Fleet on the cob Other svitovoi. French Navy-Navy Fleet in other light wars
In this section of the Victory Day, there is information about the yakisniy and kilkisny warehouse of the Vyskovo-naval fleets of powers, which took part in the actions of the Other Holy War. In addition, the information about the fleets of the deyaki krains, officially took a neutral position, however, in fact, they gave their friends to the participants of the fault. Nedobudovanі, for they entered into the day when the ships didn’t end up. They were not taken to respect the court, but they were victorious at the vyskov's goals, but they were known to be a civil ensign. The court, transferred either from one country to another (including Part I under the lend-lease agreements), was not taken into consideration, since they were not transferred and trophy or renewed ships. For a number of reasons, the data about the dead landing and small ships, as well as boats guided by the minimum values, and in fact, may be much more. There may be some over-small underwater chambers. In the inventory of tactical and technical characteristics, data on the hour of the rest of the modernization or redeployment were introduced.
Characterization of the ships that are going to break the sea, then it means that, by the way, the fight for the sea communes, as for the greatest, massive transport. Alleviating the enemy's mobility to vikoristovuvati the sea for transport, one hour wide vikoristovuchi yogo in quiet purposes and paths until the transition from vіynі. For the conquest and victorious panuvannya on the sea, only one strong sea-sea fleet is not enough, for the whole it is necessary also a great merchant and transport fleet, hand-crafted bases and a state of capital, which is young. If you don't care for all the seafood you can get.
For the fight against the Vyskovo-sea fleet, all their strength is brought about, for the seizure of the merchant ship - for the sake of distribution. The nature of the vіyskovyh action on the sea all the hour rises between the two poles. The very nature of the missions will be required in the quiet missions of the ships, in the specifics of the defense and tactics of the victorian.
Thanks to the preparation until the end, the provincial maritime powers have adopted the development of the new maritime doctrines, but they did not appear to be effective, correct. Already in the course of the efforts of the efforts of the forces, it was not only the coriguvati that was brought about, but radically changed from the planning of the future action.
So, the British Navy, based on old ships of the inter-war period, head restraint on the great artillery ships. The military fleet of Nimechchin formed a massive submarine fleet. Korolivsky Italian fleet being a shvidkіsnі light cruisers і esmіntsі, as well as small pіdvodnі with low technical characteristics. The SRSR will focus on defeating the tsar's fleet, speeding up the ships of all classes of old age, spiraling to the doctrine of coastal defense. Heavy artillery ships and old-fashioned ships became the backbone of the US Navy. France was able to support her fleet with light artillery ships with a running reserve. In Japan, there will be linkori and aircraft carriers.
Cardinal changes in the structure of the fleets have been brought in from the bulk of the radio locators and by the gadro, as well as the development of the call. Stagnation of systems for the detection of lithuanians, control of artillery and winter fire, detection of underwater, above-water and winding targets, radio launching also changed the tactics of the fleets. We went to the great sea battles, and fighting with the transport fleet became the priority.
The development of ozbroen (the appearance of new types of deck-mounted ships, non-rooted missiles, new types of torpedoes, mines, bombs, etc.) allowed the fleets to conduct independent operational and tactical operations. The fleet of additional land forces was converted into the main strike force. aviaciya became efficiently both to fight against the enemy's fleet, and to destroy his own.
Look at the go vyini in the uv'yaztsi z technical progress The development of fleets can be characterized by an offensive rank. At the cob stage, the ever-growing Nimetsian submarine fleet has actually been blockaded by the Marine Communities of Great Britain and its allies. For їkh the owner will need a number of counter-new ships, and їkh equipped with guides, has reworked the underwater chapel from the missiles in the mission. The need for the seizure of great surface ships, convoys, and the safety of the carrying out of future offensive operations, was anxious for the massive maintenance of aircraft. Tsim is characterized by the middle stage of wine. At the final stage for carrying out mass events landing operations both in Europe and in the Pacific Ocean, there is a need for hanging services and safety ships.
All the zavdannya was able to win only the United States, whose economy was straining for the fate of the fate of the allies transformed into the Borzhnikov in the future, and the country into a superpower. At the same time, it means that the supply of ships under the lend-lease agreements was submitted within the framework of the redeployment of the United States, so that the allies were transferred to the old court, with low performance characteristics, or without proper possession. Tse in the rivniy world of all the gains of additional help, incl. і CPSR, і Great Britain.
It is necessary to guess that both the great ships of the United States, so little were seen from the judges of all the countries of the world for the appearance of comfortable minds of life. Just as in these lands, during the development of ships, the priority is given to the number of defenses, ammunition, fire reserves, then the American naval commanders put the comfort of the ship on a par with the warriors of the ship.
(Without transfer / otrimani)
Table extension
Sukupna number of European fleets of 42 territories (as well as one ship for one ship), which took part in the Other World Warriors became 16.3 thousand. The ships, from which were lost in no less tribute of not less than 2.6 yew. Besides, before the warehouse of the fleets included 55.3 yew. small ships, boats and landing craft, as well as 2.5 thousand submarines, without urahuvannya oversized submarines.
P'yatirku of the land, which may be the most fleets became: the United States, Great Britain, the SRSR, Nimechchina and Japan, as little as 90% of the fighting ships of the outlying numbers, 85% of the submarines and 99% of the small ships and landing.
Even the great fleets of Italy and France, as well as the larger fleets of Norway and the Netherlands, could not effectively dispose of their ships, flooding their parts and becoming the main suppliers of trophies to the enemy.
Visually, the significance of the types of ships in vіyskovyh actions can be less than the urahuvannya stages of vіyny. So, at the cobbled stage, the main role of grabbing the underwater chapel is to block the enemy's commune. At the middle stage, the main role was played by the enemy and anti-ship ships, which strangled the enemy's submarine fleets. At the final stage of war on the first place, the aircraft carriers with the ships of the safety and the landing ships were sent.
During the period of war, a merchant fleet with a tonnage of 34.4 million tons was sunk, with 64% for the part of submarine vessels, 11% for aviation, 6% for surface ships, and 5% for surface ships.
Of the foreign number of sunk battle ships of the fleets, approximately 45% of the merits of the aviation, 30% of the submarines, 19% of the surface ships.
21 birchSecondary fleet nimtsiv per hour
At the tsіy statty you know:
The submarine fleet of the Third Reich has its own history.
The demolition of Nimechchina in 1914-1918 brought the fate of a fence to the future of the water chambers, however, after the arrival of Adolf Hitler to rule, the situation with the vegetation in Nimechchina radically changed.
naval
In 1935, the rotsi of Nimechchina signed a military-marine favor with Great Britain, the result of which was the recognition of submarines as an old defense, and the renunciation, such a rank, made it possible to call Nimechchino on their life.
All submarine chapels were included in the order of the Krigsmarine - the Navy of the Third Reich.
Karl Demitz
During the summer of 1935, the Fuhrer appointed Karl Denitz to command the submarines of the Reich. In 1939, rotsi Denits took away the title of the rear admiral.
Unlatching operations and planning especially for the win. Through rik, at Veresna Karl will become a vicious admiral, and even through pivtora I will take away the admiral's call, at the same hour I will take away the Litsarsky chrest with oak leaves.
You yourself need to find a large number of strategic outlets and ideas that are stagnant before the hour of the war. The day went to the new supercast "Unsinked Pinokkio", and he took the note "Papa Carlo". All sailors underwent intensive training, and knew the capabilities of their submarine thoroughly.
The tactics of conducting the battle by the submarines of the Denitsa Bula laid on the talanovite, scho took away from the enemy a pretense "vovchi zgrai". The tactics of "vvchikh zgrai" were offensive: the submarines were booing with such a rank, but one of the submarines could go to the enemy's convoy. Knowing the enemy, the submarine transmitted encrypted messages to the center, and it was far away from the surface, parallel to the enemy, to fight it out behind him. Rashta submarines were guided by the center on the enemy convoy, and the stench drowned out the yak playing vivkiv and attacked, korystuyuchie numerical pass. Takі polyvannya zazvychay were carried out in the dark hour dobi.
Budivnistvo
On the reinstatement of the Navy of Nimechchin, 31 combatants and the main flotilla of the submarine fleet were transported. The skin of the flotilla has a small clearly organized structure. The number of submarines included in the singing flotilla could change. Submarines were often brought from the warehouse of one podrozdilu and were introduced into the inshe. For an hour of combat trips to the sea, the command was engaged in one of the commanders of the operational group of the submarine fleet, and in the case of even more important operations, the command of the submarine fleet was taken on by Befelshaber der Unterseebote.
With a stretch of vіyni Nіmechchina drove and recruited the complementer of a thousand one hundred and fifty-three submarines. For an hour, fifteen submarines were booted from the enemy, the stench of booters was introduced into the "vvchu play." Turkish and five Dutch submarines took part in the battles, two Norwegian, three Dutch and one French and English bully navchalny, some Italian transport bullets and one Italian submarine.
As a rule, the main targets of the Denitsa submarines were the enemy's transport vessels, which were prompted for the safety of the necessary efforts. For an hour to build up with the enemy's ship, the main principle of "vvchoi zgrai" is that judges are more victorious, the enemy is less able to stay. This tactic bore fruit from the first days of war on the majestic expanses of water from Antarctica to the Holy Africa.
vimogs
The backbone of the Nazi submarine fleet of the Buli submarines 1, 2, 7, 9, 14, 23 serii. In the end of the 30s of the Nimechchin, in the main buduval of the three seriys.
We’re able to go to the first submarines - tse the stagnation of submarines in coastal waters, such were the submarines of another class, the stinks were simple in servicing, good maneuvers, and could have been punched in a few seconds, but in 1941, in 1941, there was a small spare ...
Before the hour of the battle in the Atlantic, a series of sub-water accumulators stagnated, Finland took up some of them, the stench came to be found, so as the stench of the buli was equipped with a snorkel - an attachment to the water supply In total, more than seven hundred pieces were prompted. Submarines of the ninth series were used to conduct battle in the oceans, as the great radius did not smell like they could sail into the Pacific Ocean without refueling.
complexes
The budget of the majestic submarine flotilla is not enough in the respect of the development of the complex of defense equipment. A spore of heavy concrete bunkers was transferred with ukrіpluvalny sporides for minesweepers and torpedo boats, with the appearance of fire points and ukrittіv for artillery. Special ukrittya will also be in Gamburzi, Kilі at all the Vyskovo-naval bases. During the fall of Norway, Belgium and Holland, Nimechchina took out the previous dates.
So for their submarines, the Nazis set up bases in the Norwegian Bergen and Trondheim and French Brest, Lorient, Saint-Nazaire, Bordeaux.
The Nimetsky Bremen has a plant for the release of 11 series submarines, the possession of a boat in the middle of the majestic bunker of the river Weser. A number of bases for submarines were nominated by the Japanese allies, a base in Penang and on the Malaysian Peninsula, as well as in Indonesian Jakarta and Japanese Kobe possessions dodatkovy center for the repair of Nimetsky submarines.
osbroєnnya
The main defense of the Denitsa submarines are torpedoes and mini, the effectiveness of which is constantly moving. Bully submarines were also equipped with artillery pieces of 88-mm or 105-mm caliber, which could have been installed and zenitnі harmati with a caliber of 20 mm. However, since 1943, the artillery know-how was repaired in a step-by-step manner, since the efficiency of the on-board harness was reduced, and the axis of the safety of the aviation attack of the Navpaki, made the power of the zenith awakening. For the effectiveness of the conduct of the submarine battle, the nimetsky engineers were able to develop a radar detector, which allowed the unique English radio-locating stations. Already in the end of the war, they began to possess their own underwater chapel with a great number of batteries, which allowed the development of the capacity to seventeen universities, but the end of the war did not allow the fleet to be overused.
Boyovi diy
Submarines took part in combat operations 1939-1945 rock in 68 operations. Over the course of an hour, submarines have sunk 149 enemy combat ships, including two liner ships, three aircraft carriers, five cruisers, eleven small carriers and helpless ships, with a tonnage of 14879472 gross tonnage.
flood of Koreyges
The sinking of the aircraft carrier "Koreyjes" became the first most important part of the game. Tse became near the spring of 1939, the aircraft carrier was flooded by submarine U-29 under the command of Lieutenant-Lieutenant Shukhart. For the sinking of the aircraft carrier, the Chotiri Godini submarine was sent to the supercharger, however the U-29 could glimpse, even without the need.
Slaughter Royal Oak
The downfall of the "Royal Oak" lincor became an offensive blistering edge. It became the order of the yak to the Vyskovo-sea base of England in Skala-Flow, under the command of Lieutenant Captain Gunther Prien, a U-47 submarine infiltrated. During the raid, the British fleet took it to the ferry to relocate to the first place.
Overcome Arc Royal
The torpedo aircraft carrier "Ark Royal" became the torpedo of the aircraft carrier of Denitsa. At the fall of 1941, the U-81 and U-205 submarines, which were known to be located by Gibraltar, were ordered to attack British ships, about to turn from Malta. In the course of the attack of the aircraft carrier "Ark Royal", a handful of the British helped to be able to tow the aircraft carrier, no damage was lost, and the "Ark Royal" sank.
From the earliest days of 1942, the German sailors started to conduct their operations in the territorial waters of the United States. Mista of the newly acquired States navigated dark bullets at night, crewed ships and tankers moved without a helper, therefore, a number of inferior American vessels were counted as a stock of torpedoes on a submarine, so the U-552 submarine fought for one missile.
legendary sailors
The most productive sailors of the Third Reich were Otto Kretschmer and Captain Wolfgang Lut, they zoomed 47 ships each with a tonnage of 220 thousand tons. The most effective Bula underwater choven U-48, which had sunk 51 ships, with a tonnage of nearly 305 thousand tons. The last hour in the float was crossed by the U-196 sub-water choven, under the command of Eitel-Fridrikh Kentrat, which passed 225 dB on the float.
ustatkuvannya
For the connection with the submarines, the vikoristov were using radio transmitters, encrypted on a special encryption machine "Enigma". Great Britain lived in all possible ways to reject the outbuilding, so as it wasn’t necessary to decipher the text in a way, it was only because it was possible to vykrasty such a car from the submarine that had been captured, we were all used to cipher it. However, all the same, the message of the burial of U-110 and U-505 went into the distance, so a number of encrypted documents were consumed in their hands. U-110 Bula was attacked by British bombing bombs in 1941, as a result of the attack of the submarine, the submarine was smashed by the Bula splutty, they were planning to enter the submarine and sink it, however, they didn’t sink the hands of the “Chauven Bula,” the British were drowned. і journals with codes and maps of mines. In order to save the room about the drowning of "Enigmi", the entire population of the flock was hidden from the water, and the flood itself was sunk without a bar. Otriman ciphers were allowed to the British until 1942 until 1942, until 1942, they were in the course of the Nimetsian radiograms, until the Enigma was accelerated. Laminate the cipher for additional information on encrypted documents, which were transferred on board the U-559. Vona Bula was attacked by British forces in 1942 and was taken in tow, there was also a new version of the Enigmi known there, the protest of the submarine quickly sank to the bottom and the encryption machine was drowned by two British sailors at once.
Peremogi
For an hour, the Nimetsian submarines burst into flames, many of them were also deployed to the enemy fleet, for example, U-57, which became the British submarine "Graf", as it conducted combat operations in 1942-1944. Some of their submarines were lost through the visibility of the boat in the annexes of the submarines themselves. So the submarine U-377, went to the bottom in 1944, through the vibuh of its circulating torpedo, the details of the sinking are not seen, since the whole history is so closed by itself.
Fuhrer's convoy
At the service at Denits, as it was itself, there was one more submarine, which was called the "Fuehrer's Convoy". The secret group consisted of thirty-five submarines. The English, respected the tsi of the sub-water chapel, were designated for the transportation of the red copalins from the Holy America. However, it becomes a mystery that in the end of the war, since the submarine fleet will increase in number of operations, Denits is not a single submarine with the "Fuehrer's Convoy".
There is a version that the Vikorist submarines were used to control the secret Nazi Base 211 in Antarctica. However, two of the submarines, by a convoy of boules, came to the New America... The deyaki from the submarine by the “primary convoy” didn’t blurt out the message, and there were no clues about them, the U-465, U-209. All history speaks about the share of all deprivation of 9 out of 35 submarines - U-534, U-530, U-977, U-234, U-209, U-465, U-590, U-662, U863.
zaid
With the ear of the hand for the German submarines, it became 1943, since the first failures of the submarines of Denitsa were born. The first failures of the bullets were overwhelmed by the radar of the allies, an offensive attack on Hitler's submarines was the growing industrial force of the United States, the stench caught up in the future ships, they were sinking. To navigate the installation of new torpedoes on the 13th series submarine, they could not overturn the cup of terez on the Nazis. For an hour of war, Nimechchina has lost 80% of her fishermen, in the end, in living bulo only seven thousand.
categories:/ / Від 21.03.2017However, the submarine Denitsa to last day fought for Nimechchina. Denits himself became Hitler's owner, after ten years of arrests and convictions.
Tsey text, mabut, need to see a small editorial. Well, for the cob - I am not zealous yogo pisati.
However, my article about the English-German war on the sea in 1939-1945 gave rise to an absolutely unfounded discussion. They have one phrase - about the Radiansky submarine fleet, in which before the war boule, Mabut, the investments of the great ones, and "... the additions of which, in turn, are not available ...".
Emotional discussion, as the phrase gave rise to, do not be introduced to the right.
I cut off the e-mails, which call me in "... not knowing the subject ...", in "... Russophobia ...", in "... ... informational violations against Russia ... ".
Shorter than it seems - as a result, I have caught the subject, and after having done the digging. The results impaired me less than myself - everything was booming better than what I saw.
You don’t call the text proponated to the reader as an analysis - it’s short and not glib - it’s just like a clue of its own kind, you can see it cinnamon.
The axis with the power of the great powers entered the war:
1. England - 58 private chapters.
2. Nimechchina - 57 sub-water chambers.
3. USA - 21 submarines (operational, Pacific Fleet).
4.Italia - 68 submarine chapters (supported by fleets, which are in Taranto, Special, Tripoli, etc.).
5. Japan - 63 underwater chapels.
6. СРСР - 267 subdivisions.
Statistics
Perche, the number of the values of the boyovyh odinits to the singing world is cleverly. At the new entrance there are boyovi chapels, both new and old, old, repaired, and so far. The only criterion for being included in the list is that you are there.
In other words, it is not the priest itself that is identified - the pidvodny choven. For the butt - the German sub-water choven of 250 tons of water, which began for diy in the coastal regions, and the Japanese ocean-going choven, with a water tonnage of 5,000 tons - after all, not the same and the same.
In a third way, the battle ship will be assessed not for the water tonnage, but for the combination of bagaton parameters - for example, for the speed, for the recovery, for the autonomy, and so far. At times of the water supply, the number of these parameters includes the speed of the drainage, the depth of the drainage, the speed of the water course, an hour, which can be lost before the water - and other speeches, such as the amount of water. They include, for example, such an important indicator, yak vishkіl ekіpazhu.
Protect, deyakі visnovka from the induced tables of growth is possible.
Let's say, obviously, that the great maritime powers - England and the United States - were not particularly actively prepared before the introduction of the underwater war. And they have a lot of money, and the number of bulo "rozmazati" in the oceans. American Pacific Fleet - two dozen submarines. The English fleet - with young fighting action on three oceans - the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian - all half a hundred.
It’s so clear that Nimechchina wasn’t ready to go to sea before - everything was in good order until the spring of 1939, there were 57 submarines.
The axis of the table of German submarines is by type (data are taken from the book "War At Sea", by S Roskill, vol. 1, page 527):
1. "IA" - ocean, 850 tons - 2 units.
2. "IIA" - coastal areas, 250 tons - 6 units.
3. "IIB" - coastal areas, 250 tons - 20 units.
4. "IIC" - coastal areas, 250 tons - 9 units.
5. "IID" - coastal areas, 250 tons - 15 units.
6. "VII" - ocean, 750 tons - 5 units.
In such a rank, for those in Atlantics, on the very cob of vіyskovіh dіy in Nіmechchina, there were no more than 8-9 sub-water chapters.
The table also follows the absolute champion for the number of sub-water chapters in the leading period of the buv Radiansky Union.
Now we wonder at the number of submarines, who took part in the fighting, in the provinces:
1. England - 209 private chapels.
2. Nimechchina - 965 sub-water chambers.
3. USA - 182 submarines.
4.Italia - 106 private chambers
5. Japan - 160 persons.
6. CCCP - 170 units.
It can be seen that even more countries in the course of the war came to Visnovka, that the water chapel is an even more important type of zombie, they began to grow their water strength rapidly, and they were victorious in the whole country even wider.
Єdiniy vinyatok - Radianskiy Soyuz. In the SRSR, there will be no new chavnіv in vіyna - it was not before that, but not more than 60% were introduced to the right, but for reasons that are more important. For example, team, the Pacific Fleet is practically not brave in any part - to go from Baltiyskiy, Chornomorskiy and Pivnichniy.
An absolute champion from the growth of the forces of the submarine fleet and the first combat victorian є Nimechchina. It is especially obvious that one should marvel at the inventory of the Nimetsky submarine fleet: until the end of the war - 1155 Not one. There is a great growth in the number of motivated submarines, and in number they quietly took part in the battle, it will be explained, in the other half of 1944 and in 1945 to bring the choven to a ready-made camp, it was more and more important - the bases of the chauffeurs were mercilessly bombed , the head of the flotilla on the Baltic Sea did not meet the Gotuvati ekipazhi, and so far.
Submission of the Nimetsky submarine fleet in the Vyiskov dei of the majesty. The figures of the vrat, charged by them to the enemy, and the vrat, incurred by them, are varied. For the well-known dzherels, during the fate of the submarine chapel of Denits, 2882 enemy merchant ships were sunk, with a tonnage of 14.4 million tons of water tonnage, plus 175 sailing ships, including these lines. 779 chapters were ruined.
Radianskiy dovidnik gave a figure - 644 sunken nymetsk submarine chambers, 2840 merchant ships sunk by them.
The English ("Total War", by Peter Calviocoressi and Guy Wint) mention the following numbers: 1162 Otrimati motivated Nymetsky sub-water chapels, and 941 sinks, or are in full.
Explanation of the difference in the statistics induced, I do not know. The authoritative pratsyu of Captain Roskille, "War At Sea", who made the table, unfortunately, not yes. Mozhlivo, on the right, in different ways of drowning and overwhelming chavnias - say, according to the graph of the vrahovuvalasya pozhkodzhena choven, why sit on a minute and a minute?
At any time, it is possible to save money, but not only did the nimble sailors pay great losses to the English and American merchant fleets, but they didn’t give it a lot of strategy for the entire journey.
To fight against them, hundreds of escort ships and literally thousands of ships were thrown - and there was a shortage, as it was not the success of the American ship-borne industry, as they allowed the entire sinking of them to be compensated too much.
Yak viglyadali ask the other participants in the war?
The Italian submarine fleet showed even worse results, absolutely incomparable from the nominal high number. The Italian chapel of the boule is disgustingly prompted, disgustingly equipped, and disgustingly coped. There were 138 sinking targets on the їkhny rakhunka, 84 chapels were consumed with the whole bulo.
For the sake of the Italians themselves, the Ehny Chavny sank 132 enemy merchant ships, with a backwater tonnage of 665,000 tons, and 18 ships, and the sum of 29,000 tons. In the middle of 5,000 tons for transport (according to the average English transport ship of that period), and 1,200 tons in the middle on the ship of the ship - that is, according to the English escort sloop.
Naygolovnishe - the stench did not cope with the serious serious flow on the go of the day. The Atlantean campaign has failed again. If you are talking about the submarine fleet, then the greatest additions in the history of the Italian were destroyed by Italian saboteurs, as they successfully attacked the British liner ships on the roadstead of Oleksandriya.
The English sank 493 merchant ships with an out-of-water tonnage of 1.5 million tons, 134 ships, plus 34 underwater chapels - having lost 73 chapels.
Oh, successes could have been better, and the stench didn’t mean a large number of goals. The head of the field of entry in the reversal of sailing from the overloaded Italian merchant ships to sail to Pivnichnu Africa, and of the famous cabotage ships - in the Pivnichniy Sea and the Uzbeks of Norway.
Diy of American and Japanese submarines
The Japanese submarine fleet looked at its forward phase of development even more overturned. The submarine chapels, which entered the warehouse, were varied from the dwarf chavnii-little ones, designated for sabotage operations, to the majestic submarine cruisers.
During the Second World War, 56 submarines with a size of more than 3000 tons of water capacity were introduced into the bulo - and 52 of them were Japanese.
At the warehouse of the Japanese fleet, there are 41 submarine chauffeurs, capable of carrying rides (up to 3 times at once) - which the nation could not work in the main fleet of the World. Hі in nіmetsky, nі in English, nі in American.
The Japanese underwater chapel was not so small in terms of the speed of the underwater course. Їх chaplains-little girls could work up to 18 universities under water, and experimentally the chaplains of the middle size showed 19, but the miraculous results of the good men of the XXI series, and the 7th, there are not many standard ones, there are no more serious ones.
We will decorate the Japanese torpedo bolt in the light, overturn the American one - from the distance, in addition - by driving in the force of the warhead, and, until the other half of 1943, the fate is not great.
I Tim is not less - the stench was not enough. In total, 184 vessels were sunk by the Japanese sub-water chapel, with a water tonnage of 907,000 tons.
On the right, there is a bullet at the Vyskovy doctrine - it is a sign of the concept of the Japanese fleet, the chapels were designated to be loved by the Vyskovy ships, and mute by the merchant ships. And since the ships went three times as fast as the "merchants", and as the rule was not strong enough to protect them, then the success would be modest. The Japanese sailors sank two American aircraft carriers, a cruiser, and two linkoris - and they didn’t make any practically any effect on the foreign voyage of the ship.
Correcting from the singing hour, they were victorious as a court order for the imposing of the island garnizons.
Tsikavo, the Americans have repaired the fault with exactly the same doctrine of Vijska - it is the fault of the vystezhuvati vіyskovі ships, not the "merchants". Moreover, the American torpedoes, in theory themselves, are technologically inserted (the stench of guilt, bully vibuhati from the ship along the magnetic field, the magical ship navpil) appeared terribly inappropriate.
The defect of the buvs only in the other half of 1943 until the very next hour, the pragmatic American naval commanders switched their submarines to strike at the Japanese merchant fleet, and then they added to the rest of the Japanese fleet - now they have become successful.
The effect of the buv is empty.
About 10 million tons of water tonnage, in the sum consumed by the Japanese military and merchant fleet, 54% were recorded on the fishing boat.
American Navy having lost 39 sub-water chauvinists for fate.
As is well known to the Russian friend, the American sub-water chapel sunk 180 cili.
As far as American calls are concerned, 5,400,000 tons, increased by 180 "ts", give a headlessly high figure for a skin-flooded ship - an average of 30,000 tons. The English merchant ship of the Other Holy Week The water tonnage is close to 5-6 thousand tons, along with the American transport "Liberti" became more and more larger.
It is possible, the assistant to the ship, only to sail the ship, so that the overwhelming tonnage of sunken Americans should not be produced.
As of now, Americans have sunk close to 1,300 Japanese merchant ships - great tankers, and not enough time for sampans. The price is estimated at 3000 tons on the skin sunk "Maru" - about approximate results.
Internet add-on, taken from an interesting site: http://www.2worldwar2.com/ - it could lead to the figure of 1300 Japanese merchant ships sunk by submarine chaplains; (including those who did not take part in the fighting).
I don’t know, I don’t know, I don’t know. A standard American submarine ship in the Pacific Ocean is a ship of the class "Gato", in 2400 tons, equipped with wonderful optics, wonderful acoustics, and navigated by radar.
Amerikanskie pіdvodnogo chavna made a great contribution to the victory. An analysis of їх dіy pіslа vіyni vііvіvіvіvіv thаt аѕ an important factor, scent іvіyskovu аnd civil industry іn Japan.
The children of the Radianskiye submarine chambers are guilty of being blamed for being okay, more than that they are victorious, the boules are unique.
The Radianskiy pre-war submarine fleet is not just among the numbered in the world. For a number of submarine chapters - 267 odinits - win buv two and a half times more, not English and nimetska fleet at once. Here it is necessary to swap out - the English and nimetsky pilots were sent to the spring of 1939, and the radians - to the worm of 1941. Probably, it is clear that the strategic plan of the development of the Redian coastal fleet - yak The forecast for an hour on the cob of vіyskovyh dіy buv kudi is more realistic, lower than the one with the values behind the famous "Plan-Z" - 1944-1946.
The Radiansky plan is timid in being started, but we can just start working today, tomorrow. Apparently, most of the line ships, as they didn’t fit in, didn’t fit in. The ferry was given to Malim's ships - in the pre-war period, only 4 cruisers were prompted, then there were more than 200 submarines.
The geographic reasons for the location of the Radiansky fleet were filled with specific ones - the wines, if necessary, were divided into 4 parts - Chornomorsky, Baltiysky, Pivnichny and Pacific - like, zagalom, they could not add one to one. Yakis ships, mabut, zoom or go through Pacific Ocean in Murmansk, other court on kshtalt submarine chavnіv-small ones could be transported to the rozіbrany vyglyadі zalіznitsya - ala in the out-of-town interaction of fleets bulo duzhe uzladnena.
Here we have a problem - a table has been set up in order to indicate the number of Radianskih sub-water chambers, but he doesn’t speak about those, since they didn’t work in Baltics - or on the Black Sea, for example.
The Pacific Fleet didn’t take part in the war until 1945.
The Chornomorskiy Fleet will be included at all times. Opponent at sea in the new, zagalom, not bulo - hiba scho Romanian fleet. There are no reports of success, obviously, through the visibility of the enemy. Vidomosti about the second, there are also no - take, detailed.
Zgіdno AB Shirokoradu, mav mіsce takiy epіzod: 26 worms in 1941 in the incident on Constantza, the bully directing the leaders "Moscow" and "Kharkiv". At the entrance, the leaders indulged in the attack of the power podvodnogo chavna, Shch-206. They were sent to the patrol, but they did not advance about the raid. As a result, the leader "Moskva" saw the floods, and the underwater choven was sunk by escorts - zokrema, the "Kmitlivy".
Tsya version oskarzhutsya, і sturdzhutsya, as offense to the ship - і leader, і sub-water choven - were lost on the Romanian ministry of the countryside. There are no exact views.
But the axis is absolutely irreversible: in the period of April-May 1944 from the Crimea, there was an evacuation of the Nimets and the Romanians by sea to Rumunia. For a week and twenty days, the enemy was guarded by 251 convoys - a lot of hundreds of targets and at the end of a weak counter-defense.
In total, during the whole period of 11 sub-water chapters in 20 combat campaigns, one (!) Transport was sent. For the additional warnings of the commanders, nibito, the bullets were drowned, a splinter of targets, albeit not confirmed, did not appear.
The result is hostile in terms of inefficiency.
Establishment of properties for the Chornomorskiy Fleet - the number of chauffeurs, the number of combat missions, the number of targets, the type and tonnage of the ship. At least I don't know anywhere.
Vіyna in the Baltics can be completed up to three phases: a fire in 1941, a blockade of the fleet in Leningrad and Kronshtadt in 1942, 1943, 1944 - and a counter-attack in 1945.
Well known from the information, known on the forums, the Baltic Fleet of the Banners in 1941 made 58 trips to the Baltic Sea Communities.
results:
1. One Nimetsky sub-water chapel, U-144, was sunk. Pidtverzhute a good friend.
2. two transports were sunk (5769 BRT).
3. Imovirno, with a torpedo submarine S-6 on 08/22/1941, the Swedish mobile patrol boat HJVB-285 (56 BRT) was also sunk.
The whole stop point to navigate is important komentuvati - the Swedes bully neutral, the boat boo - shvidshe for everything - a bot, a deadly mule-gun, and hardly having finished this torpedo, they let him into the new one. In the process of reaching the number of successes in the boules, 27 sub-water chapters are involved. And for some of the houses - go to 36.
Vidomosty for 1942 Rik Foggy. Sturdzhutsya, scho bully killed 24 meti.
Buildings of houses - the number of rear chambers, the number of combat inputs, the type and tonnage of the targets - during the day.
From the period from the end of 1942 to the linden of 1944 (the hour for Finland to go out), there is a renewed consensus: a ready battle for the enemy commanders. The reason to finish it is more important - the Finsky Bay of the partition walls are not just small fields, but rather a counter-hewn bar.
As a result, the whole period of Baltica was a quiet Nymetsk lake - there was a new flotilla of Denitsa, without a change, the Swedish court went to the Swedish court with important vyysk vantazh for Nimechchin - ball bearings, gold ore - so far back distant.
Ale navi and in the end of the day, if the hedgehogs of the nobles and the radians of the waters went to the Baltic for the overcrowding of the nymetsk ships - a picture of the wiggles to finish off wonderfully. From the hour of mass evacuation from the Kurlyandsky pvostrov and from the area of the Danzig Bay, with the presence of hundreds of targets, including large ones, often with absolutely clever protection in the quarter-warriors of 1945, 11 sailing trips in 11 battles in one boat trip ...
At the same time, there were some guchny peremogi - the sinking of "Gustlova", for example - ale tim not mensh, the famous fleet got used to the sea, it was close to 2 and a half million people, the most in the history of unstoppable operatives underwater chambers.
Establishment of information about the projects of the Baltic submarine fleet on the day. I know it’s good, it smells, but I don’t know.
The same is the situation with the statistics of the Pivnichny Fleet. The bearers of the Danih nowhere are dumb, for, at least, they are dumb in the out-of-the-way beast.
Descho є on the forums. The butt is aimed at the bottom:
", ... On the 4th of 1941, the British sub-water chapel" Taygris "arrived in Polyarna, and then the" Trident ". Battle campaigns, costing 8 goals. Bagato is not enough?
Naybіlsha riddle to go with the information from the built tables:
http://www.deol.ru/manclub/war/podlodka.htm - Radianske chapels.
Apparently before it, 170 Radyansky sub-water chapels took part in the action. I lost 81 of them. 126 targets were taken.
What kind of extravagant tonnage? Were you drowned? How many of them are the ships and the trade?
The table from the drive does not give just any kind of views.
Yakshho "Gustlov" became a great ship, and names on the names - why is not the name of the ship? Would you like not to be outraged? For the sake of it, it is possible to secure a tugboat and a four-oar boat.
A thought about falsification is just asking for it.
The table, before the speech, revenge one more falsification, at all times I will be obvious.
The overhaul of the submarine chambers of all fleets, re-insured in them - English, German, Radiansk, Italian, Japanese - to revenge the sum of the enemy ships sunk by them - merchant and military ships.
One vignette is American. I am afraid they have protected the deprivation of the ships, sunk by them, piece by piece they have lowered their indicators - from 1480 to 180.
I tsya small modification of the rules of navigation is not overwhelmed. You can only know it by doing a detailed inversion of all the points at the tables of the tributes.
Kintseviy perevirnie bag - all of the big men are reliable. Besides Russian and American. American ravages 7 times more than the way of obviously peddling, and the Russians were captured in a thick "fog" - by way of victorious numbers without explanations, details and confirmation.
It is obvious from the material provided that the results of the radians' submarine chambers during the period of the last bully are insignificant, the second ones are great, and the previous ones absolutely did not resemble that majestic level of vitrat, which was the happy investment of the first day.
Zrozumіlі in the wild rice and the cause. The purely technical sensitivities did not have a problem with the detection of the enemy - their commanders could only have done with unnecessary radio communication, and with the power of the periscope. Tse vzagalі was a big problem, not only the Radianskih pidvodnikіv.
In the first period of failure, the new captains created their own impromptu stage - the periscope was up to the edge in the above-water position, and then, at the stop at the fair, went to the shift with a binocular. The whole exotic way of additional assistance is not enough, for that the stench more relied on the tip - either the colleagues in the "vvchoi zgrai", or the developmental aviation, or the coastal headquarters, which had the tributes of the radio call-up and the cheap service. At a wide course there are radio direction finding and acoustic stations.
Since they themselves were in the general sense of the radians' sailors, it’s impossible to find an analogy with tanks - as instructed in 1941, they were sent by warlords - then it’s possible that it’s possible that the parasite fleet has no sound at all.
The whole factor has lowered the possibility of interaction with aviation, melodiously, with the headquarters on land, such as.
An important factor is the level of preparation of ekipazhiv. For the butt - nymetsky sailors - also sent by the members of the majors of the great technical schools - they were led by the chief in the naval flotilla in the Baltic, for 5 years
Especially uvaga zvertalas on the training of commanders.
Herbert Werner, for example, is a Nimetsky pidvodnik, whose memoirs are given by Chimalo corian information- having become the captain of only those summer trips, having embarked on the doorstep as a young officer, as a chief executive officer, and as a couple of orders.
The Radiansky fleet has developed so quickly that it is simply nowhere to take qualified captains, and they have designated people who have not been able to sail in the merchant fleet. Until that moment, I was thinking at that hour - "... if you don't know, it's not a waste. To get caught up in battle ...".
With a beast with such a foldable release, the yak is not the most beautiful.
At the end - a little bit of words about seeing the news from the broken graves.
A table has been set up, rіznih lands, Taken from the book by A.V. Platonov and V.M. Lurie "Commanders of the Radianskih subdivisions of 1941-1945 rr."
Vona Bula is seen in a number of 800 copies - obviously only for a service officer, and obviously only for commanders to reach a high standard - that is why the circulation of the second edition is small for a victorious party. newcomer for officers-listeners of the Vyskovo-maritime academies.
Already I was good - in such an auditorium, can you name your speeches by your names?
However, the table of indicators is folded cunningly.
At the same time, say, such an indicator (before the speech, referred to by the authors of the book), such as the number of drowned targets to the number of submerged ones.
The Nimetsky fleet in the whole sense of estimates in round numbers is so - 4 units for 1 chauven. As a result, the tonnage per tonnage consumed per tonnage consumed is approximately 20,000 tons (14 million tonnes of tonnage, increased by 700 per tonnage consumed). Oskilki middle oceanic English merchant ship that hour maw water capacity of 5,000 tons, then everything converges.
With nimtsy - so, to converge.
And with the Russians - they do not converge. That is why there is a performance for them - 126 sunk targets versus 81 consumed chapters - a figure of 1.56. Of course, girshe, lower 4, but still nothing.
However, we cannot verify the tonnage of the flooded submarines in Nimetsky. And proudly, a Swedish tugboat of as much as six hundred tons and a call to sinking, should be directed at the thought, which is far from vipadkovo.
However, not all.
Nimetskiy kofіtsієnt in 4 tsіlі for 1 chauven - the whole result. On the cob vіyni - vasne, right up to the middle of 1943 - vіn buv kudi vishche. Vihodilo і 20, і 30, і navіt іn thіѕ time і 50 judgments for the skin chauffeur.
The indicator of the decrease in the number of convoys and escorts was in the middle of 1943 and right up to the end of the war.
That is why he and the casts in the tables are honestly and correctly.
The Americans sank about 1,500 tons, spending about 40 hours. Om pokladavsya b kofіtsієnt 35-40 - rich in the name of Nimetsky.
I think it’s also logical - they fought in the Atlantic against the Anglo-American-Canadian escorts, equipped with hundreds of ships and thousands of years, and the Japanese led the way against unprotected judgments.
It is not possible to recognize a simple fact, and an amendment is introduced.
For Americans - here it is uncomfortable - to change the rules of gris, і pay off only "vіyskіvі" tsіlі, zvodyachi їkh efficiency (180/39) up to 4.5 - obviously more acceptable for Russian patriotism?
Even at once - and visit the university's vocational middle school, for which the book of Platonov and Lur'є was seen - and it appeared not to wonder at the facts in disguise.
Mabut, tse і most unacceptable result of our little research.
P.S. The text of the statti (the font is more beautiful and the photograph) can be admired here:
Dzherela, a short list of victorious Internet sites:
1.http: //www.2worldwar2.com/submarines.htm - American chapels.
2.http: //www.valoratsea.com/subwar.htm - sub-war.
3.http: //www.paralumun.com/wartwosubmarinesbritain.htm - English chapels.
4.http: //www.mikekemble.com/ww2/britsubs.html - English chapels.
5.http: //www.combinedfleet.com/ss.htm - Japanese chavna.
6.http: //www.geocities.com/SoHo/2270/ww2e.htm - Italian chavna.
7.http: //www.deol.ru/manclub/war/podlodka.htm - Radianski Chavny.
8.http: //vif2ne.ru/nvk/forum/0/archive/84/84929.htm - Radianski Chavny.
9.http: //vif2ne.ru/nvk/forum/archive/255/255106.htm - Radianske chapels.
10.http: //www.2worldwar2.com/submarines.htm - submarines.
11.histclo.com/essay/war/ww2/cou/sov/sea/gpw-sea.html - Radianski Chavny.
12.http: //vif2ne.ru/nvk/forum/0/archive/46/46644.htm - Radianski Chavny.
13. - vіkіpedіya, radianskі chavny.
14.http: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Navy - vіkіpedіya, radianskі chavny.
15.histclo.com/essay/war/ww2/cou/sov/sea/gpw-sea.html - Vіkіpedіya, Radianski Chavny.
16.http: //www.deol.ru/manclub/war/ - forum, vіyskova technology... Veda Sergiy Kharlamov, a very clever cholovik.
Dzherela, short list of Victorian books:
1. "Steel Truuni: Nimetski Pіdvodnі Chavny, 1941-1945", Herbert Werner, translated from Nimetskoy, Moscow, Tsentrpoligraf, 2001.
2. "War At Sea", by S. Roskill, in Russian perekladі, Voenizdat, Moscow, 1967.
3. "Total War", by Peter Calvocoressi and Guy Wint, Penguin Books, USA, 1985.
4. "The Longest Battle, The war at Sea, 1939-1945 ", by Richard Hough, William Morrow and Company, Inc., New York, 1986.
5. "Taumni Raiders", Devid Woodward, translation from English, Moscow, Tsentrpoligraf, 2004
6. "The Fleet, Like Khrushchov", A.B. Shirokograd, Moscow, VZOI, 2004.
reviews
The auditorium of the Proza.ru portal is close to 100 thousand viewers, as in the out-of-town summit they look at the back of the page for the data of the driver of the view, which is the copyright holder in the text. In the leather graph it is indicated by two numbers: the number of views and the number of views.
Stream side: 1 (total of 33 sides of the book)
The Italian Fleet at the Other Svitoviy Vіynі
The Italian fleet in advance
preparation
The hour of the international crisis, as it vibrated with the ear of the Ethiopian campaign attached to the 1935 rock, the Italian fleet for the first time in the first hour of the First World War was built. After the completion of the operation in the Ethiopia Bagato additional services fleet bully fast, ale in Naprikintse 1936 the fate of the fleet became mobile. Hromadyanska vіyna in Spain, the development of international crises and the emerging payback of Albania - all the trimmings of the fleet were at the forefront of combat readiness.
Some podії, zychayno, negatively infiltrated on the preparation before the eventual light confrontation. The post-readiness of the ships led to the wear of the mechanisms and the turnover, perspective plan... Moreover, the Italian uryad has become more and more powerful, but the ear of destruction will be transferred not earlier than 1942 to the rock. Tse bulo was approved for the hour of signing the agreement "Axis" between the Italian and the Nimechchinoy. The fleet, having made its plans, go out to the date.
10 worm 1940, if the axis-axis was lost, if the axis-axis was lost, it’s a lot of warehouses that it’s called “ready to destroy” has not yet been completed. For example, the primary plans were transferred to 4 new tedious links and finish the modernization of 4 old people until 1942. So the core of the fleet zmusilo used to take advantage of any kind of adversary. At the heart of 1940, only "Cavour" and "Cesare" were in the ranks. "Littorio", "Vittorio Veneto", "Duiliy" and "Doria" were completing equipment at the shipyards. To finish adding the linkor "Roma" you need more than 2 rocks, to get the "Impero" - at least 3 (For the sake of "Roma", you need to get the attachments to the 1943 rock, the robots on "Impero" do not have finished). Before the hour, an ear of vіyskovyh dіy found in operation 12 light cruisers, withoutlіch esmіntsіv, escort ships, submarine chambers and small ships. The ear of wine has been covered with good equipment and equipment.
Krym, additional 2 rocky allowed us to put some gaps in the technical equipment and modernization. It is especially worthy of any action, torpedo shooting, radar and asdika. The most powerful of the Italian ships hit the radar visibility. The fortune-tellers and literati attacked the Italian ships at night, if they were practically slips. To that, the thief has virobiv new tactful priyomy, to which the Italian fleet has appeared absolutely unprepared.
Technical principles of the radar and asdik bully design for the Italian fleet since 1936. Ale vіyna interrupted scientific robots over cimi systems of protection. To bring їх to a practical stasis, boules of dear industrial supplies, especially for the radar. Summarily, the Italian fleet and industry were able to achieve significant results, to bring the same two rockets. Protest, the enemy has traded the bi-pass of the nespodivanki їkh vikoristannya. Until the end of the day, only the decal of the lithuanian radars, and that, sooner, of the experimental installations, will be in the distance.
The rocky lose the Italian fleet, having paid dearly for the price of those other shortcomings, which often caused a vicious situation. Protest, the Italian fleet has been kindly prepared to fail and increase the investment in a new area.
Preparing to enter the fleet included the accumulation of all kinds of supplies, and if there was a problem, reserve the bags in the past allowed the satisfaction of the vimogs. For example, the shipbuilding shipyards started to work without any closures all the way and to go through the truce, even on the basis of the pre-existing stocks. The growing vimogs of the Libyan front were beating the fleet overwhelmed by deyaki port - before that, more than once - and for an hour they were not allowed to work, they were only going to the state reserves. One of the fleet was victorious after the passage of the first types of new forces.
Deliveries of fire boules are absolutely inadequate, and by the way, the problem has become such a guest. Chervna 1940 roku has a fleet of 1,800,000 tons of naphtha, they are taken literally along the kraplin. At that hour, it was transferred to a thousandth of vitrata for an hour in the warehouse of 200,000 tons. Tse meant that the naval reserves should be removed for 9 months. Mussolini protesting, so much more is not enough for "three-thousand-one". On yogo thought, vіyskovі dії could not tighten further. As a result of such a run, it is necessary to transport the fleet to transfer part of the reserves - in total 300,000 tons - to the Air Force and the civilian industry as well. To that, the hour is gone, the fleet will be buzzing around the oversupply of ships, and will be able to speed up the vitrate naphtha. In the first quarter of 1943, the rock yogo brought urizati to the smith figure of 24,000 tons per month. In the case of a cob estimate, it is 200,000 tons as a necessary minimum, easily sighted, which is not enough for the operations.
All the shortcomings were brought back to the wonderful spirit of the officers and sailors. Stretching through 39 months of battles before the signing of the Italian truce, a special warehouse of the Italian fleet has repeatedly shown the images of mass and individual heroism. Adopt to their traditions, the fleet pushed through fascist political glances. It was very important for us to hate Britain, whose fleet had become a natural ally.
Ale, if the stallion is thrown, the fleet, which will collapse almost under the lining, having rested the battle, loaded with all its strength. Yomu could be defended by the opponents, protesting by viprobuvannya in fire with honor and two.
Missing the fleet
At the ear of 1940, the fate of the future, when it was the beginning of the war, was still hovering in the twilight. However, Mussolini didn’t speak specifically to the chiefs of staff of the three types of evil forces, but he didn’t get involved in a conflict. In the first month of the fatal fate, the order was taken by the export, the fleet was sold to Sweden 2 іsmіntsya і 2 ministry. It’s a fact that the fleet is naturally intelligent, as a sign of the wrong order to enter the war, at least in the best possible way. A few days later, he went to visit von Ribbentrop to Mussolini in the birch 1940 rock, for which he was surely going to visit Sumner Welles, the ear cleared up the order was put to the end. April 6, 1940 was brought to the headquarters of the decision-making center.
At the end of the day, Marshal Badoglio, the Chief of the General Staff, has called together three chiefs of headquarters about the kind of strong forces and occasionally about "the firm decision of Duce got involved in that hour and in that mission, as in the vibe." Badoglio said that the war on land will be carried out in the defense key, and in the offensive - at sea and in the second place. Two days, therefore, on April 11, the chief of the Naval Staff, Adm. In the midst of the most difficult of such approaches through enemy passes in the forces of an unfriendly strategic situation. Tse let go of the offensive sea of war. Besides, the British fleet can be quickly remembered! »Be-yakі vtrati. Kavanyar, saying that it’s not a matter of the Italian fleet, it’s not bargaining to be in a critical situation. The Admiral, having gone ahead, would be unhappy with the first rapist, and the unhappy operation of the anti-ship sailing in the Seredzemnoye Sea, as it was already pinned down.
Admiral Kavaniari also wrote: “So, as it is not the intelligence of the power of the transmission of the strategic buildings, but the infliction of defeat on the bewitching naval forces, it is not justified to enter the battle for our initiative. We can only conduct defense operations. " Dyisno, history does not know butts, but the land, unbound, secretly crossed over to the defense.
Showing the ignorance of the situation, in which the fleet will appear through the inadequate routine of sea operations, Admiral Kavanyar finished his memorandum with such prophetic words: If one thinks of a peaceful conversation, the whole thing can happen to oneself not only without territorial trappings, but also without the fleet, and, perhaps, without aviation. " The words of the bully were not only prophetic, the stench was catching the point of view of the Italian fleet. All the transfers that were destroyed by the admiral Kavanyar on the last leaf, turned out to be true, with the blame of one. Until the end of the battle, Italy lost itself without an army and aviation, which could be inferior to its opponents, but still more and more willingly to reach it with a strong fleet.
Mussolins, be in a fight, will the light turn to Europe earlier, below the Italy, say your own word, without beating respects on your guard. Moreover, I just saw it, spiraling in my own way, so that the performances will be even short - not more than three months. However, the Italian fleet got ready to break on the basis of operational plans, more than once it was caught before. Їх it is possible for short viclasty as follows: trimmies of the sea or zooserezhenii for the rejection of the maximum defensive and offensive power; yak inheritance - do not take the fate in the seizure of merchant shipping behind the blame of special native vines; oversimplify the idea of making Livia through the strategic situation. Mayuchi France as his dear, vvazhala unhappy lead the court through the Seredzemne sea.
Mussolini without feeling against the concepts. After letting go, the conflict will not drag on, and the cabotage can be quicker, and Livia will spend a lot of months on quiet reserves, as there are selected. Vyavilosya, scho all the stewed Mussolini nevirni. The Italian fleet vyaviv, that the team was busy taking care of it, that it wasn’t going to work. Exactly after 3 days, after a cob of wine in Rome from Livia, Vimoga arrived to deliver the hotel to the necessary delivery. I ci vimogi, as they grew up from the threatening shvidk_styu, brought visonuvati, zrazumіlo, the fleet.
On the 16th worm 1940 roku pidvodniy choven "zoa" sent the supply of ammunition for delivery to Tobruk. Due to the proximity of the base to the line to the front and the distance from the other Italian bases, the team did not want to provide this transport, to navigate the escort. Pidvodny Choven entered the sea 19 worms. Tse buv the first from the nezlecheny hike to Africa.
Tsi operations, which are carried out under the grip of the circumstances, have become the main occupations of the Italian fleet, if they wish or not to be loved. The stench has led to a seryous rosy of strength. 20 worms of the fleet of esmіntsіv on the cholі from "Artiliera" went from Augusto to Bengazi, to transport anti-tank harmas and artillerymen. After 5 days, the first object, which guards the convoy of the Viyshs from Naples to Tripoli, transporting the vantages and 1727 soldiers. At the same day, the sub-water choven "Bragadin" entered the sea with a vantage of materials for the airport Tripol. The trick of the butts clearly show, some of the "self-supply" of Livia has not been preserved. The Chief of the General Staff, Marshal Badoglio, sent Admiral Kavanyar to the first three or four escorts to Libya, once firmly singing, "it is worth getting in the last time."
For the most part, it’s possible to end in 3 months, it was developing unbarrily. Mussolini buv introductions to Oman by claims of Hitler's propaganda about hanging in England. As a matter of fact, in the 19th century, the Italian Supreme Command, on the basis of information from Berlin, brought the order to a protracted destruction, like a trivial rock of rock.
Until uncommon for the Italian fleet, changes of mind, on which they were grounded quickly and efficiently, turned out to be absolutely wrong. On the other hand, the fleet fought lightly for 39 months with important - and only hopeless - minds and giving heavy losses to the mighty enemy. Unimportant on the bloody viprobuvannya, the Italian sailors, from the admiral to the rest of the sailor, have become aware of the vitality of the bond, the spirit of self-sacrifice and inviolability of the enemy. Oh, the evidence of the bully is simply miraculous, so as it was not a mere rumor, but a manifestation of self-will, which grew up at the skin stage of struggle.
On the cob, the core of the Italian fleet was formed from 2 old men, a little modernized liners and 19 cruisers. English and French Mali 11 liners, 3 aircraft carriers and 23 cruisers deployed in the Middle Earth Sea. And without that, the majesty of the allies became simply a matter of importance, as the position of the Seredzemnomorskiy theater could be used as victors in the capacity of giving and for redeeming. Roughly it seems, the Italian small fleet with total water tonnage is close to 690,000 tons, and the enemy is even more.
It is important to look at the dislocation of the fleets of the warring sides. The English-French forces were based in Toulon, Gibraltar, Bizerte and Oleksandriya. There were no ships in Malta at the time. Italian ships in the main ranged between Naples and Taranto, some of the cruisers were based on the Sicillian port. They could have been able to unite, vikoristovuyuchi the Messinsky channel, if they were not safe from attacks, passing through it. At the private part of the Tirren Sea, there were only a few sub-water chambers and torpedo boats for coastal defense.
Adriatic Bula internal sea, Strategic prikrittya zakogo zdіysnuvalosya s Taranto. Tobruk buv visunutiy outpost close to the wicked lines, so there were no light patrol ships. The Dodecanese Islands and the main base on LEROS were actually blocked, since the walnut waters cannot be neutral. There could be deprived of patrol and sabotage activities. The Massawa base in the Red Sea, de-overwhelmed a group of old ships and torpedo boats.
It can be said that the deployment of the Italian fleet was a geographic factor. The heads were taken to the center Midland Sea, And the rush is in a row of peripheral points. The situation on the cob didn’t see any serious problems, as only offense to resist the fleet didn’t take up obviously aggressive positions. The Italian fleet didn’t miss the battle, as it was shown earlier, it wasn’t to sail. However, yak declaring the enemy, yogo fleet will lead offensively, Especially z'єdnannya, yakim in command of Admiral Ser Andrew Brown Canningham.
The virulent factor of the hairstyle
For one more serious food for the Italian fleet, there is a style: how much can you spare for the flight with aviation? Vona is guilty of Bula virishuvati three times: carry out the investigation; privatize your ships; inflict blows on the wizards. Some of those who were the most in the fleet came to the conclusion of the First World War, they faced the problem and went to work, because it is absolutely necessary for mothers of aircraft carriers and their own special specialized aviation parts.
The Italian fleet has also set up its flight in the course of the First Holy War, and won’t have done well to do it. When the fleet was trying to solve the problem of folding problems between the ships and the ships, as it was transferred, it would inevitably come to the fore. After the start in 1923, the Italian UPUs were punished by the fleet to pin all the robots in the air traffic through a radical breakdown in the minds between them and the UPU. Mussolini and the UPU have been keeping an eye on the stem of the sea aviation. For the Duce and the first clerk of the Air Force, the Italian pirate was placed as a majestic aircraft carrier in the center of the Sered-Earth Sea. Smells dimmed dumkas, so the letters of the UPU, the ones from the coastal bases, it’s wonderful to get into the sea. That skinny fleet will be able to create a carrier and set up its own special specialized children who have developed in bagneti. However, it means that the chief of staff of the Navy in 1938 gave Mussolini a rearrangement to himself in the necessity of constructing aircraft. Ale in 1941 rotsi Mussolini himself learned his mercy and gave the order to re-possess two great liners in the aircraft carrier.
Let us share the compromise that we can reach in the highest possible level of power to the airplane. As a result, the so-called "aviation for the fleet" was launched. As a matter of fact, the "compromise" gave little to the fleet. Winning the operational control over the development companies and allowing them to supervise their sposter on them. Unimportant for all the non-grabbing of such a scheme, it is still possible to accept it, as far as it goes, in the midst of the Navy and the Air Force. However, the owners greatly outweighed their abilities, and that fleet did not go into serious respect for the problems of communication between ships and ships. The Air Force started its doctrines on the postulate "the independent is guilty of its own sovereign laws." The nikoli fleet is governed by the law, so there is no zoom, no sound.
There are three reasons for a cob of failure, since the Italian aviation is more numerous, it doesn’t drive efficiently the fleet and the aviation’s flight is not far away. However, such a sp_vpratsya was absolutely necessary for the normal conduct of marine operations. The Italian Aviation fought against the magnificent energy, absolutely not brutal respect for the fleet. As a result, the amount of coordination was intertwined with the success of the operations on the naval and emergency seas.
The enemy has the British fleet from the very cob in control of its own power aviatsіynі pіdrozdіli. If I want it, it’s not enough, the smell of it’s good for the ships, and the combined operations took place at the most tricky mode of participation. With such minds, a whole zeal, why the Italian fleet did not know how to carry out a helpless operation, they simply asked for it.
The result of such shortcuts can be found in the history of the history of the torpedo bombers. The idea of such a lithuania at the fleet of the Vinikla at the very dawn of aviation - in 1913 rotsi. First try to realize it, it was lived in 1918, and until 1922, the desire of deyakie successes was in the air. Great hopes have laid down on the new brilliance. Practically, from the very own people, the UPU categorically presented the idea of an independent kind of evil forces of the UPU. Air Force zumіli pereshkoditi navy to conduct vlasnі experiments. In 1938, the rotsi bully otrimanі vіdomosti, as the british fleet intensively worked over the mouths of the torpedo bombers, and the Italian fleet once again tried a little more air force opіr. Whenever there is a spawn or a torpedo-bomber. Durhamno. Until the earliest, I didn’t get too much on the idea of breaking the problem.
Slid zgadati, the Italian fleet has opened the aviatorpeda, and will turn over the English for its characteristics. It can be skidded from a height of 100 meters at a speed of 300 km / year - at a rate of 20 meters and 250 km / year for English aviation. The fleet opened its stock of cich torpedoes, and the Vikoristov fought with torpedo boats. If the Air Force broke up in the air, they still took the torpedo bombers to the defense, the stinks stuck with the problem of the deployment of the bomb for them, already sent by the fleet. In addition, the fleet has transferred to the Air Force, a large number of torpedoes and personnel for their servants.
In the course of the war, the UPU robbed titanic zusillas for polishing the backward situation, including their own interests with the fleet. However, the mainstream of the doctrine of combined operations and the rejection of practical information for the successful implementation of such a kind of vital actions in a great way of rocking robots. Obviously, in the course of the process, people and technology are overwhelmed, there is no overwhelming ability to do it. To that, in the plan of the attackers, the Italian fleet, by extending efforts to destroy, seriously compromises its opponents.
Supermarine
Before the ear of a chronological description, I will describe the mission of the obov'yazkovo follow-up of the apparatus of the main operational command to the fleet, which is responsible for the operations on the seafood. Tsei headquarters of vidomy yak Supermarine.
A fortunate camp has taken on the connection of this great mystery of interfering with the communication of the mind in one structure, being on a birch tree in a well-stolen headquarters, the function of collecting and coordinating information about sea operations. Tsya vimoga is especially important when acting in such a prominent vuzk_y aquatorium, like the Seredzemne sea. Only such a command organization can be the proper order of coordinating the disposition of all the obvious tasks. In addition, the Italian Supermarine is a small headquarters in the Ministry of the Vyskovo-Maritime Fleet until quiet time, leaving Rome without being naked in an open place. Since then, the headquarters has moved to the majestic underground center of the radio link in the Site of Rose on Viz Kassia.
The great and folding organization, similar to the genus, of the sea-sea groups themselves, store only a small part, I want it to be seen on the butt of italians that the cost of finding the figurines on the seafarers' mine is clear. A similar system should be produced before the admiral, who had previously commanded the fleet on the skin stage, doubles up. One part of the army becomes a strategist, which is responsible for the plan in front of the front phase of the battle and the throat of the forces from the stationary central headquarters on the birch tree. And a friend's part є a tactician, like the command of the fleet without the need for a middle in battle.
Once the Supermarine system has a system, as if it were the creation of human hands, a number of shortcomings are small. Naygolovnіshim, mabut, bulo pragnennya centralizuvati management is stronger, lower price is required.
To other serious shortcomings, those who commanded on the birch trees, as it were, as the commanders of the day in the sea, constantly saw: behind the back is the invisible presence of Supermarines, who vazhayuyu for beautiful checks, they could just ask for help boules of goiters are crocheted independently. However, as the author of my own pomitity, Supermarine often took pardon when she got involved, but not from vipads, if she took the credit on herself. Namagayuchis not to tie the freedom of the great commander in the sea before the hour of the phase of the growth of the forces and the battle itself. Supermarine often did not transmit directives, as it would be necessary to transmit, according to current estimates, as well as bullets dictated by the situation. In retrospect, the development of a number of battles has shown that a specific directive could lead to more successful results.
The biggest defect in the Italian command structures was the Supermarine system. At the top was the Chief of the Naval Staff, who is also the defender of the Vyskovo-Marine Ministry, due to the strong entanglement from the right of the Ministry. As a result, on a practical operational basis, Supermarine appeared in the hands of the intercessor of the chief of staff, who is often a single human being, we know from us the details of the flow camp, the allegiance and innovation of the bully. Yogo the position was slowed down by the time, but only yogo the boss had specially discussed everything operational problems from Mussolini, which will be the supreme commander in chief with large forces and from the Italian Supreme Command. Yak zgaduvalosya vishche, Chief of Staff of the Navy, do not expect good knowledge of the nuances of the situation, so that the Verkhovna Komanduvannya will change the point of view of the fleet. The camp was becoming even more zhayugidnym, some of the very Italian Verkhovna Command, weak strategic and technical problems of sea warfare, as it was conducted on the Middle Earth Sea.
The head of the Nimetsky Abwehr, Admir Kanaris, was intelligent and kindly informed, saying to Marshal Rommel: “The Italian fleet, in the main, high quality, should allow this one to stand up to the most beautiful fleets. However, the Supreme Commander is not vistachaє rіshuchostі. Ale, shvidshe for everything, not the result of the fact that it is brought to you by the authority of the Italian Supreme Command, as it is controlled by the army. "
The robot of the new generation was stored in the Supermarine function as a whole. We have found them with the titles of the Operations Center. All reports passed through him, and all special and extraordinary orders passed through. Behind the help of a card index of great real maps, the Operational Center is in charge of finding all ships, their own and others, in the sea and in ports. The Operational Center will be built at the same point, the stars are being serviced by the fleet in general and by all Italian ships, which are repaired from the liners and finished by a tugboat. The whole nerve center of the Italian fleet functioned without interruption in the 1st worm of 1940, if the Supermarines began to die, and until the 12th spring of 1943, if the chief of the Naval General Staff arrived to sign a peace reconciliation in Bremen.
In general, Supermarine was very efficient in organizing, and the Operational Center was doing its best to cope with its own connections in the course of all operations. Some of the Supermarines in Zagalny didn’t start to see if they had seen the middle of a thousand options, if we’re going to be ready to go. The weakness of the bullet is short-lived about the supermarine officers. Shvidshe, you won’t have had a lot of clerical re-entanglement, but it didn’t take one hour to check and clearly formulate “operative ideas”. The price was especially good for the officers who borrowed their food.
The Supermarine robot was tightly tied and laid down in the function of communication systems, whose role is great in all areas of everyday life. The Italian fleet from the earliest earliest respect for all types of calls. Adzhe pershіdіdіdі Marconі by radio communication on the sea boulevards of the viconanі by the Italian fleet. On the ear of the battle, the fleet got its own hair and a very effective line, the telephone, radio and telegraph were included in the yak. Foldable "nervous system" is a small center at the headquarters of Supermarine. Krym her, she had her own secret telephone line, which called all the naval headquarters in the eastern regions and in Sicily. The Supermarine can be linked to the flagship ships, if the stench has been in the Special, Naples or Taranto. In this way, it is possible to transfer the most confidential and term information directly by phone from the Operations Center without third-party involvement. If there are a lot of telephone, radio and telegraph communications sent for the fate of the call to the fleet, it is easy to assess the efficiency of their robots. Until the 8th spring of 1943, one only Roman center has been rebuilt at 3,000,000 every day.
The system of vikorisovyvat zyaznі cipher, the secrecy of which bule is especially important. Її slіd bulo zberіgati be-yaku tsіnu. In general, the service was not bad enough, especially since there is a great deal of vicarious robots and there is a great number of vicarious ciphers. The Italian fleet has also opened a highly efficient radio communication and decryption service. Tsey saw the truth in the minds of the supreme secrecy, and it’s impossible to find out about it today. Cryptographic service, ocholyuvanny small group of talented officers, prophesied majesty and viciously the robot in the course of failure. For example, it is inaccurate to decipher the British development reports of a small magnitude and helped the fleet to compensate for the shortages of power development, as it allowed Supermarine to victorious to the robot of the guardian development service.