly six rockies. The region of Turechchina gave a chance to a direct response from France. Bonaparte saw the Turks, looking forward to revenge for the strikes in the forefront of Russia. However, Napoleon's ochіkuvannya failed. Russian vіyska gave the Turks a number of performances at the Danube (Balkan) and Caucasian theaters. Eskadra D.N. Senyavina won over the Turkish fleet in the Dardanelles and Athos naval battles 1807 r The result of the victorious success in 1811 of the Danube army M.I. Kutuzov, the yak defeated the Turks at the Battle of Ruschuk. Refined in the Slobodzia region, the Turkish army was smashed by capituluvati.
As a result of the confession of France to Russia in the period of the Russian-Turkish period, the view of the message from the side of England was driven by Oleksandr I's efforts to change the priorities of the international policy of the Russian Empire.
Written by the Tilsky Treaty on Peace and Friendship 25 chervnya (7 linden) 1807 Warmth has come to the rock in the stacks between Russia and France. In the role of a special representative of Oleksandr I to Paris in 1809, the noble prince, Colonel Oleksandr Ivanovich Chernishov.
However, it is warmer in both households with two empires, a time-consuming phenomenon. In 1810, the specialties of the vіdnosini mіzh by Oleksandr I and Napoleon were once again sharpened. Tse bulo is tied with him, so the Russian emperor vidmoviv vidmovy replace Napoleon with his 14th sister, Grand Duchess Anna Pavlivna. Through the representative of the French Emperor in St. Petersburg, A. Colincourt, it was announced to Paris that, in conjunction with the not-so-greats of Gannie Pavlovny, it was only two times later. Vidmova's bully was taken by Napoleon as a special image of a vintnosoi individual, who secretly made a negative inflow into the camp of Russian-French vidnosins.
Repairing from 1810 r Napoleon became secretly got up to vіyni against Russia. The preparation was carried out overnight in different spheres: the French “Great Army” was changing, in quiet countries, but they were not conquered by France, they got used to the diplomatic character, focused on the authority of the Russian empire there, in St. Russian archival documents for 1810-1812 rr. It happened that in the territory of Russia 39 civil and military individuals were discovered and taken into account, as they were engaged in the collection of developmental properties. Among them are the English and French agents.
The expansion of the French empire into the current state of affairs in Russia, which may have also activated the development of France. Colonel A.I. Chernishov, who at that hour had 25 years. The young prince has a mind to make the middle of the French nobility good money and specialty of knowledge. Napoleon, having asked Chernishov for a love, the Queen of Naples, Napoleon's sister, also often asked the Russian prince in her house to participate in the holy saints. In Paris, there were a bit about those who Chernishov had an affair with Napoleon's sister Polina Borghese. So tse bulo chi ni, it is important that the reputation of the young Russian prince in the Parisian food supply as a dignified people, albeit lightweight, allowed him to privatize one of his powers - the standards of the army about Napoleon's planner.
A. I. Chernishov
Colonel Chernishov sent a note of 1811 to Oleksandr I, announcing that “Napoleon had already decided on a decision about a fault against Russia, but left to play an hour through the unfavorable country of the yo right in Portugal.” Dali Chernishov proponuvav options for the young, great for Russia. At the end of the report, the Russian Emperor shouted the badge: "I do not think I am bigger than ministries, like all the young people ...".
Colonel A.I. Chernishov in the capital of France has received important views. Wrap yourself up at the vine stakes of the Parisian nobility, knowing about Napoleon's plans. Win also knows a little dzherel, as they added for a new reliable view of the country of the Napoleonic army. One of the number of informators is the professional advisor of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Mishel. Free access to the secret documents of the French military house. Zokrem, in the order of Michel Bulo Boyov, the distribution of the French army. The whole document was formed in the Ministry of Internal Affairs in one copy of leather 15 days. The document was recognized only for Napoleon. Michel rewrote the entire document and handed it over to Colonel Chernishov, who generously rewarded the French informant.
A copy of the secret information about the camp of the French army Chernishov is often supervised by a note, in the Yakyi Viklada, with the guardianship and visnovka. Vin buv by the glance people and giving the exact characteristics to the great ranks of the French army. The axis is one of the characteristics, prepared by Colonel Chernishov: “Oudinot, Duke of Regio. By the meanings in the ever French army, Volodya is very good at being very good-looking and special in husbandry, and is the most powerful development in the world that will give rise to entusiasm in quiet places, as it will be on the cob. With the success of France's marshals, one can live with the greatest success in quiet vines, if the viconiousness is required, as the need for accuracy and fearlessness. Yogo vіdmіnnі rice - tse healthy deaf, great door, honesty ... ".
Barclay de Tolly, further advised Oleksandr I of the development of buildings about the country and the dislocation of parts of the French army, in connection with this and the reports on the characteristics of French military actors, prepared by Colonel Chernishov.
Vidomosty, like Prince A.I. Chernishov sent to St. Petersburg, presented vinyatkovy interest for the Russian emperor. In one of his local reports, Chernishov 23 chest 1810 r, when Napoleon took over the army, the plan was to establish the ruhomies of the national guards in numbers of 300 thousand. Cholovik.
The most important Russian agent in Paris was Prince Charles Moris Talleyrand, the largest Minister of Foreign Affairs of France. For a penny wine town, Talleyrand didn’t just talk about the French army, but conveyed the information about Napoleon’s plans. At the breast, 1810 wines, in response to Oleksandr I, about those who Napoleon was preparing to attack Russia, yak maє vidbutisya in a quarter of 1812 r
All reports from the intelligence agents and informants were collected in the Special Chancellery, systematized and received. On this basis, the training of the forces of the French army was held, which could take the fate of the war against Russia.
For the order of the director of the Special Chancellery, Colonel A.V. Voєykov, in 1812, a map was folded to the rock of the bulwark, on which the oversubscription of Napoleon's vijsk was shown. The number of the French army, which could have taken the fate of war against Russia, began in 400-500 yew. Cholovik. French historians have named the first echelon of Napoleon's flight in 450 thousand. Cholovik. It is possible for this to be true, because of the information about the French army, welcomed by Colonel Chernishov, and it will be accurate and reliable.
It was not easy for Russian distributors to get reliable information about Napoleon's thoughts. Going to win against Russia, Napoleon, trying to make it hard, come in as soon as he masks his plans and misinformation about Oleksandr I districts of Warsaw, yaku to visit the French emperor. Yak viyavilosya, having walked Napoleon's dweller near Warsaw.
Disinformation was sent to and from the messenger of Napoleon Count L. Narbonne, who arrived to Russia with a proposal to establish good relations between Paris and St. Petersburg. For the sake of justice, Narbonne is guilty of proposes about the light of honor of the Russian emperor from the glories of Napoleon.
"It is demanding to lead against Napoleon so vіynu, before what vіn not sound"
Let them go to France and Russia to eat. In the middle of the birch of 1812, I’ll put the director of the Special Chancellery of Buv Signatures, Colonel Arseniy Andriyovich Zakrevsky, a boy's officer, a great mav great dosvid staff robot. Zakrevsky instructed Lieutenant Colonel Pyotr Andriyovich Chuykevich, the only officer, who started his to the service in 1810, a fellow worker of the Secret Expedition, write an analytical note about the maybutny of war with Napoleon with reports and frequent pleasure to the command. Chuykevich is a vikonav tse zavdannya. Win prepared a note, as if he called it "Patriotic thoughts, or Political and political ideas about the future of Russia and France." At the end of the document there will be a lot of damage:
Ҥ 1. The importance of being able to wage war between Russia and France.
§ 2. Causing guilt.
§ 3. Ways to get used to Napoleon for the sponding of peoples until the rise of the zbroi.
§ 4. Chi maє Rosia of superior allies and to whom is the most guilty?
§ 5. Seely, collected by Napoleon for the maybutnoi vіyni with Russia.
§ 6. Rid and cause to get used to Napoleon viyni.
§ 7. The strength that opposes Napoleon Russia.
§ 8. Rid viyni, which can lead Russia against Napoleon. "
A. A. Zakrevsky
In general, Lieutenant Colonel Chuykevich provided an analysis of the development of buildings, as they were looking for the Russian military agents, and formulated recommendations to the Russian team. Chuykevich not only respectfully grasping the warehouse of the French army, albeit and evaluating the strategy of Napoleon, but allowed this rule to be set, it seems to the point that it is necessary to "work and work is absolutely opposed to what you want." Chuykevich pryyshov to visnovka about those who Napoleon, imposing a general battle on the enemy, repenting to the motst of his army, giving him a hundred times and getting overwhelmed. In his own note, Chuykevich proclaimed a unique general battle to allow the Russian army to vryatuvati, and to impose a fight on Napoleon, since it would be unimaginable.
On the thought of Colonel Chuykevich, “the death of the Russian armies in the general battle against the French could have been a bite for the whole life of the legacy. The loss of some regions is not our fault, for the integrity of the Polish state in the integrity of the army. "
Dal Chuykevich wrote far away: "Healing from general battles, guerrilla warriors by flying corrals, especially in the context of the operational warfare line, not allowing foraging and for the French to stay forward: the essence of this
P. A. Chuikevich
The value of the note by Colonel P.A. Chuykevich fell in the overwhelmingly grounded need for the entrance of the Russian army until the moment when the strength was reached. On Chuykevich's thought, the entrance of the Russian army is not enough to support the active guerrilla warfare. During the guerrilla war, Colonel Chuykevich was not confused by the former soldiers of the army in the territories that were recouped by the French military
Chuykevich was glad to the minister of war: "The requirement is to lead against Napoleon this way, until it’s not sound yet", lure the enemy into the whole land you will be fast and uncomfortable. "
M.B. Barclay de Tolli respectfully grabbed a note by P.A. Chuikevich. The unprecedented act of this proposition was realized in the course of the war of France against Russia.
Sheds 1812 Vyyskovy Minister of the Inspector's Office at Vilno. I asked for a trip by asking Colonel Chuykevich, who sent him to Prussia with a diplomatic mission, as an officer in charge of the development plant.
M.B. Barclay de Tolli and Vіyskova development
The Vice Minister of Russia has come to the utmost respect for tactful intelligence, organizing such blame for the responsibility of the corps commanders. About the price of saving saved leaves, as in the present 1812 r M. B. Barclay de Tolli sent the commander of the 1st infantry corps, Lieutenant-General Pyotr Khristiyanovich Vitgenshtein, with the announcement of "the delivery of information about the Prussian district, about the number of roztashanyh vіysk".
Fearing the round of information, Barclay de Tolly recommending "the correspondence should be sent to the address and the sheets should be delivered through our consul in Kenygsberzi." “Mother is guilty,” wrote Win Dal, “great security, so that you don’t give yourself any for us, and our old uniform is not safe for everyone in the development”.
The Quartermaster of the 2nd Western Army took care of the information about the old Russian sages, which was commanded by General of the Infantry, Petro Ivanovich Bagration. In the additional notes of the weekly minister, he wrote: “And as I think about something in the future for the occasion of this development of business for the purpose of those who think about the occasion of the future and the future of people, it’s for your future goals for the signatures of the Pan Chancellor, you can see it ...
Bagration dbav about a free pass through the cordon of his own trustworthy people for the visit of secret buildings. Barclay de Tolli Vicon of Bagration's passage.
From the houses that came from the Russian spyguns to the command of the 2nd Western Army, bully varti uvagi. Spring 19, 1811 r for example, Bagration added to the visitor's ministry: “From the people of all the doviri, who took away one of the supernatural people, I may see that: Napoleon was the only one who took part in the work of the world and all the people come to the Rhine Union ... ".
By the robot of agents in the Baltic states, the Keruvali Colonel M.L. de Leser, Major A. Wrangel, Captain I.V. Wulfert, in Bilostots - Colonels І.І. Turskiy and K.P. Shchits, in Brest - V.A. Anokhin.
At the Prussia of the Russian development in the distance set up an agent's border, the author of such a keruv is Eustas Gruner, the deputy minister of the police of Prussia, who has re-formatted his work to Austria and his work
The report of the Russian military agents from the European capitals, the official notes of the officers of the Special Chancellery of the Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs: Napoleon cannot be fought by those very young people of France, who are the operatives of the French. The head of Napoleon's brigade is the general battle. Having struck a blow at a new one, as if the opposite side was the opposite, the side absorbed everything: vіyska, territory and, in the kintsev rakhunka, - a victory. Once Napoleon attacked Russia, violated Barclay de Tolli, the general battle of the need to be unique, the French declared in the land of the country, they would pull out along the endless roads and, vibrating the moment, thrash. So the Russian agents colonels A.I. Chernishov, F.V. Tail von Saraskerken, Lieutenant P.H. Grabbe, P.I. Brozin and the Russians took care of the team of the Russian Army with information about Napoleon and the Third Army, on the basis of which the situation was assessed and the prospects of failure against Napoleon were predicted.
Information about the approach of the Napoleonic armies to the cordons of the Russian Empire regularly came to the Special Chancellery, commanding the 1st and 2nd Western armies. Smells every now and then were scored with sounds and reports about the collapse of the young wicked corps. In the midst of a report of the bully about the state of the head group of Napoleon in the regions of Elbing, Torun and Danzig. It also became clear about those who are French army 14 (26) plan to cross the cordon of the Russian Empire. So I became. At midnight on the 14th day of 1812, the French army began to cross the Niman. However, without affecting the high activity of the Russian development, set up the place of ferrying the French viysk through Niman and still not far away.
If there is a general battle?
The invasion of French wars into the territory of the Russian Empire made the deyak disorganized in the management of Russian military affairs and the development capacity. The pupil N.D. Durnovo, which fell on the cob in 1812 in the retinue of the chief of the quartermaster's unit of the Headquarters, Major General P.M. Volkonsky, є such a record: “... There are a lot of news about the French. Our outposts were twenty miles from their positions, they didn’t make a fortune. Євреї allow it to be occupied by Napoleon himself. "
The Russian 1st and 2nd Western armies, commanded by the generals of the Infantry M.B. Barclay de Tolli and P.I. Bagration, we were coming in. Tse bouv vimushenii, ale і thoughts vіdhіd.
Oskilki for M. B. Barclayum de Tolli Bula was saved from the position of the Vice Minister, The special office was transformed into a part of the government office of the command of the 1st Western Army.
The Russian armies escaped from the general battle, saved their power and settled in the Smolensk region.
4 (16) serpnya Russian vіyska gave the French a battle, which took two days. The French have spent 20 thousand. Cholovik, lost the Russian army laid 6 yew. However, it did not develop into a general manager. And at night on 6 (18) the serpents of the Russian army deprived Smolensk and went to Dorogobuzh. At the same time, the inhabitants of the place went with them. At Smolensk Napoleon knows about the ratification of the peace treaty by Turechchino with Russia.
On 8 (20) serpnya Oleksandr I, having signed a decree about the appointment of the general of the Infantry (from 19 (31) serpnya - general-field marshal) M.I. Kutuzov as the head commander of the Russian armies. All were able to help Kutuzov stop the enemy offensive and organize a quick fight to Napoleon. Ale Kutuzov is also known as Barclay de Tolli. Napoleon prodovzhuvav offensive. The French army was approaching Moscow. The general battle was given to the French in the area with. Borodino 26 serpnya (7 spring) 1812 132 yew became the rock of the Russian army. Cholovik i 624 garmati. Napoleon has a bulo 130-135 yew. Cholovik і 587. The head commander of the Russian army, Field Marshal General M.I. Kutuzov danim, we will be surprised by the razvidniki, guessing the idea of Napoleon, before the battle, having made the army of P.I. Bagration. Napoleon didn’t know how to advance his success, but he was tempted to introduce him to this position. As a result of the Battle of Borodin, the French lost nearly 50 thousand rubles. Cholovik and did not reach their head - they could not defeat the Russian army.
Having gained the main strength, the army of Kutuzov went to Moscow, then lost it without barriers, having completed the Tarutinsky maneuver, letting Napoleon be expelled from Russia. Borodinsky battle showed the ineptitude of the strategy of Napoleon, as she passed the advance over the enemy over the enemy in the first general battle, and the overwhelming of the strategy of M.I. Kutuzov, rozrahovanoi on the beating of the opponent in a row of battles. The basis of the strategy was the science of the world, broken up by the officers of the Special Chancellery of the Russian Empire.
Retailers and saboteurs
At the boy's acts against the French, there were a lot of officers of the Russian army. Among them is the chief executive officer of the Special Chancellery, Lieutenant Colonel P.A. Chuikevich. With a tip of boyovyh diy vin, author of the idea of sabotage war against Napoleon, I will take an active part in the formulation of the first developmental-sabotage (partisan) corral, the commander of which was Major General Ferdinand Fedorovich 6 lipnya Chuykevich was appointed Chief Quartermaster in the corps of General of the Cavalry M.I. Platova. In command of the Cossack units, Chuykevich took part in the Ar'arguard battles and for the victory of the 15th serpnya of 1812, having renounced the rank of colonel. For Borodinsky bey P.A. Chuykevich was awarded the Order of St. Volodymyr of the 3rd degree. Chuykevich was seriously ill in front of the overbearing Russian vіyskims of Moscow. Turning to the harmony in the kintz rock and the diav in the group of officers at the headquarters of M. B. Barclay de Tolli. Perebouyuyu in the warehouse headquarters, P.A. Chuykevich prodovzhuvav in engaging in public affairs about the French army, with the activation of sabotage activity of "flying corrals" in the enemy's line.
F. F. Vintzingerode
Successfully acting the "flying corps" under the command of Major General F.F. Vintzingerode. Building, opening for the order of M. B. Barclay de Tolli, having made important operations against the French wars, will be in charge of the 16th anniversary of Wintzingerode in the lieutenant general. The share of the general is superbly tsikava. On the 10 th day, bazhayuchi zapobіgti vibuhu of the Kremlin caught Moscow by the French; In the course of the entry of the French army in the area of odvirok, Lieutenant-General Vintzingerode will make representations to Napoleon, who wants to be shot. From Gzhatska Vintzingerode to the convoy of three gendarmes with directions to Westphalia for the court. However, bilya the small town of Radoshkovichi of the Minsk province was fiercely fought by partisans, who were commanded by Colonel A.I. Chernishov. 10 leaf fall Vintzingerode arriving to St. Petersburg, de Bouve was awarded the Order of St. Oleksandr Nevsky.
At the conducted sabotage actions in the style of French military events, Colonel Denis Vasilovich Davidov. Kutuzov saw 50 hussars from the warehouse of the Okhtirsky hussarsky regiment and 80 kozaks at the order of Davidov. D.V. David and yogo hussars directed zhah at French soldiers and officers.
D. V. Davidov
Assessing the successes of Colonel D.V. Davidov against the enemy, M.I. Kutuzov ordered to set up more than a few sabotage corrals, commanding them to entrust Colonel Oleksandr Mikitovich Seslavin and the chief captain of artillery Oleksandr Samoilovich Figner.
On the ear of A.N. Seslavin bouv adjutant M.B. Barclay de Tolli. Having taken part in the battles of Ostrovny, Smolensk, Valutina Gori, Shevardino. Introduced in the Borodin battle.
A. N. Seslavin
Vikonuyuchi vkazivki M.I. Kutuzova, Seslavin having formulated a diversionary entanglement and devilry between Kaluzko and Smolensk roads. Zagіn zhooplyuvav or znischuvav french transports, foragers, caravans of marauders. Seslavin to his chief staff, having insisted on the development and release of information about the oversupply of the French army. Zokrem, 10 Zhovtnya Seslavin's zagin was the first to appear in the coming French, after seeing about Kutuzov. Pid Vyazmoy Seslavin vyaviv the entry of the French, referring to the head commander of the Russian army, and he himself with the Pernov regiment took over the place. Seslavin, who took part in 74 great and small battles, having been promoted to major general.
In the war against Napoleon, the head captain of artillery A.S. Figner. After being busy with the French, Muscovy was guided by the order of the head commander, having rushed to Moscow as a distributor. Perebuyuchi in Moscow, Figner is guilty of killing Napoleon. Do not get into youmu tsiogo. However, the superintendents of supervising skills and knowledge earthmovs Figner, dressing up in different suits, turned around in the middle of the soldiers and officers of the French army and getting important information about the enemy. Having formed a small detour from the stand of the Russian army of soldiers and mislers, Figner was actively acting in the direction of the enemy. Diversified diy to Figner's paddock will be as successful as Napoleon, for the Russian staff captain's upholding, having established a worthy wine town. Zakhopiti Figner did not reach the French. And at the same time Seslavin drove a wagon train of money stolen from Moscow at the gate.
A. S. Figner
In 1813 r pіd hour of the Danzig region, Figner penetrated to the fortress before the viglyadom іtalіytsya, albeit accumulated and planted near the vyaznitsa. Letting go of the answer through the lack of evidence, Figner was forced to overtake his testimony to the French emperor, the commandant of the fortress, General Rapp, who sent him to Napoleon with secret dispatches. General Rapp's visit was sent to the headquarters of the Russian army. Vidvazhny Russian investigator zaginuv in battle in the area of the city of Dessau.
Vinyatkov's wines were longevity and courage in the fight against the French and the "flying zagin", as commanded by Major General Ivan Semenovich Dorokhov. Win the first sponsor of M.I. Kutuzov about the movement of Frenchmen to Kaluga. The head luck of Dorokhov and his corral was the flooding of the settlement of Vereya, which became extremely important for French people. Kutuzov voiced about the "well-known and good feat" in the order of the army. Piznishe I.S. Dorokhov buv nagorozheniy with a gold sword, adorned with diamants, with the writing: "For the zealous Verei."
І. S. Dorokhov
The Russian developmental and sabotage pens fell in love with the French headquarters, and with the henchmen, who made the calls between the various parts of the Napoleonic army. Stored in such operations, documents were allowed to remove the keys from the encrypted list of French generals and open their important plans. So, before the hour of the battle at Tarutin, which was put on 6 (18) zhovtnya 1812 r zagin Colonel N.D. Kudasheva, having seized the ascription of Marshal Franzia Berty to one of the French generals. The attribution is deciphered. At the newcomer, a note was made about the transfer of all the important order of the French army to the Mozhaisk road. They allowed M.I. Kutuzov took the decision, as it fell in the pinned re-transmission of Marshal Murat, beaten by the vanguard, and the state of the main Russian forces on the Kaluzkoy road. With such a rank, the Russian vіyska overcame the French on the pivden day. Smells of bullets of snarls of entry along the Smolensk road, populated points near those bullets earlier they had been looted. As a result, the French army was relieved of the ability to replenish its food supplies, which greatly increased and so awkward the camp.
Dії in the til of the enemy іnnyh development corrals strongly turbuvali Napoleon. Winn’t once caught it’s a pity for the drive of the fact that the headquarters of the French army didn’t seem to be on the flooded Russian territories of informers, as they could easily tell about the appearance of the hussars' razvidzagonu.
The Vichiznyana war of 1812 ended with a renewed defeat of the French army. Most of the merit is in the change of the Russian military development.
share of prospective employees
What was the share of students and athletes in the Special Chancellery for the end of the day?
Colonel Petro Andriyovych Chuykevich 10th September 1813 appointed director of the Special Chancellery and transferred to the post office until 1815 26 leaf fall 1816 rooku vin viyshov in the form of a uniform, protest the 21st day in 1820 to the office of the Headquarters, visiting the development department. 12 chest 1823 with the rank of major general.
In the distance, the kar'ura of the Viy's assistant, Colonel Oleksandr Ivanovich Chernishov, was laid to rest. Winning good results on three terenas - diplomatic, viysk and civil, vikonuv in developmental establishments in Paris, but not one feat in vein against Napoleon, Russian ministry. Vin died in 1857 r On the marmurous sarcophase, the ashes of A.I. Chernishova, it is written in a blatant manner: "Here the lordly prince Oleksandr Ivanovich Chernishov, general of the Infantry, general-adjutant, head of the State For the sake of the Committee of Ministries, success of the Russian cavalry"
Director of the Special Chancellery Zakrevsky Arseniy Andriyovich, having spent a good deal of time with the active army, took part in the Smolensk and Borodinsky battles. U 1815-1823 rr. having become a Chergov general of the Headquarters, in 1823-1828 rr. - in command of the Finnish corps, the former governor-general of Finland, the Minister of Internal Affairs (1821-1831), the governor-general of Moscow, a member of the State Radius. In 1829, he was given the title of "General of Infantry".
Such a bullet The special office of the Russian Empire is the first central organ of the Vichiznya Vіyskovoi development. Such are the boules and the first timers and sportsmen.
The special office of the Bula was opened 200 years ago. Protest, in our memory of the holy name and prince Oleksandr Chernishov, Oleksiy Voykov, Arseniy Zakrevsky, Pyotr Chuykevich, Denis Davidov, Ivan Dorokhov. Smells booted smart and successful vіyskovy investigators, and the deyakі from them - shining political and vіyskovy deyachami. Їх portraits of distribution in the gallery of heroes of the Victory Day in Ermіtazhі. They are the names of the populations of the settlement in the closest Pidmoskov. Smells are the heroes of the literary, imaginative and musical works... Let us talk about facts about those that our people are written and are written by their own vіyskovy distributors, who have always taken their interest.
Volodymyr Lotha, Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor
The history of the tsar's special services has been spun off Heroic moments. From scratch, Mikoly II went into the open structure of the collection of secret information, the discovery of foreign agents and the recruitment of the authorities.
tsarska rozvіdka
The special services of the empire wanted to recruit foreign politicians and officers.
For example, in 1903 rosі, the Russian development of the zumіla recruited the Kerіvnik Vіyskovyu counter-intelligence of the Austro-Ugorshchyna Alfred Redl.
With ten rockets, I saw the Russian command of the Austrian agents in Petersburg, and also passed the plan for the Austrian invasion of Serbia. This movement allowed the Serbs to successfully defend the Austrians on the cob stage of the Holy Revolution (until the death of the Austrian side)
There were legends about Redlich, but there are no secrets in Europe, as there will be no intelligence services available to them. For the sake of the secrets of Volodya Rossiya development, more Redl served Russia.
Having recruited Redlya as Russian officers, he was then Major General of the General Staff Mykola Batyushin.
Photo from the ceremony of the great Russian distributor Mykoly Batyushin
For example, referring to Major General of the FSB A.A. Zdanovich, it’s maddened professional and a miracle man on the name of Batyushin, it’s crazy to merit those who are widely seen in happy Russia.
The Imperial special services have pushed back the agent's net in Europe. Among the agents of the former, including the maybutny dictator of the Italian Musolini.
counterintelligence
Since 1911, the establishment of the counter-intelligence management was established. For someone else's scammers and agents, ask for help.
First Professionals Myslivtsi for Shpiguns
8 worm 1911 fate in the Russian empire hardened "Provisions on counter-intelligence services."
For three days, a new professional structure was thrown into the fight with spiguns.
§ 22. Posadovy of the instructions of the counterintelligence officer:
On the obligations of counter-intelligence services, in order to fight against military spygunism, lie in the struggle and fight against the realities in Russia of foreign powers, directed:
1) Until the end of the internal empire, they will be destroyed successfully by extending the mobilization of our missions to defeat the predetermined powers.
2) Before the increase of the evil forces, they stayed behind the rakhunok of the outside population of the empire.
Prior to the call, the following categories should be admitted:
a) Training in Russia for a violent insurrection.
b) Preparation of the formulation for the rakhunok of the near-cordon ethnic population of the empire, of the greenhouses of the organization (preparation of a special warehouse, the addition of local warehouses of the livestock, food storage facilities, etc.).
c) Preparation of piece equipment (railway bridges, tunnels, station and port equipment, stations, mobile telegraph, as well as all beacons, beacons, and gardening safety signals, etc.) areas.
d) The establishment of the middle of a non-Russian and unreliable population of an empire of pennies in the world of consumers.
For the recruiting of agents, a one-time shot of vidіlenі koshti in the range of 246,000 rubles, then є 263.5 million rubles. in a daily equivalent.
General Batyushin was instructed by general Batiushin to get rid of the ground:
“Restaurants, kav'yarni, granny booths, cafes, cinematographies and in. Є With loving fancy, de Lyudin will get lost in an important life, or the barracks at his home, in the hope of one day, correct and his material camp by the way of participation in gambling games. It was then that there was a glimpse of gripping focus at the viglyadi of wine, women and in. Cholovik is not afraid to be a slave to hide in a new predilection, to go beyond his own budget. You can help you at all times with a penny subsidy, for any kind of family, you can get a little more than a little bit of a verbose, and you can call him with you. On the other hand, being careful to go outside the bounds of one's own budget, people can nudge the well-educated people into a number of visitors, as they can connect and counter-investigator. At the same time, blame it on the floor before the visible agents of counterintelligence, who will be the owners themselves, barmen, lackeys, artists and especially artists, for they just often see them through the ladies. For a small amount of wine, people can give a price for counter-investigator of the house about the transfer of mortgages. "
special Viddil
The development of the spyguns was taken care of by the counterintelligence agencies and another tsarist special service - Osoblivy Viddil to the Police Department.
"Especially vіddіl" A "zaymavsya power polіtichnogo rozshuku on Pershe Location visuvalisya power sposterezhennya for dіyalnіstyu polіtichnih partіy, kerіvnitstva dіyalnіstyu mіstsevih rozshukovih organіv, rozrobki undercover vіdomostey i danih zovnіshnogo sposterezhennya, Vidanov rozshukovih tsirkulyarіv, formuvannya Book Cabinets revolyutsіynih Vidanov, listuvannya on nіy, food organization of overseas agents, wary of revolutionary propaganda in vіyskakhs, zavidavanie vіddіl photographs, deciphering by cryptograms, folding "all-beloved" notes. A special viddil "B" huge ruch, Professional spelks, such as mali and not mali politically, the revolutionary speeches of the workers, villagers, the speeches of the private services, telegraphs, preparatory reports about strikes, strikes,
secret police
Well, in a snazzy way, foreign agents and spyguns were counted by the famous Protection Viddilennya.
There are also recruiting and powerful agents, who until 1917 had more than 10,000.
To merit the secrets of additional promises to the Tsar, prepared in one copy. She presented her secret police for the month to the Emperor, and to that one, she read it and robbed the notes. The Ministry of Internal Affairs has specially bewildered respect to the Department of Police on the mission, as seen by the Tsar, and ordered to carry out the most recent examination of the documents. As a result, the Okhorona knew for sure that the process of investigation had especially turned the respect of the Emperor down.
The imperial special services, besides the great successes in the field of development and recruitment of old political and military leaders, have achieved success and in the middle of the country.
The revolution below was zupinen. It's about talking numbers.
According to the official statistics, from the date of 1908 to the middle of 1910, 19,957 terrorist acts and acts of terrorism have become.
Uvaga: For 300 zł per day!
Until 1911, the terrorist pangs were too far away.
Those gurts of revolutionaries were also neutralized, and more than 80% of them were stored by Okhranka agents.
Lenin's public announcement in 1917 is a rock in Switzerland, but he will not live up to the revolution.
The revolution below was riche zupinena. Yak vіdomo, іmperіyu was consumed by the spite of the generals, zmovili with the liberal forces.
Bilsheviks and the proletarian revolution from below - the whole thing. Tsarska Russia didn’t want to give the bolsheviks a chance, as Lenin clearly recognized.
In addition, the king was annoyed and thrown off, and the liberals were clever enough to let all the scum go into trouble, the robot of the special services was stolen. From nebuttya chervoni rose.
20 Breast is designated as the Day of the Worker of the Security Bodies of the Russian Federation. The decree of the Radianskoy power on the establishment of the All-Russian Supervision Commission for the fight against counterrevolutionary and sabotage (VChK) from the 20th of October 1917 was taken as a basis. The Service of the Significant Development of the Russian Federation (NWR) also maintains its history from the Foreign Office (INO) of the VChK under the NKVS RRFSR. The head of management of the General Staff (number of the GRU), by no means its sacred 5 leaves fall, so it was on the same day in 1918, according to the order of the RVS of the Russian Federative Socialist Republic, like Lev Trotsky (Bronshtein), who made the Polish headquarters of the RVSR. With such a rank, the history of our development and counterintelligence is individually interconnected with the capital period. To go, until 1917, the fate of our secret services did not bother to protect the state security of Russia.
It’s not so, it’s not so, and won’t think that our power doesn’t remember the heroic sides of the development and counter-warnings of the Russian Empire. I will try to correct injustice with an insignificant world.
The first stage of organizing the development of the bulwark was launched under the emperor Oleksandr I from the initiative of the Minister of the International General of Infantry M.B. Barclay de Tolli. Already that day, Oleksandr I, the first time minister of intelligence, it’s worth living with Napoleon for less than an hour. Having become an impudent need for information about the enemy's identity and his plans.
In 1810, Barclay de Tolli told Emperor Oleksandr Pavlovich his world about the need for special organization for the development of these buildings. The sovereign after a while behind the ministry, and in 1810 the secretary of the mission was opened under the secret service of the ministry. On the tip of 1812, the expedition was named "The special office of the minister of the world". Vona was ordered without a mediocre ministry, the results of this performance were not included until the choric ministerial call, but there were some special rules. Rozvіduvalna dіyalnіst vіyskovogo vіdomstva zdіysnyuvalasya in oblastі strategіchnoї rozvіdki (dobuvannya sekretnoї polіtichnoї i vіyskovoї Informácie behind a cordon) taktichnoї rozvіdki (zbіr vіdomostey about vіyska opponent on teritorії sumіzhnih powers) kontrrozvіdki (viyavlennya i neytralіzatsіya agents of special services Frantsії i її soyuznikіv) i vіyskovoї rozvіdki.
The special chancellery became the first central body of the Vіyskiy ministry of the Russian Empire, which was engaged in organizing the development of the foreign forces of the foreign powers.
M.B. Barclay de Tolli. Photo: www.globallookpress.com
Already in the fall of 1810, Barclay de Tolli sent instructions to the Russian ambassadors in the lands of Europe to provide information on development. During the last years in the European capitals, they were designated as agents, who instructed them to pick up information about Napoleon’s preparation to the end. In Paris, their functions relied on Colonel Count A.I. Chernishova, who was an agent (attache) at the court of Napoleon Bonaparte, who sympathized with the Russian colonel, planning to win a direct dialogue with Oleksandr I. In Paris, Chernishov and Count K.V. Nesselrode was organizing the strained development of the hem. Among the number of paid informants of the boule, the minister of the police J. Fouche and the service officer of the military ministry M. Mishel, who became the headquarters of the French headquarters. Yak write the historian O. Sokolov:
There are a lot of information about the number, warehouse and relocation of the Napoleonic army, which were not small in their order to invite French marshals. As a result, for the tsar, he did not lose any secrets and become a French army.
Chernyshov added to the news about the preparation of France to fight against Russia, to the number of the French army, to revitalize, to oversupply to the cordon to Russia. Nareshty, їm bouly, get the secrets of documents of an important strategic meaning: the boy’s distribution of the French army and the deployment.
In 1810 Rots Chernyshov, having cut off the order of Emperor Oleksandr I on the ring road, sent a visit to Stockholm before the Crown Prince Zh.b. Bernadotte, for the sake of political glances, of the chief of Sweden and the one of Napoleon's marshal. Chernishov making a friendly call from Bernadot. Napoleon bachiv in Bernadot of his stavlen, scarlet roses, and at the same time with the residual ounce of the French Bonaparte, let him be free from self-esteem. Prior to that, Bonaparte had seized the Swedish Pomerania, and had not left the Swedes with him.
Already in 1811, Bernadotte, through Chernishov, gave the floor to the Emperor Oleksandr I, who was not going to fight against Russia and who was ready to fight against Napoleon. The Swedish crown prince in 1811 - the ear of 1812 was handed over to Oleksandr through the Russian ambassador to Stockholm P.K. Sukhtelen will find information about the plans of the French emperor. 29 birch (10 April) 1812 r Bernadot povidomlyav:
Write to me, that Napoleon rozrakhovuє in two months will end the journey from Russia, then go to Constantinople, where to transfer the capital, to manage Russia and Austria and all Europe.
Bernadot also saw that Napoleon planned to overcome the Russian army of Oleksandr I's crops to go to the Turks and Vignaty from Europe, and then vote for yourself as the Deceased and Deceased Emperor.
Oleksandr I. Photo: www.globallookpress.com
One of the series of epizodes successful development dressing with "the right of the Savan". Departmental Captain of the Russian Service David Savan lived with seven in the Duchy of Warsaw. The Frenchwoman, who knows about the difficult financials, proponed her skills. The shroud will be filled with impulses to accept the proposition. For lack of instruction and penny, wines on the cob 1811 r crossed the cordon, ale, arriving in m Vilno, voluntarily presented himself to the command of the Russian army and reports about the refusal of the establishment. In the Great Duchy of Savan, he turned into the same as an agent of the Russian development. Vin delivered the Frenchmen in the house, specially prepared at the headquarters of Barclay de Tolly. Overbought near Warsaw, Savan took a number of valuable properties of a character, and, after a long discussion of the minds, the message was encrypted, the correspondence was consumed by the team of the Russian army.
For Savan's spirits in the spring of 1812, the Russian counter-intelligence boule carried out successful operations with the emergence of French agents.
So, after the arrest of Lieutenant Drozhnevsky, messages from the French to Bilorusia, from the spyvpratsi with the French special services, a group of Baltic bankers on the choli with Menzelman, who had kept the money for Napoleon's agents.
U 30-i pp. XIX Art. Count Chernyshov became a Viy's ministry and, intelligently, great respect came to the development, including economically. At the fall of leaves 1830 Emperor Mikola I gave a statement on a step-by-step basis and on the selection of houses about all indications, wine-making, and technologies, "as in part of them, as well as in the home" on the part of non-production manufactures.
A.S. Griboedov. Photo: www.globallookpress.com
A prominent Russian promoter of the great playwright A.S. Griboedov, signs in 1828 rotsi. Ambassador to Tehran.
Griboedov's bulo was supplied by the director: collection of statistical and political information about Persia, її history, geography, about the country її economics, trade; A selection of news about the people of Persia, about the people of Persia, about the beggars, the names, the trade of the population, about the "friendship and dislike" in the people of Persia with the other countries.
Especially great respect was given to the collection of "day-to-day victories" of information about Bukhara, її trade, znosina from Khiva, Persia, Afghanistan, Turechchina.
However, Griboedov deprived him of having stepped over to his developmental activity, if he was killed on 30 September 1829 by Iranian fanatics.
Under Mykola I, the Russian development of the business was thousands of miles from Russia. So, in Brazil, the first consul in Rio de Janeiro G.I. von Langsdorf took the data for the successful trade between Russia and Brazil, so that he collected the development information of an economic nature. Langsdorf added a lot of information about practically unheard of for Russia.
The robot of the vіyskovo ї development took place in tіsnіy vzaєmodії with the MZS. 8 herb 1852 r A.I. Chernishov povidomlyav in the MZS:
Sovereign Emperor, bazhayuchi, sob The Ministry of Justice is not very much dependent on the state of affairs, because of the powers of the foreign powers, which are necessary for the world, the domination of the world. special vital correspondents, delivered by the hour, in the same term, in the form of the country of the vital forces of the cich powers according to a short and convenient program.
A great role was played by the Russian Vyiskova development from the hour of Vizvolnoy Viyni 1877-1878 rr. Before the very ear of the Russian-Turkish war in the back room of the intelligence agency in Turechchyna and in the Balkans, a message was sent to Colonel of the General Staff P.D. Parensov, an officer of the "z osozlivih doruchen", a recognized fakhivtsya of the development right. In the middle of the breast in 1876, Parens came to Paul Paulson's name, arriving to Bucharest under the legend of a relative of the Russian consul, Baron Stuart. In a short term, win, having gratified the necessary calls, opening an active agent's border and picking up around him some people from among the inhabitants of the city, who were watching over the changes of the ships of the Danube. The Bulgarian patriot of the banker and the grain merchant Evlogiy Georgiev, who is the mav of trade agents and warehouses in the small towns of Bulgaria, who gave Parensov a good team, was willing to give Parensov Heads of Evlogiyu win added valuable assistant Grigoriy Nachovich.
Lyudin was assessed, like Volodya French, Nimetsky, Romanian mobs and decently rosiynsku, win mav great calls on the offensive sides of the Danube, buv supervisingly wine-formative in the ways of adding information. Beginning to help the Russian development as a true patriot of his father - for the whole hour of robotics, he has never taken a penny wine from the Russian team.
Emperor Mikola II. Photo: www.globallookpress.com
The Russian counterpart of the bulwark was formed into an organized structure in 1903 by the Emperor Mikoly II. June 20, 1903 Vyiskiy Minister A.N. Kurapatkin sent an additional note to the Emperor's name about the rules of the root of the new secret branch of the Vіyskiy vіdomstvo. The Vіyskovy Ministr, having insisted on a special structure in the warehouses of the Vіyskovy Ministry's headquarters, took a special interest in using the rosters of the foreign spyguns and health workers behind two straight lines: the core and the visitor. Kerіvne straightforwardly transferred the rosters of the eighth nobles to the development of the foreign powers, and the viconavche - without precedently guarding for the cimi nobles.
Dіyalnіst tsogo body guilty polyagati in vstanovlennі secret lucid for zvichaynimi Shlyakhov taєmnoї vіyskovoї rozvіdki, toil vihіdnoyu point іnozemnih vіyskovih agentіv, kіntsevimi points - osіb, SSMSC perebuvayut on nashіy derzhavnіy sluzhbі that zaymayutsya zlochinnoyu dіyalnіstyu, i spoluchnimi Lanka mіzh them - іnodі tsіly number agentіv, in the middle in the transmission of properties ...
At the warehouse of such an organ, on the thought of Kuropatkin, they are responsible for transferring the services of the people, who know well the organization of the people installed in Russia, as well as the people from the secret service, they are just agents.
As a matter of fact, they sent the report to the headquarters at the Headquarters, and put the chief officer in the rank of the headquarters officer, the official in the rank of the chief officer and clerk. "For a non-average robotizing robot, it would be necessary to be quick with the help of private individuals - syschiks for a good hiring, the ever-increasing number of those who had been asked to wait until they knew it, would have been awkward to be surrounded by people."
The official establishment of such an organ was found to be ill-humored, and the head chance of success for this purpose was being destroyed: the mind of the person.
To that, it will be bazhano to open the projects, not to go to the official setting ...
Vikladeni came in when the bazhanim came to bring at the visitor's office, as far as possible. Already on the coming day, 21 June, the Sovereign's resolution appeared on the documents: "Good." This rank, 21st of 1903 r became the day of the people of the Russian counter-intelligence. The bullet was opened "Development of a report of the headquarters" under the command of the gendarme corps commander V.N. Lavrov.
At the same time, 1903, the Sovereign ruled punishment for spying. The drive for tsiy was the right of the senior adjutant to the headquarters of the Warsaw military district, colonel A.N. Gramma, which in the period from 1896 to 1902 was transferred to the German and Austro-Ugric intelligence agencies of the most important secret documents. As I increased the victories from the evil forces by the gendarmerie and the police, the Grimm of the convictions by the Warsaw Military District Court up to 12 years of hard labor, so as the death penalty for spying was not transferred by Russian criminal legislation.
February 11, 1903 Emperor Mykola II. Zgіdnі from the new yogi normі, the winnie in the sight of the foreign state of the secret documents, but also could lead to a great deal for the invincible security of the Russian heritage, condemning all the fears of the camp.
It is noteworthy that for the death penalty for tsyu, the form of spygunism was transferred to the word "absolute sanction", so that only one is possible.
Counter-intelligence activity in Russia on the ear of the 20th century was occupied, in addition to the military-counter-intelligence, the Security Service and the Okremiy Corps of Gendarmes.
Varshavske counter-intelligence service has cleared Colonel N.S. Batyushin, which is due to the vinyatkovy pracezdatnistyu, the innovation, the system of the operational mission, mav the wide range of the fahivtsya, which allowed him to adopt unconventional solutions. In the environment, literally obscured by Austrian and German agents, guarding information and counterintelligence, from 1900 to 1910, the rocky found a number of hundreds of foreign smugglers (from other headquarters of smugglers to the officers). The counter-exploration was rapidly developing, but in advance of the first lightning, it was increasingly difficult to see it in a special warehouse.
On the right, the gendarmes officers were specially appointed to the army as the chiefs of the counter-intelligence departments (KRO), and the army officers were appointed as priests. The gendarmes were not driven by the practice of counter-intelligence robots. With the army officers on the right, it went shorter - the stench was not too bad. The professionalism of the gendarmerie officers in vіyskovі vikorystovuvav not only for counter-intelligence purposes, but for the establishment of vіyskovuyu development behind the cordon.
At the earliest of the XX century of the Russian development in the distance, the recruitment of Colonel in the Austro-Ugric Army Alfred Redl, who, being one of the leaders of the Austro-Ugrian development of the Austro-Ugric era, became an important jerel, as a result of
A great role was played by the additional development tributes under the emperor Nicholas II, who were grabbed by the agents, so in Russia they were called atache: Colonel V.P. Lazarov (Paris), Colonel Є.K. Miller (Brussels), Major General V.N. Shebeko (Berlin), Colonel M.K. Marchenko (V_den), Lieutenant General M.S. Yrmolov (London), Colonel V.K. Samoilov (Tokio) and іnshі.
Before the first time, the First World War in the Russian New Development Bullet was carried out and a hundred of the renovations were carried out. From the warehouse of the Headquarters - the food authority of the Russian administration of the Russian Federation, the Head of the Administration (GU) of the General Staff (GS) was seen in the warehouse, in which it was issued a certificate of development.
Emperor Mikola II and Tsarevich Oleksiy. Photo: www.globallookpress.com
With the ear of the First World War of the Russian special services, they stuck to the high activity of the Earth's investigators. For example, already in the end of 1914, the forefathers of the Department of Police in the immediate vicinity of the Arkhangelsk Boulevard of the embarrassment of a nice steamboat, with a radiotelegraph station on board. At the same time, the GUGSH missed out on the intelligence of the famous agent K. Berghard, who was the first to go as a traveling salesman in Petrograd and Saratov.
Chi didn’t work and Austrian agents: intelligence schools near Vidna, Krakow and Kosice forcedly prepared professional spyguns to dominate the territory of Russia. And in June 1914, the Vіyskovo Ministry of Justice connected the facts of the participation of Turkish diplomats in the developmental activity and propaganda of pan-Islamic propaganda in the country's children.
In the capacity of its agents, the name of the development of the victor has been dominating the role of the great companies with European popularity. Zokrem, the American corporation of sewing machines "Zinger".
On the ear of the 20th century, "Zinger" has successfully established itself as a Russian market. For the ear of the First World War, the Bula corporation is honored to be scammed against Nimechchin's corny.
For the recognition in the Department of Police, the head office of the factory "Zinger" entrusted its agents with the sale of sewing machines to take an unspoken nobility in the areas they serve, about a number of and names of villages, for the sake of such gardens in such a family. Beruch to respect that you have furnished it with one of the ways of serving the purposes of the military spygunism, the Department of Police for Victory is important for the necessary service.
From Poland, the gendarmes transferred another sheet of service to the Zinger company from the American J. Howard from Bremen. Win proponuvav on the occasion of the “especial from the midst of all, as for a certain penny the wine city was delivered all the rest of the information about new orders, arrivals, changes and changes. In vіyskah ".
In the first day of the lute coup of 1917, the counter-intelligence, the gendarmes and the security forces took the blow of the boyoviks, kerovized by the German agents. The rioters have ruined the archives and card indexes of the capital's police and counterintelligence. Head of the Directorate Lieutenant General I.D. The wolves will be buried, signs and killed by the building in the country. Zhandarmske management was burned. For the ordering of the Timchas' order from the counterintelligence bodies, all the gendarmerie officers and individuals who had previously worked in the security police and rosters were blamed. The rozval of the Russian special services, typing wraps to the unaccustomed joy of a summons.
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The development of the power of any state is dependent on the full dependence of secrecy. It’s not surprising - the sign of the development of the field is in the fact that you open up the aliens, who are overpowered in the incomplete way. It is possible, by adopting the principle of "harrowing the fruit, always liquor", any suspension in the first place will be able to keep up to the time of development. Not viklyuchennyam є i our land.
Maliy coat of arms of the Russian Empire zrazka 1857 r
I’ll look back at the grown-ups for an hour to be interested in the history of pre-revolutionary Russia, below I’m going to talk about the history of the Russian development until 1917. If I want to stretch out for a trivial hour, straight ahead, it often goes hand in hand.
The history of the development is very important. Documents about developing operations and buildings, as a rule, are not taken care of - conspiracies and secrets є the basics of whether the state's special services. Therefore, the presenter of the history of development will inevitably face a lot of difficulties when trying to create a structure, the goals and the establishment of new organs in any kind of history of the country. In the majority of cases, it is reported that there is a wide range of information and information.
Long time ago
As it seems, the development was taken in respect of the found profession on Earth - in the Bible, in the ancient times and transfers (for example, in the Sumerian and Akkadian times, assigned to Gilgamesh), the history of the history. In Biblia (chapter 3 of the Book of Numbers), a zokrem, it is said: "
18. If Moses sent him [from the wilderness of Paran] to look around the land of Canaan [the old name of Palestine, Syria and Finiki], then saying to him: go to the new land and enter the mountain;
19. І shake that Land what kind of wine, і people who sit on it, who is strong or weak, innumerable?
20. Yak land, on yaky vin to sit with a new one, why is it good who is evil? And in the first place, in what wines do you live, in wines do you live in or in fortets?
21. Is the earth dry, sitiy chi won? Chi є on nii tree, chi ni? Be merry and see the fruit of that Land. "
In other words, the "traders" were prompted to conduct a series of operatively-rocket calls with the help of a large-scale collection of information about foreign lands.
At the monument to the Old Indian literature "Arthashastra" it is also said about the development ("... whoever has a filthy thing, inform them in confidence"); about the establishment of the developed system of groups of agents - "otruyniks" (saboteurs), spyguns, who are guilty of being able to relieve the lasting incidents to life, it is seen to serve the state, some of the stinks are very hard to come by.
As soon as the powers began to form in the wandering coils of the earth, the development of the development did not unmistakably become a part of it. However, about the establishment of special developmental bodies, it didn’t come out - the stench was to blame only when the state was forced to centralize. Development in the capacity of an independent service could only appear with the manifestation of a rooted state and rooted political ties.
The needs of the heads of powers (princes, tsars) of the nobility of the yakomog are more about suspects, especially about those who oppose them, by a natural ruinous force for the development of a developmental right.
development in Old Russia
In Ancient Rus, the development of the viconuval is practically only tactful (in a large number of vypadks - in the vіysky character) due to active and sub-active reasons. The wake of the day, the people of this era were not open-minded, that price in the minds of feudal fragmentation (to see a merchant with a “dakhom”, for a chentsia) buto even more important information - the rose could easily be driven into the minds of the “rose”. The obstinacy of the tribute of strategic development (called, state) was a role played out.
Tactful development was actively carried out by the old Russian princes for the purpose of bringing them to the meetings or for carrying out distant campaigns of conquest. For example, for a wide-ranging expedition of Russians in 860 r to Constantinople (if they were weakened by internal fervors), it was necessary to carry out a singing development robot on a wide scale. The development of a message to the strategic character of the vicarists, for example, Prince Oleksandr Nevsky, seeking neutrality with the Horde, and actively fighting against the nice people.
Until the end of the 15th century. in Russia, boules are visible sovereign government... The development of the state of affairs from the capital of the great or udilny princes. Winning a visit from a vlazniy person "Director of the Service of the First Intelligence", "the Minister of Defense", etc. In Russia, there was no need for a special body to deal with this development. That stretching out a trivial hour between the words "salesman" and "diplomat" you can easily put a sign of eagerness. Tim is bigger, it is practical until the ear of the twentieth century. management of the development will be in the hands of the provinces, which will be engaged in diplomatic work.
Development in Russia (XV-XVII centuries)
In the process of collecting the lands of Rus in one end, the great princes of "all Rus", the zokrem, Ivan III, will begin to carry out an active call of politics. Otzhe, growing demand for the services of the razvіdnikіv. The growers of Ivan III are especially kind and educated people, in the first place - after. Ginz, merchants, representatives of the clergy and foreigners, who enveloped the nation's social and industrial camp, got involved.
The development of the first organs of the central administration is beneficially informed on the information of the princes (tsars). For the rule of Ivan IV the Terrible, in 1549, an important podіya was observed: to fall asleep. new policy king, incl. Calling development, which took the lead in the middle of those punishments, so that they were knitted with foreigners (there are almost a dozen of them all, which may be in contact with foreigners - for example, Stryletsky, Taumnih). Before the dispatch of diplomatic missions, the Ambassador's order issued detailed instructions for the assignment, and submitted to the head of the mission - incl. and developmental character.
So, 1557 r І.Є. Zamitskiy, scho virashav to the king of the Swedes (Sweden), propelled the attack: "So being Ivan at the king's intelligence about those nagatos: like Gustav is the king ... with those sovereigns that are harsh, and for those who are sovereigns about doing anything, and how, God will give, provide, and then who have come Tell the king and the great prince. "
In the meanings of the period not to be afraid of the prompts of the diplomatic and developmental service, this was given the occasion.
Yaskravoyu figure among other people є, for example, Ivan Mikhailovich VisKovatiy - the first clerk of Posolskiy I will instruct you, about which foreigners they said, that yomu "did not boom at that hour in Moscow". It’s an hour to spend with an important diplomatic mission in Lipna-Serpna 1562 in Dania (it’s necessary to go to the union with Russia). Viskovatova had a chance to ask for the help of the "agent in flow".
In short words, I.M. Viskovaty going to the direct purchase of the necessary people - the robot is even more delicate, the spanks will need to be propounded to the penniless dignitaries, who are guilty, but they will definitely take the "gifts" (swag).
It would be even more unacceptable if the dignitary had seen and seen "kudi slid". It is necessary for a great deal of preparation to be carried out by a great preparation robot, zyasovuyuchi relish, drink, weak mission of the transferring object, schob zmusiti yogo "pratsyuvati" on itself. Podіbnі priyomi - subcontracting dignitaries in pouring - Russian distributors (diplomats) will be victorious for more than a trivial period of an hour.
Besides, I.M. Viskovaty engaged in the analysis of important reports from the powers that be, incl. pratsyuvav and sent to the king from behind the cordon, having prepared projects of views, planning in other children, vicarious talent and broad erudition.
For otrivannya secret vіdoms Ivan IV (that and not only wіn), going in before the help of reboots. "We [in Lithuania] have a great number of Moscow migrants, who, having received our inquiries and calls, can easily turn to their own, leave the stench with us, and then convey our plans to our own plans ... Mіzh Moscow interrupted people in the night, like at Vilnius [Vilnius] they called their fellow countrymen in prison, having one priest, who sent the prince his own agreements, decreeing the first papirs, which also went to the royal office of the Church of Christ, the copy of the people ... Turning around to the migrants, to find the empty and the marnims: freedom for the slave, the nobility for the commoner, forgiveness of the Borgs, for the boorzhnik, forgiveness of the guilt ... ".
The Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich will see the power of the centralized government. In 1654, the tsar's command was the Order of Taєmnikh, the right to order, deprived the tsar of order and control over the power of all the sovereign institutions. Tsia especially the office was engaged in food development, counter-intelligence, encryption services, protection of the king and his neighbors. We will clean up the misconceptions of the witness with the butt of the "development service". Rozvіdka yak warehouse chastin To order the local sprays I took care of ... the buzz of korisnykh copalins!
For the robots, in the Nakazi were found the most good and good conversions from the other orders, as they passed the special school of navchannya at the Spassky Monastery. The stinks took away a great "salary" in proportion to the colleagues from the other punishments (the stretch of the 17th century was close to 80 punishments) my good luck- Significant social security.
Particularly important sheets were delivered to the emissaries of the tsars, delivering only for the help of the clerks of Taimnyh (who served as a field officer's call), in which they were given additional information about the developmental character, for example, to bring the people around the population about the mood of the population. pass. It is of great importance to have cipher letters, "bird letters".
At 1676 r, after the death of Oleksiy Mikhailovich, the Order of the local rules of the formation and the right of the new development passed into the sphere of activity of the Ambassador's order.
"The family is not without a virodka"
The history of the development, ymovirno, would not be correct, if they didn’t guess about the zradniks, they wouldn’t be able to see them, but in many ways. Grigoriy Karpovich Kotoshikhin, who served for an hour to Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich before the Order of Taєmnikh, was one of the first to be found in the house. Vіn viyavivya original zradnik - a message of health, living in Switzerland, G.K. Kotoshikhin, having written the pratsyu "About Russia for Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich", published in Russia in the end of the XIX century, Yakiy mav succeeded in the history of our land.
The spite of the reasons for the health is now, obviously, a little not knowing, but it is possible to let the offensive come. Perche, the image of the king-father. When writing letters, replace the "great sovereign" by writing "great", omitting the word "sovereign". At the XVII century. They didn’t forgive any pardons - "piddyach Grishke Kotoshikhin, who wrote that note, ordered ... for those who committed punishment - beat batogi".
In a different way, G.K. Kotoshikhin viyavlyav dissatisfaction with the drive vlasny platnі. Until then, in 1661, the fate of the wines was known, the monastic treasurer, who was the monastic treasurer, who had been responsible for the expenses. The soil of the waste appeared in every dark, splinters, since G.K. Kotoshikhin for the Borgs dad confiscated the booths with the lane, nezabarom vyavilosya, scho in the monastic belongings were rejected ... 15 kopecks! Until then, G.K. Kotoshikhin, obviously, did not turn.
However, і a pardon in spelling, і borg dad did not serve as a drive for the "sound" of G.K. Kotoshikhin from the old Russian special services. So, as early as 1661 r for rіk vin otrimav "thirteen karbovantsіv", in 1663 - thirty. However, you can start with a great part of the song, as G.K. Kotoshikhin buv spiteful people, and they didn’t even try to get a lot of “punishment” for them, they vazhayuyu themselves good and gifted people.
There was no yak bi there, "in the past 172 years Grishka fumbled, changed, went to Poland." Even earlier G.K. Kotoshikhin successfully "pratsyuvav" on the Swedes. So, in the end of 1663, he sold the singer to the genus of information to the Swedish ambassador to Moscow, Adolf Ebers, and took away forty rubles (by the end of the year, G.K.
Pislya vtechi G.K. Kotoshikhin proclaimed his servants of the Polish king Jan Kazimierz, and willingness to give the king "korisny" please, from those who wish "to the way in which we will be able to come." In addition, the zradnik proponuvav the king of the vlast wine go to the "vіyskovo-technical" spheres - vigotiti slingshots (tobto rogatini), which are "better and lighter than those of Moscow".
However, Jan Kazimierz was not able to move, and he stayed until the Nimetsky town of Lubeck (one of the main towns of Ganzi - the famous trade union of the middle town). However, vin is strongly rizikuvav - following the traces of G.K. Kotoshikhina was already a shooter with a mandate to deliver him to Moscow. Ale the zradnik was happy - the Swedes clung to it in person and 24 leaf fall 1665 Charles XI, having signed a special decree about "like Russian Gregori Kotosikni", in which he said:
"Oskilki to the sight of our journey, so many people know the Russian state well, having served in the office of the Grand Duke and having seen the readiness to work for us, because we have shown that we are all merciful to all the mercy of the Russian people." One hour G.K. Kotoshikhin was brought up, that they were accepted into the service before the king, and with the names of Johann Oleksandr Seletsky, arriving in Sklyanoi (old Russian name Stockholm). As a result, a provider of insurance companies for state service with an incorruptible salary.
When she was building, away from Johann Seletsky's life. However, one unacceptable podіya has become, the turns of both, it is impossible, so and to become unintelligible. In the end of the year 1667, he went to the house of p'yanim and "in the camp of an alcoholic sp'yaninnya" stabbing the master's house with a knife, at whom he knew the apartment (colleague in robotics) and his relative; "From the riders of the knife wounds" two years later the cholovik died.
May 11 and 12, 1667, the fate of the court came, as the wine of virok: "Through those Russian clerk Ivan Oleksandrovich Seletskiy, who also called himself Grigoriyam Karpovich Kotoshikhilyad, who knew that he was gravely guilty. Anastasius, as long as he died two years later, the court cannot pardon him and on the basis of God's and Swedish laws sentenced to death. "
Death virok inaccurately buv ghosts at the visonannya - after all, the zradnik otrimat what he deserves. At the end of the day, it’s too late, which, due to the increased problems, were broken in 1837 by the Russian pupils of S.V. Solovyovim, no land has been seen і "yogo kistki dosі [tobto 30-th pp. XIX century.] Sberіgayutsya in Uppsala like a monument, strung on the middle and steel dart".
Recipients of Peter I the Great
On the ear of the 18th century. the throne of the Russian loan is one of the most prominent rulers of our land - Peter I the Great. At the beginning of the social and economic development of Russia until the 18th century. Petro embarked on large-scale reforms. Wake up, skasovuє vіdzhili every hour, instruct the leading team. The development of the robot is responsible for everything in the hands of the Earth's collegium, it was the most popular policy - diplomacy and earlier to become distributors.
On the ear of the 18th century. Russia is actively involved in the world of international politics, developing ties with Western European powers; from 1700 r Russia started to travel to the Baltic Sea. It’s not surprising for Peter that he could get the present development of the development for Peter - and not only for Vijskov.
Even in the 17th century. behind the cordon, a number of permanent representative offices of Russia - in Switzerland (1634), Holland (1699) - are republished by Petro in the center of discrediting the developmental tributes about the European powers. Dermal words, viralized beyond the cordon, were handed instructions from the tsar, which took more than one hour for an hour. So, for the well-appointed ambassador in Turechchina (dated April 2, 1702) Peter Andriyovich Tolstoy, the tsar had 17 special points of developmental character (some instructions were given to the skin Russian ambassador).
P.A. Tolstoy mav gave a detailed description of the Sultan and his most important otochennya, because the Sultan himself ruled through favorites, who can be smart before the war or love "calm". Chi vidchuvak belongings of Turechchini "prosperity" or "teeth". From the ambassador, he needs to know more about the warehouse of the Turkish army, its dislocation, and the formation of the city. About the fleet of Petro, asking for a number of ships, storage, warehouse, safety. The ambassador is guilty of the Buv z'yasuvati plan of the Turks about the modernization of the Ottoman Empire's forces.
"Being at Saltan's yard, be careful and not guilty of visibility, with a well-nourished mystery, to vividati and describe the camp of the people there ...
I from the near-Cordonians, like the powers in the first chanuvannya I have, and what kind of people love more, and I want to see them, or I want a sound ...
About the implantation of the vіysk yake, there are a lot of settling, and how much yak we are, and the trimming is ready ...
In the lower lands, it’s difficult to go out of the country’s will, either because there is opposition from the old Saltans, or from the Perseians and from the other peoples, and in some places, and in front of them and the people ... what are you encouraged to continue ... Saltan can be tidied up and in some ways, and how it stinks, and how you can resist it. "
It’s important to read 17 articles, like, unfortunately, it’s a pity to see it through the back of the great debate, you can only wonder about the sovereign wisdom and outlook of Peter.
Ambassador to Holland A.A. Matthew in 1701, the founders of the early days of otviddanimy in spring 1708, having taken care of Peter with valuable information about the plans of Charles XII to turn to Ukraine to unite their Zusil with the Krymsk Khan, the Poles.
In the house of a great development robot in Stockholm, the Russian ambassador, Prince A.Ya. Khilkov, internationalized in the capital of Sweden with a grain of wine (1720-1721). Arriving in the capitals on 18 April 1700, they met with the name of "primordial developments, with the right and for whom to live in Stockholm, the messengers of the earth powers", A.Ya. Khilkov, I think it’s not bad, I don’t want to beat Russia anymore ...
Unimportant for the sake of the Swedes, the prince prodvzhuvav information for Peter and send it - through Copenhagen - to the tsar! Same A.Ya. Khilkov, having conveyed the views to Peter in 1701, about the preparation of the Swedish campaign against Arkhangelsk (the plot about the yak was the basis of the artistic film "Russia is Young").
The share of A.Ya. Khilkova went tragically - in 1718 rubles for the feast before the Aland armistice, behind the yak to Russia the rest of the dead turned, the prince died. Yogo tilo was transported to St. Petersburg, on the tsvintara Oleksandro-Nevskoy Lavri (the grave was not spared).
The successes of the development of Peter I were knitted with yakimos I.R. von Patkul, a Lіflandian nobleman. Being a suppressive enemy of Sweden, until I am an imperfect hatred, I became a good assistant to the Russian tsar, "pratsyuvav" not a style for a penny, but "for an idea." Zrozumilo, for the very reason, some people appear as priceless jerels of expensive houses.
Pershі rocky XVIII century. I.R. Patkul became the conductor of the Russian anti-Swedish policy at the Entry, and not without his help Peter I established the Private Union (at the warehouse of Russia, Saxony, Poland, Dania), straightening against Charles XII. Volodyucha with talent and superb building, get the call to be-like people, I.R. Patkul gave Petro a lot of information about the details of Western European policy and recruited the Austrian Chancellor Kaunits to the Russian corpse (unfortunately, after the death of I.R.
Unfortunately, in 1707 I.R. Patkulya saw the King of Poland August II for the Swedes, and talk separately about the peace with Sweden. The colossal Swedish piddan for "the joy of the father" ochіkuvala deprived of one punishment - death punishment. Unimportant to the efforts of Peter, who was in charge of І.R. Patkul "like our minister", they did not lead to anything. 10 zhovtnya 1707 r I.R. Patkul buv of the Swedish horror.
Among the number of Inozemts, voluntarily "pratsyuvali" on Peter, it is possible to name italiytsya F. Benevina, what a rule from the name of Russia the defense treaty with Bukhara against the Khivin Khanate; S.V. Vladislavich-Raguzinskiy (a freak of Serbia), during the early days of the Winter War, engaged in active propaganda of Peter's successes against the Swedes at Sunset (in the morning, in Venice).
Peter I, having given the great significance of the new development, didn’t change the structure. In the area of organizing the new development of Peter, only a few people, the rudiments of the quartermaster-general (headquarters) of the service and the statute of the headquarters, were announced by the tsar. For Peter, the bullets of the broken-hearted first try to defend the mothers of their representatives in the foreign armies. Diplomats acted in the role of the Vyskov agents (atasha), and the headquarters of the new development was immediately announced. For Peter I, one of the peculiarities of the Russian development, which was developed until the ear of the XX century, was clearly seen. - the end of the goals and the establishment of the vіyskovoі and zvnіshnoi development (to marvel at Peter's vimogi to the ambassador in Turechchina PA Tolstoy).
True, in the minds of the epoch, they are encouraged to be more, I think, it will be, take it, before the hour. The merit of Peter Polyag is that he has prepared the basis for the development of the country in all regions, incl. and in development.
Development under Oleksandr I
From the middle of the XVIII - the ear of the XIX century. In the history of the new development of Russia, there are no significant changes in the organization, or in the structures. The information about the robot of raising the assignments for the period is already innumerable and does not allow judging in the general public about the self-promulgation of the robot of our investigators outside the cordon for the good of Russia.
V cob XIX v. In the history of Russia there are important steps - in 1802, the replacement of the colleagues who were founded under Peter the Great was close to a hundred years, and Oleksandr I started the system of ministries. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MZS) until the other half of the XIX century. prodvzhuvalo in the status of an offender of the collective of Zakordonnyh the rights in the field of the development of new development, recognizable from the old meetings and representatives of Russia behind the cordon of the development of different types of housing, incl. і from vіyskovyh food.
An ear of a new, 19th century, marked for Russia by the fight against Napoleon's France. Before the face of a dangerous enemy, Russia, like a nikoli, demanded valuable information, good news of the plan. In 1810, in the life of development of Russia, there is a fourth important development - for the establishment of the Ambassador's order in 1549, in 1654 - for the Order of the local righteousness and preparation of the legal basis in 1716.
1 fierce in 1810, General M.B. Barclay de Tolli is an inescapable specialty, commander and patriot of Russia. Around 1810 years of development and to introduce into the house for the first time in the history of the "Special Chancellery" - the body, which is considered for the sake of the revision of the development data, that it should be taken by the special agencies The conspiracies and dyalnosti gave great significance, and here M.B. Barclay de Tolli achieved significant successes - not a word is said about the office in his memoirs and stories of the era.
The first for all the activity of the "Special Chancellery" was responsible for the development of the Western European regions (the splinters of the threat from Napoleon's side). The Minister of Justice of the Republic of Belarus instructed the promisors to take a tribute "about the number of times, especially in the state of the skin [the first seven promulgators from France, Austria, Saxony, Bavaria, Switzerland, Spain] and the dignity of the honorable generals and the attitude of the great. " "There is no less enough of a mother to say about the number, goodness, character and spirit of the people, about the geographic growth and creation of the earth, about the internal dzherel of the whole empire [so that the state, in what is known as the agent of that person who was sold ". It was given the furnishings to indicate that there was still no clear submission to the news and the call of the development.
Colonel A.I. Chernishov - for the official version of the special representative of Oleksandr I under Napoleon. As a matter of fact A.I. Chernishov was busy collecting development money and for contacts with one of the most recent "innovators" in the history of development of Russia ...
About A.I. Chernishova vіdomo duzhe bagato. Seemingly, in a short term, the colonel was able to set the edge of informators in the regular and vital spheres of Paris, to improve and expand the activity of individuals who were bought for great (including specialties) pennies. One of them is a sprobatnik of the Vyysk ministry of France Mischle, who was a member of a special group, once every two years they put together information especially for Napoleon about the number and dislocation of the French Zbroyny Forces. Successes about A.I. Chernishova will spend an hour trying to work out the bagatokh of the old history for the establishment of the happy image of the Russian retailer.
However, the question to the food is: how exactly did you impart to the next move? Unimportant to the self-determination of the colonel, from the house of "Kraseny Leandro" and the other dzherels, Russia did not manage to go to the point of failure against Napoleon, as in 1812 p.
Unfortunately, the share of the "Special Chancellery" turned out to be unconvincing. Zіvіlnennyam in Veresen 1812 M.B. Barclay de Tolli from the post of the vice minister of the yogo child - the first in Russia and Europe special development authority - the bulo is chained and rotated in the 30th pp. ts'go zh stolittya. The functions of the office were transferred without a second to the military ministry, a part of the office-razvidniks of the official moved to Batkivshchyna. With the residual change in 1815 over Napoleon, there was a threat over Russia, and the need for special development agencies - from the point of view of possible owners - was not outrageous.
Development of Russia: new directions
The most privileged at the right of the development of Bulo, Zrozumilo, "European Straight", Ale Russia is small to the Great Cordon and on Descend, Zokrem, with one of the strong and insecure enemies - Persia (Iranian), from which our land is in the third (B1804-1813 і 1826-1828 pp.) She led bloody wars.
In 1828 A.S. Griboedov, author of the famous art "Woe to the Rose". Yak and earlier, for the hours of Peter the Great, for A.S. Griboedov's bullet was put in the instruction-mandate, in which the sphere of its developmental activity was introduced.
For example, a collection of statistical and political information about Persia, history, geography, about the country of economy, trade; A selection of news about the people of Persia, about the people of Persia, about the beggars, the names, the trade of the population, about the "friendship and dislike" in the people of Persia with the other countries. Especially great respect was given to the collection of "day-to-day victories" of information about Bukhara, її trade, znosina from Khiva, Persia, Afghanistan, Turechchina.
However, A.S. Griboedov did not get up to start before the building of the building was placed in front of him - on September 30, 1829, he persisted in the territory of the Russian embassy, grabbed and drove everyone who was there. Sered zagiblikh bouv i O.S. Griboedov.
Russia’s interests stretched far and a long time ago - to the provinces of Holy America, more precisely, to Brazil. The official was appointed to the post of the first consul in the distant Rio de Janeiro, going back to 1812 (arriving to Brazil in April 1813). Їm staє yakis G.I. von Langsdorf (ugly Nimechchini), knowing Portuguese, French, Nimetska, English, Russian mov, good knowledge of lykarsky mystery. The opinion of the robot of the Russian consul from the robot of his colleagues in Europe was in the offensive - it was taken to take the data for the successful trade between Russia and Brazil, in order to pick up the development information of the economic nature.
G.I. von Langsdorff added a lot of information about practically unheard of for Russia (the same for Europe) land. Winningly, with the necessary punctuality, having sent to the Ministry of Health of Russia a new list of earth ships, which sent Rio de Janeiro in the present day in 1813 due to the designated hour of arrival, in the direction of vantage, the port of destination and the sign, the hour of moving the ship on the road, vantage support (in Brazil).
At the display of information from the captains of ships, from the land merchants G.I. Langsdorf having correct necessary resources and recommendations for the most preschool terms for sailing to the shores of Brazil, Russian merchant ships from the Baltic ports, terms and outlets in the main sailing routes. G.I. Langsdorf gave a report on the recommendations on the nomenclature, quality and other detailed characteristics of the goods, which would later be delivered to Brazil.
However, from a glance at the distant views and the priorities of the leading state establishments of the best views of the Russian consul, it can be said that they disappeared without a corona for Russia.
Development of Russia in the other half of the 19th century
On the right M.B. Barclay de Tolli according to special agents in overseas land otrima to each other the people in the 30th rr. XIX Art. with the arrival of the Ministry of the Ministry (in 1828) A.I. Chernishov. Before the development of robots, the personnel of the service personnel, the specialists of the MZS, have now been trained. Some of the last ones who stayed in the middle of achieving great successes, not the first ones (in the last few years) in all countries, as a rule, were occupied by the office, and about arriving in the future, be it all
One of the most important buildings, which stood in front of a call-out in the meanings of the period, but it was, in the meantime, vyslovyulyuyuyuyuyuyuyu moyu - promislovo spygunstvo. With a cob of light development, I will progress in industry at the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries. Russia has become a strong growth in the economy of Europe. To that, all the Russian embassies at the European courtyards gave instructions in the general order of execution, with special respect for the ...
Up to 30 pp. XIX Art. It’s a lot of occasions when the Russian distributors added important technical information for Russia: in 1832, the ambassador to Paris for 600 francs bought a description of new carriages for the French artillery; in 1835, the consul in Gamburzi sent a report to the Belgian king about the war nobles, models of towels and the telegraph of new education in Belgium. However, Krimska Vіyna (1853-1856) ruled Suvoriy іspit of the industrial spygunism of Russia and brought, well, unaffected by the self-assurance of the promulgation, the result - in the introduction of new technologies in Russia’s virobnіstvo - so it wasn’t bogged down.
Through the marriage of vіyskovyh agents to the addition of developmental tribute to the essence of vіyskovy character, the messengers of Russia were received. The very same in the sheets sent to the MZS from 8 May 1852 r A.I. Chernyshov speak up: "The Emperor, bazhayuchi, that the Vіyskoe ministry has little reason for the world because it’s possible to remember and vіrnі vіrnі vіrnі vіrnі about the strengths of the earthly powers, it is not necessary for the world quiet powers, not many special European correspondents, deliver hourly, in the same terms, in the form of the camp of the allies of these powers according to a short and convenient program. "
Development in Russia on the cob of the XX century.
At the turn of the XX century. The name of the development of Russia was the head rank in the hands of the MZS. Earlier, the "Establishments of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs" of 1892 in the office of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation were considered politically, economically and vigorously in nature, as they came from behind the cordon.
Behind the cordon, the organization of the vyvchennya of the land was transferred (by any means) to the heads of the diplomatic representatives. Before you go to the collection of the skin core of the overseas representative, you know or know about the secret letter instructions, prepared in the office of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation and signed by the emperor.
Thus, in the instruction, P.M. Vlasov at Veresna 1897 said: "I have added to the tribute already to you the gallant instructions, I respect for the need to brutalize your respect for your high importance in nutrition, for the reason that the minds of your mind will be created by your own mind." ...
For the sake of financial support for visits, tied up with a "developmental character", special sums were seen - for buying needed people. In 1857 r, on a similar genus Vitrati, the Ministry of Finance vidilala 2.973 rubles, In 1889 r - 125.973 rubles, In 1901 r - 162.473 rubles. (Tsіkavo, have a few pennies settled in the clutches of the "accepting" messengers?).
In the organization of the developmental right behind the cordon, the actions of specialties were annulled. For example, the conduct of this secret intelligence by the envoys of Russia (as it was seen by the specials) did not bother about it, but hoped "on the courts," which generated a lot of passiveness before the opening of the side.
The recruitment of the colonel of the Russian notice of the Austro-Ugric development Alfred Redl was the greatest success of the Russian development before the 1st anniversary of the war. The Colonel navmisno prikhovuvav from the Austro-Ugric General Staff to go to the new special, for the service, the development of information from the agents of the Week in Russia. A. Redl conveyed to Russia the Austro-Ugric mobilization plans against Russia and Serbia.
Years of joy A. Redlya helped, behind the words of the English witness E. Woodhol, successfully defended the Serbian army against the Austro-Ugric forces in the cob period of war. Tsіkavo, scho deyaki "servants" the colonel robbed from the vlast sponukans, without asking for a fee, which the Russian side always paid generously to you.
True, the history of the development is spreading in the minds of the next step of the corridor of the documentary information for the Russian side. imovirno, stop word zalishaєatsya for maybutnіmi doslіdzhenny.
Uninvolved on the "monopoly" of the MZS, there are also developments outside the cordon, and in some regions of the Russian Federation and Mali Vlashnykh agents outside the cordon. A characteristic butt can be used by P.I. Rachkovskiy, who was the agent of the tsar's department of Russia from France, and who sent the "robot" to the police and the investigation. "Kolga" P.І. Rachkovsky in Berlin, A.M. Garting, I will remember the role of the additional development information.
The selection of state properties outside the cordon was violated and the Ministry of Finance, spiraling to the power agents - financial agents and representatives of banks. The Ministry of Trade and Industry, established in the period of 1905 r, has not enough entrusted to some agents outside the cordon, who have been transferred to the Russian representatives and were engaged in the main development of economic diversities.
Vlasni vidomosty supplied and the Holy Synod, which was victorious for reaching the goals of the spiritual mission of the Russian Orthodox Church beyond the cordon. However, it is not a good idea to re-evaluate the scope of the offices. The information that was needed, for example, was from the banker or the monk, which was shown by a growing level of communication, activity, regularity, glibini, and reliability.
yaksho okresliti in the back room Russian development in advance of the 1st Holy War, which was known to be in a very busy camp. As a rule, the agent's activity behind the cordon was based on the most frequent types of "goodwill", so that some of them, on their own, missed the information, often - one or more times. The development of structures was not small in its organization, most of the time they were rendered haphazardly, for the duration of the outbound programs.
This is a characteristic butt. The commander of the Viborzky regiment of the Cernitskiy rozpovidav, in Berlin Count Shuvalov (ambassador to Nimechchin) in the 90s. XIX Art. zіbrav vsіh rosіyskih ofіtserіv, virіshivshi dіznatisya їh "Dumka about nіmetskoї armії i zaproponuvav їm usіm dati pismovі vіdpovіdі who gave to qiu robot hour of one o'clock. vіn TER himself wrote. Coley boule prochitanі tsі vіdpovіdі, SSMSC duzhe Visoko put nіmetsku armіyu access in all vіdnoshennyah Shuvalov I know, I know ... I know I’m good army, but it’s not so blithe, as if I had read the messages at once, so, it means that I’ve introduced my order in Oman, I don’t think of anything in their meanings.
Russian development, it is obvious, there is little power in the shortcomings and shortcomings in the robot. In її ranks served і zradniki, without which there is no need for development in the light. Alena naygolovnіshe and viznachana polyagє in the borderless manhood of Russian development, at the cost of life, the necessary information for the country was obtained, as well as the prosperity of Russia.
I think that development is one of the oldest professions on earth. Quotations from the Old Testament or from the Sumerian epic about Gilgamesh are often directed at proof. Bagato is, in fact, right. Dіysno, the word "development" in its primary meaning is the transfer of any kind of local routine with a special method. Ale nagato is more important: those who develop are a necessary mechanism for the establishment of the most important state enterprises. The price has been brought to history, the price has been confirmed and the success.
Talking about Russia, it is necessary to be aware that at the moment of the establishment of Kiev Rus the development of the Bula by the right powers was carried out on two levels - by the political and vital authorities. For the selection of developmental houses of the vicarists, Russian trips were made: after and the spokesmen of the embassies, who were sent for negotiations, from the 17th century - members of the old ministers at the cordon, clergymen, representatives of the regions, people ... I have chosen to conduct research and development, including living in the territory of the Russian state (merchants, clergymen, spirits of foreign representatives, migrants and residents of the Russian state).
In the 16th century in Russia, there are the first organizations of the central administration, who organize and conduct the investigation, the leaders of the state's critical power about the thoughts and thoughts of the enemy in strength. In the world of growth, the role of development has grown up in the world of growth. In 1654 r, according to the decree of Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich, the instructions of the local righteousness, de zoserezhutsya management razvіdkoyu. Kerіvniki To the order - d'yakov - boules D. M. Bashmakov, F. M. Rtishchev, D. L. Polyanskiy and F. Mikhailov. Preobrazhensky mandate (1686-1729), as the function of the local police, including the development, keruvali of the father and the sin of Prince Romodanovsky - Fedir Yuriyovich (1686-1717) and Ivan Fedorovich (1717-1729).
Peter I, in the vіyskovy statute 1716 r for the first time to introduce legislation and legal basis for development of the robot.
Strengthening the new projects in the end of the 18th century - to put the ear of the 19th table in front of the development of new projects, and until the next day, all new forces and resources will be received. Tse has clamped down on the stem of a special central intelligence agency, especially in vіyskovoi, such as those in both vidobuvni, as well as in the elaboration of the functions of agent's strategic and vіyskovoіy development. The great dispatch before the organization of the permanently active central body of the Russian vital development was the bloody war, as Russia led the Napoleonic France from 1805. At the end of the period of the history of the Russian news development, we will be updated in more detail.
Delegation of Russian victories in companies 1805 and 1806-1807 rr. The end of the stack is 25 worms 1807 r Tilzit world with France. The signing of the peace treaty, which was rich in intertwining Russian interests, did not mean for Russia that there would be no more nikoli for Russia. It’s a very good idea to Emperor Oleksandr I and all Russian powers. At the link with the cym, the information about the political and vital plans of Napoleon was quickly rejected of the first-rank significance. To that, since General M. Barclay de Tolli in 1810 became the Minister of Justice and started to change the army, I received great respect for organizing military strategic development.
A great role was played by the general-ad'utant Prince P.M. Volkonsky, the Maybutny chief of the quartermaster's part of the Headquarters of the Russian army. U 1807-1810 rr. after being transferred to the overseas military unit, he turned around and presented the sound "About the internal devices of the French army of the general staff."
Overcrowding for a flood of sound, Barclay de Tolly put before Oleksandr I a meal about the organization of the strategic organization of the future development.
The first such body was the Expedition of Secret Inquiries under the Military Ministry, initiated by the initiative of Barclay de Tolly in the modern 1810 and 1812; On a yogo thought, Expedition of secret warranties was guilty of the enemy's attacks. Three people who were close to the Vyysky ministra were the first leaders of the Russian development of the Russian Federation: from the 29th spring of 1810 - the flygel-adjutant Colonel A.V. Voykov, from the 19th birch of 1812 - the colonel A.A. R . - Colonel P. A. Chuykevich.
At the same time in 1810 Barclay de Tolli raised with Oleksandr I about the need for organizing strategic news of the cordon, , about the fortress camp and the reserves, the health and dignity of the handsome generals, as well as about the good, the character and the spirit of the people, about the work of the earth and the creatures of the earth, about the internal dzherel of the powers, or about the problems before the coming of war and about the defenses, ... Tsі vіyskovі agents guilty of boules are known at diplomatic missions under the guidance of ad'utants under the generals of generals or civil officials and services of the ministry of overseas refs.
Oleksandr I followed the propositions of Barclay de Tolly, and for the sake of confessing the secret documents in the Zakordonnaya vidryadzhennya boules, directing the officers:
Colonel A. І. Chernishov (Paris);
Colonel F.V. Teil von Serasker (Week);
Colonel R. E. Rennі (Berlin);
Lieutenant M. F. Orlov (Berlin);
Major V.A.Prendel (Dresden);
Lieutenant P. H. Grabbe (Munich);
Lieutenant P. I. Brozin (Kassel, near Madrid).
The development of the department was located in the same place. For example, in the instruction to Major Prendel it was introduced:
“... your help is guilty for an impenetrable housekeeper; Naygolovnіsha meta of your local assignment is guilty, sob ... to come up with exact statistical and physical information about the country of the Saxon Kingdom and the Duchy of Warsaw, brutal especial respect for the life of the country ... and so on.
Colonel A.I. Chernishov, Officer of the Special Office of the Quartermaster of the Headquarters. In a short term, you have gone into the distance for France to establish a measure of informators in the regular and vital spheres and eliminate them, often for the great wine city that is famous for Moscow. So, on the 23rd of 1810, he wrote, “Napoleon, having already taken the decision about going against Russia, had left the game for an hour through the unfamiliar country of his right in Spain and Portugal”.
The axis is still one of Chernishov's report to St. Petersburg, de vin, giving a description to Marshal Franzia Davout, who appears to be a respectable and intelligent supporter:
“Davu, Duke of Auerstadt, Prince Ekmülsky. Marshal of Imperia Lyudin is rude and cruel, hateful usima, who will drive away the Emperor Napoleon; diligent henchman of the Poles, the great vorog of Russia. In Danish hour, the marshal, who has the greatest inflow to the Emperor. Yom Napoleon is more eager to help those who do it and what kind of guilt is most eager, being impelled, like, if you tell him not to bully, the stench will be sure to come together literally.
If you do not appear in the fire with especially blazing courage, it is even more sober and promises, because those, in all the minds of your mind, are creepy. Tsey marshal is not very fast but we are overly short-sighted. "
One of the informants of Chernishov is the procurator of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs M. Mishel. Having entered the group of sportsmen, for once in two years they became especially for Napoleon in a single copy of the number and dislocation of French fighting forces. Transferring a copy of Mishel's work to Chernishov, who sent him to St. Petersburg. Unfortunately, the activity of Chernishov in Paris ended in 1811. At that moment, since he was staying at Petersburg, the French police came across a note by M. Mishel in the tacit bum of his Parisian booth. As a result, Chernishov was called a spy, and he didn’t turn around to France, and Mishel was sentenced to death.
Another valuable Russian agent from France, who doesn’t look amazing, is Prince Charles-Moris Talleyrand, the coli-mary minister of Napoleon’s overseas help. In the spring of 1808, the hour of Erfurt's beloved Oleksandr I and Napoleon will come to the end of 1808, having proponated his services to the Russian emperor. Oleksandr, who was mistakenly placed before the words of Talleyrand, ale the confidentiality of the project, was raised. For the greatness of the wine town Talleyrand at this hour, he talked about the camp of the French army, giving the joy of the change of the Russian financial system, etc. And in the chest 1810 he wrote to Oleksandr I, that Napoleon was preparing for a specific date.
Aleksandr was unaffected by those who left Talleyrand with Oleksandr according to all the rules of conspiracy, until the ear of 1809 Napoleon appeared to be in the subway of Talleyrand. Napoleon unsupportedly transferred the command of the Spanish armies to the Marshal, and turned to Paris himself. On 28 September 1809, the scene is famous for the famous stage, which is presented in the memoirs of literature. The Emperor in a literal sense attacked Talleyrand with the words:
“Look you villain, scoundrel, disgraceful ludin! You don’t believe in God, you have ruined all your goiter, you have deceived everyone, you have cheated everyone, there’s no saint for you, if you’ve sold your dear dad! .. Why haven't I hung you on the Karuselskaya square? Ale є, є for a whole hour! Vee - a brood in shovkovyh panchokhs! Brood! Brood! .. ".
However, Napoleon did not have concrete proofs of Talleyrand's health, the thunderstorm passed by, and Talleyrand passed important information to Russia to the very cob.
Great respect came to Barclay de Tolly and intelligence agents, as they led the command of the Polish armies and corps commanders with their own forces. June 27, 1812 Oleksandr I signed three secret additions to the "Establishment for the management of the Great Army": "Education of the Great Military Police", "Instructions to the Director of the Headquarters of the Military Police" These documents took into account the statement of Barclay de Tolly and his opinion on how to go to the organization and conduct of the latest development and counterintelligence in advance and before the hour of the fight. They have a special respect for engaging in intelligence investigations. So, in the additional information about "Osvitі vishoї vіyskovoі polіtsії" spoke about the post-vikorystannі agents (clause 13 "About the infiltrators"):
"1. Scouts for post-payment. Smell ... rosilayutsya in necessary vipadkami, pid different species and in small huts. Stinks are guilty but people are spritin, cunning and admitting. X obligations є bring vidos, for which stinks are returned, і recruit spyguns of another genus and retailers in leaflets.
2. Scouts of a different kind are guilty of being the inhabitants of the neutral and alien lands of the rural lands, and among them deserters. The stench is to bring vidomosti to vimoga and zdravshego locality. Stink to get a special fee for the skin of the world, in the world of its importance. "
In the same place, the classification of agents was given;
1st in the land of the union;
2nd in the land of neutral;
3rd in the land of fortune ".
At the same time, they were afraid of this kind of clarification:
“- Agents in the land of the Union may be officials of the civil and the land of the Union, for they are sent to the army.
Agents in the land of neutral can be neutral, as they may know and call, and at a price, or for a penny, get certificates, passports and routes, for travel by use. The stench can be so very burgomistri, inspector mitnits and in.
Agents in the land of the fortune may be distributors, in it they go and permanently get there, for the money, the sellers, publishers, politicians and clerks, or other officials, are known in the fortune service. "
And in addition to the "Instructions to the Chief of the Headquarters of the Office of the Vyskovo Police," the building was built:
“At the time of the mother’s thorough unhappiness, there is a sound about the enemy in the important and ludicrous surroundings. There is a glimpse of the city in the city and through the thunder of the inhabitants of the city until the passage through the city, and we will become sick. "
The tse of the posting is not vypadkovo. An explanation of this can be found in de Leser's sheets, which was engaged in organizing agent intelligence on the provincial cordon, Barclay de Tolly from 6th breast, 1811:
“Extreme commonness,” de Leser writes, “is manifested by the inhabitants of the Duchy (the Warsaw principality. - Ed. Ed.) According to the statement to the mandates, it is very difficult for us to lay agents and spyguns, who are willing to bring corny”.
Albeit unimpressed on all difficult, the agent's development in front of the ear of Vijny was carried out actively and brought a lot of information. An additional note from the command of the 2nd Western Army of Prince Bagration Barclay de Tolli. Axis of knights from it:
“And as I am thinking about it in the sum of the mission for the local development of the work of the prosperity for those who have given the occasional goodwill and good people, then for a good trip for the cordon, do not allow your attention to the importance of .. you can see how you can sleep. "
As soon as there is a change in development, there is practically no change in the practice. In the main, the won was carried out in the old way - kinnyi roses. "Instructions to the Head of the Headquarters of the Office of the Vyskovo Police" instructed to conduct the vіyskovo investigation in the following manner:
“Zbroyny spyguny is carried out in such a rank. The commander of the development of the party of the Cossacks ... the commanders of the party are guided by the very important officers and yes to the dermal rogue scout, who knows the situation ... ".
Slid tales of words about counter-security operations, which were carried out in Russia in advance of 1812 r In archival documents from 1810 to 1812 at the period of the Russian Empire ...
As a result of the visits to the Russian team before the summer of 1812 r, they did not care about the foldable operational wits, the development could reach the bad results. So, in the distance we know the exact hour of the transfer of the French military, the number of dislocations of the main children, and also to set up the commanders of the army children and the dates of the characteristics. In addition, she made an agent call on the territories controlled by the enemy. Alas, it’s because it’s especially important, the tribute, we didn’t disguise, unfortunately, didn’t make a splash into the flow of the plan. Fuhl's defense plan, for a strategic initiative to act on the enemy, not only did not recognize the real situation, but rather ignored the intelligence.
Zrozumilo, the price of being on the first stage of the boy's diy, called for the fact that for the Russian team the cob of the dey in the operative-tactical plan became a raptor. So, at Vilno, denoted by Oleksandr I, about Napoleon's crossing through Niman, they only heard about through the trip of General V.V. Orlov-Denisov, whose regiment had moved to the cordon itself. The rapidity of the French nastaniya brought the deyak disorganization into the robot of the Russian team and was recognized at the management development. The pupil N.D. Durnovo, who was on the cob in 1812 in the retinue of the head of the quartermaster's section of the headquarters of P.M.
“27 ... The head apartment of this grandeur was in Yanchyny, Barclay de Tolli - in Dvorchany, two versts from ours. There weren't any sounds about the collapse of the enemy. Some allowances, which they have rushed to Riga, and they will go to Minsk; I will touch the rest of my thoughts ...
28. Proishov for the robot all day. There are a lot of information about French people. Our outposts traveled twenty miles from their positions, without making a gateway. Євреї allow it to be occupied by Napoleon himself. "
Alee unfortunately, the decay has passed, and the team of the Russian army regularly receives information from the development. With a stretch of all the command, the command received a great deal of respect, and all the importance of rejecting time-consuming and accurate tributes about the enemy was raised. Evidence of this, for example, attributed Kutuzov to General Platov from 19 October 1812:
"Due to the current situation, it is not unmistakably necessary that Your Excellency was delivered as often as possible about a gateway, but, without a glimpse of quick and windy sounds, the army made one march, which might not have been as hard as it should have been."
The most important in the development of the most important is the selection of houses for the additional agents, especially in the area of activity of the 3rd Western Army of General A. Tormasov. Tied up with the hostile proteges of the population of the city to Russia and every day of the wealthy cities. General V.V. Vyazemsky, who is the commanding officer of the division in the 3rd Western Army, is writing the axis of the drive in his "Journal":
“30th (sickle). We still do not know at this time, dear corps of roztashovani and yake іkh namir, - little pennies, no vireny shpigunіv. The dwellers have seen, the Jews are afraid of shibenitsa. "
However, on the indigenous Russian lands, especially since the French occupied Moscow, the agent's development was very productive and important in terms of visibility. Axle one from butt. The merchant Zhdanov did not rise to visit from Moscow and was full of Frenchmen. At the headquarters of Marshal Davout, they propounded to penetrate into the rooting of the head of the Russian army and to welcome the needs of the French, for which they admired the great wine city. Zhdanov "after a while". Having taken out the list of important meals from the French and leaning into the rosters of Russian victories, he innocently pinched him on delivering him to General Miloradovich and sent a report to the man about the thief of the thief of the employer. Kutuzov, who rated his patriotic vchinok, took Zhdanov and awarded him a medal, and General Konovnitsin 2 saw the same certificate:
“Moscow third guild, merchant Petro Zhdanov, help being jealous and retailers until your life, unaffected by any grasping propositions from the side of the French, to get to the spy, to waste your time at home, to the squad in about the camp and the state of the enemy army. Such patriotic children are meritorious for the visibility of all the true blues of Russia. "
Chi did not waste her value as agents of intelligence during the transition of the Russian army to the counter-offensive. The axis is written about A. Urmolov, colishniy before the hour of 1812 r by the chief of staff of the 1st, and then the head army:
“After I told the field marshal that I was showing up from the navkolishnich peasants, Pidtverdzhennya from Smolensk was going to be the inhabitants, Count Osterman was to inform him that Napoleon had gone with his guard. Chi couldn’t have received more than a welcome call to the field marshal ... ”.
The order of the agent's investigation of the vicarists was taken into account and the great role of feeding the full and overwhelming correspondence of the enemy was great. The given methods of conducting the development were fixed permanently. So, in the period when the Russian army entered the Smolensk battle with such a rank, they were so important. General Yrmolov describes the vipadoks as follows:
“Otaman Platov, inspired by the vanguard of the Count of Palen, exploded at the village. There was a strong drive of the French book, smashing it and moving it to Rudna. It was taken from a full: one wounded colonel, a few officers and 500 lower ranks. The Colonel saw that there was no sound about our approach to our stench, and it was not broken on special orders, even if there were no ruins in some of the buildings. From the narrow parcels in the apartment of the command of General Sebastian, one can see the order for the leading posts and the generals, who, from them, for which part of the forces and with what forces, is obliged to serve the children for the preservation of the backward link.
Even with one butt of rejecting valuable information, when you are full of them, you can serve the report of Kutuzov to Oleksandr I from the 29th serpny, the writings of the letter of the Borodinsky battle. At Nyomu Kutuzov, at the present time, at the present time, there are many different kinds of stories about the loss of the French army:
“... Show me a lot, protest, but the bewitching vrata is superbly great. Krim of the divine general Bonamy, who was full of captures,, was wounded ...
P. S. The deyaky are full of singing, but the French army has a dummy, but the stench has consumed forty thousand in wounded and killed. "
It is a great bitterness bringing and overwhelming correspondence and documents of the enemy. So, Colonel Kudashev was sent in on the day of the Tarutinsky battle of the 5th zhovtnya, after attributing Marshal Berty to one French general about sending all the vantages to the Mozhaisk road. Tse allowed Kutuzov to take the correct decision about vidmovu from the transfer of the broken vanguard of the enemy to the command of Murat and the main force on the Kaluzkoy road, closing the way to the French for the day. For the same illustration of the importance of reloading the military correspondence for accepting the Russian command of the important decision to serve Kutuzov's list of the commander of the 3rd army, Adm. P. Chichagov, from July 30:
“Pan admiral!
For more experience, I will try again to make extraordinary details, cut out from the leaflet, right up to the leaves of Napoleon himself, - copies of which I have already seen you. Z tsikh vityagiv Vi poachite, Pan Admiral, as in the action of insignificant ti kosty, as in his own order the enemy in his own style in the part of food and outfit ... ".
I have previously played a role in the course of the fight against the grain during the development, carried out for the rest of the week and the parties of the Cossacks. There is no special need for a specific type of development. To be built, the importance of this will be seen from Kutuzov's report to Oleksandr I from the 23rd serpnya:
“... One hundred percent of the gateway, almost as much as a few days, as well as becoming overly guarded, and if you pull it forward, then it’s so, so it’s bi-moving, navmatski. On the previous day, Colonel Prince Kudashev saw the whole book of Davustov's corps and the king of the Neapolitan kilka for years to sit on horses unruly. Vchora thieves not krok forward to the ruch without breaking. Our outposts of the year are less than 30 versts away from the road, they support velmi dbajlivo ... ".
To conduct the development and selection of properties about the vicorist, all possibilities were used. On the other hand, the parliamentarians did their best to the French army. One of them - Lieutenant Mikhailo Fyodorovich Orlov (later Major General, Maybutny Decembrist) - turning back, describing everything in his report. At the presentation of the th report Kutuzov sklav the offensive report from the 19th serpnya to Oleksandr I the number of the French army:
“Lieutenant Orlov of the Cavalier Guards Regiment, messages by the envoy before arriving to the armies by the head commander of the 1st Zahidnaya Army to learn about the capture of Major General Tuchkov, sending the 9th day of the day to the end With a fortunate outpost along the Smolensk road of the village of Korovin, a miraculous outpost of the king of Neapolitan, a miraculous cavalier, as a miracle, it is close to 20,000. Good, like during the battle of the battle of Zabolottya wounds and deaths, divisions of Dessek and divisions of Kompans, for which the corps vashaє is close to 50,000. Ledru, divisions Razu and divisions of the Virtemberg Vіysk, as they are going over to the command of the Virtemberg prince-spadkoєmtsya. The building of tsiy vіn vvazhaє is close to 20,000.
Then in Smolensk, in the knowledge of the Emperor Napoleon with the yoghguard, the forces are close to 30,000 and the 5th corps, depots from the Poles, close to 15,000, which corps will be stored with the divisions of General Zayonchek and General Knyazevich, who should go to The army went, according to some win, Orlov, being turned around, did not know more than one, but only felt from the French officers, but on the other side of the flange straight to Sichivtsi followed the corps of the field marshal yak at 30,000, scho i deposited b 165,000.
Ale for the rozpituvan, we will be caught by our officers in the quartermaster's part as full of them, I bring in the report of Orlov's kilka zbilshenim.
(General of the Infantry, Prince G (Olenishchev) Kutuzov ".)
In addition, the discussion about the development of the Russian army in 1812 will not be repeated without a clue about the collection of information about the gate for help partisan corrals, Basically, the quality of such bullets was formed by Kutuzov's offensive rank:
"Oskіlki ninі ossinnіy hour insist, through the ruins of the great army to roam absolutely twisted, then I dare, uniqueness of a general battle, to lead a small war, the strength of the enemy, and the need for him to give me more ways to use nini in 50 versts from Moscow with the head forces, I go through important parts straight to Mozhaisk, Vyazma and Smolensk. "
Army guerrillas were driven out of the way from the Cossacks to the bully, not the same for their number: from 50 to 500 individuals. The offensive was set in front of them: I live strength in the enemy's line, strike at the garrisons, see the reserves, transport the transport, free the enemy with food and fodder, wait for the oversupplied headquarters. The commander of the guerrillas Denis Vasilovich Davidov sings about the outright dyality of the partisans, and the commander of the partisan corrals, Denis Vasilovich Davidov, writes with the offensive rank:
“Guerrilla warfare is injected at the head of the operation of the warrior army. The reshuffling of the campaign of strategic views is to blame for the unbeatable difficulties, if the first skinny crocus can be guilty of being seen by the nasty commander for the help of the party (partisan - Ed. Ed.).
The first army partisan corral will be sent to Colonel D.V. Davidov, the direction of the French army in the direction of the Borodin battle. And when the French were busy with Moscow, this practice became permanent. General A. Yrmolov speaks specifically about the whole thing in his spogads:
“By the irregularity of Moscow’s surplus, I told Prince Kutuzov that Captain Figner, the artillery captain, proponed to deliver a video about the French army in Moscow, if it’s like supervised preparations in all those people; the prince letting him go outside ...
Prince Kutuzov was pleased with the first successes of the partisan yogo actions, we know how to multiply the number of partisans, and others, according to Figner, signified the guards' cinema artillery, captain Seslavin, Prince Kislya of this unforgettable half-priest.
Actually, the commanders of the partisan corrals regularly informed the headquarters of the Russian army about the oversupply of French military forces. So, in one report, Figner called upon the general of the headquarters of the head army Konovnitsin to the Chergov general:
“Vchora I know that you are turbulent to know about the power and the ruins of the enemy. Why do you get sick of the Frenchman alone, but this year you see it to the violence, because of who knows how to talk to them. About everything that has become messages by me before you rotmіstr Aleksєєv is more beautiful, I'm afraid to boast. "
The importance and necessity of the military guerrilla development of the most frequently manifested itself on the ear of the French army's entrance to Moscow, if Napoleon took the decision to advance on the Great Patriotic War, not to destroy the Russian province. Epizod, if the 11th day of Kutuzov, having taken out from Seslavin the exact data about the collapse of the main forces of the French on Maloyaroslavets, should be guided into the skin robots, assigned to the war 1812 r Perekazuvat yogo sensu. I will add a quote from Kutuzov's report to Oleksandr I about the battle at Maloyaroslavets:
“... The partisan Colonel Seslavin quickly vidkriv the ruk of Napoleon, who was pushed by the forces of the whole group (Kaluzkoi. - Ed. Ed.) To Borovsk. Tse those sponded me, not spending an hour, on the 11th day of the afternoon with the army of the force of the flank march to Maloyaroslavets ...
The whole day є one of those who found a bloody war, more than a fight at Maloyaroslavets, would cause a lot of herpes and blessings through our cold-hearted provinces. "
Another kind of activity of partisan enclosures was the dumping of French chickens. At the same time, they didn’t only get an important aspect of the developmental character; True, the deyakі french participants vіyni 1812 fate, including Napoleon himself, stverdzhuvali, that "zhodna estafeta was overcrowded." Tse rekonvostvav D.V. Davidov, inoculating a great number of concrete proofs of the zorotny. The axis is only part of them:
“The report of the field marshal to the Emperor, from the 22nd Veresnya (4th Zhovtnya), says:“ Veresya 11/23, Major General Dorokhov, the third box - with robbed church speeches; 12/24 the spring of spiymano by a corral on Mozhaiskiy, two couriers with dispatches ", that іnshe.
The report of General Vincennerode to the Emperor from the place of Klin, from 3/15 zhovtnya, says: "These days, this colonel (Chernozubov) took two French courtiers, who went from Moscow with dispatches."
The field marshal should also inform the Emperor, from 1/13 zhovtnya, about taking the 24th spring (6th zhovtnya) of the Kur'ar near the house of the colonel of Vadbolsky. "
In addition, it was not overwhelming, so to say, that the development of operations of partisan pensions was quite supplemented with additional development of operations: agent development, development, conducted by roses and parties. And in some cases of information, vidobuta partisans, gave a great inflow to the acceptance of operational decisions (report Seslavin 11 zhovtnya).
Zakinchuyuchi rozmovu about the activity of the young Russian vіyskovoi development in Vіtchiznyanіy vіynі 1812, it is significant, that the development operations were carried out by the Radianske team, and with success they were stashed in the overseas campaigns of the Russian army 1813-1814 rr. And the announcement of partisan warfare, including the warnings, was announced by D. V. Davidov in the book "1812". If you are hungry for the tribute, gained by the development, on the go of the day in the 1812 r, then you will have to finish the big. As soon as the first period appears, if, when the plan for the defense of the stench was ignored, during the entire coming hour, the development of information grabbed a superbly important role in taking the Russian command of all operational and strategic
After the end of the Napoleonic wars and the transition of the Russian army to the states of peace, the reorganization of the military ministry passed. Zokrem, the building of the headquarters, to the warehouse of which and the ministry has gone.
As soon as possible development, the special office at the military ministry in 1815 was released, and the function of the bully was transferred to the head of the Office of the Quartermaster General of the Headquarters. However, according to the essence, it was bloated with the organ of the vіyskovo izvіdki, which trimmed out the views in the main form of the ministry of overseas rights. In the meantime, the certification of the first announcement was robbing me to go to the cordon and my officers. Thus, Colonel M.P. Buturlin was sent to the Russian embassy in Paris, Lieutenant Vilboa was sent to the embassy in Bavaria, and some officers were sent to Khiva and Bukhara to welcome the new diplomatic missions.
In 1836, after the Chergov reorganization, a department of the general staff was approved at the warehouse of the military ministry, which was stored for three times. With a whole range of development functions, they laid their trust in the Other (vіyskovo-vchenya) sent to the department of the general staff. However, the price of information and earlier was occupied only by the obstruction of the Ministry of Foreign Information.
The order of Russia in the Crimean Viyni was driven by the authority of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation to find respect for the development. On the first 10 days of 1856 Oleksandr II approved the first instruction about the robot of Vyskovyh agents. They meant that “the skin agent should be put in order to match the most accurate and positive information about such subjects:
1) About the number, warehouses, annexes and roztashuvanny yak land and naval forces.
2) About the way of order to improve and increase your strengths and to increase your fleet and improve your needs.
3) About the growing oversupply of vijsk, like those who were already pointing out the viconano, so that they were transferred, and when they woke up in the world of mobility, penetrate into the metu cikh peresuvan.
4) About the new fortress, which new fortification robots are getting used to for changing the shores and other points.
5) About the prelude to the ryad over the wine-vessels and the thoroughly detailed goods and those of the world's most demanding needs, which may be infused into the wine-flowing art.
6) About tabіrnyh zbora vіyskі about maneuvers.
7) About the spirit of the vіysk and the ways of mirring the officials and the leading ranks.
8) About the camp of the rural parts of the military administration, such as: artillery, engineer, commissary, provincial with services.
9) About all the miraculous re-incarnations of the Vijski and the snake of the Vijsk statutes, the revitalization and the uniform.
10) About new creations, about the new sciences, as well as about maps, plans are seen, especially quiet little things, about how we can be brown.
11) About the camp of the Vyskovo-naval pledges, how to rule them, the methods of the Victory of Sciences and the spirit in the tsikh pledges.
12) Information about the attachment of the general staff and about the steps of the officers, it is the warehouse.
(The statute for the agent, who should go to Turechchina, without the command of the general headquarters, was replaced by an offensive point: "About the special, how to become the true core of Turechchina, the level of knowledge, health of the skin and improvement" to a certain degree)
13) About the ways to oversubscribe the views along the zaliznitsyah, with powerful details about the number of times and the hour when they are oversubscribed with these points.
14) About the polish of the vіyskovoіy adminіstratіtsії vzagalі for yaknayshіvyshі vіkonannya of letters of reference and the speedy hour in the transmission of orders.
15) All the meanings of the choice of the most stringent safety and generality and uniquely unique of everything, so that it could hit the agent at the least before the misfortune.
16) The skin agent develops in the presence and order of the head of the mission, wherever he is. Without the permission of anything special, do not rob, ask for nastans and keruvatis them in accuracy. Selecting the views, especially since they can be at the link with the political ones, the first way to guide them to the ministerial is to advise the head of the mission beforehand, and in the case of urgently needed vitrates, ask for additional information.
Umovno spіvrobіtnikіv vіyskovoї rozvіdki in one hour you can rozdіliti on nastupnі categories: Quartermaster General i ofіtseri General kvartirmeysterskoї Chastain (General Staff) vіyskovogo mіnіsterstva, Quartermaster-General i znahodyatsya in їh rozporyadzhennі ofіtseri vіyskovih okrugіv, glasnі i neglasnі vіyskovі agent behind a cordon, konfіdenti , agent walkers. Until the rest of the time, the officers of the General Staff are brought in, sent to the secret mission for the cordon, and the shpiguns, to dominate the enemy until the enemy is gone for an hour. If you say more specifically, then in 1856 r for the cordon the bulo was sent: at Paris - Colonel P.P. F. F. von Thornau, in Constantinople - the headquarters captain of the Frankin. One hour with them in Italy, the new representative of Russia in Turin, Major General Count Shtakelberg (who had been with Vidna before) and the representative of Russia in Naples, Colonel V.G.
However, a new centralized organization of the development of the war appeared in Russia only in spring 1863, since the Emperor Oleksandr II has confirmed the State of the Headquarters of the General Staff. The development of functions in the Main Department of the General Staff of the General Staff will be placed on the 2nd (Asian) and 3rd (vіyskovo-vcheny) announcements, which were ordered by the Vice-Director for the part of the General Staff. At the same time, the information about the foreign powers, the important European agents behind the cordon of Russia, took up the collection of the regional and modern technical information about the foreign powers. If there’s an Asian vision, then it won’t be the same, but in the middle of the Russian lands of Asia. According to the states, 14 sportsmen were transferred to the European Union, and 8. In this rank, for the first time since 1815, the ball was broken to try to introduce the new development.
Projected for two rocky in the experiment, the new structure of the Vyskovo development in its entirety proved to be true. To that, in 1865, the hour of the Church's reorganization of the Ministry of the Interior was saved. The 3rd edition was renamed into the 7th edition of the Headquarters, and Colonel F.A. Saving and second Asian development, I will call it “Asian Chastina”. They were selling their work and foreign service agents of the new information, moreover, many of them. So, in Paris, Buv Fligel-Adjutant Colonel Witgenstein, Vidna - Major General Baron Thornau, in Berlin - General-Adjutant Count N.V. Adlerberg 3rd, Florence - Major General Gasfort, in London - Colonel Novitsky, in Constantinople - Colonel Frankin.
At the end of 1867, the 7th edition of the report of the Headquarters was transferred to the warehouse of the Dorady Committee, which was a store of approval for the core of "scientific" and topographic performance. And on the 30 th of birch 1867 r Doradchiy committee was reorganized into the Vyskovo committee of the Headquarters, in the new on the basis of the 7th announcement the office was opened. The very office of the Vіyskovo-scientist committee right up to 1903 was the central body of the Russian Vіyskovoi development. General N. Obruchov became the first clerk, the right hand of the military minister Milutin, and generals F.A.Feldman (from 1881 to 1896), V.V.Sollogub (from 1896 to 1900) and V.P . Celebrovsky (from 1900 to 1903). As soon as the Asian part is concerned, it has become an independent parent of the Headquarters, I wish it was renamed in 1869 in the Asian business. The Aziatske vyrobnitstvo developed from the manager, Colonel A.P. Protsenko, the first assistant.
Serious vyprobuvannyam for the Russian vіyskovoi development was the Russian-Turkish vіyna 1877-1878 rr. Ahead of the day and before the hour of battle, the development was carried out earlier than the previous commanders of the military units, repaired with the command of the army. They were specially prepared by sportsmen. Before the very ear of the Russian-Turkish war in the back room of the intelligence agency in Turechchyna and in the Balkans, a message was laid on Colonel of the General Staff P.D.
So yak the main tyagar maybutnyh boyovykh diy guilty Bula go to the zoseredzhena in Bessarabia Russian army To the command of the Grand Duke Mikoli Mikolajovich, the headquarters demanded new operational tributes about Turkish military men who were rooted in the territory of Bulgaria and Rumunia. To that, the head-commander has especially put before Parensov the department: go to Bucharest and organize information about the Turks.
In the middle of the breast, 1876, Parens went to Paul Paulson's journey from Chisinau to Bucharest, as a relative of the Russian consul Baron Stuart. In a short term win, having gratified the necessary calls, having opened an active agent's net and picked up around him some people from among the inhabitants of the city. Thus, the Dunaym took control of the scopic head Matyushev and the Voyevoda Volk, who were watching over the movement of ships.
Great help (and bezkoshtovnu) nadav Parensov Bulgarian patriot bankir and bakery agent Evlogiy Georgiyev, who is the mav of trade agents and warehouses in the Bagatokh towns of Bulgaria, as I can help to prepare the radio team until the end of the day. Heads of Evlogiyu win added valuable assistant Grigoriy Nachovich. Lyudin was assessed, like Volodya French, Nimetsky, Romanian mobs and decently rosiynsku, win mav great calls on the offensive sides of the Danube, buv supervisingly wine-formative in the ways of adding information. Beginning to help the Russian development as a true patriot of his father - for the whole hour of robotics, he has never taken a penny wine from the Russian team.
Stretching through all the winters 1876-1877 pp. Colonel Parensov's residency provided detailed information about the number of Turkish military flights, oversupply in the Danube Bulgaria, ships and small outlying areas on the Danube, Ukrainian villages, food supplies. So, for example, the Russian team has been informed about the arrival of the trip from Egypt.
With an ear of boyovyh d_y required bullets new accurate operative information about the gateway. Tom Parens and the first few neighbors, the spawning colonel ND Artamonov, became actively vicarious agents-walkers. One of them became Kostyantin Mykolayovich Favrikodorov, a Greek for hikers, who was not a newcomer to the Vyskovs right. Favrikadorov took part in the Crimean War of 1853-1856, they fought hard on the bastions of Sevastopol as a volunteer for the Greek Legion, and having trimmed the city - the Georgievsky Chrest of the 4th class and a medal. A name similar to a Turk, before being Volodya in Turkish language, was ideally suited for the role of a distributor.
26 Chervnya 1877 r Colonel of the General Staff Artamonov assisted Favrikodorov on behalf of the Turkish peddler Hasan Demershiyoglu from the place of Sistov into a big developmental raid along the lines of the Turkish army - the place of Vidin and Pleven. There are a lot of Turkish viysk, zooseredzheni in Rumelia, as well as in the forts of Shumli and Varna.
Favrikodorov vidminno fit right in with the assignment of the staff to him. Winning in Plyovna, fortets of Shumli, Varna, Andrianopoli, Filipopoli (Plovdiv), taking a great number of valuable news about the Turkish army and turning to the head apartment of the Russian army. I tse buv is not a single raid of an all-important distributor. Years later, on several occasions, I went to the Turkish army and once again got a superb price of development.
Robotic bags Parensov, Artamonov, Favrikodorov and other officials of the Russian development in the Russian-Turkish rocky 1877-1878 rr. as a whole, in the opinion, given in 1880 by the Keruyuch Viiyskovo Committee, the Maybut Chief of the Headquarters, Adjutant General N. Obruchev: “Nicholas of data about the Turkish army, no details of the retrospective skin battalion, skin escadron, skin battery ... ".
However, unaffected by the praise of Obruchev's praise, the Russian-Turkish was responsible for the development and a number of shortcomings in the Russian development, which was the reason for the Chergov reorganization of the central apology. At the breast of 1879 r a new staff of the office of the Viskovo-Science Committee was consolidated in the warehouse on the right, five older and nine young drivers with a clear division of the functions of the skin from them. The states of the Asian dalovodstvo in 1886 grew from two to five of them. And in the mid-1890s, the rock was formed out of three office work. The first two were guided by the work of the Asian military districts, and the third one occupied itself without a priori development behind the cordon. All the way to the end of the 19th century, Russia is small with agents in 18 svit capitals, as well as maritime agents in ten countries.
At the Lipna 1900, Chergov's reorganization of the new development was held. At the warehouse of the headquarters, the general quartermaster unit will start, before the warehouse they included operational and statistical information. At the same time, statistically, there are reports of the functions of the Asian business breeding, and the very implementation of development in China, Korea, Japan and other Asian countries. And for that matter, at the chest 1900 r, the general quartermaster's unit was transferred to the office of the Vyskovo-scientist committee.
In 1903, the new states of the Headquarters were stripped of their heads. It is with them that the deputy of the Office of the Vis'kovo-Science Committee of the Department of Development was submitted to the 7th (Vis'kova statistics of the foreign powers) from the 1st (Vis'kovo-statistical) headquarters to the Office of the Headquarters of the 2nd Headquarters. There were 7th reports from the chief, 8 clerks and the same number of other officials. Practically, at once, behind the scenes, in the middle of the 7th appearance, there is a footwear part, which I called Osoblivu Delovodstvo, in which there were two officers. However, in the 7th revision and earlier, there was no distribution of footwear and development functions, and there was no robot for the development of new districts. General Tselebrovsky was appointed the head of the 7th revision in 1903; Vіn ocholyuvuvіvіvu vіyskovu otvіdku until 1905, if it was changed by General N. S. Yrmolov, who occupied the post until 1906 r
Determination of Russia in the winners of Japan has opened up a lot of shortcomings in the organization of the latest development. Viyna 1904-1905 rr. deliberately showed the need not only for uninterrupted development in the period of battle actions, but for a continuous agent's warning for the enemy's opponents, which, on the thought of more officers-development, did not have any respect.
To that, the reforms, which began to be carried out in 1906, were forced to start up the reorganization of their service. In 1906, in the GUGSH, additional notes were sent from some officers of the development department with specific propositions to awaken the intelligence of the intelligence agencies. On the day, the development of the headquarters of the neighboring districts was taken up by the official GUGSH, as it was used to open the intelligence network in the most important centers of the opposing opponents, to which the headquarters of the states lay down in the adjacent districts. With the same important side of the revealed forces of the enemy's opponents in Russia, the stench was honored by the secrets of the officers of the General Staff for reconnaissance of the nobles and the strengthening of the areas in the concord smoothies.
As a result, in 1906, a new structure of the GUGSH was solidified. For the first time, Vona officially secured a subset of additional and detailed functions of the new development. The vidoobuvny functions of the boulevard are now in the 5th (developmental) department of the 1st chief quartermaster of the Office of the Quartermaster General of the GUGSH. It came together from one driver and two other people, one of which responded to the connection, and the last one - for the last direct development. Colonel M.A.Adabash was appointed as the first driver, and young officers O.K. Enkel and P.F. And in birch 1908 r Adabash replaced Colonel N.A.
The revised functions were paid to the parts of the 2nd and 3rd chief quartermasters: in the 2nd - on the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th businessmen, and in the 3rd - on 1st, 2nd and 4th wood-breeding. Officials of the 7th edition of the colishny became the spy workers of the cycle of industrial office work.
However, the reorganization was not done at all, and on 11 May 1910 the new staff of the Head Directorate of the General Staff was consolidated. The 5th business was transformed into a special business (development and countertraining) in the warehouse of the General Quartermaster's Viddil. Podorderkuvalosya Especially dalovodstvo without the middle of the Quartermaster General, which spoke about the advancement of the status of the intelligence service and the empowered role of development. At the storehouse of the bulo, a magazine part for keeping a secret listing has been approved. And the entire staff of the Special Deal Industry, including the Delovodder, the three others and the journalist.
Obrobnі dilovodstva went to the warehouse of parts of the 1st and 2nd Chief Quartermaster. The parts of the 1st Oberkvartirmeister were engaged in the western direct: the 4th dilovodstvo - Nimechchinoyu, the 5th - the Austro-Ugorsk region, the 6th - the Balkan powers, the 7th - the Scandinavian countries, the 8th - the Eastern regions of Zakhropydno. Dealing with a part of the 2nd Chief Quartermaster was engaged in a short-lived direct: 1st wood-breeding - Turkestan, 2nd - Turkish-Persian, 4th - Dalekoskhіdnim.
If you talk about the special warehouse of distribution, then as a result, the re-development of the development of business in 1909-1910 rr. Serious changes in the new are not seen. I would like the heads of the GUGSH, yak and earlier, changed often - 5 persons for 6 years: F. F. Palitsin (1906-1908), V. A. Sukhomlinov (1908-1909), E. A. Gerngros (Born in 1910), Ya. G. Zhilinsky (born in 1911-1914), N.N. So, in 1910, Colonel Monkevitz was appointed as the assistant of the 1st Chief Quartermaster of the GUGSH, and the first chief quartermaster of the GUGSH was appointed to the office of the chief, and it became a special business. foreign lands... Well, there are kerivniks of Special Delovodstvo, then Colonel O.K. Enkel (born in 1913-1914) І Colonel N.K.Rasha (born in 1914-1916).
Discussing the specific operations of the Russian military development before the first holy day, one cannot bypass the history linked to the names of Colonel of the Austro-Ugric army Alfred Redl. And some of the reasons are rich in what they become obscure dosi, then on them there are more reports.
On May 26, 1913, all the newspapers that went to the Austro-Ugric Empire, published on their sidelines the news of the Vidensky Telegraph Agency, which was spoken about the inadmissibility of suicide by Colonel Alfred Redl, chief of staff of the 8th Army Corps. "Highly talented officers," they said in the occasional time, "as if they were judged by a blische kar'ar, who were busy at the last hour of the service duties, in a fit of God he put his hands on himself." Dabbled about the maybutny urochistic funeral of Redl, who was laid down as a victim of a nervous hang-up, vicious about trivial sleeplessness. Already on the coming day in the prazkіy newspaper "Praga Tageblatt" there was a note of such a witch:
“One person has a high position to ask us to be more sensitive, to be more sensitive, especially at the Vyskov stakes, as well as to the chief of staff of the Prazky Corps, Colonel Redlya, who, as he has already seen, has finished his life by suicide at Vidna in the absence of lies. Solasno cim a bit, the colonel is not able to get involved in that, transferring one state, and Russia itself, the secrets. As a matter of fact, the committee of other officers, who came to Prague in order to conduct an obshuk to the deceased colonel's booth, sent the call to me. "
In the minds of the most popular censorship, as the one who was doing it in the Austro-Ugorsk region, for the editor of "Prague Tageblatt", the only way to tell his readers about those Colonel Redl was the right agent to shoot himself because of that, as his agent. Before the publication in the Prazkiy newspaper, only 10 Austrian officials knew about the joy of Colonel Redl. Navit Emperor Franz Joseph was not delivered before the visit. Ale pislya 27 herbal tsya tamnytsya became a vidom to the whole world.
Alfred Redl, insanely one of the most successful investigators, was born in Lemberz (Lvov) in the homeland of the auditor of the court. Vibravshi for themselves vіyskovu kar'єra, vіn in 15 years having entered the cadet corps, and then in the office school, yak having finished blisuche. The miracle of the knowledge of the earthly mobs brought the young lieutenant to the respect of the personnel of the General Staff of the Austro-Ugric Army, and Redl was replaced by service in the provincial parts of the insurance company to the state of the general government of the land. Having eaten in a prestigious place on the table, Redl, having tried everything possible, turned out to be respected. First, they went into the distance, unaffected by the castes of the Austrian army, if in the service they were given the pass only to the nobles. At 1900 rubles, even in the rank of captain, he was deployed to Russia for the development of the Russian movement and knowledge of the situation in the whole country, which was respected by one of the enemy's enemies. Kilka Mysyatsiv Redl, having completed an internship at a military school in Kazan, leading at a great hour a carefree way of living and seeing the number of parties. It goes without saying that all the whole hour he was followed by unspoken tacit visits, warned by agents of the Russian counterintelligence, noticing strong and weak sides, drowning and peculiarities of character. Increasingly broken, visnovki formed the basis of Redl's offensive characteristics, which date from 1907:
“Alfred Redl, Major of the General Staff, 2nd Assistant to the Chief of the Development Bureau of the General Staff ... Middle age, sivuvatiy blond, with sivuvaty short vusy, spaghetti viltsy, smiled by the sneaky ochima. Lyudina is nikchemna, closed, zooseredzhenii, procezdate. The mentality of others. All the zest of licorice. Mova licorice, meat, tedious. Rukhi rozrahovani, poovilny. Love to have fun. "
Turning to Vidnya, Redl was appointed assistant chief of the development bureau of the General Staff to General Baron Gizl von Gizlingen. Gizl appointing Redl as the head of the agent's office ("Kundschaftsstelle", shortly "KS"), which was responsible for counter-intelligence operations. At the end of the settlement Redl, having shown himself as a monstrous organizer, increased the reorganization of counterintelligence and converted it into one of the strongest special services of the Austro-Ugric army. Persh for all the tse bulo tied with the introduction new technology and new robots. So, for the first time in the room for the reception of the people they possessed only a wine-based phonograph, which allowed them to record on a gramophone plate, so that they could be in the middle room, the skinless word of the person requested. On top of that, two cameras were set up in the room; During the first hour of conversation with the rapt we will call the phone. Ale tse buv pomilkovy dzvynok - on the right side of that, where the Chergovy officer himself “wicked” to himself to the phone, pushing his foot to the table with an electric call button. "Talk" on the phone, the officer gestured to the guest on the cigarette case, then lie on the table, asking for a cigarette. The cradle of the cigarette case was covered with a special warehouse, for the help of which the bits of the curt’s fingers were taken. As long as the guest is not smoking, the officer on the phone "wiklikav" to himself from the room, taking the briefcase with him from the table. There was a folder with the heading "Secret, not publicized." First and foremost, see the folder with the appropriate writing. Say, the folder was also chipped in the same rank to save finger beats. As soon as the cunning did not go into it, then it got stuck with it, and it’s so quiet, until it’s succeeded.
Redlikh, besides, there was a rozrobot new methodology to finish drinking, yaka allowed to reach the bazhany result without storing additional "zusil". Besides, for the first time, the counterintelligence began to maintain a dossier on a skin resident Today, who wants to once see the main centers of spying, such as Tsurich, Stockholm, Brussels. Aleksandr Redlya owed much of the credit to the fact that he got the unique secret documents of the Russian army. During the success of the enemy, General Gizl von Gizlingen, the chief of the 8th Corps, took Redl, at that hour already a colonel, with him in the capacity of chief of staff. With such a rank, Redlya's kar'ara went steeply up the hill, and became richly saying that in the future I could take the post of chief of the general staff.
Virushayuchi until the new mission, Redl has deprived his offender Captain Maximilian Rong of writing from his hand in one example of a document called "Go for the Creed of Spygunism." Vin, representing a small 40-sided bound booklet, de Redl brought his robot's bags to the head of the KS department and gave practical pleasure. Capitan rong і noviy head of the development bureau of the Austrian General Staff of the Serpnya Urbansky von Ostromits in the new world quickly grew by the delights of Redl. In 1908, there was a rong in the order of the titles of the Chorny Cabinet, here the perlustration of the postal revisions was carried out. At the same time, I was especially respectful of the sheets, as they came from the sub-Cordon regions of Holland, France, Belgium and Russia, and we will also send "Before power". Only three people knew about those who, with the help of the perelustratsii bula counter-intelligence, knew only three people - rong, Urbansky and the head of the "chorny office". All of them said that censorship was introduced on the walls of Suvor to fight smuggling. I saw the head of the Viennese post office, the sheets were seen before being powered up, with an electrical connection from the police station, as they were in the middle of the day. And if a person had grown up to get a sheet, the postal service officer pressed the call button and after a couple of hilin, two guardians of the calling caution appeared.
The very robot of the "chorny office" and bowed an ear of spygun history, yaku to tie with the name of Colonel Redl. First, hto the most important report on the "Redl's right", becoming Colonel Walter Nicholas, first of all the first one took the post of chief of the development department of the Nimetsky General Staff. Being a wish and an indirect one, I was a participant who saw it at the Weekly Pod, I described it in my book "Taemni Sely", which went to Leipzig in 1923. і counter-intelligence ", M. 1937) і Urbansky in the statti" Redlya's failure ". I wish all three razpovіdі do not start in other details, they can be used to reconstruct the go podіy.
On the cob of birch trees in 1913, a leaf was turned in Berlin, addressing to Pan Nikon Nitsetas before the day. Berlina has a nimetsy "black office". The leaf had 6,000 crowns and a note, which was about the hanging of pennies and given to the address of such a gentleman Largo in Geneva, which would later be written to, and another address in Paris. Those who had a leaf with such a great bag were not denuded by the prized ones, they winked at the sight of them, they were able to see the situation that they had brought from the Nimetsky bridge of Eidkunen, near the cordon with Russia, but the mark was pasted on an invincible one. Having become acquainted with the wickedness of the leaf, Colonel Nikola took the decision to send it to his Austrian wheel Urbansky, rightly vazhayayu, well, they are tied to the spygunskoy activity on the territory of the Austro-Ugric region. Having rejected the message from Nicholas, Urbansky gave the order to turn the sheet to the Vidensky post office and establish the person of the addressee - Pan Nitsetas. Ale hour minav, and the tamanich pan Nitsetas did not come for the sheet. Moreover, it was not a bar that two leaves came to my name, one of them contained 7 thousand crowns and a note to such a snake:
“Velmishanovny r Nitetas. Surely, you have already cut off my leaf from the grass, in which I ask for a cover in the hanger. It’s a pity, I don’t think I’ve paid you a penny earlier. Ninya honor, good luck Nitcetas, and we wish you well with 7000 kroons, as I will send the axis in a whole simple sheet. If you feel ashamed of your propositions, then all the stinks will be accepted. Yaky povazhaє you I. Дітріх.
P. S. Once again I ask you to write for this address: Christiania (Norway), Rosenborggate, No. 1, Elzy Kjernli ".
Tim for an hour the Austrian investigation carried out the reconversion of the address, which was put on the first list. At the same Parisian address, it was violated, do not mix up, behind the wislo rong, "do not eat in the clutches of a French counter-alert." Well, I’m stuck with a Swiss address, it’s gone, but Largo was looking at a quiet ex-French captain, who was praised in 1904-1905 rr. to the Austrian investigation. As a result, the Austrian counterintelligence winnickl adolescents, and Largo "pratsyuk" on the young gentlemen. Tom, on a new boulevard, selected compromising materials, which were anonymously passed on to the Lord of Switzerland, for whom Largo was sent from the country.
The tie-up of the trivial right hand came on Saturday, May 24, in the evening. The counter-intelligence officers, who scribbled in the police department for the post office, rejected the signal, which meant that Pan Nitsetas was coming for the sheets. Unimportant to those who, two spyvrobitnikov zznіshnyy caution came to the post office after three hilini, won a leaf already rushed to drink. Vibigshi on the street, the stench poured out taxis. The Іnshy tax, for the visitor did not come close, і was a feud, but Pan Nitcetas moved into the tekti all the way. For a second time, the counter-investigators were spared - a tax, on which he got hold of a leaf, turned to the parking lot for the post office. The chauffeur, having looked at the customer, is kind and fashionable, arriving at the cafe "Kaiserhof", de viyshov. Kontrazvedchіki straightened up there, and on the road they respectfully looked around the interior of the car. Smells vyavili suede case in the form of a gut knife, the surplus left by the passenger.
At the cafe "Kaiserhof" the tamny passenger didn’t see a taxi driver, but the café was installed at the parking lot, but one very good and kind man recently found a taxi and went to the hotel "Klomser". In the hotel, the syschiks realized that, after a year, four people turned to the hotel, including Colonel Redl from Prague, who lives in suite No. 1. Did the stinks handed a porter case from a knife and asked them to take a meal? A dozen hour later, the porter set the shop up for Colonel Redlich and went to the hotel. “Oh, so,” Redl said, “my case, my friend to you.” Already through the hilina win guessing, they defended him in dachshunds, if the envelopes were crooked. Yoho, they did their best to do so, because they thought of the hardness behind them. We’re going to see it, it’s gone from the clutch of papyrtsi, and it’s differently rooted out, winking to the street. Ale і tse didn’t help. Unimportant for the last evening, one of the syschiks was in the distance to pick up and transfer them to the notice, and Colonel Alfred Redl appeared by the talented Pan Nitsetas.
Calling handwriting on rosy papyrtsyah, which were described by receipts for pennies and receipts for sending replacement foreign sheets to Brussels, Lausanne and Warsaw for addresses, we will see the counter-service headquarters when we rejected the replacement correspondence, and in the handwriting of the document "Go for the opening of the spygunism," we fold Redlich, it became clear that all the stench was written by one and the same person. Such a rank rong zhakh is known as Colonel Redl who appeared as a spigun.
About his insight, Rong secretly looked at his boss, Urbansky, as if he had put the chief of the General Staff, General Konrad von Goetzendorf, in his turn. For the first visit to the hotel "Klomzer", the group of chotiroh officers was straightened out to the cholі z rong from the proposition of the Redlіkh, they shot themselves, so that the ganebnu dance was shot on their uniforms. The odd smells were added to Redlya's room. Win is already in check, writing has finished.
I know that you have come, ”he said. - I called my share. I am writing farewell sheets.
Tі, scho come and have a look, chi bully at the new spіlniki.
I didn't have a booze.
We are guilty of knowing the scale and triviality of your performance.
You know everything you need to prove in my booth in Praz, - said Redl and asked for a revolver.
Ale nіkhto z ocierіv not mav with zbroї. Todi one of them viyshov at pivgodini, for whom he turned and poklav in front of Redlich Browning. Then the officers left the room after getting tucked in. Having spent all the night in the cafe, the stench of almost five years turned to the hotel and asked the doorman to call Redl to the phone. The doorman turned around literally through the chilin and said: "Panove, Colonel Redl is dead." When looking at the numbers on the tables, I knew two sheets: one for the name of Redl's brother, and the other for Baron Gizl von Gizlengen, Redl's chief in Praz. There was also a posthumous note:
“Lightness and addictions ruined me. Pray for me. For my sins, I pay my living. Alfred.
1 year 15 m. I'll die of infection. Be affectionate, do not be afraid of the rosette of my body. Pray for me. "
For that, as the Chief of the General Staff was informed about Colonel Redlya's suicide, he ordered the commission to send him to Prague, so that his apartment could be kept in order and that he had been set up by him. The results of the rounding up were stunning. A large number of documents have been revealed, so that Redl can reach out to the Russian development (since 1902 r). Redl's servants were paid well enough. Yogo the apartment was decorated in a luxurious fashion, in which they described 195 overcoats, 10 overcoats on the farm, 400 hooded mittens, 10 pairs of lacquered chereviks, and 160 dozen dances of the best brands of champagne appeared in the wine cellar. In addition, the bulo was established, but in 1910 he bought the road for the road, and for the rest of the five rockets added, shonaimshe, some cars and three first-class rice.
As already said, the reasons for the suicide of Colonel Redlya were taken care of in the taunnitsa. Ale, yak stverdzhu rong, trapilas not transmitted through information. On the right, in order to open the safe and the locks of the shaf, as they were working in Redl's apartments, they asked for a short sleepover of Prague, called Wagner. It’s not just that I’ve been present when I’m obshuku, but it’s bachiv a great number of papers, a part of which was a Russian language. Ale on the side of the Austrian counterintelligence Wagner appeared as the guerrilla gravitator of the Prague football team "Storm 1", and through the obshuk in Redl's apartment, you had a chance to miss the match, which the team had played. If, on the coming day, the captain of the commander, he is the editor of the Praga Tageblatt newspaper, having become the reasons for Wagner's presence in the country, that reason, it was not possible to come through the supervised circumstances. When there were a lot of reports, they gave a report about everything in Redlya's apartment, guessed about those officers who were robbing the obschuk, they fired even more ruined and constantly shouted: "Would you like to think about it!" The editor, having posted information about Redlya's suicide and facts about Redlya's suicide and facts about Wagner's suicide, zrazumiv, informed the sensationalist about Redly's suicide. I, speeding up the European language, wines on the coming day, having put in the newspaper a note-sprying, with what he whispered, like Redl being a Russian spygun.
This is the version of "Help Redl" that was taken over by the main participants of the podіy. Ale, with a respectful look, the call is not overwhelming. The first person for all the trick is to prove Redlya's spyguns' virtue, who are known in his prazkoy apartment. Describe the results of the obshuku rong povidomlya, as Urbanskyi vyaviv in the apartment Redlya "great material", which borrowed a whole room. Urbansky himself wrote that Redl had saved numerous signs of secret documents, so that he could indicate his lack of information in photography. Besides, I am offended about those, that the speeches of the deceased Redlya Bully were sold at an auction and as a student of a real school, having bought a camera, was deluded. And that's all.
As soon as it is said on the verge, then the feud will happen, but the obshuk were carried out by dilettantes, there is no need to dabble in the correctness of the right. Inakshe incident with fotofilvkoy ugly explain. Moreover, without naming a specific document that appeared in Redl's apartment, it could be wonderful.
It’s also wonderful that neither Urbansky nor rong did not produce a photocopy of the sheet, which came to the Viennese post office on the name of Nitcetas, with the Swiss address of the French captain Largo, who was regularly registered in Geneva for the preparation for the preparation. Is it legal for someone to creep in at the age of - why did the leaf get caught up in it? And as soon as it was drowning, it was unreasonable, why the professional counter-investigator Redl so nadovgo tightening the rejection of the wine, making the rizik more vicious.
It’s not less wondrous to see those who Redl took with his own receipts to send the recommended sheets for the cordon, but it’s unreasonable, why didn’t take them with him until the weekend. And the fact that he was guilty of winking on the street, if he was being followed by caution, and not knowing in his own mind, we call not to invest in the head. Even more amazing is the spontaneity of the spirits of the newest care, as they wised up in the evenings in the evening in order to pick up the opening and specially open the valves to the paper.
Ale scho the enemy is the best, so I will describe Redl in the hotel "Klomzer". The fluidity and the surface will finish the fuel. It was absolutely unreasonable for such a professional, like Rong, to be satisfied with Redl's meaningless words about those who did not try to find important details: they recruited, if D. Yakim Redlich was proponutiously put their hands on themselves. It is true, however, that the evidence of Redlya's guilt is clearly insufficient, rong having heard about the voluntary introduction of the spigun. “Redl buv calls me rozbitiy, but after a while to give his wedding to me alone,” write rong. - Vin said, scho stretching 1910-1911 rr. widely serviced the acts of the earthly powers. For the next hour, I was able to get rid of the material available to the civilian corps commanders ... wild rice lost in power ... ". And Urbansky, namagayuchis explain the reasons, they shoved Redl to the spirits, to rob the emphasis on his homosexuals. The stench, having become a kind of earthly development, allowed the colonel to be recruited under the threat of vicritt.
Another divine was tied with the sluss Wagner, who were closely known to the editor of the Praga Tageblatt newspaper. What is it that absolutely no-nonsense slyusar did not appear in the prazdіlennі vіddіlennі counter-intelligence, what in the trimmіt of the tongue behind the teeth? And if I went to the right and went in such a rank, then I didn’t have a fault with Wagner in the same way as with the head of the police Vidnya Gayer with the lackey Redl I. Sladek. If he left out the respect of the head of the police for those who were browning, for whom Redl had shot himself, not lying to the gentlemen, and at night four officers came to the room, Gayer provoked with him, I mean madness, but on another day the report did not mean the words ...
From what has been said, it is possible to create new ideas, but in the reference of Colonel Redlya there are many serious proofs that will bring him joy. First and foremost, nutritional advice: is Redl an agent of Russian development? In order to try to adapt to a new one, later became aware of the organization of the Russian development and the spirits, who worked against the Austro-Ugorshchina before the first holy war.
The development against the Austro-Ugorsk region was conducted by the GUGSH, as well as the intelligence departments of the headquarters of the Warsaw and Kiev military districts. And Colonel Volodymyr Khristoforovich roopa was his agent until 1903. I myself have recruited an officer, who will be loaned to the Austrian General Staff for a long time, in the general supply of information about the Russian development.
In 1903 r, being seen from the week and appointed commander of the regiment of the Kiev military district, the roop passed all his calls to captain Oleksandr Oleksiyovich Samoilov, who at that hour was appointed the senior adjutant headquarters of Kiev -the Ugrian army. Having become a tribute to the roop, Samіilo illegally walked around Vіdnі and through an intermediary, establishing contact with his dzherel in the General Staff. That later, we will continue to promote the development of the Russian development for a solid wine city and by extending the decile to the headquarters of the Kiev district, having renounced it as an unidentified agent of important vidomosty. The axis, for example, is a knight from the report of the quartermaster general to the district in the GUGSH, dated by the fall of 1908:
"Per ostanniy rik from the Western agent of the bully about the introduction of the Austro-Ugorsk military headquarters to the Warsaw region Berlin, its servants yak shpigun, a new distribution of the Austrian army on the vipadok of vіyni from Russia ... ".
In 1911, Samoilo was transferred to Osoblivu, the GUGSH, and then a valuable Austrian agent was transferred. At the "Records about the activity of the headquarters of the Warsaw and Kiev military districts and secret agents in the Austro-Ugric region for the collection of developmental properties in 1913", stored by Samoilo, the agent should be passed in the headquarters of the agency "Neglastic" otrimanі іd tsіg agent in 1913 p.:
"" Krieg ordre Bataille "(plan of battle rocking on the battlefield of war) for the 1st birch 1913, with a special" Ordre de Bataille "(plan of battle rocking) for war in the Balkans, mobilization of strengthening points, provision of protection zaliznyts with mobilization, new states of wartime ... ". At the same "Record" Samoilo, admitting the bag of agent No. 25, write: "On the right, Redlya vkazu, which is an agent and Buv Redl, protesting General Roop, who is an agent with a chain of recruits."
This is a great vipliv, which in Vіdnі buv invocations in spygunstvі and put on the hands of a third party for the Russian development of lyudin. The price is supported by the fact that, before the war itself in 1914, Samiilo knew a trip to the agent No. 25 in Bern and took a decision about the Russian development of the house, I want to do it and do not change it. Also, it is possible that Redl is not a Russian agent, so the information from Vidna prodovzhuval comes for the colonel's suicide.
As a matter of fact, the winners of the food: why did they call Redlya in the back? Tsiomu can proponuvati onset of the explanation. At the ear of 1913, the Austrian counterintelligence asked about the presence of a local agent in the General Staff, which was transferred to the Russian secret materials... However, the shpigun's jokes did not produce any results, and it caused great troubles for the security services of the Austrian army. By the way, Urbansky and Rong violated Redl's “tsap-vidbuvayl”, tim more, but the key to counterintelligence was seen about his homosexual nahili. Qia oborovina robbed yogo inflated for blackmail and could serve to explain the reasons for the "evil". The counterintelligence shvidko organized "prove" and with such a rite the force of Redl to drink to suicide. (It’s possible, but they just hammered it in.) There was no need to think about the "vicritta" of the spygun, about any kind of court, because it couldn’t be the case. After Redl's death, information about his "spygun's performance" was quickly and accurately sent to the journalists through the football player Wagner. Nadal the myth about Redlya's joy was diligently taken afloat by the Zusillas of Urbansky and Rong, who were not too impressed by the fact that the truth about the right became a kind of home.
Ale, yak vіdomo, the showy processes do not bring any corista. So it became and I fell into Redlich. After killing him, the Austrian counterintelligence did not let Russia get the information dzherel, by itself having ruined the war.
Distribution in serpna 1914 r Persha svitova vіyna became a serious viprobauvanny for the Russian vіyskovoi development. The head of the team became the openness of the enemy's plans, revealing the threat of the enemy and directly in the head strike. So, about the development in the period of the onset of the Russian wars near the Scheduled Prussia in the Serpna of 1914, one can judge from the following report of the quartermaster general of the 1st army:
“Until the earliest rock, the area was served with an agent's line of 15 secret agents, of which three were in Kenigsberz, and others - in Tilziti, Gumbinenom, Eidkunti, Instydapurge, Danzigu, Shtettet. Planned to plant more three agents in Schneidemühl, Deutsch-Eylau and Torne. For the reduction of the hedge and the improvement of the GUGSh, the hardening is added to the vitrati 30,000 rubles for the rik.
With a stretching of an agent's fateful doom, she became aware of the seryous snakes, head cause of which - the change of dislocation. In this day, 53 agents are stocked at the services, of which 41 are at work, and they are hanging out with new employees. "
And the senior adjutant of the reconnaissance department to the headquarters of the 2nd Army, Colonel of the General Staff, Lebedev, in a report from 22 serpnya 1914, ordered 60 agents to be sent to the enemy's lines for the sake of vising the new enterprises.
However, before the hour of the 1 st and 2 nd armies, they did not report the development to the respect. Moreover, in the headquarters of the Pivnichno-Zakhidny Front, the possibility of a flank strike by three nimous corps was recognized as the fruit of an overwhelmingly rooted development. As a result of the advancement of the 2nd army of General Samsonov, 28-30 bullets of depletion and knowledge.
In 1915 r, since there was a suction line to the front between Russian and German military men, the power of agent intelligence was quickened. And the availability of centralized management of development operations has more and more accelerated the removal of active and accurate information. The quartermaster general of the Headquarters of the Head Commander, Lieutenant General M.S.
“Right from the ear of the headquarters of the armies and the fronts, to conduct a secret development behind the cordon absolutely independently, to the power of their agents in the place of neutral lands, but they did not notify any of the headquarters, but not one alone. There are a lot of agents in Bucharest, Stockholm and Copenhagen because of the large number of agents who can work without any connection. Agents try to discredit one person in the eyes of the chief executives, and sometimes they are busy at services at once in the decile headquarters, which often leads to unreasonable inheritance. Exciting on the Victory Day, I am waging in your high-priority promises: do not visit me for anything and talk to me absolutely trustingly about all the secret agents in the headquarters of the front (army), as I go to the front (army) headquarters.
However, as a rule, the Quartermaster General of the Front and the Armies was supposed to transfer their agents to the GUGSH, and until the end of the operation of the intelligence agency's development, it was not far away. In the protest of the Russian development process, the prodovzhuval is active for the robot, taking an hour of significant success.
Successfully shown in Paris, the chief of the Russian section of the Mizhsoyuznitsky Bureau (SMB) under the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Colonel Count Pavlo Oleksiyovych Ignatyev (1878-1931), brother of the famous Oleksiy Vignatyev (1878-1931), brother of the famous Oleksiy Vignatyevs Pavlo Ignatyev graduated from the Kiev Lyceum and St. Petersburg University, served in the 19 Life Guards Hussar Regiment, after graduating from the Academy of the General Staff, with a tip of the Apparatus of the visitor's office) for the sake of the captain of the Istomina. The Russian section of the SMB P. A. Ignat'ev has been cleared from since 1917 to 1918 since the date of 1918 since 1918, the number of the Bula was liquidated by the French authorities. He was busy with the branches of the agent's apparatus, unaffected by the presence of a message in the General Staff. Win also gave help to the soldiers of the Russian Expeditionary Corps in France for their release in 1918. P.A. In 1933, a memoir was published in Paris, a Russian translation of such rewrites in 1999 in Moscow under the title "My Mission in Paris".
Bagato vіyskovyh agents in the neutral lands vikonuyu their ties up until the spring of 1918 - until the quiet feast, left at the majority of Russian diplomatic missions of the bolsheviks wіth thе spіrbіtnikіv.
Last year N. F. Ryabikov gave the following assessment of the Russian news release for the period: she is only modest about a robot, she often reads her high schools and staff, and only some of them in other households. "
At the zhovtni 1917 r, before the spirits of the Russian development, there was a meal: who were they far from? Skinny from them zrobiv sv_y vibir. And for the Russian news development, fixing new period, Yaky trivav ponad 70 rocks and principals yak glory peremog, so and girkot oddly.