Antonіya and antonymy. Glossary of antonyms for cob classes (1,2,3,4)
antony(Greek. Αντί- - against + όνομα - im'ya) - the whole word of one part of the move, the words for the sounds and the writing, which can be directly opposed to the lexical meaning, for example: "truth" - "nonsense", "evil good" - "," Speak "-" movchati ".
The lexical oddities of the vocabulary store are clearly linked not only on the basis of an associative connection for the extra or the complexity of the lexico-semantic variants of the semantic word. Lots of words do not take revenge on signs that were built before protistavleniya, however, the antonymic synonyms are uncomfortable for them, however, in the figurative meaning of the stench, you can know the antonim. Thus, in contextual antonymy, antonymic synonyms with direct meanings are emphatic and stylistic.
Antonyms are possible for such words, meaning that they can be found in their own prototypes, but in the main meaning there should be a zagalny sign (va, zrist, almost, hour to finish, etc.). It can also be opposed to just words, but to lie down to the same grammatical and stylistic category. Otzhe, with different antonyms, there can be no word that can be referred to the different parts of the language with lexical words.
Among the powerful names, the haremen, the number of antonyms is not.
1Typology of antonyms
2Antony in the journey
3cm. also
4Notes
5 Literature
Typology of antonymic names
Antonyms behind the type can understand:
contradictory correlations - such prototypes, which additionally add one to one to a whole, without transition lanes; the stench is overwhelming at a given private miscarriage. Apply: trash - good, nonsense - truth, alive - dead.
counter-correlations - antonyms, as they rotate the polar opposites of the middle of the same day, with the presence of transitional lanes - internal gradation; the stench perebuvayut at the worn-out gradual disagreement. Put on: black (- syriy -) beliy, old (- lithium - middle rock -) young, great (- middle -) small.
vectoriali - antonyms, as they rotate the curvature of directing, signs, suspicious appearances, etc. Apply: go away - go out, go down - come, set fire - extinguish, revolution - counterrevolution.
converting - words that describe the same situation from the point of view of other participants. Apply: buy - sell, cholovik - squad, Vikladati - read, program - play, spend - know, young - old.
enanthiosemy - the presence of other meanings in the structure of a word. Put it on: position yourself for a penny - a position for a penny for a penny, enclose a cham - come and not come.
pragmatic - words that regularly protistavlyayutsya in the practice of living, in contexts (pragmatics - "dia"). Apply: soul - tilo, rose - heart, earth - sky.
For the structure of the antony are:
rіznokorenevі (forward - backward);
odnokorenevі - to pretend for the help of prefixes, protolezhnyh behind the zmіst: enter and - go out, or for the add-on prefix, to get to the wicked word (monopoly - antimonopoly).
From the point of view of Movi and Movi Antonimi subscribe to:
movnі (uzualnie) - antony, іnuchі in the systemі movi (bagatiy - bіdniy);
contextual (contextual, movable, occasional) - antonyms, which appear in the singing context (to reconsider the manifestation of this type, it is necessary to bring them to the new pair) - (golden - half midna, so expensive - cheap). The stench is often seen in attendance.
From the point of view of antonimi they are:
spіvmіrnі - dіya і protidіya (get up - lyagati, bagati - get poor);
inconsistency - action and appearance of action (in a wide sense) (ignite - extinguish, think - change your mind).
antony- the whole word of the same and the same part of the move with the opposite lexical meanings.
word antonim to resemble walnuts. anty- against + onyma- im'ya.
Antonyms allow pitting objects, appearances, signs of contrast.
butt:
heat ↔ cold, thick ↔ quiet, go ↔ stand, far ↔ close
Not all words may be anthony. Words that mean specific objects (style, desk, goat), call antonyms not to blame.
In the case of children, the meaning of the meaningful word can be rіznі antonymy.
butt:
myakiy (fresh) chlib ↔ stale chlib; myakі (smooth) ruku ↔ rizki ruhi; myakiy (tepliy) klimat ↔ suvoriy klimat.
The majority of antonyms are the same words for the native roots. Ale to start i one-root antony.
Protubezhno value in such vipadjutsya fold behind the help of negative prefixes not-,without-,anti-,counter- that in.
butt:
additional information - lack of information, knowledge - not knowing, savory - not wet, vicious - anti-war, revolution - counter-revolution
Antonyms are widely used to write writers and sing to improve the diversity of the movement.
butt:
ti bagatius, I'm still bedny; ti prose, I am sings; ti rum'yan, Yak makiv tsvit, I, yak death, і thin and blidiy... (O. Pushkin)
Tsey priyom (victorian antonyms in artistic text) is called antithesis.
phoneme(Greek. Φώνημα - "sound") - the smallest meaningful unit of mov- (Linguistic unit of movi). The phoneme is not a self-contained lexical or grammatical meaning, but rather serve for the development and identification of significant units of movi (morpheme and words):
when replacing the same phoneme on the word (<д>ohm -<т>ohm);
when changing the order of passing phonemes, you can also see the word (<сон> - <нос>);
when you see phonemes, you can also see the word (t<р>vin - tone).
The term "phoneme" in a close bitchy sense was introduced in Kazan, Polish-Russian linguistics, N. V. Krushevsky and I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay (for the early death of Krushevsky Baudouin de Courtenay took over his priority).
The phoneme yak is an abstract one, the unit appears to sound like a concrete unit, in which the phoneme is materially realizable. Strictly apparent, the sounds are moving even more rіznomanіtnі; To complete an accurate physical analysis can show that one person does not recognize the same sound (for example, shock [a]). However, leave all the options vimov and allow you to correctly recognize and interpret words, the sound [a] in all options will be realizable in one and the same phonemes<а>.
Phoneme is an object of phonology. The role of understanding is important when seeing such practical buildings, Yak robka alphabets, principles of spelling and t. P.
The minimal unit of gestural motions was previously called hireme.
About the vocabulary of a child, it is good to say the knowledge of both synonyms and antonyms. First and foremost, children, as a rule, are lousy. And even in the whole there is no folding. Є such a child of gras in antony - "Protilezhnosti". One is called a word, the other is called antonim to new. Qia gras are proud of the majestic respect of children animators and grow up and won є often roaring at Christmas parties. So, you can play with your child in antonyms, and you can remember the words and are not only well known in the holy, but in your maybutnye creations.
For the cob, antonyms are words, opposites for meanings. Dictionaries antonyma majesty, in an hour, have grown up a man who does not know the meaning of their deeds, but also talk about the meaning of protylezhny ... On the whole side we have chosen for you only simple antony let's pardon, rіven cob school, Pidvladny zapam'yatovuvannya scholars 1,2,3,4 classes.
Short vocabulary antonimiv:
acuratny - neohainy
antonim - synonim
biliy chorniy
blіdnuti - chervonyti, darkness
blischaty - merekhty, darkness
close - distant
bagach - bednyak
great little
shvidky - povilny
stolittya - mity
virniy - pomilkovy
fun - sumny, sumny, tedious
windy - windless
old - new
turn on vimknuti
vseredinі - calls
nutrition
skid - zahid, west (mor)
shid - zahid
enter and - vihoditi
high low
gasiti - ignite
smooth - short
voiced - voiced
gliboky - dibny
talk - movchati
hungry - sitiy
misto - village, village
girky - licorice
hot - cold
griti - cholodzhuvati
brood - cleanliness
brudny - clean
robiti - baidikuwati
day nіch
dialogue - monologue
good evil
one is a thief
arc - quality
yyhati - zupinyatsya
cake - cold
hard - soft
closure - tovariskiy
health - ailment
greens - spirits, stiglia
winter summer
shiriy - hypocritical
truth - to Oman, deception
vitik - girlo
mitsny - nemitsny
sour - licorice
ledar - trudivnik
Zayviy - necessary
spritny - non-robbery
lyagati - get up
love - hate
freeze - zigrivatisya
light - wiyna, welding
not enough
may - weak
wet - dry
wise - foolish
myakiy - solid
nadiya - see
messenger - hateful
nevorushny - neurons
simple-minded - zimislovaty
noviy - old
ryasny - poor
defend - attack
assertions - disappointing
embarrass - vishiti
gostry - stupid
vidvazhniy - fearful, cowardly, faint-hearted
door - secret
vidkriti - zakriti
obvious - sense
plus minus
peremoga - knock
povisiti - znyati
cinnamon - shkіdliviy
forgiveness - take
cinnamon - Skoda
dopomagati - to seize
true nonsense
truthful - brehlivy
vibaglivy - non-vibaglivy
reception - vidshtovuyuchiy
empty - povny
fluffy - smooth
joy - confusion, sadness
visibility - similarity
roztoropny - povilny
ludicrous - non-singing
fearful - smilivy
Motherland, vichizna is a stranger
light - darkness, temryava
svitati - pimps
pivnich - pivden, pivdenny (sea)
laugh - posters
vryatuvati - to destroy
spati - spati
start - finish
sitiy - hungry
hard - soft
dark - light
tisny - spaciousness
tovsty - thin
thin - tovsty
pratsyu - vidpochinok
important - easy
tuzhiti - radio
zapevniti - perekonati
frown - gracious
come away - come closer
vuzky - wide
tenderness - hatefulness
vperty - earnings
success - failure
spіvchutliviy - baiduzhiy
nedbaliy - sumny
horobry - boy
parts - ridkisny
garlic - pidliy
wide - vuzky
generous - stingy
yaskraviy - darkness
lutius - lagidny
clear - frown, bad weather
§ 129. Antonimi (from gr. anti -"Proti" i OPUT -"Ім'я") call it "words that are opposed to meanings", "words that are opposed to other meanings", "words with opposite ones in terms of one to one meanings", "words, diametrically opposed to conceptual meanings". At the same time, it is not easy to adhere to the semantic relation of antonymic words: "Antonyms are words of a meaningful meaning, as they twist against the opposite, but they say one against one understanding." With the visnanny of the understanding antonyms, one must attain respect for their belonging to the same and this part of the move (p.: "Antony ... are the words of the same and the same part of the move, which may not mean the opposite meaning").
Semantic synonyms between words, which rotate against other meanings, that is, antonyms, are called antonyms, antonyms, or antonymy... "Antonyms are a type of semantic synonyms of lexical units, which may not mean the opposite ( antonimiv) ... ". Ob'nannya slev, knitted antonimicheskimі vіdnosinami, called antonymic couple(Antonimicheskim hand), or antonimic misunderstanding.
Antonymic quotes between words can be used for thinking, as words rotate as sign. Antonyms can be "words that seem to have their meaningful signs and to that the building is opposed to one thing as opposed to meanings". Yakisny signs can be twisted in words, such as "signify appearances, which may be yakisne, kilkisne, timchasov and vastness of meaning." Most often it is a sign of turning around by names of prikmetniks, to that antonymy is broadened among primetniks, for example: biliy - chorny, close – distant, great – small, high – low, dovgy – short, dear – cheap, low – rude, early - pizniy, strong – weak old – young. Before antonyms are used to construct the middle parts of the movement - menniks, diesliv, priest, priymennikiv, for example: day - no, winter - summer, good – evil ear – kinets, pivden - pivnich; lyagati - get up, padati - pidnimatisya, dotrimuvatisya – porusuvati; ahead of – behind, shvidko – pretty early – nice; v – s, pid – above. Ns set up antonymic pairs of words, but also some lexical-semantic options for specific meanings, for which semantics are assessed, for example, names meadow, lis, field, lake, road, budynok, style(At least in straight, nominal meanings) blue, violet, woody, words kreslity, ekzamenuvati and a lot of them.
§ 130. Bagato-meaning words enter into antonymic words in their own meanings (lexical-semantic variants), so you can set up antonymic bets with different words; por., for example: old(Шо dosyag elder) - young(Yaka did not reach the mature age, not old yet) i old(Dovgo buv at vzhitku) - new(Above the folds, or breakdowns, which appeared abo vinik not for a long time). With a great deal of development meaningful words can be perebuvati in antonymic names not in all their meanings, but deprived in one of them. For example, imennik day I will fix an antonymic pair with a word nіch only in the first, nominal meaning: day(A part of it is done right off the bat before the sunset, even in the evening) - nіch(Part of the finish from the entry before the start of the meeting, even in the evenings and vrants). Obviously, in some vipads you can talk about partial antonyms, abo private antonyms... In some antonymic narratives, there are also many meaningful words, as opposed to one to one in the most lexical meanings. So, ale danimi tlumachnyh dictionaries, Participation in the name pivnichі pivden opposed one to one in three lexical meanings: pivnich- pivden(1. One of the sides of the light and the straight, the opposite side ... 2. The piece, which lies in the whole straight ... 3. The piece of the warm, speculative climate, the warm land). Such words can be named, apparently, take antonyms, and just like them - mostly antonymy. Look at the antonyms є, naturally, all the unambiguous words that make up the antonymic bets.
§ 131. Some synonyms, antonyms refer to the structure, so that they can be різноорінніі one-root, Some are called grammatical, or lexico-grammatical. In riznokorinny antonyms, the opposite of the meaning is rooted in morphemes, which is especially brightly manifested in non-wicked antonymic words (butt divas. Vishche). In one-root antonyms, the function is to show the words of the words. In the Russian movement, it is important, prefixal morphemi (por., For example: one – enemy, revolution – counter-revolution, dear - inexpensive, beautiful - ugly, young – middle-aged, strong - powerless, kintseviy - indefinite, above-ground - underground, make – vinesti, close – vidkriti, zibrati - rozibrati). Inodi (douzhe rіdko) in the capacity of such vikoristoyuvuyuschі sufіksi abo flexії (por.: bootie – house, hand - hand, cholovik - squadі actions іnshі).
§ 132. Yak signified vishche, bogatosnіnі zіvannya words zazvychay protistavlyayutsya one to one in near lexical meanings, in near lexico-semantic variants. According to L. A. Novikov's designation, "as an elementary unit of antonymy, the prototype of the lexico-semantic. Variant of the word". Among the lexical and semantic variants of one and the same meaningful word, there can be variants with protolezhny semantics, so that they can be found in antonyms one by one, for example: unprincipled -"Duzhe tsinny, vishche all ciini" і (outdated) "Netsinnykh, little value"; singing- "firmly established" and "deyakiy, that chi іnshy"; blow out- "blowing, extinguish, for example, the candle" and "rozpaliti, bring in the diyu (about the blast furnace)"; listen to- "take it with your ear, listen to it" і (size) "Do not take it with your ear, do not feel it, let it pass"; melodiously (melodiously) - "vіrno, precisely, without sumnіvu" i "mabut, ymovіrno, tsіlkom ymovіrno"; obviously- can be meaningful. Such a phenomenon is called intraword antonymy, abo enanthiosemia(View of Greek. enantios- "prototype" i sema- "sign"). Intra-word antonymy (enanthiosemiya) can be defined as the opposition of the lexical-semantic variants of the meaningful word. According to L. A. Novikov's designation, there is “the opposite meaning in the middle of one and the same word ... . ". To be found in the antonymic names of the lexico-semantic variants of the meaningful word to be called enanthiosemia, abo antonyms-enan-thiosemami... Їx can be named as inner-word antonyms.
§ 133. antonyms of the word, the opposite meaning of which is fixed in the vocabulary warehouse, are called usual, Abo move, zalomovny. All words with other meanings are referred to them, as they are fixed in the normative vocabularies (a detailed description is given to the vishche). Usual antonyms are opposed by antonyms, as they are called modern, earlier - contextual, contextual, situational, author's, individual, individual and stylistic. Occasional (movable) antonyms are words that are themselves in their own right, a pose is a context, antonyms are not є, but in a song context, in a singing context, they create power and antonyms against the opposite meaning. Deyakі put on: "Salary [set by the secretary of the kerіvnik] secretary, and odyag zacordonna "(3 TV shows); "Style for clean pіdnosіv "i" Style for vikorystanikh pidnosiv "(from the letters in the ad). artistic literature s mark dosyagnennya artistic variety(Por.: "Zhovta greasy sv_chka is the same child і pіd palaces Petersburg grandee, and in hati silskogo dyachka "(L. Leonov. Road to the Ocean);" Happiness came from the young sisters, Tonya, with her feet still not divchina if not dvchinka ... vibіgla z budinochka nazustrіch їm "(A. Fadєєv. Young guard);" Vin fiercely hotiv isnuvati, And we wanted live and we will live "(A. Surkov. Payback).
V artistic texts In the capacity of speech antonyms, it is not easy to use words that are common synonyms, to serve as one of the main reasons for the artistic effect. It is easy to understand, for example, the implantation of synonymous words ribalkaі ribalka in other meanings in the offensive dialogue with the novel by K. Fedin "Independently Lito": "[Dorogomilov] - ... You can and go ... ribolovley. [Anochka] - Todi you will ribalkoy, but not ribalkoy ".Іnshi butt: "And Uli have great bully eyes, dark brown - not eyes, a eyes, with dovgy vii, black tamnichny zinitsy ... "(A. Faduv. Young guard);" - ... Children without Dokhturs lived, the wounds themselves fought. And I have wound? So, hurt .. "(B. Gorbatov. Neskorenі); "Chi is not bachili, a bachili captain of the American corvette ... "(I. A. Goncharov. Frigate" Pallada ");" Oblomov ... chuv i don't chuv, yak shedding old dry cough .., bachiv i don't bachiv, like lord and Kilin went to the market ... "(I. A. Goncharov. Oblomov).
§ 134. With the antonymy, such phenomena are clearly tied, as the antithesis and oxymoron (oxymoron). antithesis(View of Greek. antithesis- "protistavlennya") is the beginning of such a ringing, hanging, stylistic figure, prompted on a sharp protistation of antonymic words. Sometimes it is also called the term "contrast". The antithesis of vikoristovuyutsya "for the improvement of the versatility of moving the gentry of the sharp protist of understanding, thoughts, images." Apply: "Navchannya - light, ignorance - darkness "(Prisliv'ya); "Daysі nights "(The name of K. Simonov's story); " aliveі dead"(Roman K. Simonova). oxymoron(View of Greek. oxymoron- letters. "Gradually-stupid") to be called after each other with antonymic meanings, as it is "logically insane to understand, to abruptly supervise over the snake and mutually switch one one". Doyaki put it on: dzvinka quiet, redovne movchannya, pesimistic optimism, diachronous synchronicity(Linguistic term), " Living corpse "(Name p'єsi L.M. Tolstoy), " Optimistic tragedy "(Name p'єsi V. Vishnevsky).
Yak mi piznaєmo navkolishn_y light? Through images, vision and words. The slovnik stock of a child is formed in the early childhood and continues to grow with the stretching of life. The whole process does not go to start on self-fuel, it is necessary to switch to the new form in the form of food, and the little boy will not only replenish his little belongings, if only and more in the future. Zokrem, beautiful to the right on the development of the figurative target of the camp in antonyms, ie In "Protilezhnosti". Bagato hto pam'yataє tsyu fun of his child: one grave calls the word, and the one - yogo antonim. Gravity until that moment, leave the word-antagonism does not end. Well, do not leave it out.
Name and value
Yak otrimaem their name the words-antipode, like this is our mova? The word "antonim" came to us from Greece, it is formed out of two parts: the persha part of antii is changed yak "against"; the other part onyma means "im'ya". Zagalny sense - "protylezhne іm'ya".
As a rule, antonyms are similar to one part of the movi, they are absolutely different and are written and are absolutely opposite to the meaning of words. A pair in the view of the antonym є not at all, protest in our great and mighty majority of objects may be antipodes.
You can easily know: black colir - biliy colir; day nіch.
Otzhe, words, opposites for meanings, are called antonyms. The stench is to lie down to the singing part of the mov, and before them you can give the same food. Antonyms look out for the power of the object, signs of something about a single area, I respect the singular characteristics, however, for the snake є antipodes. While opposites are formed in a bet, and when opposed to the wicked understand they are called antonymic pairs: pure truth - nonsense nonsense.
morphological views
Moving on to morphology. Carrying out the morphological analysis of antonymic couples, the Russovians were subdued, but antonyms were subdivided into two types according to the structural sign:
- The first type: rіznokorenevі, in warehouses, words like from outside, whether from outside warehouses. For example: male - female (prikmetniki). Apparently, cholovik is a woman (menniki);
- Another type: odnokorenevі, otrimanі by way of adding to the root of the prefixes, which may be anti-sense: enter the booth - go out from the house; or the prefixes attached to the main word: literate - illiterate; vichliviy - nothing; stress - anti-stress.
Bagato value - unambiguity
The Russian move has a good way of doing things:
- Variant first: to the skin of his own meaning of the word "attachment" is the singing antonim. For example: cold - warm (floor), cold - warm (priyom), cold - warm (look). Here the words are opposed to the meanings of the word for betting.
- Another option: if the different meanings of the word appear to be antonyms. For example: soft - hard (character), soft - bright (voice), soft - yaskraviy (light), soft - hard (earth). In general, as opposed to the meanings of the word Not є rigidly fastened to the union і lie in the context.
Important! It is necessary to be respectful, so that you don’t lose the meaningful words and homonyms.
Bagatoznachni words may have two or more lexical meanings, denoted by a zalny zmist.
But there is a lot of homosexuality, then the writing and the name of Vimova, Alesensens is not a little bit special: turn the key at the door - from the ground to the key.
about vidnosini
At antonyms є bezlich "secrets", there are no differences to other categories. Clearly їх:
- set up to one o'clock: right on the cob - on the cob on the right; early pidyom - pizniy pidyom; day dream - night dream;
- staging to the open: perebuvati far - perebuvati close; go to the right - go to the right; perebuvati vseredinі - perebuvati calls;
- putting to the point of feeling (feeling, viku): seeing love - seeing hatred; show aggression - show kindness; child of merry - child of sumny; Lyudina is young - Lyudina is old;
- vіdnoshennya to kіlkostі: a lot of fruit - little fruit; surplus of pozhuttіv - shortage of pozhuttіv; sell expensive - sell cheap.
meanings subtle
Speaking about anthony or words that are opposed to meanings, one cannot help but guess about the subtle meaning of the word, attached to the given category of Russian language. In front of them you see:
- To supervise the type of antonyms. Here, in obviousness, there are only cob and dots, the transitions between them are dumb: start - finish.
- Counter-type antonyms. Between vikhіdnoї and kіntsevoy points є intermediate point: cold - warm - hot.
- Vector type antonyms. Їm the authorities are against the straightness of the varieties of rice, efficiency, manifestations: scientific - antiscientific; poykhav - come.
- Conversion type of antonyms. In a variety of representations, there is a protolezhny glance at the object (sub'єkt) abo kind of dіyalnosti: reading in the school - vicladati in the school; to know the hour is to spend an hour.
- View of the enanthiosemi. Here the meaning of the antonym is diametrically opposed to the structure of words: having looked at a friend's notepad - having looked at a friend’s notepad.
Chastini movi
It is not possible to change words that are opposed to the meanings: there are no middle names of the number, haremen, and also of the middle names. There is also a trace of memory about those who antonyms make a bet in the fringes of their part, but themselves:
For the meaning of the word, protolezhny is often included in the creation of writers and sings: the words of the text become more and more imaginative. The author is so called contextual antonyms, specifying phrases, or a large text, in addition to describing the character of the heroes, to be more generalized.
Antony's folk wisdom: Follow the orders.
So for the Russian language it is important to re-evaluate. It is so important for that to formulate the vocabulary baggage of the child from early childhood, showing her the power of the Russian language.